Nursing Informatics (Long Term Care Informatics)
Nursing Informatics and foundation of Knowledge Section I : The Building Blocks of Nursing Informatics (Chap 1-5) Section II : Perspectives on Nursing Informatics (Chap 6-9) Section III : Nursing Informatics Applications: Nursing Administration and Nursing Practice (Chap 10-19) Section IV : Nursing Informatics Applications: Nursing Research and Nursing Education (Chap 20-23) Section V : Imagining the Future of Nursing Informatics (Chap 24-25)
Section I : The Building Blocks of Nursing Informatics • Nursing Science and the Foundation of Knowledge – Signal -> Data -> information -> Knowledge -> Wisdom – Digital Content
• Introduction to Information, Information Science, and Information Systems – Data Processing (programming, coding)
• Computer Science and the Foundation of Knowledge Mode • Introduction to Cognitive Science • Improving the Human Technology Interface
Section II : Perspectives on Nursing Informatics • Overview of Nursing Informatics • Developing Standardized Terminologies in Nursing Informatics • Nursing Informatics Roles, Competencies and Skills • Information and Knowledge Needs of Nurses in the 21st Century
Section III : Nursing Informatics Applications: Nursing Administration and Nursing Practice • Ethical Applications of Informatics • Overview of Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) of 1996 • Securing Information in a Network • An Insider’s View of the Utility of a Clinical Information System • Administrative and Clinical Health Information Systems • The Electronic Health Record and Clinical Informatics • Supporting Consumer Information and Education Needs • Using Informatics to Promote Community/Population Health • Overview of Home Telehealth • Telenursing and Remote Access Telehealth
Section IV : Nursing Informatics Applications: Nursing Research and Nursing Education • Nursing Research: Data Collection, Processing and Analysis => Data Mining / Big Data • Translational Research: Generating Evidence for Practice • Nursing Informatics and Nursing Education
Section V : Imagining the Future of Nursing Informatics
• Emerging Technologies and the Generation of Knowledge – Mobile computing, Cloud computing, Internet of Things, Wearable computing
• Nursing Informatics and Foundation of Knowledge
環境 需求 • 環境 – 老人社會 – 快速演變ICT技術與多元環境與標準 (行動/雲端/社交/3D/Wearable)
• 需求 – Human-centered Personalized Service – 眾多創新服務需要短時間上線 – 需求變化
• 研發核心 (安全可靠長期可用的整合) – 隱私資料保護(認證授權與存取控制) – 安全可靠的混搭服務(Secure and Reliable Mashup Services) – 聚合可信賴的內容 (e-Learning2.0, Health 2.0) Trustworthy content aggregation) 8
Section I : The Building Blocks of Nursing Informatics • Nursing Science and the Foundation of Knowledge • Introduction to Information, Information Science, and Information Systems • Computer Science and the Foundation of Knowledge Mode • Introduction to Cognitive Science • Improving the Human Technology Interface
Chapter 1 by Kathleen Mastrian and Dee McGonigle
Nursing Science and the Foundation of Knowledge
Key Terms Defined • • • • • • • • • • •
Borrowed Theory Building Blocks Clinical Databases Clinical Practice Guidelines Conceptual Framework Data <- Signal Data Mining Evidence Feedback Information Knowledge
Key Terms Defined • • • • • • • • • • •
Knowledge Acquisition (獲得) Knowledge Dissemination (傳播) Knowledge Generation Knowledge Processing Knowledge Worker Nursing Informatics Nursing Science Nursing Theory Relational Database Transparent Wisdom
Knowledge • How we develop knowledge – Experience environment – Learn by acquiring, processing, generating and disseminating knowledge
• Use of knowledge • Managing knowledge • The Foundation of Knowledge Model © 2007
Foundation of Knowledge Model • The introduction of the Foundation of Knowledge Model • Organizing conceptual framework for text • Helps to explain the ties between nursing science and informatics and knowledge • Informatics is viewed as a tool for founding knowledge
ANA Definition of Nursing • American Nurses’ Association definition of nursing: “Nursing is the protection, promotion, and optimization of health and abilities, prevention of illness and injury, alleviation of suffering through the diagnosis and treatment of human response, and advocacy in the care of individuals, families, communities, and populations.” (ANA 2003).
Nursing • • • •
The focus of nursing What must a nurse possess? Is nursing information intensive? What is the basis of nursing practice science? • How is knowledge formed?
Nursing and Knowledge • Nurses as knowledge workers • Nurses as knowledge acquirers • Nurses as knowledge users • Nurses as knowledge engineers • Roles in IT – User/Developer/Manager
Nursing and Knowledge • • • •
Nurses as knowledge managers Nurses as knowledge developers Is it important for knowledge to be viable? What is knowledge viability?
Use of Knowledge â&#x20AC;˘ Formal dissemination of knowledge â&#x20AC;˘ The use of informatics and technology in nursing
Use of Wisdom • What is wisdom? • How does wisdom direct our actions? • How is wisdom used?
Beyond Clinical Nursing Practice • • • •
How can nurse educators be effective? What must nurse researchers do? What affects the future of nursing? How important is it to be “techno-savvy(科技 悟性)”?
Chapter 2 by Kathleen Mastrian and Dee McGonigle
Introduction to Information, Information Science, and Information Systems
Key Terms Defined • • • • • • • • • •
Acquisition Alerts Analysis Chief Information Officers (CIO) Chief Technical Officers or Chief Technology Officers (CTO) CEO, CFO Cognitive Science Communication Science Computer-Based Information System Computer Science Consolidated (綜合) Health Informatics
Key Terms Defined • • • • • • • • • •
Data Dissemination Document Electronic Health Record (HER) Federal Health Information Exchange Feedback Health Information Exchange Health Level Seven (HL7) Information Information Science
Key Terms Defined • • • • • • • • • • • •
Information System Information Technology Infrastructure Input Interface Knowledge Knowledge Worker Library Science Massachusetts Health Data Consortium National Health Information Infrastructure National Health Information Network New England Health EDI Network
Key Terms Defined • • • • • • • • • • •
Next Generation Internet Outcome Output Processing Rapid Syndromic Validation Project Report Social Sciences Stakeholders Summaries Synthesis Telecommunications
Information • • • •
What is information? Types of data Alphanumeric data Image data
Information • • • •
Video data Data integrity Information technologies The importance of clean data
Information • • • •
Quality of information Characteristics of quality information Two ways information is acquired How we receive information
Information Science • Information science • What is information science concerned with? • What can information science be related to? • Our society’s need for information
Information Processing • • • •
What information science enables We are constantly in need of information What is information? What is knowledge?
Information Processing • Does knowledge have to be viable? • What is knowledge viability? • What is the importance of computational tools? • A link between information processing and scientific discovery • Knowledge and wisdom
Information Science and The Foundation of Knowledge • Information Science • How did this science originate? • What does information science impact?
Information Science and The Foundation of Knowledge • Healthcare organization’s role • Information science’s impact on society
Introduction to Information Systems • Resources for healthcare • Information technologies shaping healthcare • Information systems and their ability to handle large volume
Information System • • • •
Computer-based information systems IS’ specific purposes The IS’ capability Turning data into useful information
Information System • The range of data • The output of data • What are the various documents of information? • What are outcomes?
Information System • What are output devices? • How does the IS generate payment?
• Feedback and responses • Feedback in the IS
Chapter 3 by June Kaminski
Computer Science and the Foundation of Knowledge Model
The Computer As A Tool • • • •
The advent of the computer Computer technology What is a computer? When was the first electronic computer used?
• Computers as universal machines • What can computers be used for?
Components • Hardware • Outer Protection • Laptop computers • Palm computers or Personal Digital Assistants
Components • • • •
Central Processing Unit Common CPUs What is a CPU? Inner components
Components • The speed and power of a CPU • Gigahertz measurement • What makes a computer program operate faster? • The use of multi-core microprocessors
Components • • • •
Multiple microprocessors Mainframes Motherboard The essential structures of the motherboard
Components • • • •
Power Supply Hard Disk What does the hard disk do? Main Memory or RAM
Components • • • •
When is RAM memory lost? What is the Main Memory? ROM BIOS Input/Output System
Components • • • •
Virtual Memory Integrated Drive Electronics Controller Peripheral Component Interconnection Bus SCSI or Small Computer System Interface
Components • • • •
DVD/CD Drive Digital Video Disc Floppy drive Flash Drive
Components • • • •
Modem Connection Ports Parallel Serial
Components • • • •
Universal Serial Bus (USB) FireWire Graphics Card Video Adapter Cards
Components • • • •
Sound Card Bit (for communication: bps) Byte (for storage) Software
Components • • • •
The importance of user friendliness User goals System goals Keyboard
Components • • • •
Mouse Monitor Printer Speakers
Relationship of Computer Science to Knowledge â&#x20AC;˘ The effect of computer systems â&#x20AC;˘ The understanding of computer science principles
Human Technology Interface • The Human – Technology Interface
• The Graphical User Interface (GUI) • Human Computer Interface (HCI) • Brain Computer Interface (BCI)
Chapter 4 by Kathleen Mastrian and Dee McGonigle
Introduction to Cognitive Science
Objectives • Describe cognitive science. • Assess how our minds process and generate information and knowledge. • Explore cognitive informatics. • Examine artificial intelligence (AI) and its relationship to cognitive science and computer science.
Key Terms Defined • • • • • • • • • •
Artificial intelligence Brain Cognitive Informatics Cognitive Science Computer Science Decision Making Empiricism Epistemology Intelligence Intuition
Key Terms Defined • • • • • • • • • • •
Knowledge Logic Memory Mind Neuroscience Perception Problem Solving Psychology Rationalism Reasoning Wisdom
Cognitive Science • The field of cognitive science • What is cognitive science? • Relationship between the mind and computer science • Purpose of cognitive science
Sources of Knowledge • • • • • •
Empiricists and rationalists Three sources of knowledge Explain instinct What is the process of reasoning? What is intuition? What sources of knowledge provide?
Knowledge/Wisdom and Decision Making • How to make knowledge work for you • The decision making process • The nature of knowledge and the evolution of wisdom
Cognitive Informatics â&#x20AC;˘ Computing and informatics theories â&#x20AC;˘ Cognitive Informatics
Artificial Intelligence • • • •
Artificial Intelligence The challenge of artificial intelligence An amazing processor What artificial intelligence uses
Chapter 5 by Judith A. Effken
Improving the Human Technology Interface
Key Terms Defined • • • • • • • • • •
Cognitive Task Analysis Cognitive Walkthrough Cognitive Work Analysis Ergonomics Field Study Gulf of Evaluation Gulf of Execution Heuristic Evaluation Human-Computer Interaction Human-Computer Interface
Key Terms Defined • • • • • • •
Human Factors Human-Technology Interaction Human-Technology Interface Situational awareness Task analysis Usability Workaround
Human Technology Interface • • • •
The help of hardware/software Human-technology interfaces in healthcare Examples of human-technology interfaces Human interfaces differ
Human Technology Interface • • • •
How information is presented What telehealth allows What human-technology interfaces present The use of large databases
Human Technology Interface Problem â&#x20AC;˘ Up to 87% of all patient monitoring incidents are a result of? â&#x20AC;˘ When does human error occur?
Improving Human Technology Interface • • • •
What we can learn from other fields The focus of users What does a good design consist of? When should formal evaluation take place?
Improving Human Technology Interface • • • •
Task Analysis Cognitive Task Analysis Cognitive Work Analysis Five types of analysis
Improving Human Technology Interface • Principles and techniques of developing human-technology interface • Presenting clinical data • A “transparent” interface • How does an interface become “transparent”?
Improving Human Technology Interface • How to have an easy interaction? • Usability • Evaluation of new human-technology interfaces • Typical usability indicators
Future of Human Technology Interface • Improving human-technology interface • Advances in anesthesia (麻醉) machines • Anesthesiologists working to improve computer interface
Future of Human Technology Interface â&#x20AC;˘ What was the cause for a drop in anesthesia related deaths? â&#x20AC;˘ Is informatics there yet?
Section II : Perspectives on Nursing Informatics • Overview of Nursing Informatics • Developing Standardized Terminologies in Nursing Informatics • Nursing Informatics Roles, Competencies and Skills • Information and Knowledge Needs of Nurses in the 21st Century
Chapter 6 by Nancy Staggers and Ramona Nelson
Overview of Nursing Informatics
Objectives • Define nursing informatics (NI) and key terminology • Explore NI metastructures, concepts and tools • Reflect on the sciences underpinning NI • Describe phenomena of nursing
Metastructures • What are metastructures? e.g. XML • The processing of data • What concerns all nurses, no matter their area of practice? • Explain the difference between knowledge and wisdom
Metastructures • The full range of the study of Nursing Informatics • Using knowledge appropriately • An example of applied wisdom • What is now the concern of NI?
Sciences Underpinning Nursing Informatics • NI - A combination of sciences • A unique whole, greater than the sum of the parts • The importance of the application of data
Structured Language as a Tool for Nursing Informatics • How is nursing knowledge gained? • Different ways to approach data collection and analysis • The ANA specifications
Structured Language as a Tool for Nursing Informatics • Promoting interoperability • The importance of understanding languages and terminologies • The INS must bridge a gap to envision emerging functions
Concepts and Tools from Information Science and Computer Science • Fundamental elements of NI • Information technology • Information structures • Information management • The use of information technology
Human Computer Interaction and Related Concepts • • • •
Human–computer interaction Elemental roots of HCI Addressing usability issues Usability and ergonomics (人因工程學) of HCI
Human Computer Interaction and Related Concepts • Optimal task completion • HCI and usability assessments • The number of HCI and usability publications on the rise • Vendors installing usability laboratories
Phenomena of Nursing • Four key concepts of the metaparadigm of nursing – nurse, person, health, and environment
• Basis of nursing actions • Nurse’s decisions • The process of decision-making
Phenomena of Nursing • Critical thinking • Wisdom in informatics • Describing nurse’s decision-making
Phenomena of Nursing • • • •
Decision making and potential problems The environment of decision making Decision support systems What is an expert system?
Phenomena of Nursing • The future of Nursing Informatics • Informatics solutions as common nursing tools • How will the future evolve?
Chapter 7 by Nicholas Hardiker
Developing Standardized Terminologies in Nursing Informatics
Key Terms Defined • • • • •
Accessibility Archetype Conformance Enumerative Approach Longevity
Key Terms Defined • • • • •
Model of Terminology Use Monolithic Nonconformance Nursing Terminology Ontological Approach
Key Terms Defined • Ontology • Reusability
• • • •
Standardized Nursing Terminology Term Terminology Ubiquity
Standardized Nursing Terminologies • • • •
What is nursing terminology? Types of nursing terminologies What do nursing terminologies allow? What is a standardized nursing terminology?
Standardized Nursing Terminologies â&#x20AC;˘ What do data element sets provide?
â&#x20AC;˘ What is a benefit of standardized nursing terminology?
Approaches to Nursing Terminology â&#x20AC;˘ The evolution of nursing terminologies
â&#x20AC;˘ What has facilitated this evolution?
Enumerative Approach • The enumerative approach
• NANDA • What makes each nursing diagnosis unique?
Ontological Approach • What is the ontological approach? • ICNP® • The compositional nature of the ICNP® • Ontology/Semantic Web • Taxonomy vs. Folksonomy
Exploiting Commonality Among Nursing Terminologies â&#x20AC;˘ Differences between standardized nursing terminologies â&#x20AC;˘ Two standard models
Chapter 8 by Julie A. Kenney and Ida Androwich
Nursing Informatics Roles, Competencies and Skills
Key Terms Defined • • • • • •
Advocate/Policy developer Certification Cognitive Activity Consultant Continuous Learner Core Sciences
Key Terms Defined • • • • •
Data Data Gatherer Decision support Educator Entrepreneur
Key Terms Defined • • • • •
Industrial Age Informatics Informatics Innovator Informatics Nurse Specialist Information
Key Terms Defined • • • • •
Information Age Information User Informatique Interdisciplinary Knowledge Team Knowledge
Key Terms Defined • • • • •
Knowledge Builder Knowledge User Knowledge Worker Medical Informatics Nursing Informatics Competencies
Key Terms Defined • • • • •
Product Developer Project Manager Researcher Technologist TIGER Initiative
What is Nursing Informatics? • The origin of informatics • How the Health Information and Management Systems Society defines informatics • What is nursing informatics?
What is Nursing Informatics? • • • •
Nursing Informatics as a science Key components of NI practice The foundation of NI practice The use of computers in the 1950’s
History • • • •
How were computers used in the 1950’s? The importance of computers in the 1970’s What emerged in the 1980’s? What affected NI in 1995?
History • More sophistication post 2000 • Telemedicine as a specialty • Nursing Informatics rapid growth
The Nurse as a Knowledge Worker • • • •
The use of data and nursing Data becomes knowledge How nurses use data and knowledge A definition of knowledge
The Nurse as a Knowledge Worker • How a worker is defined • What is a knowledge worker? • Who is a knowledge worker?
Knowledge Worker Concept • More knowledge workers are needed, what are the obstacles? • New training is needed • Knowledge workers as innovators • The need for individuals with multiple disciplines
Knowledge Worker Concept • Shifting leadership • The importance of a well functioning team • The danger of a lack of information
Knowledge Worker Concept â&#x20AC;˘ A change in management to support knowledge workers â&#x20AC;˘ Earning loyalty from knowledge workers
Knowledge Workers and Healthcare • Healthcare’s transition • How to accomplish this transition • Supporting employees in our age of knowledge • Outcomes should be measured by quality instead of quantity
Nurses as Knowledge Workers • • • •
A combination in nursing What knowledge workers interpret Non-knowledge workers are needed too What do nurses rely on?
Nurses as Knowledge Workers • • • •
Data gatherers Collection and recording Transitions that nurses face What the data gatherer requires
Nurses as Knowledge Workers • • • •
What the information-user role requires The knowledge-user role The knowledge-builder role The knowledge needs of nurses
Nursing Challenges â&#x20AC;˘ The first step is to be recognized as a knowledge worker â&#x20AC;˘ The road needed to travel is still long
The Nurses Knowledge Needs • • • •
What is helping the healthcare field? The amount of knowledge nurses deal with What do nurses rely on? Decision support systems
The Nurses Knowledge Needs • One challenge in healthcare • Validating the placement of the competencies • Looking at identified competencies
Nursing Informatics Specialty Practice • NI as a profession • Nursing and information systems • Nursing and the design of educational materials • The revolution of computers and the way patients are cared for
Nursing Informatics Specialty Practice • • • •
What does NI represent? NI : A viable and essential nursing specialty Are nurses entering this field on purpose? Helping nurses incorporate this new technology
Nursing Informatics Specialty Practice • Nurses as project managers • The first two graduate NI programs • Programs should be researched to see if they include informatics • What is the focus of NI as a nursing specialty? • Continuing education is important in NI
Chapter 9 by Lynn M. Nagle
Information and Knowledge Needs of Nurses in the 21st Century
Key Terms Defined • • • • • • • •
Clinical information system Hospital Information System (HIS) Nursing Information System (NIS) Clinical decision support Evidence-based practice Nursing informatics Nursing knowledge Research utilization
Informatics Defined â&#x20AC;˘ Nursing informatics has evolved over the years â&#x20AC;˘ Nurses focus their efforts on: a) articulating b) identifying c) determining
The Goal of Informatics • • • •
“Informatics” in a broader sense Those de-emphasizing “nursing informatics” Health informatics The umbrella of “health” informatics
The Goal of Informatics • More timely access to data • Healthcare delivery must be: a) safer b) knowledge-based c) cost-effective d) seamless e) timely • Additional challenges in nursing • The focus of IT in nursing • What is the potential of IT?
Nurse – Knowledge Worker • Knowledge workers • Nurses spending time managing and recording clinical information • Supporting nurses • Nurses as informaticians • Nurses have overwhelming contribution power
Creating Clinical Knowledge • Graves and Corcoran (1989) define nursing knowledge • Capturing multi-faceted data • Adding new dimensions to information • Emerging capabilities in regards to data
Creating Clinical Knowledge • Nurses and the use of knowledge • The genesis of using knowledge – – – –
Empirics Esthetics Personal Ethics
Creating Clinical Knowledge â&#x20AC;˘ Nurses will continue to generate information â&#x20AC;˘ As nurses build on this knowledge their practices are affected
Using Clinical Knowledge • • • •
Evidence-based practice Research utilization Best practice guidelines The consensus on the adoption of data standards • A potential for a more uniform data is on the horizon
Clinical Decision Support â&#x20AC;˘ Clinical decision support tools â&#x20AC;˘ The simplicity of clinical decision support
Challenges • • • •
The growth of nurse leaders Nurse informaticians as advocates Helping the nurse educator succeed Mentorship programs
Challenges • • • •
Getting support from nurse educators Implementation of CIS Nurses know what they need Nurses know what is required for success
Challenges â&#x20AC;˘ Nurses must be involved in the process â&#x20AC;˘ Nurses should : be encouraged demand a standard be provided with necessary material
Challenges • Identify the core of informatics • Nursing informatics as a specialty • Using informatics as a core piece of curriculum • Inter-professional education and informatics
Challenges â&#x20AC;˘ Will all future graduates be more computer literate? â&#x20AC;˘ Being comfortable with a computer is not the only key to success
A View of the Future • Informatics is still new • Technology is still not completely understood • The future of nursing is dependent on informatics • The use and understanding of informatics will be used in all areas of nursing
A View of the Future Opportunities exist for : • Further enhancement • Advancing designs • Delivering care • Engaging with others
Section III : Nursing Informatics Applications: Nursing Administration and Nursing Practice • Ethical Applications of Informatics • Overview of Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) of 1996 • Securing Information in a Network • An Insider’s View of the Utility of a Clinical Information System • Administrative and Clinical Health Information Systems • The Electronic Health Record and Clinical Informatics • Supporting Consumer Information and Education Needs • Using Informatics to Promote Community/Population Health • Overview of Home Telehealth • Telenursing and Remote Access Telehealth
Chapter 10 by Kathleen Mastrian, Dee McGonigle, and Nedra Farcus
Ethical Applications of Informatics
Key Terms Defined • • • • •
Alternatives Antiprincipilism Autonomy Beneficence Bio-Ethics
Key Terms Defined • • • • •
Bio-Informatics Care Ethics Casuistry Approach Confidentiality Consequences
Key Terms Defined • Decision Making • Decision Support • Duty • Ethical Decision Making • Ethical Dilemma
Key Terms Defined • • • • •
Ethical, Social and Legal implications (ESLI) Ethicist Ethics Eudiamonistic Fidelity
Key Terms Defined • • • • •
Good Harm Justice Liberty Moral
Key Terms Defined • • • • •
Moral Dilemmas Moral Rights Negligence Nicomachean Nonmaleficence
Key Terms Defined • • • • •
Principlism Privacy Rights Security Self-control
Key Terms Defined • • • • •
Standard Truth Uncertainty Values Veracity
Key Terms Defined • Virtue • Virtue Ethics • Wisdom
Ethical Decisions • • • • •
Ethics Bioethics Ethical Dilemmas (困境) Morals Ethical Decision Making
Theoretical Approaches • Theoretical approaches and healthcare ethics • The Hippocratic tradition • Principlism • Anti-Principlism
Theoretical Approaches • The Casuistry (詭辯) Approach • The Husted Bioethical decision-making Model • The Virtue Ethics Approach • Care Ethics
Theoretical Approaches • The consensus-based approach • The value of different theoretical ethical methods • The importance of diverse ethical insight
Applying Ethics to Informatics • • • •
The Information Age Language Barriers Informatics Practitioners Healthcare Professionals and Ethical Approaches
Applying Ethics to Informatics • • • •
Analysis and Ethics The use of expert systems Facing Ethical Dilemmas The Goal of an Ethical System
Applying Ethics to Informatics • • • •
An Ethical Dilemma Bio-informatics Making Ethical Decisions Practicing Ethics
Applying Ethics to Informatics • Virtue ethics • The Responsibility of Ethics • The International Council of Nurses Code of Ethics • Science/Technology Advances and the future
Chapter 11 by Dee McGonigle, Kathleen Mastrian, and Nedra Farcus
Overview of Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) of 1996
Key Terms Defined • American National Standards Institute (ANSI) • Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS)
• Confidentiality • Consequences
Key Terms Defined • • • •
Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) Electronic Health Record (EHR) Extensible Markup Language (XML) Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act (GLBA)
Key Terms Defined • Health Information Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) • Health Information Technology (HIT) • Health Level 7 (HL7) • Information Technology (IT)
Key Terms Defined • International Standards Organization (ISO) • National Provider Identifier (NPI) • Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) • Privacy
Key Terms Defined • Protected Health Information (PHI) • Regional Health Information Organizations (RHIO) • Rights • Sarbanes
Key Terms Defined • Security • Standards Developing Organizations (SDOs)
• Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML)
Overview of HIPAA • The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) • The Office for Civil Rights (OCR) • Security and Privacy • Implementation Problem
Overview of HIPAA • Administrative Simplification • Privacy Requirements • 2002 US Department of Health and Human Services • Electronic Transaction and Code Standards
Overview of HIPAA • • • •
Security Requirements Needed Safeguards HIPAA was the first of it’s kind As information increases, need will prevail
Overview of HIPAA • HIPAA Standards • “The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) X12N • Health Level 7 (HL7) Standards Organizations • ISO
United States and Beyond • The Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act (GLBA) • Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX)
HIPAA • HIPAA Privacy Rule
• Covered Entities
Chapter 12 by Lisa Reeves Bertin
Securing Information in a Network
Key Terms Defined • • • •
Acceptable Use Antivirus Software Authentication Biometrics
Key Terms Defined • • • •
Confidentiality Copyright Fair Use Firewall
Key Terms Defined • • • •
Flash Drive Hacker Integrity Intrusion Detection Devices
Key Terms Defined • • • •
Intrusion Detection System Jump Drive Malicious Code Malicious Insider
Key Terms Defined • • • •
Mask Network Network Accessibility Network Availability
Key Terms Defined • • • •
Network Security Password Proxy server Radio Frequency Identity Chip
Key Terms Defined • • • •
Secure Information Security Breach Shoulder Surfing Social engineering
Key Terms Defined • • • • •
Spyware Thumb Drive Trojan Horse Virus Worm
Fair Use of Information and Sharing • • • •
Understanding Copyright Laws Copyright Laws cover multiple items Being aware of restrictions Use of Backup Copies
Fair Use of Information and Sharing • Technology Advances • Illegal Internet Activity • Internet Access and Health Care Organizations
Securing Network Information • Linking of Computers Together • Three Main Areas of Secure Network Information • The Risks of Shoulder Surfing • Implementing Acceptable Use Policy
Securing Network Information • • • •
Building Employee Confidence Organizations Roles in Policy Employee Authentication Policy Enforcement
Authentication of Users • The Role of ID Cards • Available Devices • Level of Security Needed Dictates Authentication
Threats to Security • Computing Technology Industry Association • The First Line of Defense • Security Measures • Limited Authorization
Threats to Security • • • •
Additional Precautions Corporate Network Threats The Use of Spyware “Cookies”
Threats to Security • • • •
The Negative of “Cookies” Spyware A Threat to Corporate Security Malicious Insiders
Threats to Security • Tracking Employee Activity • The Staffing Needs to Keep up With Security
Security Tools • Tools to Protect the Organizational Network • Needed Security Tools • E-mail Software • IM Software and Spam Mail Filters
Security Tools • Firewalls • Why Proxy Servers? • What do Proxy Servers do?
Offsite Use of Portable Devices • • • •
Off Site Uses of Portable Devices Virtual Private Network What a VPN does What is Essential Data
Offsite Use of Portable Devices • Who is Responsible for Meeting Requirements? • Lost or Stolen Devices • The Department of Health and Human Services (2006)
Chapter 13 by Denise Tyler
An Insiderâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s View of the Utility of a Clinical Information System
Key Terms Defined • • • •
Aggregate Data Clinical analytics Clinical guidelines Clinical Information System (CIS)
Key Terms Defined • • • •
Clinical Outcomes Clinical Practice Council Coded Terminology Evidence Based Practice
Key Terms Defined • • • •
Knowledge Dissemination Legacy Systems Performance Improvement Performance Improvement Analyst
Key Terms Defined • • • •
Professional Development Quality Assurance Staff Development Translational Research
Overview • • • •
A clinical information system Early CIS’ Human-Computer Interface Adequate and Inadequate Testing
Overview • One Glitch with CIS’
• “Virtual Use” of Systems
Clinical Outcomes and Quality Assurance Supported by the CIS • Measuring Outcomes • Integrating Nursing Terminology • Refining CIS
Clinical Outcomes and Quality Assurance Supported by the CIS • Comprehensive CIS • Quality Assurance • Confidence in System Design
Evidence Based Practice and the CIS • • • •
The Use of Evidence Based Practice References Supporting EBP Staff Preparation Institutional Use
Evidence Based Practice and the CIS • • • •
Incorporating EBP Balancing Act Supporting EBP Closing the Gap
The CIS as a Staff Development Tool • Joy Hilty, RN Contributions • The Use of Pop Up Boxes • Embedding EBP
The CIS as a Staff Development Tool • Creating a Positive Environment • The Importance of Imbedding • Implementing Nursing Practice Councils
Chapter 14 by Marianela Zytkowski and Susan M. Paschke
Administrative and Clinical Health Information Systems
Key Terms Defined • Acuity System • Admission, Discharge and Transfer (ADT) System • Attribute • Care Plan
Key Terms Defined • • • •
Drill-Down Electronic Medical Record Entity Entity Relationship Diagram
Key Terms Defined • Picture and Archiving Communication System • Primary Key • Query • Radiology Information System
Key Terms Defined • • • •
Scheduling System Stakeholder Standardized Plan of Care Table
Case Management Information Systems (CMIS) • Case management information systems (CMIS) • A New Trend • A Care Plan • CMIS Benefits
Case Management Information Systems (CMIS) • What Case Management Systems Do • Information Collection and Processing
Communication Systems • Communication Systems and Their History • Examples of Communication Systems • Integrating Communication Systems
Core Business Systems • Core Business Systems • Framework of Core Business Systems • ADT Systems
Core Business Systems • • • •
Financial Systems Management Acuity Systems Monitoring Coordination of Scheduling Systems What Scheduling Systems Do
Order Entry Systems • Order Entry Systems • Automation of Systems • Safeguards of Order Entry Systems
Patient Care Support Systems • • • •
Specialty Disciplines Patient-Centered Systems Clinical Documentation Systems Clinical Information Systems
Patient Care Support Systems • • • •
Pharmacy Information Systems The Use of Pharmacy Information Systems Laboratory Information Systems What Laboratory Information Systems Report On
Patient Care Support Systems • Radiology Information System • The Benefit of RIS and PACS Systems
Departmental Collaboration and Knowledge/Information Exchange • • • • •
The Implementation of Systems Knowledge Exchange Collaboration is Key To Success Beyond Collaboration The Use of Multidisciplinary Approach
Chapter 15 by Emily B. Barey
The Electronic Health Record and Clinical Informatics
Components • • • •
The Definition of an EHR is Evolving. The IOM Making Sound Clinical Decisions Results Management
Components • Order Entry Management • Decision Support • Electronic Communication and Connectivity
Components • Patient Support • Administrative Processes • Reporting and Population Health Management
Components • The Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology • The Primary Mission of ONCHIT – Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology
Advantages • Advantages of EHR • Ambulatory Care Settings • Widening of Implementation of EHR
Ownership • The Process’ of EHR • Vendor Selection • Pre-Acquisition Phase
Ownership • • • •
Selecting a System The Criteria for Selecting a System Implementation Planning An Implementation Plan
Flexibility and Expandability • There is not yet an electronic health record system available • Most healthcare organizations do not yet have the capacity to implement and maintain systems in all care areas • Financial and patient privacy hurdles • The Department of Health and Human Services recently loosened regulations
Flexibility and Expandability • Patient Privacy • Health Exchanges
Future • • • •
The Future of EHRs Benefits of EHRs The Benefits of an EHRs The Evolution of Nursing
Chapter 16 by Kathleen Mastrian and Dee McGonigle
Supporting Consumer Information and Education Needs
Key Terms Defined • • • •
Blog Digital Divide Domain Name Dynamic Media
Key Terms Defined • • • •
eBrochure eHealth eHealth Initiative Empowerment
Key Terms Defined • • • •
Grey Gap Health Literacy HON (The Health on the Net) Code Interactive Media
Key Terms Defined • • • •
Know-do Gap Static Media Trust-e Voice Recognition
Key Terms Defined • Web Quest • Weblog
Consumer Demand for Information • Consumer Empowerment • The Pew Internet and American Life Project Survey and It’s Limits • Digital Divide
Consumer Demand for Information • Impact of Technology • The Know-Do Gap
Health Literacy and eHealth Initiatives • • • •
The Goal of Health Literacy Informed Patients vs. Poorly Informed Healthy People 2010 The eHealth Initiative
Health Care Organization Approaches to Education • Patient Education Information is Stored Electronically • HCO Sponsored Health Promotion Education Classes • HCO’s Taking Advantage of Informed Patients and Families • Information Must Get to All
Promoting Health Literacy in School Aged Children • The Challenges of Promoting Health Literacy • The Children’s Nutrition Research Center • Interdisciplinary WebQuest • Interdisciplinary Approach of The Quest
Promoting Health Literacy in School Aged Children â&#x20AC;˘ Nursing and The Computer Age â&#x20AC;˘ Patients and The Computer Age
Patient Education • The Health on the Net (HON) Foundation Survey • The HONcode and Trust-e • The Pew Internet Survey. • MedlinePlus
Future Directions • Predicting the Future • Interactive Behavior Change Technology • The Goal of the IBCT
Chapter 17 by Margaret Ross Kraft and Ida Androwich
Using Informatics to Promote Community/Population Health
Key Terms Defined • Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) • Bioterrorism • Center for Disease Control • Community Risk Assessment
Key Terms Defined • Epidemiology • National Center for Public Health Informatics • National Health Information Network (NHIN) • Public Health
Key Terms Defined • • • •
Public Health Informatics Public Health Interventions Regional Health Information Exchange Risk Assessment
Key Terms Defined • Suicide Prevention Community Assessment Tool (SPRC) • Surveillance • Surveillance Data Systems • Syndromic Surveillance
Key Terms Defined â&#x20AC;˘ Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS)
Using The Foundation of Knowledge Model • • • •
Population Health Data Need for Timely Information The Field of Public Health Florence Nightingale- A Pioneer
Using The Foundation of Knowledge Model • • • •
Collecting Statistics Health Information Systems Changes in Public Health PHI
Using The Foundation of Knowledge Model • The Institute of Medicine of Medicine • Functions of Public Health
Community Health Risk Assessment • Public Awareness • A Risk Assessment • What is a "threat” ?
Community Health Risk Assessment • A "risk" • Health risk assessment • Hazard identification
Community Health Risk Assessment • • • •
Exposure Assessment Dose-Response Risk Characterization Specific Risk Assessment Tools
Community Health Risk Assessment • Additional Risk Assessment Tools • Assessing Risk
Agency Support of Epidemiology and The Monitoring Disease Outbreaks • • • •
The Availability of Information Technology Comprehensive Surveillance Effort Processing Public Health Data Using a Standardized Vocabulary
Agency Support of Epidemiology and The Monitoring Disease Outbreaks • What is vital to public health programming? • Where does the data processed into public health information come from? • Vital Statistics Data
Applying Knowledge to Health Disaster Planning and Preparation • • • •
Availability of data Speed of data collection Special Data Collections Syndromic surveillance
Informatics Tools to Support Communication and Dissemination • • • • •
The Revolution in IT Two-Way Communication in Healthcare PH Information Systems Dissemination of Information IT solutions
Using Feedback to Improve Responses and Promote Readiness • Improvement of Community Health • Population Health Data • RHIO/NHIN
Using Feedback to Improve Responses and Promote Readiness • Public Health Informatics • Standardization of Data
Chapter 18 by Sheldon Prial and Schuyler F. Hoss
Overview of Home Telehealth
Objectives • Review the historical development of telehealth. • Identify the clinical and economic benefits of telehealth. • Explore the professional roles associated with telehealth. • Predict future uses of telehealth.
Key Terms Defined • • • •
Communications Hub Data Capture Digital Health Record Home Health Agency
Key Terms Defined • • • •
Long Term Care Facility Payor Organization Peripheral Devices Real Environment Data
Key Terms Defined • • • •
Telehealth Telehealth Hardware Telehealth Software Trending
Key Terms Defined • Triage • Visiting Nurse Association
History of Telehealth • Advances in Telehealth • The National Institutes of Mental Health • The first reported use of television to monitor patients in a clinical facility • Sustaining the Advance of Telehealth.
Home Telehealth “Hardware” • Use of Interactive Self Reporting Devices • What is a communication hub and what does it do? • What does a communication hub look like?
Home Telehealth Software • Software Supporting Home Telehealth • Areas of Significant Improvement in Software • One Advantages of Home Telemonitoring • Trend Information
Home Telehealth Software • • • •
Home Telemonitoring Systems Sophisticated Software Advanced Telemonitoring Software Sophisticated Protocols
Home Telehealth Software â&#x20AC;˘ How is telemonitoring systems information stored? â&#x20AC;˘ Web based records
Home Telehealth Patients • Who is a candidate for home telemonitoring? • What about patients with limited access? • How are patients with chronic diseases affected? • Common chronic illnesses monitored by telehealth.
Home Telehealth Patients
â&#x20AC;˘ The Effectiveness of Telemonitoring â&#x20AC;˘ What is monitoring used for?
Home Telehealth Patients • Who is benefited the most form telemonitoring? • Increasing Limits for Patients • Urban Core Area Challenges • Home telemonitoring as a Useful Transition Tool
Home Telehealth Patients • Length of Stay (LOS) Reduction Strategies • Physicians and Surgeons Confidence in Telehealth • Telemedicine and Major Disasters • Telemedicine Broadens the Reaches of Medicine • The Largest Potential Market for Home Telemonitoring
Home Telehealth Patients â&#x20AC;˘ Useful Tools in Sharing Information â&#x20AC;˘ Information can be made available to additional care team members
Benefits of Telehealth • One Great Advantages of Using Telemonitoring • Patients Need Information Reviewed in a Timely Manner • Improvement from Telehealth Monitoring • The Effects of Changes in a Plan of Care Can be Easily Assessed
Benefits of Telehealth • Home Telemonitoring Systems Create a Digital Health Record • The DHR and Billing Functions • A Continuous Stream of Patient Data • The Use of Telemonitoring
Benefits of Telehealth • Telemonitoring Increases Levels Involvement in Care • Telemonitoring and Cost Reduction • Telemedicine and economic contributions
Benefits of Telehealth • Telemonitoring is Seen as the Most Promising Tool • Also Allows Patients to Stay Home Longer • Ability to Increase Caseload and Maintain Quailty Care • The Help of Software in Home Monitoring
Roles of Clinical Professions • • • •
Telemonitoring is Still New The Role of Nurses Telemonitoring Allows Nurses to Do More Nurses Are Able to Spend More Time With the Patient
Roles of Clinical Professions • What home telemedicine does for the physician. • The Effects of Emergency Medical Technicians • Technology and Case Managers • What new roles do support personnel have?
Who Is Using Home Telemonitoring? • Where do analysts see telemonitoring going? • Who welcomes home telehealth? • What entities are utilizing this tool? • What has been the impact for hospitals? • Are payors covering the cost associated with home telehealth?
Who Is Using Home Telemonitoring? • Is the government on board with telemonitoring? • The Importance of Cost Effectiveness • What is the private demand for telehealth? • What is the potential market for telehealth? • What is the long term effectiveness of monitoring programs?
The Future • • • • •
Technology and Home Telehealth The Affordability of Monitoring Equipment More Portable Equipment Integration of Equipment The Future Devises We Can Expect
Chapter 19 by Audrey Kinsella and Kathleen Albright
Telenursing and Remote Access Telehealth
Objectives • Explore the use of telehealth technology in nursing practice. • Identify socioeconomic factors likely to increase the use of telehealth interventions. • Describe clinical and nonclinical uses of telehealth.
Objectives • Specify and describe the most common telehealth tools used in nursing practice. • Explore telehealth pathways and protocols. • Identify legal, ethical and regulatory issues of home telehealth practice.
Objectives â&#x20AC;˘ Describe the role of the telenurse. â&#x20AC;˘ Apply the Foundation of Knowledge model to home telehealth.
Key Terms Defined • Call Centers • Chronic Disease • Centers for Medicare and Medicare Services • Central Stations/Web Servers/Portals
Key Terms Defined • • • •
Home Healthcare Home Telehealthcare Medication Management Devices Outcomes and Assessment Information Set
Key Terms Defined • Medication Management Devices • Outcomes and Assessment Information Set • Patient Health Outcomes • Patient Informed Consent
Key Terms Defined • • • •
Patient Health Outcomes Patient Informed Consent Personal Emergency Response Systems Peripheral Biometric (Medical) Devices
Key Terms Defined • • • •
Real-Time Telehealth Sensor and Activity Monitoring System Store-and-Forward Telehealth Telehealthcare
Key Terms Defined • • • •
Telehealth Telemedicine Telemonitoring Telenursing
Key Terms Defined • Telephony • Teleradiology • Telepathology
Nursing Aspects of Telehealth â&#x20AC;˘ Understanding Telehealth â&#x20AC;˘ Telehealth Interventions
Driving Forces For Telehealth • What will affect nursing in the next decades to come? • Estimations by the year 2040 • The Nursing Shortage Crisis is Two-Fold
Driving Forces For Telehealth • Health Resources and Services Administration 2002 Report • Pennsylvania Homecare Association and Penn State University 2004 Study • How many Americans are living with one or more chronic conditions?
Driving Forces For Telehealth â&#x20AC;˘ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2005 Report â&#x20AC;˘ Securing Necessary Resources
Driving Forces For Telehealth • Baby Boomers are Shifting Health Care Needs • Many Baby Boomers are More Comfortable With Technology • How much does the American health care system spend on conventional medical care? • Is this figure expected to grow? • What is the solution for this growing need? • The Use of Telehealth Technology
Telehealthcare • • • •
“Telehealth” and it’s Broad Meaning Store-and-Forward Telehealth Real-Time Telehealth The Use of Computers in Telehealthcare
Telehealthcare Examples telehealth applications: – Telemental Health – Telerehabilitation – Telehomecare – Teleconsultations – Telehospice/ Telepalliative care – Remote Monitoring Devices – Telephone Monitoring and Telehealth
Telenursing • Telenursing
• The most developing area of telenursing • Association for Retired Persons 1996 Study • Care at Home
Telenursing • The Home Care Industry’s Newest Challenge • Home Care Telenursing Involvement • Home Care Telenurses Expectations
Terms of Home Telehealth • Telecommunications-Ready Tools • Multifunctional Telehealthcare Platforms and Application Servers. • Key Components to Telehealth
Terms of Home Telehealth • Peripheral Biometric Devices • What is the most popular household communication tool for telehealthcare? • A Telephone Device Can be Augmented
Terms of Home Telehealth • Video Cameras and Videophones are Useful Tools • Personal Emergency Response Systems
Terms of Home Telehealth • Sensor and Activity Monitoring Systems • Medication Management Devices • There are 32 million people that take 3 or more medications daily
Home Telehealth Practice and Protocols • Different Home Telehealth Programs • Informed Written Consent and Telehealth • Telehealth and Patients
Home Telehealth Practice and Protocols • • • •
The Use of Telehealth Tools Home Telehealth Protocols Telehealth, Law and Ethics A High Level of Security Must Be Achieved
The Patient’s Role in Telehealth • What was a “mega trend” of Telehealth in 2007? • Telehealth and Home Goals for the Patients
The Foundation of Knowledge Model and Home Telehealth • There is Much to Learn about “usual” Home Telehealthcare • Knowledge Acquisition and Telehealth • Knowledge Processing and Telehealth
The Foundation of Knowledge Model and Home Telehealth • The Next Step After Processing Information • Nurses Apply Data as it Pertains to the Patient • The Nurse Determines How the Knowledge Will be Used • Telehealth is Rapidly Developing • Telehealth Will Provide New Advances for the Medical Community
Section IV : Nursing Informatics Applications: Nursing Research and Nursing Education • Nursing Research: Data Collection, Processing and Analysis • Translational Research: Generating Evidence for Practice • Nursing Informatics and Nursing Education
Chapter 20 by Sylvia M. DeSantis
Nursing Research: Data Collection, Processing and Analysis
Objectives • Describe nursing research in relation to the Foundation of Knowledge model. • Explore the acquisition of previous knowledge through Internet and library holdings. • Assess informatics tools for collecting data and storage of information. • Compare tools for processing and analyzing quantitative and qualitative data.
Key Terms Defined • American Library Association • Cumulative Index to Nursing & Allied Health Literature • Educational Resources Information Center • Foundation of Knowledge Model
Key Terms Defined • Information Literacy • MEDLINE • Personal Digital Assistant • PSYCHINFO
Knowledge Generation Through Nursing Research • Information Literacy • Multiple Aspect of Nursing Informatics
Acquiring previous knowledge through Internet/library holdings â&#x20AC;˘ Rapidly Changing Technology
New Information Venues • Professional Online Databases • Search Engines
• Electronic Library Catalogs
Informatics Tools for Collecting Data and Storage of Information • • • • •
Nurses and Data Collection Nurses’ Observations and Available Tools The Help of Software Quantitative Data Collection Tools Innovative Electronic Data Collection
Tools for processing data and data analysis • • • • •
Data Analysis Descriptive Statistics The Focus of Quantitative Data Quantitative Studies Qualitative Data
Tools for processing data and data analysis • • • •
Types of Qualitative Data How Computers Help Data Analysis The Use of Statistical Analysis
Chapter 21 by Jennifer H. Bredemeyer and Ida M. Androwich
Translational Research: Generating Evidence for Practice
Key Terms Defined • Agency for Health Care Research http://www.ahrq.gov/ • Context of Care • Evidence • Evidence Based Practice
Key Terms Defined • IOWA Model • Meta-Analysis • National Guideline Clearinghouse – http://www.guidelines.gov/
• Open Access Initiative
Key Terms Defined • • • •
Qualitative Study Quantitative Study Research Utilization Research Validity
Key Terms Defined â&#x20AC;˘ Translational Research
Introduction • • • • •
Evidential Knowledge to Clinical Practice Evidence-Based Practice Research Utilization Translational Research The Importance of Research
Introduction • The need for evidence • Randomized Control Trial
• What constitutes evidence?
Determining Validity â&#x20AC;˘ â&#x20AC;˘
Research Must Be Valid Evidential Hierarchy 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Meta-analysis Individual experimental studies Quasi-experimental studies Non-experimental studies Program evaluations such as quality improvement projects 6. Opinions of experts
Clarification of Terms â&#x20AC;˘ What is meta-analysis? â&#x20AC;˘ What is the benefit of qualitative research?
Bridging the gap between research and practice • Bridging the gap between research and practice • Barriers to the application of evidence-based practice • An observational study performed by McKnight in 2006 • How do nurses view the application of research?
The role of informatics • The collaborative component of research • The importance of technology • The importance of an informatics infrastructure • The integration of informatics and the medical record
The role of informatics • The Cochrane Collaboration – http://www.cochrane.org/
• Agency for Health Care Research – http://www.ahrq.gov/
• What is the mission of the AHRQ?
The role of informatics • Why was the National Guideline Clearinghouse created? • What is the NGC (http://www.guideline.gov/) • What are the benefits of NGC website? • What resources are available for evidencebased practices?
Developing evidence based practice guidelines â&#x20AC;˘ Careful Analysis is Essential â&#x20AC;˘ Information Technology also Plays a Very Important Role
Meta-analysis and Generation of knowledge • What is the strength of the systematic review? • What do systematic reviews achieve? • What methods do meta-analysis use? • What is meta-analysis?
Meta-analysis and Generation of knowledge Steps of a meta-analysis are: 1. Defining the Problem 2. Establishing Study Eligibility 3. Identifying the Heterogeneity 4. Standardizing the Data 5. Sensitivity Testing
Meta-analysis and Generation of knowledge • What is the criticism of meta-analysis? • How good is analysis? • Where is information on meta-anlaysis available?
Meta-analysis and Generation of knowledge • Where is open access available? • What are open access journals? • How do publishers of open access journals afford to provide free access to readers? • What about the authors of open access journals?
Chapter 22 by Sylvia M. DeSantis
Nursing Informatics and Nursing Education
Internet Tools • Nursing Education and Technology • What are Webcasts? • What is the most common tool? • What are Wiki’s? • What is Instant Messaging?
Internet Tools • • • • •
Where do real-time chats take place? What can be achieved through chats? What is a low-investment tool? What are electronic discussion groups? What do portals do?
Internet Tools • • • •
What are podcasts? What is an audiopod? What are video podcasts? Who uses video podcasts?
Internet Tools • How is technology affecting instructors? • What are the benefits of using this technology? • What is the library’s role in assisting students?
Internet Tools • What role do nursing mentors play? • What is an important key to programming in education? • Who is responsible for evaluating needed tools?
Paper/Projects • When is the best time to collect data? • What is the process of the evaluation of data? • What to do when an project fails.
Discussions • How does all of this technology affect the traditional classroom? • What implications exist to instill competency in nursing? • How has technology affected curriculum?
Knowledge Dissemination and Sharing • Sharing Experiences is a Useful Tool in Learning • What is the power of combined knowledge? • What is the role of networking? • What networks do nurses rely on?
Knowledge Dissemination and Sharing • What formal networks exist? • What role do professional associations afford? • What benefit does publishing allow? • What is achieved through presentations?
Knowledge Dissemination and Sharing • What are conferences and what is the goal of a conference? • Wake Area Health Education Center (AHEC) Registered Nurse (RN) Refresher Program
Chapter 23 by Glenn Johnson
e-Portfolios: Processing and Dissemination of Professional Accomplishments
Key Terms Defined • • • • •
e-Portfolio Evidence Privacy Professional Networking Reflective Commentary
Key Terms Defined • Social Networking • Web Publishing
What is an electronic portfolio?
e-Portfolios in Post-Secondary Education • How do students demonstrate they’ve learned a skill? • How are portfolios helpful? • How are portfolios useful to nurses? • How do portfolios help nursing students?
Social Networking vs. Professional Networking • Social Networking Tools • Online Utilities • Connecting Compatible Users
Is the web changing how we communicate? • The popularity of social networking applications • How information has changed • Surfing the internet
The social networking dilemma… • Separating personal and professional information • Photos and/or journal entries that may be viewed as seemingly innocent by one may be interpreted entirely differently by another audience (employer). • Biases and judgments naturally occur that blur what for some might be a simple distinction.
e-Portfolio for Professional Development â&#x20AC;˘ The use of e-portfolio professionally? â&#x20AC;˘ What is the purpose for professional development?
The e-Portfolio Process The four step process: 1. Collect 2. Select 3. Reflect 4. Connect
Challenges and Issues: Privacy & Security • Challenges and Issues • Information is now more accessible • An individual has control over their eportfolio • Publishing information online
Summary - Why create an eportfolio? • The importance of e-portfolios • What an e-portfolio allows • Are e-portfolios efficient? • How powerful is the internet?
Section V : Imagining the Future of Nursing Informatics â&#x20AC;˘ Emerging Technologies and the Generation of Knowledge â&#x20AC;˘ Nursing Informatics and Foundation of Knowledge
Chapter 24 by Peter J. Murray and W. Scott Erdley
Emerging Technologies and the Generation of Knowledge
Objectives • Outline the history of technology development and informatics applications. • Describe the state of the art technologies of today. • Predict the evolution of technology and its impact on knowledge generation in nursing.
Key Terms Defined • • • • • • • • •
Blogs Electronic Data Interchange Emerging Technologies Folksonomies Futurologists Genomics Half-life of Knowledge HealthVault Information Mediator
Key Terms Defined • • • • • • • • • •
Lab-On-A-Chip Device Nanotechnology Podcasts Relational Databases RSS (Really Simple Syndication) Social Bookmarking Social Networking Tags/Tag Clouds Transistor Transparent Technology
Key Terms Defined • • • • • • •
Ubiquitous Virtual Peers Virtual Worlds Wearable Computing Web 2.0 Weblogs Wikis
Looking Back from the Future • Visions of societies of the future • Eastel & Demosthenes future views • The use of search engine technology
Historical Overview • • • •
Hardware to software evolution The invention of transistors Future directions of technology Pre-1800 computing
Historical Overview • Technological developments in the 1800’s • Hardware developments between the early1900’s through the 1950’s • One of the first computer used in health care • A burst of activity in the 1960’s
Historical Overview • The use of transistors in computers
• The founding of Intel • The growth of software applications
Historical Overview • The computerization of The National Library of Medicine • Information Technology in the 1970’s • The use of the silicone chip • Computer growth in the 1980’s
Historical Overview • The evolution of the computer chip • A prominent software development in the early 1980s • What the application sought to apply • The explosion of technology applications in the 1990s
Historical Overview • Complex health care software • The growth of software applications • The increased popularity of electronic data interchange (EDI) • The trend in the early 21st Century
Technology We Have Today • • • •
Political forces in technology The rapid development of technology How do nurses preceive technology What is the true potential of technology in the health place?
Technology We Have Today • Are nurses currently using technology? • Have there been changes in the use of technology? • What is Web 2.0 ?
Technology We Have Today • What does Web 2.0 allow for? – Social bookmarking – Tags and tag clouds – Folksonomies
Emerging Technologies • • • •
A new variety of technology What does m-health include? How would you define m-health? Technology beyond the hospital walls
Technology Wish List 1. The mouse? The keyboard? 2. Ubiquity of computational devices? 3. The ability to access information?
What The Future Holds • The amount of information available will expand • New health care technologies will develop • What are the major challenges?
What The Future Holds • More information = ability to store more data • More data stored in a smaller space • Multi-functional equipment will be able • Increasing modes of wireless communication
What The Future Holds â&#x20AC;˘ Nurses will not be able to say they are not able to access information â&#x20AC;˘ Non-technological issues will pose a bigger issue
Chapter 25 by Dee McGonigle and Kathaleen Mastrian
Nursing Informatics and Foundation of Knowledge
Key Terms Defined • • • • • • • • • •
Codify Data Data-Centric Information Information Technology Knowledge Knowledge Acquisition Knowledge-Centric Knowledge Dissemination Knowledge Generation
Key Terms Defined • • • • •
Knowledge Management System Knowledge Repositories Knowledge processing Knowledge Worker Nursing Informatics
Foundation of Knowledge Model • • • •
How do nurses use information? How is knowledge viewed? What is explicit knowledge? What is tacit knowledge?
Foundation of Knowledge Model • • • •
Three types of knowledge workers The blending of knowledge workers Who are knowledge consumers? Who are knowledge brokers?
Foundation of Knowledge Model • Who are knowledge generators? • What nurses are in the “know”? • Who benefits from a nurse’s growing knowledge? • How do we enhance the process?
Foundation of Knowledge Model • • • •
Is knowledge power? Are nurses knowledge workers? What is nursing science dependent on? How can nursing informatics be used?
Foundation of Knowledge Model • What we MUST do with knowledge • As knowledge develops more information will become available • The never ending challenge that nurses aspire for