September | October 10 - International Aquafeed

Vo l u m e 1 3 I s s u e 5 2 0 1 0

Influence of natural and artificial binders - in feeds for Litopenaeus vannamei on digestibility & growth

Ecobiol Aqua - the effective single strain probiotic

A general overview aquaculture in the EU Abalone feed development in South Africa the international magazine for the aquaculture feed industry Member of the World Aquaculture Society, European Aquaculture Society, American Feed Industry Association and the International Aquafeed Association

Join us in Porto The European Aquaculture Society is pleased to welcome you to its AE2010 event,

“SEAFARMING TOMORROW”

To be held from October 5-8, 2010 in Porto, Portugal.

Hosted by CIMAR (CIIMAR and CCMAR)

AE2010 comprises: • International Conference • Aquaculture Trade Exhibition • Farmers’ (industry) day • Student Forum • EU Forum • Satellite Workshops & Meetings

www.easonline.org Aquaculture Europe - the annual meeting of the European Aquaculture Society

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CONTENTS

An international magazine for the aquaculture feed industry

Volume 13 / Issue 5 / September-October 2010 / © Copyright Perendale Publishers Ltd 2010 / All rights reserved EDITOR’S DESK

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Aqua News Offshore aquaculture is the future for the seafood industry Kiotech appoints Lucy Waldron as company’s first senior nutrionist Change of management in AKVA group ASA Marine Harvest appoints director for a new Global Sales & Distribution organisation Sea lice information from British Columbia Reliadens on-line density sampling for fish food The World Nutrition Forum: getting to the forefront of the industry

3 4 4 4 6 6 8

Binders Influence of natural and artificial binders in feeds for Litopenaeus vannamei on digestibility and growth

10

Decontaminated oils The use of decontaminated fish oils and fish oil/vegetable oil blends in Atlantic salmon diets: Effects on flesh fatty acids and organic contaminants

14

Probiotic Ecobiol Aqua - the effective single strain probiotic

18

EU Aquaculture A general overview aquaculture in the EU

THE AQUAFEED PHOTOSHOOT

22 24

Abalone Abalone feed development in South Africa

28

Equipment Technical design and equipment - Key to improving feed quality and nutrition

Perendale Publishers Ltd

32

Book Reviews

36

CLASSIFIED ADVERTS

40

AQUA EVENTS

42

IAF WEB LINKS

44

International Aquafeed is published six times a year by Perendale Publishers Ltd of the United Kingdom.

All data is published in good faith, based on information received, and while every care is taken to prevent inaccuracies, the publishers accept no liability for any errors or omissions or for the consequences of action taken on the basis of information published. ©Copyright 2010 Perendale Publishers Ltd. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means without prior permission of the copyright owner. Printed by Perendale Publishers Ltd. ISSN: 1464-0058

EDITOR’S DESK

I

am pleased to be writing this editorial from the Cheltenham offices of Perendale publishers Ltd (and not a student in sight). As Editor-in-chief I make approximately three visits a year to this beautiful town in the Cotswold region of England.

Cheltenham is a popular spa resort with its famous therapeutic waters frequented in the past by royalty (King George III in particular). The team here work diligently on the magazine and I am always made so welcome with their hospitality and keen support.

Editor Professor Simon Davies Tel: +44 1242 267706 Email: simond@aquafeed.co.uk

Associate Editor Professor Krishen Rana Tel: +44 1242 267706 Email: krishenr@aquafeed.co.uk

Editorial Advisory Panel: • Abdel-Fattah M. El-Sayed (Egypt) • Professor António Gouveia (Portugal) • Colin Mair (UK) • Dr Daniel Merrifield (UK) • DrDominique Bureau (Canada) • Dr Elizabeth Sweetman (Greece) • Dr Kim Jauncey (UK) • Eric De Muylder International Marketing Manager Caroline Wearn Tel: +44 1242 267706 Email: carolinew@aquafeed.co.uk Subscription & Circulation Manager Tuti Tan Tel: +44 1242 267706 Email: tutit@aquafeed.co.uk Production Manager Nicky Barnes Tel: +44 1242 267706 Email: nickyb@aquafeed.co.uk Design & Page Layout James Taylor Tel: +44 1242 267706 Email: jamest@aquafeed.co.uk More information: Website: www.aquafeed.co.uk

I am now beginning to understand the complexities of the publishing world and I thank my team for enlightening me on the advances of the digital age with the extension of our magazine into new search engine links giving us so much global coverage and feed-back. This has greatly enhanced the opportunities for our advertisers with features and articles now being viewed via validated third party sites and information on products and companies being mapped specifically to various topics and themes of interest.

Whilst in Cheltenham I visited the local Waitrose and was highly impressed by the well stocked fish counter and by the enthusiastic and knowledgeable manager who was a fishmonger by trade. The number of farmed species included tilapia from Zimbabawe and Anglesey sea bass from my native Wales produced from a modern land based recirculation aquaculture enterprise in North Wales, which I have visited some years back. The farmed Scottish salmon and trout together with Greek reared sea bream complemented this fine display from the rivers and oceans. This reminded me of the growing contribution that aquaculture now generates (over 47% of sea food production) and the responsibilities of the associated feed industry to provide suitable diets for continued sustainable production.

Indeed, the opportunities are enormous if we can manage this strategy correctly and achieve realistic goals and targets. Too often the industry attracts visionaries whose ideas can be quite theoretical and interesting scientifically but difficult to transcribe into practical solutions for the many problems encountered by the aquafeed industry at large. This is especially true of the myriad of raw materials, ingredients and additives that can be used to formulate effective diets and reduce our fish meal dependency on a longer term footing. I will come back to this topic later with a view on the real potential of various alternative protein and energy rich ingredients being advocated as well as drawbacks.

In this issue we have again a broad selection of news and features from across the world.We have a news report on recent developments in off-shore aquaculture based on a conference held in Croatia.

Future technologies in this area will be vital towards securing deep water mariculture production of many species.

We include a technical feature led by Eric De Muylder that addresses the use of natural and artificial binders in feeds for shrimp. Since shrimp require diets with good water stability, it is vital to find suitable materials that can confer good digestibility whilst also enabling optimum physical characteristics in water during the extended feeding period usually observed for these species.

The use of decontaminated fish oils and fish oil/vegetable blends for use in Atlantic salmon diets is the topic of an article by Professor Gordon Bell and Dr Eldar Bendikson.This is an area of importance since fish oils have been subjected to scrutiny by the media and legislative authorities over previous issues of dioxin and PCB content in oils from certain sources. This interesting article explores the potential for including decontaminated fish oils in salmon feeds and still maintaining the levels of n-3, long chain unsaturated fatty acids in salmon flesh for their known benefits to human health.

Laurens de Wet and our Krishen Rana report on the research and developments being undertaken in Stellenbosch University in South Africa with a special emphasis on artificial diets for abalone.

On the engineering side, Shao Jianxin of ZCME, China gives us a very good grasp of the complexities in the feed manufacturing process with design and selection of the right equipment a key aspect of success. His expertise in the production of feeds balances the role of the nutritionist, feed formulator and the engineer alike.

Dr Consantin Vamvakos (as a former senior official of the EU Commission) provides a comprehensive overview of the latest EU aquaculture scenario with information on the production of different species, regional outputs and importantly the changes in policy covering various regulations, sustainability agendas relating to welfare of fish stock and provision of high quality feedstuffs with guaranteed traceability. Improvements in the sectors image and governance are all of strategic value to the further expansion and success of fish farming in Europe.

I hope you enjoy our current issue and look forward to joining us in our autumn edition.

September-October 2010

WELCOME TO INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED MAGAZINE

Croeso (welcome)

2 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | September-October 2010

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Aqua News Offshore aquaculture is the future for the seafood industry 28 nations congregate in Dubrovnik, Croatia for the 3rd Offshore Mariculture Conference

T

he seafood category has come under immense pressure as a direct result of the ongoing global population boom. The demands put upon wild fisheries have been widely documented, and while fish farming contributes more and more product each year, the aquaculture industry is also being significantly constrained.

At the Third Offshore Mariculture 2010 technical conference staged in Dubrovnik, Croatia, on June 16-17, 2010, which was opened by the Croatian Director of Fisheries Mrs Neda Skakelja, the audience of more than 100 delegates representing 28 countries and including 33 fish farmers, debated the future of the aquaculture industry.

Many of these attendees have found the sector’s biggest problem is the lack of space available to develop it.

For example, Hayri Deniz, director of Mariculture, Aquaculture depar tment, from Turkey’s Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (MARA), highlighted in his presentation – fish farming all over the world now conflicts with many other industries, most notably tourism and energy production as well as a growing number of marine protected areas (MPAs).

It was as a result of such conflicts that MARA introduced its new environmental law in Turkey,

which has moved inshore farms to offshore sites. It has also created a number of projects aimed at developing the sector in a sustainable manner.

Conference chairman Arne Fredheim, a director of the Centre for Research-based Innovation in Aquaculture Technology and Research (Create), quoted UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) fisheries and consumption statistics and highlighted the lucrative opportunities presented to forward thinking producers due to static wild capture landings.

“Aquaculture needs to supply the additional demand for seafood.

And it will need to come from marine farming conducted further offshore,” said Mr Fredheim.

Fish farming output, which has grown consistently by 10 percent each year for the past 20 years, is expected to reach close to 120 million tonnes by 2020, said Prof Branko Glamuzina, who teaches aquaculture at the University of Dubrovnik.

"Aquaculture is the fastest growing agro-business," Prof Glamuzina said.

"It represents the only serious means of providing enough seafood for the ever growing population."

Taking into account the expected increase of the world’s population, it is widely believed food production will need to be doubled by 2030, commented Torgeir

Edvardsen of the European Aquaculture Technology and Innovation Platform (EATiP).

“As a result, we'll have to farm the sea much more efficiently than we've done up until now.”

Debate The cost of creating offshore farm sites was debated at length at Offshore Mariculture.

Without doubt this form of production does incur additional costs, but on the other hand a number of conference attendees spoke about faster growing times, improved product quality, less environmental impacts and reduced risk of disease outbreaks.

There were also a number of presentations on the potential benefits and costefficiencies of working with other marine space users.

Professor Bela Buck of the Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research delivered a presentation on how shellfish aquaculture could site with offshore wind farms.

Similarly, Artur Simoes, project manager with Seaweed Energy Solutions, talked about creating synergies with the offshore cultivation of seaweed, which would then be used to provide a sustainable supply of biofuels.

EATiP’s Mr Edvardsen was delighted with the conference

The conference programme also included:

• Overviews of the European, North American and Asian offshore sectors, including policy, legal framework and key research updates • Feeding and harvesting operations • Fish escape prevention • The effects and interaction between offshore fish farms and wild stocks • Effects and treatment of hypoxia in cage environments • Codes of conduct and best aquaculture practices • Spatial analysis, efficiencies, and the sustainable development of offshore aquaculture • Practical advice on the construction of offshore cage sites. programme. He assured delegates that the offshore farming industry has a bright future producing high quality products.

“The main challenge will be the time it takes to implement these and other innovations and new initiatives,” he said.

More

information:

Isobel Roberts Marketing Manager Offshore Mariculture 2010 Tel: +44 1622 820622 Email: iroberts@mercatormedia.com Website: www.mercatormedia.com Website: www.offshoremariculture.com

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Producers of petfood, agri- and aquafeed now can benefit from BENEO‘s unique expertise in the food world. BENEO-Animal Nutrition offers a broad range of nature based ingredients that improve nutritional value. It covers speciality ingredients such as vegetable proteins, functional fibres & carbohydrates and prebiotics from chicory. www.beneo-an.com Connecting nutrition and health

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September-October 2010 | International AquaFeed | 3

Aqua News Kiotech appoints Lucy Waldron as company’s first senior nutrionist

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iotech, the supplier of highperformance natural feed additives which enhances health, growth and sustainability in agriculture and aquaculture, has appointed Lucy Waldron as the company’s first senior nutritionist Lucy, who holds a PhD in monogastric nutrition, is also a registered nutritionist. She started working in the animal feed industry in 1995 and has been involved with developing technical ingredients and health/ feed related products as well as conducting research in pigs, poultry, calves, cats, dogs and horses. She set up her own animal nutrition consultancy in New Zealand in 2005 and

holds an emeritus position at Massey University as an associate researcher.

Lucy also edits the World’s Poultry Science Journal.

“I am delighted Lucy has joined

us,” said Richard Edwards, chief executive of Kiotech.

“She will be working across our Kiotechagil and Optivite businesses on new product development, looking at new markets and identifying potential acquisition products. She will also play a key role in providing technical suppor t for our sales and mar keting teams.”

“I see this as a tremendous opportunity,” said Lucy Waldron.

“It gives me the opportunity to utilise my cross-species experience to benefit Kiotechagil, Optivite and their customers. I believe my international experience, working in over

40 countries in the last 15 years, will be extremely valuable as will my strong links with Massey University, giving access to world class and good value researchers”.

More

information:

Peter Scaramanga Scaramanga Communications The Business Centre, Shovelstrode Manor, East Grinstead West Sussex, RH19 3PN United Kingdom Tel: +44 1342 316193 Email: peter.scaramanga

@scaracomms.co.uk Website: www.scaracomms.co.uk

Change of management in AKVA group ASA

K

nut Molaug leaves his position after 22 years as chief executive officer of AKVA group ASA. Chief financial officer Morten Naerland is temporary appointed as chief executive officer of the company.

Mr Molaug asked the Board of Directors to be released from his position as CEO of AKVA group ASA. The Board has accepted his request, but would at the same time like to take advantage of his knowledge and experience within the aquaculture industry going forward. The Board of Directors including main owner Frode Teigen has informed the

election committee that they will recommend that Mr Molaug to be nominated for the Board of Directors at the next Annual General Meeting.

The Board would like to thank Mr Molaug for his effor ts and contributions for the development of the company through these years.

“The last two years has been tough for the company and for me as the top manager.

“When I now step down from my position as CEO of the company this is a consequence of the fact that I feel that I have to take the responsibility for having

misjudged the market development in the wake of the financial crisis.

“This has lead to a wrongly dimensioned organisation and thus we have not been able to deliver satisfactory financial results in this period. This is my responsibility and it is with this background I have asked the Board of Directors to be released from my position,” says Mr Molaug.

Mr Molaug will leave his position effective as of August 6, 2010 but will be par tly engaged by the company for some months still.

Mr Nær land, now CFO, is

temporarily appointed CEO. He has been employed by AKVA group for nine year s and has amongst others been manager of the company's operations in Chile for several years and CFO since Januar y this year.

More

information:

Mr Amund Skarholt Chairman of the Board AKVA group ASA Nordlysveien 4 PO Box 271 N-4349 Bryne Norway Mobile: +47 90597529 Fax: +47 51778501 Website: www.akvagroup.com

Marine Harvest appoints director for a new Global Sales & Distribution organisation

M

arine Harvest ASA has appointed Ola Brattvoll as group director for the new Business Unit Global Sales & Distribution. The new Business Unit will be in operation from January 1, 2011.

Mr Brattvoll has broad experience from the salmon industry and is currently vice president of Lerøy Seafood Group's sales organisation H Lerøy AS.

His previous positions in Lerøy Seafood Group include market director and market director for Japan. In addition Mr Brattvoll has previously represented the Norwegian Seafood Expor t Council in different countries.

Mr Brattvoll holds a Master of Science degree from the University of Tromsø (1994) in Economics and Marketing related to the seafood industry.

"Marine Harvest is very pleased to welcome Ola Brattvoll as group director for the new Business Unit Global Sales & Distribution. He is a well-qualified manager with a strong track record within seafood sales and will be a major contributor to improve the coordination of Global Sales and Distribution within Marine Harvest ", says AlfHelge Aarskog, CEO of Marine

4 | International AquaFeed | September-October 2010

Harvest. Mr Brattvoll will take up his position in early 2011.

More

information:

Alf Helge Aarskog CEO Marine Harvest Stortingsgaten 8 0161 Oslo Norway Mobile: +47 90597529 Fax: +47 21 562001 Email: corporate@marineharvest.com Website: www.marineharvest.com

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Aqua News Sea lice information from British Columbia

T

here has been recent news coverage of a denied freedom of information request for sea lice data collected by the provincial government from farms in British Columbia, Canada.

The request is the second by the T. Buck Suzuki Environmental Foundation, which obtained similar infor mation for an earlier time period in April.

The information under question is British Columbia’s informal database of information collected to audit the broader industry's records.

It's their information to share, and it's up to them when and how they do so, says the Foundation.

The question of release though is an interesting one.

Br itish Columbia's salmon farmers are already more regulated than any other food producer to report on the health

of our animals and any treatments that are required. Fish health management plans include regular testing for sea lice and fish health - and treatments are given only under the supervision of staff veterinarians.

Each year, the province releases an annual report about the information they collect. It is posted online and available to anyone.

The province also posts quarterly sea lice counts on their Ministry of Agriculture and Lands website.

The fish health management program that's been established is a key element to ensure the health of its fish on farms.

“We feel it's a good way for regulators to be cer tain the industr y is operating in a healthy, safe manner, answering to the public interest while also respecting veterinary-client privilege and company operational privacy. The annual reports give large amounts of information with context and interpretation - something raw database numbers don't offer,” adds the Foundation.

“Our companies also independently realise that the public interest is impor tant to meet.

The two largest operators in the province: Marine Har vest Canada and Mainstream Canada both post site-by-site sea lice counts on their websites. We work to increase transparency constantly while maintaining the balance of professional standards.”

The BC Salmon Farmers Association along with the Association of Aquaculture Ve t e r i n a r i a n s o f B C expressed concern about the last release of information.

“Our concern was that the information represented isolated snapshots of farm health and that raw data can be easily manipulated.”

The AAVBC expressed frustration that confidentiality agreements were being broken and said it set a troubling standard for other agricultural industries in the province.

All that said though, the information was released and only ser ved to prove the success of the fish health program as it stands. The data confirmed the outcomes of the provincial government's annual reports, giving farmers, veterinarians and others even more confidence in the process.

“We're sure this information under question now, would only do the same thing.” Says the Association.

For more information about fish health management visit The Ministry of Agriculture and Lands More

information:

Mary Ellen Walling Executive Director British Columbia Salmon Farmers Association #302 - 871 Island Highway Campbell River, BC V9W 2C2, Canada Tel: +1 250 2861636 x223 Fax: +1 250 2861574 Email: mwalling@salmonfarmers.org Website: www.salmonfarmers.org

6 | International AquaFeed | September-October 2010

Reliadens on-line density sampling for fish food

M

odern Process Equipment (MPE) is proud to announce the introduction of the Reliadens Automated On-Line Density Sampling system, now utilising Allen-Bradley PLC technology.

The Reliadens allows fish food manufacturers to continuously monitor bulk density, after both the extruder and coater, to provide continual, closedloop control of important process settings.

The Reliadens sampler draws a sample of product from the process stream, measures the density and returns the product

to the stream w i t h ze r o w a s t e .

Samples can be taken as often as ever y thir ty seconds with accuracies to 1g/litre.

More

information:

Lizzie Ephraim Modern Process Equipment, Inc 3125 South Kolin Avenue Chicago IL 60623 USA Tel: +1 773 2543929 Email: lizzie@mpechicago.com Website: www.mpechicago.com Website: www.iiisigma.com

Aqua News

PROFIL

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TECHNOLOGY PROFILE Coming soon to International Aquafeed

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International Aquafeed is introducing a new section to our pages in the near future. Technology profiles will highlight specific equipment used in the production of feeds for the aquaculture sector.

We aim to bring you the latest innovations in the industry and how they can benefit your business.

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Core vacuum coating 0ptimum penetration of liquid High energy feed

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September-October 2010 | International AquaFeed | 7

Aqua News

October 13-16, 2010 - Salzburg, Austria

The World Nutrition Forum: getting to the forefront of the industry

I

ndustr y exper ts and top decision makers gather in Salzburg, Austria between October 13-16, 2010 to discuss the future of animal nutrition, Biomin’s NutriEconomics® progr am, developments in science, business, the environment and leadership.

over 60 countries around the world.

Held once every two years, the World Nutrition Forum has made its mark as one of the industry’s most significant and sought-after events for the thought-provoking and dynamic discussions that centre on real issues and trends influencing the future of global animal production. “ T h e r e are so many questions that we need answer for” says Erich Erber, Biomin’s Founder and Director of the Executive Board.

“When can we expect a full upswing recovery?

"Real issues and trends influencing the future of global animal production" Less than two months to go before the 4th World Nutrition Forum opens its doors - this time in Salzburg, Austria - to welcome more than 700 delegates from

“How will markets move or react in the near future? What are challenges ahead and where do the opportunities lie? How should we address the new issues on the agenda such as food security, consumerism and the carbon footprint of our products and production methods?”

Besides providing answer s to these burning questions, Biomin’s latest progr amme , Nutr iEconomics® helps to address the issue of nutrition, profitability and performance by focusing on three core principles – nutrition, economics and the environment.

These key considerations map out how efficient animal performance can be achieved alongside productivity and profitability in the business, and lay the founda-

8 | International AquaFeed | September-October 2010

tion for the 2010 Forum’s theme and discussions.

The exper t talks and panel discussions will bring together an exciting range of key note speakers, including Hannes Arch of Red Bull, Jim Smith, World Bank, USA and Professor Felicia Wu from the Univer sity of Pittsburg.

In the tradition of past Forums, the 2010 edition will also include a line-up of thought-provoking issues related to business, trade, science and leadership, including the BRAIN (Biomin Research and Innovation Network) program that awards ground breaking research work in animal nutrition.

More

information:

Website: www.worldnutritionforum.info

Aqua News The poulTry indusTry and fuTure Technologies ThaT will assure iTs success Mamduh SIFRI (chair), ADM, USA Sergey CHEREPANOV, Sanovo/Russian Poultry Union, Russia Ives JEGO, Hubbard, France Hermann KLEIN-HESSLING, Hendrix Genetics, The Netherlands Alfonso MIRELES, Foster Farms, USA

Dress c

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Randolph MITCHELL, Perdue, USA Vasit THAEPAISITPONGSE, Betagro, Thailand

ExPErt tAlks

MycoToxins – sTraTegies for counTeracTion Maximilian SCHUH (chair), Veterinary University Vienna, Austria

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Wayne BRYDEN, University of Queensland, Australia Carlos MALLMANN, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Brasil Isabelle OSWALD, INRA, France

The future of animal nut

naTural growTh proMoTers in view of rising challenges for aniMal producTion David CALDWELL (chair), Texas A&M University, USA Jianghua HE, Hunan Agricultural University, China Kostas MOUNTZOURIS, Agricultural University Athens, Greece Peter SCOTT, University of Melbourne, Australia

The poTenTial of MicroorganisMs in aniMal nuTriTion Todd APPLEGATE (chair), Purdue University, USA Annie DONOGHUE, USDA, USA Richard DUCATELLE, Ghent University, Belgium Jonas JATKAUSKAS, Lithuanian Veterinarian Academy, Lithuania Peter BOSSIER, Ghent University, Belgium

Sponsored by BIOMIN Participation by invitation only September-October 2010 | International AquaFeed | 9

F: Binders

Influence of natural and artificial binders in feeds for Litopenaeus vannamei on digestibility and growth

by Eric De Muylder of CreveTec, Leon Claessens and Mekki Herizi of Aquaculture Farming Technology, Fanny Yasumaru and Daniel Lemos of LAM Aquaculture Laboratory, University of S達o Paulo and Geert van der Velden of Sonac BV

S

hrimp are external masticators, meaning that they chew their feed outside their mouth and will not ingest the feed at once.

Shrimp prefer soft pellets. Typically, in semi-intensive farming, shrimp feed pellets will stay in the water for 15 - 60 minutes before the shrimp consumes them, but they can lie in water for several hours before consumption. Feeds should remain waterstable during this period.

Meanwhile, feed pellets swell by taking up water which makes them soft.

Producing water stable feeds which become soft by water uptake but don't fall apart is a challenge for every shrimp feed producer.

Untill now, most shrimp feeds are pelleted, and binders are widely used to obtain good water stability. Binders generally form a network through the feed pellet and hold

"The goal of this study was to determine the influence of the inclusion of synthetic or natural binders in feeds on their digestibility and on the growth of shrimp"

10 | International AquaFeed | September-October 2010

it together while it interferes with the water.

The mostly used binders are ureaformaldehyde, wheat gluten and gelatin.

Most binders are only functional once.

Gelatinised starch, wheat gluten and urea-formaldehyde will not work once heated and cooled down. Gelatin can be heated and cooled down several times and will keep its functionality.

Although urea-formaldehyde is forbidden in the EU, it is widely used in Asia as a binder in both fish and shrimp feeds. It facilitates the production of water stable feeds, but producers are unaware of the nutritional consequences of using this binder. Dominy et al (2003) already observed better growth with natural binders compared to synthetic binders.

Goal The goals of this study was to determine the influence of the inclusion of synthetic

F: Binders Results

Table 1: Composition of test diets

Table 2: Leaching rate and water uptake of test diets Leaching rate and water Sample Diet WG Diet PBP Diet UF uptake - Analysis Corn gluten 11 11 12,5 for leaching rates Fish meal 20 20 20 Water uptake 107,63% 105,13% 89,89% and water uptake Wheat flour 31 31 31 were done at Leaching rate 7,75% 8,29% 6,75% the laboraPro-Bind Plus 2 tory of CreveTec. ibility as verifiable in Lemos et al. (2009).

Wheat gluten 2 Leaching was done during one Feed samples with PPD (Predicted Protein Urea-formaldehyde 0,5 hour in fresh water.

Digestibility) from 90.7 to 92.0% may be Other * 7,5 7,5 7,5 As could be expected considered of high to very high protein from previous results, the digestibility diets.

Crude protein 37,74 38,01 38,05 inclusion of ureumformalCrude lipid 8,61 8,66 8,63 dehyde reduces the water Growth trial Crude fibers 2,92 2,91 2,94 uptake that in turn reduces Experimental system - Shrimp were put Ash content 6,44 6,48 6,47 the leaching rate. The values in 12 nets of 150 liters each. The nets were * Canola, Soybean meal, Fish oil, Soybean lecithin, for the three diets are within submerged in a bigger tank, which is conpremix standards. nected to a biofloc reactor. Water quality is maintained through bioflocs and is the same in all nets. There were four replicates binders or natural binders on the digestDigestibility for each diet. ibility of the feeds growth of shrimp The three samples of feed were analysed for in vitro digestibility with the pH stat method, as described by Lemos et al (2009).

Material and Methods Shrimp DH values were used to predict protein Diets - Three different diets were forEach net was stocked with 25 shrimp digestibility by separate models relating mulated (see table). Feeds were pelleted on (Litopenaeus vannamei) of 12-13g each. ingredients or diet DH to in vivo digesta 2mm die.

They were acclimatised in the nets during Ingredient

Diet WG

Diet PBP

Diet UF

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F: Feature Table 3: Crude protein and in vitro digestibility of ingredients for Litopenaeus vannamei based on the degree of hydrolysis (DH%) by species proteolytic enzymes. Results expressed as mean (sd).

Sample

Crude Protein (%)*

Diet WG Diet PBP Diet UF

37,20% 37,80% 37,80%

In vitro protein hydrolysis (DH,%)

Predicted protein digestibility (%)**

4,69 (0,10)a 4,78 (0,15)a 3,89 (0,12)b

91,9 (0,11)c 92,0 (0,15)c 90,7 (0,22)d

* Determined by C, H, N autoanalyser, N x 6.25 ** Lemos et al. (2009 - Different superscripts among feed samples denote significant statistical differences (P < 0.05, one way ANOVA)

was between 7.0 and 7.5.

All shrimp showed good growth (>1,5 g/week) during the experiment.

The diet with inclusion of ureumformaldehyde showed the lowest growth, which can be a results of the lower protein digestibility observed. one week. They were then weighed and the trial started. The shrimp trial lasted for five weeks.

Discussion

The inclusion of a synthetic binder improves water stability and reduces leaching.

Measurements during trial This would result in a lower FCR. But at At the start and each week, the the same time, this binder links to proteins shrimp were weighed together and and reduces its digestibility. counted, to have the average weight and This reduction in protein digestibility total biomass. Feeding gift was adjusted results in a slightly slower growth. daily according to an expected growth Ureaformaldehyde is a synthetic binder curve and average weight from last with no nutritional value. It cannot be measurement. digested by fish or shrimp, instead Table 4: Growth parameters of the shrimp during the experiment. it adds nitrogen Diet Diet WG Diet PBP Diet UF (false proteins) to the diet which Initial ind. weight (g) 13,05 13,10 12,80 ends up like Final ind. weight (g) 21,28 22,23 21,17 ammonia in the Average growth (g/week) 1,88 1,91 1,86 ponds.

FCR 1,56 1,26 1,34 In the process, Survival 77% 90% 92% formaldehyde is bound to the NH2 group of Urea to form At the end of the experiment, all shrimp a polymer. were weighed individually.

However, the formaldehyde can also bind to other amine (NH2) groups in other Water quality products such as melamine or amino acids.

DO was more than 6ppm at all times.

Formaldehyde is a cross-linking agent to Temperature was between 27.5째C and 28.0째C. inactivate, stabilise or immobilise proteins.

Salinity was kept between 11.4 and 11.7ppt. pH 12 | International AquaFeed | September-October 2010

Formaldehyde was shown to react with the amino group of the N-terminal amino acid residue and the side-chains of arginine, cysteine, histidine, lysine residues.

Therefore it is advisable to use nutritional binders, with a high protein digestibility.

Gelatin-based binders are a good alternative to gluten and ureumformaldehyde.

Gelatin and gluten have the advantage of being fully digestible and to contain real proteins for the shrimp.

References De Muylder E., Hans Hage & Geert van der Velden, 2008 Binders: Gelatin as alternative for urea formaldehyde and wheat gluten in the production of water stable shrimp feeds. International Aquafeed 2008, Volume 11 issue 2 De Muylder E., Carine van Vuure, Romain de Vargas , Daan Delbare and Geert van der Velden, 2008 Utilisation of hydrolyzed animal proteins and gelatin as supplement in low fishmeal diets for juvenile white shrimp Aqua Culture Asia Pacific Volume 5 number 4 Dominy, W.G., J.J. Cody, J.H. Terpstra, L.G. Obaldo, M.K. Chai, T.I. Takamori, B. Larsen & I.P. Forster, 2003. A Comparative Study of the Physical and Biological Properties of Commercially-Available Binders for Shrimp Feeds. Journal of Applied Aquaculture. Vol 14(3/4) 81-99.

Lemos, D. ; Lawrence, A. ; Siccardi, A. . 2009.

Prediction of apparent protein digestibility of ingredients and diets by in vitro pH-stat degree of protein hydrolysis with species-specific enzymes for juvenile Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Aquaculture, v. 295, p. 89-98.

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F: Decontaminated oils

The use of decontaminated fish oils and fish oil/ vegetable oil blends in Atlantic salmon diets:

Effects on flesh fatty acids and organic contaminants

by Prof Gordon Bell1 & Dr Eldar Ă&#x2026; Bendiksen2 1Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, Scotland, UK 2BioMar AS, Nordre gt. 11, N-7484 Trondheim, Norway.

T

he beneficial effects of consuming long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) of the n-3 or Omega-3 series have been studied extensively over the past 30 years.

The benefits of consuming the principal n-3 LC-PUFA, namely eicosapentaenoic (20:5n3; EPA) and docosahexaenoic acids (22:6n-3; DHA) include improved cardiac health, reduc-

tions in inflammatory conditions as well as improving a range of neurological disorders.

Given the perceived benefits of oily fish

many National Advisory bodies suggest an increase in fish, and especially oily fish consumption, as a means of improving consumer health.

However, many popular oily fish species in the wild have declined in recent times such that any increase in production must come from aquaculture production.

Some recent reports in the scientific literature stimulated media coverage that suggested farmed salmon from Europe contained higher values of organic pollutants, principally dioxins and dioxinlike (DL)-PCBs as well as polybrominated diphenylether (PBDE) flame retardants compared to wild salmon.

However, the concerns were relatively short-lived due to the authorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s data interpretation and the fact that the levels of pollutants found in European salmon were all well below the EU maximum permitted value in fish flesh.

These values are based on the WHO toxic equivalency factors (TEFs) that assign TEFs

14 | International AquaFeed | September-October 2010

to 17 dioxins and 12 DL-PCBs, based on the relative toxicity of the individual pollutant congeners.

Based on the individual TEF values it is possible to calculate the total toxic equivalents (TEQ) value for all 29 congeners which can be applied to raw materials, oils, feeds and fish where each matrix has an assigned EU limit value: for fish flesh the maximum value is 8ng TEQ/kg.

While PBDEs currently have no assigned TEQ values these pollutants are increasing in the environment and, at high concentrations, can cause human health problems. Fish oils (FO) and meals from different geographical locations can vary widely in their contaminant profiles and concentrations, with those from southern latitudes being lower than those from the North Atlantic and North and Baltic seas.

Destroyed by incineration Currently most oils that exceed the EU maximum TEQ values must be destroyed by incineration to prevent entry into the food chain. Given the rising price of FO the disposal of a product that is a rich-source of Omega3 is extremely wasteful and has stimulated improvements in processing technologies to decontaminate such oils.

Previous efforts to decontaminate FO used activated carbon to bind the pollutants but while relatively good at removing dioxins only

F: Decontaminated oils removed some mono-ortho PCBs and little of the non-ortho PCBs and PBDEs. However, the recent development of a twostep process of activated carbon plus thin-film deodourisation can remove most DL-PCBs and PBDEs to provide a FO with very low pollutant TEQ levels.

The present study investigated the effects on diet and flesh pollutant concentrations when replacing a northern FO, containing high levels of pollutants (cNFO control diet), with either the same oil which had been cleaned using the two step protocol above (deNFO decontaminated diet), or with a blend of southern FO, soya oil and rapeseed oil (4/3/3 by volume; FO/VO diet).

These three diets were fed to triplicate groups of salmon in 125m3 cages for 11 weeks. The effects of these dietary treatments on dioxin, DL-PCB and PBDE, as well as n-3 LC-PUFA concentrations in feed and flesh are reported.

From Norway to Scotland Three 9mm diets were prepared at the BioMar Tech Centre, Denmark and contained 33% protein and 34% lipid.

After the 11-week feeding period the fish had an average weight of 2.19kg and there were no differences between diets.

SGRs were in the range 1.34-1.35, TGC

Atlantic salmon of initial weight 0.78kg were cultured using one of the three diets above between July and October 2006 under ambient photoperiod and average temperature of 11.5 ¹ 2.7oC at the Fjord Research Station, Dønna, Norway.

Samples of fish flesh were collected at the start and end of the trial. Nine fish per dietary treatment were sampled and the Norwegian Quality Cut (NQC) wrapped in foil and frozen at -20oC and transported to Stirling where they were stored at -70oC until analysed. The three NQCs/pen were pooled to provide three samples/dietary treatment.

Samples of feed were collected at the start of the trial and wrapped in foil and frozen as for flesh.

between 3.86 and 3.92 and FCRs in the range 0.96-0.98. The cNFO diet contained 17.4 ng TEQ/kg, for the 29 WHO dioxin + DL-PCBs assigned WHO TEF values and this value is significantly above the EU limit value of 7ng TEQ/kg.

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F: Decontaminated oils

"This study suggests that decontaminated FO can be used to produce salmon that are both high in n-3 LC-PUFA and low in pollutants" Following the decontamination of the oil the concentration in the deNFO diet was reduced to 0.45 ng TEQ/kg that was similar to the value for the FO/VO diet of 0.53 ng TEQ/ kg (see Figure 1).

These are 6.3 and 7.6% of the EU limit value, respectively, and show that the decontamination methodology was very successful.

For the PBDEs, the sum of the seven congeners was 5.9, 1.9 and 0.31ng/g wet weight in the cNFO, deNFO and FO/VO diets,

It should be noted that despite the high dioxin + DL-PCB level in the feed, the concentration in the cNFO flesh was below the EU limit value of 8ng TEQ/kg and that the concentrations in the deNFO and FO/VO fish represented only 4.3 and 5.1% of the EU limit value respectively (see Figure 2).

For the flesh PBDEs the sum of the seven congeners in the initial fish was 0.26ng/g wet weight which after 11 weeks feeding the three diets increased to 0.94ng/g in fish fed the cNFO diet, Table 1: Major fatty acid compositions in flesh of salmon fed the cNFO, deNFO was similar to and FO/VO diets for 11 weeks. Values are weight % of total fatty acids the initial values Fatty acid/Diet cNFO deNFO FO/VO in the deNFO flesh at 0.25ng/g and reduced to Total saturates 17.1 ± 0.6a 16.8 ± 0.3a 12.2 ± 0.4b 0.095ng/g in fish 18:1n-9 25.1 ± 0.6a 21.9 ± 0.3b 28.9 ± 0.4c fed the FO/VO Total monounsaturates 40.8 ± 0.8a 39.3 ± 0.6b 38.1 ± 0.3c diet (see Figure 18:2n-6 5.3 ± 0.2a 5.8 ± 1.0b 20.9 ± 0.6c 2).

With regard 20:4n-6 0.6 ± 0.0a 0.6 ± 0.0a 0.5 ± 0.0b to impact of Total n-6 7.3 ± 0.3a 7.7 ± 1.0a 23.0 ± 0.6b diet on flesh 18:3n-3 2.3 ± 0.1a 2.3 ± 0.1a 4.5 ± 0.2b LC-PUFA as 20:5n-3 5.9 ± 0.4b 6.9 ± 0.3a 4.9 ± 0.1c expected there 22:6n-3 13.1 ± 0.6a 13.6 ± 0.6a 6.7 ± 0.2b was a close Total n-3 6.6 ± 1.2a 28.0 ± 1.0b 20.0 ± 0.3c relationship between diet Total PUFA 34.0 ± 1.4a 35.7 ± 0.7b 43.0 ± 0.7c and flesh fatty Values in the same row with a different superscript letter are significantly acids. different (P < 0.05) DHA levels respectively (see Figure 1). This represents a were similar for fish fed the cNFO and reduction of 68% for the deNFO compared deNFO diets but EPA was significantly to the cNFO diet and a 95% reduction for higher in the deNFO flesh (see Table 1). By the FO/VO diet compared to the cNFO diet. comparison, fish fed the FO/VO diet had In the fish at the start of the trial the sum significantly lower levels of DHA and EPA of flesh dioxins + DL-PCBs was 1.06ng TEQ/kg being around 50% and 30% lower than the while in fish fed the cNFO diet for 11 weeks two NFO diets. this concentration was increased to 6.4 while The FO/VO flesh also has increased levels the fish fed the deNFO and FO/VO blend of linoleic (18:2n-6) and linolenic acids (18:3ndiets were reduced to 0.31 and 0.41ng TEQ/kg, 3) compared to fish fed the NFO diets (see respectively, compared to the initial fish.

Table 1).

16 | International AquaFeed | September-October 2010

Dioxins can be removed This study has confirmed that fish oils with high pollutant concentrations can be decontaminated such that over 97% of dioxins and DL-PCBs can be removed by a two-stage process involving activated carbon and thin-film deodourisation.

By comparison, reduction of PBDEs was less successful with concentrations reduced by ~70%. With all three diets fish growth and feed conversion over the 11 week trial was very good.

Flesh dioxin + DL-PCB concentrations were reduced to very low values when fed the deNFO or FO/VO diets being similar to those quoted for wild Pacific salmon, while for PBDEs the concentrations were similar or lower to those seen in wild Pacific salmon.

Salmon cultured using the deNFO diet did not significantly alter the n-3 LC-HUFA content of the flesh which was the case in fish fed the FO/VO diet. This study suggests that decontaminated FO can be used to produce salmon that are both high in n-3 LC-PUFA and low in pollutants although trials of longer duration should be conducted to ensure no detrimental effects on fish performance and health are observed.

Using decontaminated oils could be of considerable benefit in producing highly nutritious farmed salmon that are very low in organic contaminants and would allow utilization of valuable FOs that might otherwise be lost to incineration.

Full published paper Sprague, M., Bendiksen, E. Å., Dick, J.R., Strachan, F., Pratoomyot, J., Berntssen, M.H.G.,Tocher, D.R., Bell, J.G., 2010. Effects of decontaminated fish oil or a fish and vegetable oil blend on persistent organic pollutant and fatty acid compositions in diet and flesh of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) Br. J. Nutr. 103, 1442-1451.

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F: Probiotic

Ecobiol Aqua the effective single strain probiotic P

robiotics are viable cultures of microorganisms which, when added to the animal feed, can reach and colonise the animal’s digestive system, beneficially improving the properties of the indigenous flora and interacting with the pathogenic bacteria.

Probiotics in aquaculture can work on two completely different situations: on one hand, they can control pathogenic bacteria population in animals’ intestines (competitive exclusion, bacteriocines), as well as help the animal digest the feed and maintain good health; they are considered as a good option to antibiotic growth promoters.

On the other hand, the addition of live bacteria to the ponds where the animals are farmed may modify the bacterial composition of the water and sediment.

In aquaculture, it is easier for the opportunistic pathogenic bacteria to colonise the gastrointestinal tract of the animals because they are supported by the environment where the animals are farmed.

For example, Vibrio bacteria are normally found attached to algae and forms part of the normal flora of fish and shrimps as well as zooplankton.

In aquaculture ponds, where animal and

algal population densities are very high, Vibrio numbers are much higher compared to the normal open water situation. In these cases it a defence against overexposure to Vibrio is necessary (whose pathogenicity may have been increased by the abusive use of antibiotic growth promoters).

the spores of the B. amyloliquefaciens can endure pelleting processes of up to 90ºC (see Table 1). If the feed processing reaches higher temperatures than this, it is recommended to apply the product post pelleting (mixed with fish oil, for example).

The effect of Ecobiol Aqua is due to several reasons: Ecobiol Aqua improves nutrient digestibility of the diet because of the producSurvive in adverse tion of enzymes once inside the animal conditions The name of the bacteria included in Ecobiol Aqua is a probiotic developed Ecobiol Aqua, B. amyby Norel SA that is Table 1: - B. amyloliquefaciens loliquefaciens, was given made up exclusively counts (CFU/g of feed) before after observing the way of spores of Bacillus and after pelleting (90ºC) starch was hydrolysed amyloliquefaciens.

Before pellet After pellet in the presence of these The spore is a strucbacteria. But B. amyloliqture that is adopted by uefaciens produces not the bacteria to survive 2.60 x 106 2.25 x 106 only amylases: it also in adverse conditions.

1.68 x 106 1.50 x 106 produces proteases and During the produc1.27 x 106 1.16 x 106 lipases that help the anition process in León mal digesting the feed.

(Spain), the vegetative In a study performed with Ecobiol bacteria of B. amyloliquefaciens are forced Aqua in shrimp feed (presented at the into the spore form. This confers the bacASAIM SE Aquaculture Conference 2010), teria a very stable presentation for storage it was observed that two hours after the and feed processing, without affecting its administration of feed, the animals that capacity to acquire the vegetative form were receiving Ecobiol in the feed - at a once the environment is favourable for its ratio of 106 CFU/gram of feed - had higher development (that is, inside the animals, enzymatic activity than the control animals where there are nutrients, adequate tem(no probiotic). perature and moisture).

The amylase activity was 315.4 units Different trials have demonstrated that

18 | International AquaFeed | September-October 2010

F: Probiotic in the probiotic group, 5% higher then the 302 units in the control group. The protease activity was 7.47 units in the probiotic group, almost two times the four units measured in the control group. The differences in the lipase activity were not so high, only 2.5% higher, 40.32 units in the probiotic group and 39.1 in the control group.

From this we deduce that this enzyme production improves not only protein, starch and fat digestibility but also the energy digestibility, as these nutrients are essential for the energy of the diet calculation.

Ecobiol Aqua controls intestinal pH by producing lactic acid Bacteria ferment carbohydrates to obtain energy following different biochemical pathways; in the case of B. amyloliquefaciens, carbohydrates are normally degraded following the lactic acid route.

It has been observed that for every gram of sugar present in the media, B. amyloliquefaciens is able to produce 0.9g of lactic acid.

If there are enough carbohydrates in the environment, 1012 CFU of B. amylolique-

faciens (norTable 2:- Effect of the addition of a B. amyloliquefaciens probiotic on mortality mal content Treatment Ponds Surface (has) Initial animals Mortality (%) of bacteria in one tonne Control 3 24.5 1960000 39.34 of feed) produce 1.8kg Ecobiol Aqua 3 24.5 1960000 33.50 of lactic acid. When Table 3:- Effect of the addition of a B. amyloliquefaciens probiotic on production Ecobiol proFinal duces the Surface Initial Final Body Treatment Ponds Biomass lactic acid in (ha) animals Weight (g) (Ton) the fish’s gut, it controls pathogenic Control 3 24.5 1960000 19.6 16.90 bacteria and Ecobiol Aqua 3 24.5 1960000 23.6 18.16 is used as Barstar (produced by the same bacteria but substrate for growth by beneficial bacteria not ejected to the media), acts as a natural (lactobacilli). Several trials have demonantibiotic. strated the beneficial effect that lactic acid Barstar is active at all pHs and is effective has on fish growth. inhibiting the transcription of the genetic Ecobiol Aqua actively balance intestinal material into protein in all kinds of bacteria, microbiota Gram negative (E. coli, Vibrio) and Gram Once the spore is transformed into positive (clostridia). the active form of the bacteria, the B. The inhibition of growth of those bacamyloliquefaciens produces Barnase to teria has been demonstrated in different avoid competition for the loci. Barnase is studies evaluating the bactericide capacity a ribonuclease that, without its inhibitor,

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F: Probiotic so the quality of the water quality becomes increasingly important for animal survival.

Mortality is also reduced as the probiotic improves animal intestinal health and hence, general health status; it being more difficult for pathogens (even virus) to successfully infect an individual.

Figure 1: Inhibition halos of Vibrio In a field trial run with parahaemolyticus CECT 511 around the wells of a total of six ponds, 49ha Ecobiol Aqua supernate and 3,920,000 shrimp, the mortality was reduced more than 5%.

Ecobiol Aqua improves feed conversion ratio and growth (animal size) Due to all the aforementioned benefits: enzyme production, lactic acid excretion to the lumen, intestinal microbiota balance, better animal health, etc, the animals are able to perform better Figure 2: Performance parameters in Litopaneus from a zootechnical point vannamei juveniles fed a control diet, or a diet of view. including B. amyloliquefaciens probiotic Ecobiol Aqua is effective in both young and adult, productive animals. of the supernate of B. amyloliquefaciens.

The effect on young animals has been The supernate of the fermentation of B. demonstrated in different trials (see Figure amyloliquefaciens is placed in six mm wells, 2). It helps the earlier uptake of feed and and the halo around that well where the difavoids health problems. ferent shed bacteria are not able to grow is With adult animals, when the density in measured: the bigger the halo, the stronger the ponds increases and the water quality the inhibition. worsens, the effect of the probiotic is even The combination of the Barnase producmore effective (see Table 3). tion, that inhibits the growth of pathogenic bacteria populations, with the lactic acid production, that improves the lactic flora Conclusion population, ends up in a well-balanced, The usual probiotic products used in steady and healthy intestinal microbiota in aquaculture are composed of different the fish, which can be observed as better strains of different bacteria that do not have health and more resistance to illnesses in well defined effects. Ecobiol Aqua is a single the animals. strain probiotic effective at many different levels that ensures safe and economically profitable production.

Ecobiol Aqua reduces

mortality in the ponds

As mentioned before, the use of the probiotic Ecobiol Aqua improves nutrient digestibility. This fact has a direct effect on the water quality, there is less organic matter in the water, and whatever organic matter is in there, can be degraded by the bacteria included in the probiotic. In aquaculture the animal density is much higher than in natural open water situations

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20 | International AquaFeed | September-October 2010

"Ecobiol Aqua is a single strain probiotic effective at many different levels that ensures safe and economically profitable production"

F: EU Aquaculture

EU

A GENERAL OVERVIEW AQUACULTURE IN THE

image © Steven Cowdrey

by Prof Dr Constantin Vamvakas

T

he increase of the world’s population during the past 50 years has led to a rapid increase of the demand of proteins. Aquatic organisms like finfish, crustaceans, shellfish and algae, known since the antiquity for their high nutritional values, became the first target of people searching for products containing preferably substances good and safe for human health.

"In 2007 EU fishery products were 6.45 million tons, representing 4.6% of the world’s production" Wild fisheries stocks, with the improvement of technology, were very quickly depleted and more than 85% of them are already overfished.

According to FAO, in 2007 the world consumed 113.7 million tonnes of fish, 50.3 million tonnes originating from aquaculture - and demand continues to increase. The only way to respond to this increase in

demand is to turn to the culture of aquatic organisms.

Aquaculture over the past 30 years has become a high-tech and an important economic activity. It continues to be the fastest food producing sector in the world with an annual increase of six to eight percent.

Today’s world’s production surpasses 50 million tonnes and FAO predicts that 10 years from now, aquaculture will need to produce annually more than 28 million tonnes in order to face the increase in demand.

EU aquaculture production Thanks to the generous financial contributions of the structural sector of the Common Fisheries Policy, but also to courageous investors, EU aquaculture production doubled in the period 1981-2001.

It became an industry with over16,500 firms generating some 65,000 direct and indirect jobs. It includes various types of farming systems of finfish and shellfish in coastal and continental areas.

In 2007 EU fishery products were 6.45 million tonnes, representing 4.6% of the world’s production. 1308 million tonnes (20%) of this production came from aqua-

22 | International AquaFeed | September-October 2010

culture, representing 2.6% of the world’s total aquaculture production in volume but 5.1% of the world’s aquaculture in value.

Nevertheless, since 2001 the production is almost stagnating with an annual increase of less than 0.5%.

Main production countries in volume are Spain (22%); France (18%); Italy (14%) and UK (13%). The most important species in volume in 2007 were the Mediterranean mussel (23%), Rainbow trout (16%), the Common mussel (13%) and the Atlantic salmon (11%).

The total estimated turnover of the aquaculture sector in EU is greater than three billion Euros; UK is the most important producer in value with 21%, followed

by Italy (17%), France (17%) and Greece (12%). The most important species in value in 2007 were the Atlantic salmon (20%), the Rainbow trout (16%), the Gilthead sea bream (11%) and the European sea bass (9%).

European citizens are consuming more fishery products than EU produces, with an average of 22.3kg/inhabitant per year.

The EU is probably the biggest market for aquatic products in the world.

Annual consumption is estimated to be 12 million tonnes. Therefore, in 2008, 65% of these products representing 5,657,000

tonnes and of a value of Euros16,540 million was imported. In the same year EU exported 1,774,000 tonnes of a value of Euros2934 million.

Legislation For the past 30 years an important number of legislation concerning aquaculture was prepared by the European Institutions, covering subjects such as economic, social, safety, hygiene and environmental matters.

Nevertheless, a general framework containing the guidelines of its development was missing. This is why, in 2002, the European Commission has prepared a Strategy for the sustainable development of the European Aquaculture, which was adopted by the competent European Institutions the same year.

The main objectives of this strategy were to create a long term and secure employment, in particular in fisheries dependent areas, to assure the availability to consumers of products that are healthy, safe and of good quality, to promote high animal health and standards and Page to ensure filler 4 welfare 23/2/10 16:27 1

an environmentally sound industry. At the same time, the fundamental aim of the strategy was the maintenance of the competitiveness, the productivity and the durability of the aquaculture sector.

A prerequisite for the realisation of these objectives were: To increase the production volume by an average four percent per year. This should focus mainly the molluscs’ production, the development of know-how for new species and strains from selective breeding and the promotion of the ‘organic’ production To enlarge the market outlets by contributing to the ability of the aquaculture business to cope with market demands, by opening new markets, by improving the integration between production and sales, by developing new tools to gather statistical information on production and markets and

"The total estimated turnover of the aquaculture sector in EU is >3 billion €" by stimulating demand through a convincing quality policy To undertake social actions in order to adopt training programmes to aquaculture needs, to recognize the role of women in the production and the administration of the aquaculture firms and to challenge the role of aquaculture in rural development and reversing the decline in coastal communities; To improve governance in the design and implementation of policies and measures that influence the development of aquaculture, notably with the view to ensuring proper stakeholder participation

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September-October 2010 | International AquaFeed | 23

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image © Steven Cowdrey

F: EU Aquaculture

THE AQUAFEED PHOTOSHOOT 2 1

3 7

4

6

5

24 | International AquaFeed | September-October 2010

9 8

10

13

11

12

The Alltech Symposium - Kentuky USA 1: 2: 3: 4: 5: 6: 7: 8: 9: 10: 11: 12: 13:

Prof Simon Davies speaks about chromium nutrition at the Aquaculture session in Kentucky The Alltech symposium main venue hall Eric Roderick of FishGen with Dr Kevin Fitzsimmons of University of Arizona and Carly Daniels of University of Plymouth Prof Simon Davies with Pearse Lyons (President of Alltech) Alltechâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s algal research stand The Kentucky horse breeders association Eric Roderick discusses genetic issues with Dr Boris Gomelsky of KSU (Kentucky State University) Prof Simon Davies with Dr Jim Tidwell (former WAS President) KSU Alltech sponsors of World Equestrian Events 2010 in Lexington, Kentucky Prof Simon Davies with Dr Bob Durborow at KSU The Koi carp and shrimp unit at KSU Prof Simon Davies at the Koi carp and shrimp unit at KSU Juvenile koi carp

September-October 2010 | International AquaFeed | 25

F: EU Aquaculture Main production countries in volume are: Spain France Italy UK

(22%) (18%) (14%) (13%)

image © Steven Cowdrey

The most important species in volume: Mediterranean mussel Rainbow trout Common mussel Atlantic salmon

To provide a level playing field and to reduce the administrative burden To persuade the industry to make more use of self-regulation and voluntary agreements To increase even more the safety of aquaculture products by recasting the Community legislation on food hygiene, by updating and simplifying the legislation of aquatic animal health, by securing animal health and animal welfare, by addressing the need for specific veterinary medicines, by providing high quality and sustainable feeding-stuffs for fish, by ensuring consumer health protection and by recognizing the health benefits of aquatic food To solve most of the conflicts for space and to ensure that aquaculture can com-

(23%) (16%) (13%) (11%)

To reduce the negative environmental impacts of aquaculture by ensuring that aquaculture has a low impact on the natural environment To provide the aquaculture industry with a high quality aquatic environment to match its needs To improve the positive environmental contribution of extensive aquaculture by promoting extensive farming in the framework of schemes for environment restoration (wetlands, biodiversity conservation) To give priority to aquaculture research and its technological development Most of the objectives of this strategy were achieved with the exception of the increase of the total production and the availability of jobs.

This is mainly due to the lack of space and the antagonism with other industries for access to water, the competition with the imported products and the EU severe legislation concerning the protection of the environment and the safety and hygiene rules. An overall evaluation of the Strategy, five years after its implementation, proved that an update was necessary.

Following this conclusion, European Commission launched in 2007 a large public consultation, including discussions with all the stakeholders of the industry and in 2009 presented to the competent European Institutions a Communication entitled ‘Building a sustainable future for aquaculture.A new impetus for

“Building a sustainable future for aquaculture. A new impetus for the Strategy for the Sustainable Development of European Aquaculture’’ pete on an equal basis for access to space, particularly by developing the application of Integrated Coastal Zone Management planning, by improving offshore technologies for both fish and molluscs in marine aquaculture and by improving water recirculation technologies for inland farms

26 | International AquaFeed | September-October 2010

the Strategy for the Sustainable Development of European Aquaculture’.

Most of the main objectives of the 2002 Strategy continued to be among the priorities of the new Strategy.

The new Strategy underlines the role of the public authorities for the sustainable development of aquaculture in Europe and proposes the following actions, which will ensure the leadership of European aquaculture on the international scene and will remove the problems, which did not allow the industry to develop its full potential: To promote competitiveness of the EU aquaculture by pursuing its efforts in aquaculture R&D, by continuing its initiatives in order aquaculture to become an equal competitor in terms of space, by enabling the aquaculture business to cope with market demands and by promoting aquaculture development on an international level To establish conditions for the sustainable growth of aquaculture by ensuring compatibility between aquaculture and the environment, by shaping a high-performance aquatic animal-farming industry, by ensuring consumer health protection and by recognizing the health benefit of aquatic food To improve the sector’s image and governance by a better implementation of EU legislation, by reducing the administrative burden, by ensuring a proper stakeholder participation and an appropriate information to the public and by ensuring an adequate monitoring of the aquaculture sector The new Strategy has already received positive comments from the European Fisheries Council and the European Parliament.

Its implementation will reinforce the leading role of the European aquaculture in the world, but its success depends on the good collaboration of the stakeholders. Public and private sectors, producers and administrations should unite their efforts and a permanent dialogue should be established, in order to face all the challenges, follow step by step the evolution of the industry and, if necessary, take the appropriate measures and guarantee a promising future of the sector.

About the author:

Prof Dr Constantin Vamvakas former senior official of the European Commission, DG Fisheries and Maritime Affairs.

Dept. of Animal Production, Laboratory of Aquaculture & Artemia Reference Center, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, University of Ghent, Belgium.

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F: Abalone

Abalone feed development in South Africa

by Lourens de Wet1 & Krishen Rana2 1Feed Technology Group, Stellenbosch University, South Africa, Lfdw@sun.ac.za 2University of Stirling, Institute of Aquaculture, United Kingdom

S

outh African aquaculture production, though limited i\n its contribution to Africa's and global production, has shown a significant increase over the past decade.

of high value imported products by local production as well as further extension of local markets.

Success in this regard, was achieved with commercially relevant freshwater (rainbow trout, aquarium fish, koi carp) and marine species (mussels, oysters and abalone).

Mariculture is becoming increasingly Since the lifting of political and economiimportant as consumer demand for marine cal isolation in the early 1990s, South Africa species will not be has experienced replaced by demand a rapid increase in for freshwater fish the development of as marine catches commercial aquacdecrease. ulture. The industry In South Africa is expected to make the development a significant conof the mariculture tribution towards industry has being economic growth, spurred on by some job creation, foreign successful abaexchange earnings, lone (Haliotis midae) whilst also confarms interested in tributing towards diversifying their socio-economic activities into finfish development and Figures 1a&b. Aquafeed sales per province (left) and as portion of total mariculture.

The food security. animal feed sales in South Africa during 2008/2009 (AFMA MEMBERS ONLY) indigenous species According to a (TONNES) (adapted from Chairmans reports, 2008/2009 www.afma.co.za) leaving its explorarecent benchmarking survey performed by the Aquaculture Institute of South Africa (AISA), total aquaculture production and value in 2008 was 3650 tonnes and R327 million respectively (Britz et al., 2009), growing at a rate of eight percent in production and 32 percent in value between 2005 and 2008.

Aquaculture development in South Africa was initially aimed at the replacement

28 | International AquaFeed | September-October 2010

F: Abalone tory phase for commercialisation include Silver and Dusky Kob (Argirosomus sp.) and Yellowtail (Seriola lalandi).

Dynamic growth The Western Cape Province show at the most dynamic growth in aquaculture production and development and is promoted by the well-developed agriculture- and fisheries-infrastructure by means of diversification, savings on capital costs and available knowledge.

In terms of value, South African aquaculture was dominated by abalone production, which was R268 million in 2008, representing Commercial abalone small-farmer 81percent of the total rand value (Hondeklip baai abalone project) of the aquaculture sector.

In addition, exports of South Functionally enriching of aquafeeds African aquaculture production were made University support towards sustaining feed shelf life, production up almost entirely of abalone in 2008, The Western Cape aquafeed industry is performance and end-product health benefits representing 24 percent of total tonnage technically supported by the Universities of and 82 percent of the total value of South Stellenbosch and Rhodes (Grahamstown) African aquaculture. Supporting this secwhich have good facilities for prototype Abalone production tor, two Western Cape based aquafeed product development and evaluation. These In terms of South African abalone producmanufacturers - NutroScience and Marifeed institutions - dominate supply with 77 percent of total also provide aquafeed production (see Figure 1a). Both research and manufacturers also contribute to aquafeed training opporexports. tunities for Total aquafeed sales represent 0.03 perresident and Since 1998 cent of total animal feed sales (see Figure distance educa1b), and utilises similar major ingredients tion students. (with the exception of fish oil and fish meal) The Feed than the monogastric animal feed industry.

Te c h n o l o g y South Africa has a well-established feed Group of the industry and related production sector, University of which provides a wide range of raw materiStellenbosch als and fine chemicals that can also be used focus on: in the formulation of relevant aquafeeds.

Reducing However, information on the nutritional the environvalue and application of some of these mental impact ingredients are often limited with regard to of aquaculture specific application to indigenous species. through developUtilising both hot and cold extrusion ing low pollution in production of aquafeeds, the secaquafeeds and tor is supported by a well-developed environmentally companion animal food and human pasta sustainable feeding production industries in terms of technipractices cal know-how.

Utilization of However, hot extrusion predominantly food processing utilises conditioner-assisted single screw and industrial byextruders affecting the physical appearance product streams For further details please contact of fish feed in high-protein starter and as alternative WWW.nutroscience.com high-energy grower diets formulated with feed ingredients Tel: +27 22 482 4575 â&#x20AC;˘ Email: info@nutroscience.com limited carbohydrate content. Irrespective for fishmeal and of appearance, a feed conversion ratio of fish oil in marine below 1:1 is achieved on commercial farms. finfish feeds

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September-October 2010 | International AquaFeed | 29

F: Abalone

Figure 2: Juvenile abalone feeding artificial diets

tion, the current feeding practice is feeding 50 percent of produced abalone on wild collected and harvested macro algae fed every 48 hours while the other 50 percent is grown with artificial dry feed fed every 24 to 48 hours.

Regulations on wild macro algae harvests are reaching an approaching limit on the availability thereof and there is a growing trend to produce more abalone using artificial dry feed. A feed development strategy was hence formulated by Stellenbosch University to optimise feed-related production performance and efficiency for abalone production (see Figure 3), Figure 3: Abalone feed development strategy

focussing on four key aspects: • Increasing muscle yield: by means of reducing handling- and processingrelated moisture loss. The costly loss of moisture from the muscle of abalone during live exports may be in the region of 18 percent, depend-

ing on sexual maturity, animal size and season. Preliminary research at Stellenbosch University has shown that a reducing of moisture loss to levels below five percent can be achieved through diet intervention.

• Improving gut condition and supporting digestive function. As no prophylactic antibiotics AGPs are currently registered for use in South Africa for use in aquafeeds, novel alternatives such as prebiotics, organic acid and phytogenics are trialled and implemented into abalone feeds with good success. Utilising cold extrusion, enzymes specifically hold great promise to improve nutritional value of plant proteins often considered to play a role in temperature-induced bloating.

• Improving feeding behaviour by utilising chemo-attractants to help stimulate and support olfactory and gustatory response. Abalone are known slow feeders that requires feed to be water stable for up to 24 hours - even 48 hours on some farms - to allow good feeding response by all animals in a system.

• Reducing costs related to abalone feed stability. Abalone feed has proven to be up to 92 percent stable in terms of nutrient leaching and disintegration after 48 hours of water exposure in commercial production systems.

Such stability however does not come

30 | International AquaFeed | September-October 2010

without cost as it is estimated that more than R7 million is spent annually on binding costs for abalone feed in South Africa contributing to 25-45 percent of the cost of various feeds.

In addition direct feed loss represents an unrealized production of abalone worth more than R23 million. Efforts to either reducing binding cost or further improve water stability will have a direct impact on the costeffectiveness of abalone production.

• The successful implementation this strategy has resulted in a reduction in abalone feed price by more than 20 percent to below R14 per kg in the past three years without compromising production performance.

However, further optimisation of the functional and nutritional value of abalone feed and improving feeding strategies is critical to ensure competitiveness of the abalone industry.

More

information:

Lourens de Wet, Feed Technology Group, Division of Aquaculture, University of Stellenbosch, Private bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa Tel +27 21 8082545, Email: Lfdw@sun.ac.za

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www.aquativ-diana.com September-October 2010 | International AquaFeed | 31

F: Equipment

Technical design and equipment

Key to improving feed quality and nutrition

by Shao Jianxin, Engineer, ZCME, China

W

hy do some feed factories earn profits while others don’t? Why do feed of some factories sell well? The reason behind is technical design and equipment selection.

With the same level of raw material and formula, the quality of feed only depends on process technology and equipment performance.

As the digest system of chicken, pig, fish, shrimp and pet varies, feed of different size and degree of ripeness are demanded. It is one of the important methods for the Choosing skilled feed engineering conmodern feed companies to improve prodstructors and comprehensive solutions uct quality by upgrading process technology. providers are also vital for the success of Impact of grain size on feed nutrition a company.

Generally, grain size should take conThe factors affecting feed quality can be sideration of many factors like feeding summed up in three aspects, namely: method, process costs, capacity and growing • The quality of raw material characteristics of animals.

• The feed formula Its empirical value should be no more • The process technology than 1/3 of the diameter of pellet.

Table 1: International best grinding particle size Appropriate grain size Best size can improve digestion recommended rate of the nutritious Animal Raise stage (µm) element. Research has shown that if the even Ablactation 0~14d 300 size of corn feed for sow is reduced from 1200um Pork Ablactation 14~35d 400 to 400um, its digestion Grice ≤500（Corn） rate could be raised by Fattening pig 500~600（Corn） 14 percent, dry materiSow 500~600（Corn） als in manure could be Growing pig 15~30kg 323(batch) reduced by 21 percent and the nitrogen would Dorking 700~900（Corn） be lowered by 31 percent.

900 Over grind could lead Beef cattle 1~1.5cm（straw、corn stalk） to more consumption of 2~7cm（corn energy, less capacity and stock、hay） destroy of nutrition of Fish ≤0.5mm（batch） feed. The research data Shrimp 150~175 proves that VA of pellet

32 | International AquaFeed | September-October 2010

after repeated grind would decrease 40 percent.

The key point of grain size control technology is to grind each raw material to the best size suitable for digestion so as to ensure the batch feed can acquire best raising efficiency and economic profit. It is mandatory to study the best digestion size of each raw material for different animals as shown in Table 1.

Pulverization and micro-pulverization must be applied for aquatics feed.

Research has shown that carp feed ratio could raise 5-10 percent if the screen of grinder has been reduced from 1.5mm, 1.2mm to 1.0mm, 0.8mm, 0.6mm. As a result, grain size has a markable influence on variation of nutrition.

Grain with excessive small or big diameter could break into layers which would affect the digestion rate of feed nutrition. It is only by selecting proper technical design, professional company and equipment can good quality feed be made.

Impact of batch on feed nutrition Formula is a major impact factor for feed nutrition and pellet quality. Formula with high content of grain like corn and soybean cannot produce high quality pellet feed due to the lack of natural bond.

Addition of highly cohesive wheat can improve pellet quality.

It is necessary to combine each element in the formula and keep fat to lowest limit. In case of large proportion of adding materials, the condition process should be

F: Equipment adjusted or the materials should be added after pelleting.

As the core process of feed production, batching accuracy has a direct impact on feed composition and nutrition absorption of the animals. As a result, the feed nutrition can be balanced only with appropriate batching system.

The batching process has a important effect on batching accuracy and composition. The major technical improvements lie in following aspects: 1: The batching scale must be checked regularly so as to ensure measurement accuracy of batching equipment 2: The formula should be right and the raw materials can be replaced 3: The materials should be fed at proper speed 4: The control system should be correct 5: The batching equipment must be operated in correct way 6: The batching equipment should be clean so as to avoid cross contamination 7: The batching process especially the use of medicine should be carefully recorded No-error computer control technology is adopted to manipulate batching accuracy.

Micro additives can be premixed and batched and high accurate batching system can be adopted.

duction of premix feed 3: In case of change of formula, the mixer should be thoroughly cleaned to avoid cross contamination 4: Premix should be separated from major mixing process in order to prevent cross contamination 5: The transportation distance and height of materials after batching should be as short as possible and no conveying equipment like pneumatic device should be adopted as it would cause separation of materials

Impact of pelleting on feed nutrition 1. Pellet quality control: pellet must be unsaturated steam, free from conquality is the precondition of feed nutridensed water so as to ensure enough ‘pasting’ tion which must be strictly manipulated. of starch and prevent machine blockage due The conditioning quality is the primary to too much moisture. The steam must go control point of pellet quality which through a water trap and a pressure reducing includes temperature, time, water and valve before entering the conditioner. ‘pasting degree’ of starch. A secondary control point covers powder rate, cooling temperature, moisture, bladeeven degree and water durability of the feed.

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Impact of mixing conformity on nutrition Conformity is vital for feed quality as it will determine whether the animal can get full nutrition from the feed. The air balance between mixing bin and mixer also has an impact on nutrition.

Too big finish product bins and pellet bins and too long transportation lines will destroy conformity of feed and reduce the conversion rate of the animal.

It is critical to choose the right mixer, mixing period and feeding method in order to ensure conformity and nutrition. The control of mixing conformity covers mixing feed, concentrated feed, additives, premix feed and liquid feed.

The technical improvements in batching process have the following aspects: 1: Proper mixer must be selected to ensure conformity 2: The materials should be added in correct order with big materials added at first and small ones added later. All materials should be added in proper amount and order especially for pro-

September-October 2010 | International AquaFeed | 33

F: Equipment Table 2: Anti-nutritional factors of common raw materials of feed

ing of feed with vitamins is as following: temperature ≥90°C, Distribution Inhibit function moisture≥15%, time ≥60 seconds.

As a result, it is necessary to choose formulation with sound Protease Pea seed, beet Restrain activity of trypsin and pepsin, facilitate secrete of thermal stability. A good pellet inhibitor broomcorn pancreas conditioner, correct air admission Rapeseed, cabbage, and mixing methods are also the Glucoside Kale, etc Prohibit growth, increase cardiolipin and reduce appetite vital factors for pelleting process.

Impair intestinal wall, lose more endogenous protein, inhibit 3. Feed enzymes: pellet procLectin Pea seed growth ess also affects feed enzyme and Pea seed and cake, other microbials.

Tannin etc Weaken absorption of protein, carbohydrates Enzyme and microbial are bioinjures gastric mucous membrane, destroy metabolization of logical products, the activity of Gossypol Cottonseed and cake protein and iron which are usually damaged under Interfere biological effectiveness of mineral elements, form protein the comprehensive function of Phytic acid Pea seed complex high temperature, humidity and Saponine Soybean Destroy absorption of nutrition, reduce appetite pressure. It is reported that the Lignin Pasture Destroy absorption of nutrition, reduce appetite activity of phytase drops by 87.5 Alkaloid Pasture Reduce appetite, inhibit growth percent at temperatures of over 80℃.

Facilitate pasting of materials inside enteron, weaken absorption NSP Grain feed of nutrition So the utilisation rate of N.P. will be affected. The microbe addiMeanwhile, the flow rate of steam must High temperature conditioner with short tives in the feed is especially reactive be matched to the feeding rate. As a result, time (60-160 seconds) can kill bacteria. to high temperature so that its activity steam with proper characteristics is a Many conditioners of this type have been will be lost completely if the pellet precondition of pellet quality. developed in several countries. The durabiltemperature exceeds 85℃. It is better Technical improvements of steam presity of feed at high temperature should also to coat enzyme after pelleting or sure and flow rate covers following aspects be considered during conditioning. to use enzymes with better thermal to ensure high quality of feed: 1: Materials with bad durability under stability.

1: Control the conditioning of meals, high temperature and poor ‘strength’ 4. Impact on anti-nutrition factors: including the adding of steam and oil, should avoid conditioning at high part of anti-nutrition factors and and check the quality of steam and temperature. Instead, they should be harmful substances will be killed keep a good record of it coated later so as to ensure pellet during the conditioning of pellet.

2: Control the product from the pellet quality.

Anoxia sterilisation before pelleting mill and keep record of it 2. The impact on vitamins: it is vulnercan kill various bacteria effectively 3: Control the cooling time, moisture able to increase conditioning time and improve feed quality. It has been and temperature of feed in accordand raise temperature as the vitamins a key research subject for profesance with the room temperature and with poor thermal stability would be sional technicians. moisture easily lost during the pelleting process.

Animals have different reactions to the 4: Control the fat coated on the surface Vitamins like A, E, C, thiamine hydrosame anti-nutrition factors as its speof feed chloride, etc will be killed rapidly cies and age vary. The anti-nutrition 5: Check the hardness of pelleted feed as the temperature and conditioning factors can be divided into positive and keep good records time is raised. inhibitors for carbohydrate, minerConditioning process is vital for pellet The critical condition for conditionals and prolease, etc. The pelleting quality. The mixed materials with process adopts conditioning, high content of grain usually stay high temperature extrusion for at least 40-60 seconds in the methods to weaken the anticonditioner. nutrition factors as listed in Meanwhile, the temperature Table 2 to maximum limit. inside the conditioner should be 5. Impact of pellet on starch kept between 85-98℃ to improve and protein: the starch would ‘pasting’ of starch. Materials with become ‘pasted’ and protein high fibers must stay for shorter would be denaturated after time in the conditioner. In case of conditioning so that the aniaddition of liquids like molasses, mal can digest and aborb the the materials should stay longer in starch and protein better. conditioner (maximum 30 minutes) However, it is the technical so that it would absorb molasses issue of a professional comfully. pany to determine the raw

Antinutritional factors

34 | International AquaFeed | September-October 2010

F: Equipment material of specific size for specific animals. Protein denaturation has little influence on amino acid but improves its absorption rate greatly so that protein can be highly utilised.

6. The impact of post-cooking: after conditioning, the â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;pasteâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; degree and water durability of pellet should be improved, however, some thermal alert vitamins are destroyed. As a result, it is better to use formulations with sound thermal stability or apply the improved coating technology so as to preserve nutrition values of the feed as much as possible; which is mostly used in the production of aquatics feed or special aquatics feed for shrimp for example.

7. Impact of storage and transportation: cross contamination usually takes place during storage and transportation. Residue in transportation vehicles, bins, buffer hoppers and process equipment could cause cross contamination. Harmful microbe and pests are also source of cross contamination.

To meet increasingly high demand

of security, sanitation and nutrition of feed, it is necessary to equip residuefree conveyor and bins, apply scientific technology of cleaning and sequencing.

Heat treatment technology should be applied which includes cooking at high temperature, extrusion, high-pressure treatment and ultraviolet irradiation, etc.

With the comprehensive application of the above technology, the finish pellet feed can obtain satisfactory quality and nutrition.

Impact of technical process The anti-nutrition factors in feed can cause disease of pigs and pets and retard the growth process. As they are closely related with process technology, nutritionists have developed many methods to eliminate anti-nutrition factors.

However, the nutrition elements in feed would lose at the same time.

Extrusion and expansion at high temperature can improve feed quality and limit lost of nutrition; anoxia sterilisation could kill bacteria effectively and keep vitamins; fermentation could eliminate toxic effect

of anti-nutrition factory and keep vitamins; enzymes preparation cannot only erase toxic effect of feed but also provide a health function.

Getting rid of anti-nutrition factors in raw materials has become vital in selection of process technology and equipment.

Feed quality and nutrition can be only be guaranteed using professional technology and equipment. With the development of nutrition, technicians of professional company can work out better methods to eliminate anti-nutrition factors and make more contribution in improving feed quality and nutrition.

September-October 2010 | International AquaFeed | 35

More

information:

ZCME Floor 25th, Friendship Building No.159 Zhao Jia Bang Rd Shanghai PC:200032 PR China Tel:+86 21 64188282 Fax:+86 21 64163299

Book review Aquaculture Pond Bottom Soil Quality Management Claude E. Boyd, Department of Fisheries and Allied Aquacultures, Auburn University, Alabama C.W. Wood, Department of Agronomy and Soils, Auburn University, Alabama Taworn Thunja, Department of Fisheries and Allied Aquacultures, Auburn University, Alabama

W

ater quality management has always been considered one of the most important aspects of pond aquaculture, but less attention has been given to the management of pond bottom soil quality.

There is increasing evidence that the condition of pond bottoms and the exchange of substancesbetween soil and water strongly influence water quality.

Today more attention is being devoted to the study of pond soils, and practical aquaculturists are beginning to seek information on pond bottom management.

This book provides an essential practical guide to the management of aquaculture pond soils.Although published in 2002 the book is still highly relevant in todays adopted practises within aquaculture.

Extract from Chapter One The book starts with the crucial and often under estimated practises employed during the new pond build period.

During pond construction, surface soil in the area to become the pond bottom usually is scraped off and used as earth fill for embankments. The newly finished pond bottom normally is subsoil low in concentrations of organic matter and nutrients. In tropical and subtropical areas with highly leached soils, pond bottoms often are high in clay content and of low pH. After filling with water, various processes begin to transform the bottom of a new pond into a pond soil. Erosion of the watershed results in suspended particles of mineral soil and organic matter entering a pond in runoff.

Wave action, rainfall,and water currents from mechanical aeration erode embankments and shallow edges to suspend soil particles.

In addition,nutrients added to ponds in fertilizers, manures, and feeds cause phytoplankton blooms that increase the concentration of suspended organic particles. Suspended particles settle in ponds with large sand particles settling first, followed by silt-sized particles, and finally clay particles and fine-divided organic matter.

Water currents and activity of fish and other organisms continually resuspend particles from the bottom, and these particles settle again.

Organic matter settles to the bottom and is decomposed by microorganisms. Easily decomposable organic matter, such as simple carbohydrates, protein, and other cellular constituents, is quickly degraded. More resistant material, such as complex carbohydrates and other cell wall components, accumulates because it is degraded slowly. There is a continuous input of organic matter to the bottom, so microorganisms are continually decomposing both fresh, easily degradable (labile) organic matter and older, resistant (refractory) organic matter.

Because there is a more or less continuous resuspension and redeposition of particles and stirring of the surface sediment by fish and other organisms, the organic matter becomes rather uniformly mixed in the upper layer of sediment. Nevertheless, there usually is a layer of fresh organic matter at the sediment surface that has not been completely mixed into the sediment.

Organic matter concentration usually is greatest near the sediment surface.

The ratio of labile organic matter to refractory organic matter also is greatest near the sediment surface .

Organic matter concentrations in pond soils do not continue to increase indefinitely. If aquaculture practices—e.g., species; stocking, fertilization, and feeding rates; water exchange; amount of mechanical aeration; and treatment of fallow bottom between crops—remain about the same, the annual input of organic matter and rate of organic matter decomposition also will remain about the same. New ponds usually have little organic matter in bottom soil, and the labile organic matter added each year will largely decompose, while a considerable proportion of refractory organic matter will accumulate.

Over a fairly short period, often only four or five crops, organicmatter in the soil will reach a high enough concentration that the annual rate of decomposition of organic matter will equal the annual input of organic matter. At this time, equilibrium will occur and soil organic matter concentrations will remain about the same from year to year.

Further chapters of the book include important chapters dealing with Pond soil treatments, soilanalysis and general good practises.

All in all an essential book for any hatchery manager.

Department of Fisheries and Allied Aquacultures Auburn University, Alabama - Published July 2002

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We will undertake to put forward for your consideration the most recent publications and as a result become a reference point for your reading and research.

Consult Perendale Publishers Online Book Store at: www.perendale.co.uk/books

36 | International AquaFeed | September-October 2010

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Book review Bacteria from Fish and Other Aquatic Animals

By N B Buller

E

ssential reading for all aquaculturists, this comprehensive book about bacterial disease and disorders in fish is expertly written and will appeal to experts, academics and students of aquaculture.

Chapter topics covered in depth

Extract of the Foreward to the book by John H Plumb "While aquatic animal diseases have been a concern for centuries, a profusion of marine and freshwater aquaculture and environmental concerns across the globe in the last 75 years has prompted increased interest in these diseases, par ticularly those caused by bacteria. As aquaculture continues to become more intensive and expands into new frontiers, fish health problems are likely to become more significant. No group of marine or freshwater animals, including mammals, fish, birds, molluscs, shellfish, reptiles and amphibians, have escaped the effects of bacterial diseases. Hundreds of bacterial species can be either pathogenic to wild and cultured aquatic animals or pose a potential disease threat under favourable conditions. Fur thermore, the costs incurred by governments, private aquaculture and the public, due to bacterial-related diseases and attempts to control them, totals millions of dollars annually as a result of lost aquatic resources. In order to successfully cope with these diseaseproducing microbes in a cost-effective manner, prompt and accurate identification is essential.

Until now there has been no single source available for use in identifying bacterial microbes from so many diverse marine and freshwater animals. However, Bacteria from Fish and Other Aquatic Animals: A Practical Identification Manual now provides just such a source with global application. This practical, user-friendly identification manual will be of great value to inexperienced and exper ienced bacter iologists, microbiology teacher s and/or students, aquatic animal health researchers or diagnosticians, as well as to workers in public health facilities or medical laboratories who work with marine and freshwater fish, birds, mammals, molluscs, shellfish, reptiles or amphibians. Aided by numerous tables and colour figures the author discusses conventional bacterial identification procedures, commercially available data-based identification kits, molecularly based PCR and 16S rDNA sequencing, thus providing utility to a broad scientific sector. In this single volume one can find biochemical, biophysical and molecular characteristics of nearly 400 species of aquatic bacteria, media on which they are cultured and a brief discussion of

• Aquatic Animal Species and Organism Relationship • Host Species, Bacteria and Disease • Bacterial Diseases • Bacteria and Relationship to Host • Taxonomy and Disease Status of Bacteria • Bacteriological Culture Techniques: Microscopy, Culture and Identification • Specimen Collection and Submission • Culture and Incubation • Examination of Culture Plates • Biochemical Identification Tests • Inoculation of Biochemical Identification Sets • API Identification Systems • Interpretation of Biochemical Identification Tests and Sets • Conventional Media: ‘Biochem Set’ • Identification Tests and their Interpretation • Using the Biochemical Identification Tables • Interpretation and Identification of Genera and Species • Antisera Available • Biochemical Identification Tables • Results for Conventional Biochemical Tests – ‘Biochem Set’ • Results for API Kits • Technical Methods • Total Bacterial Count (TBC) • Microscopy • Storage of Isolates • Techniques for the Molecular Identification of Bacteria • Molecular Identification by PCR Using Specific Primers • PCR Protocols • Molecular Identification by 16S rDNA Sequencing • Fluorescence in Situ Hybridization (FISH) • Preparation of Media for Culture and Identification • General Isolation and Selective Media • Biochemical Test Media

many diseases with which they are associated. Assembling this manual was a monumental task and its author, Nicky B. Buller, is to be highly commended for providing this invaluable addition to aquatic microbiology."

In addition there are sections on fur ther Reading and Other Information Sources,an appendix of common Name and Scientific Name of Aquatic Animals,a glossar y of Terms and a comprehensive index

Published 2004 - ISBN 0-85199-738-4

38 | International AquaFeed | September-October 2010

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Subscribe www.aquafeed.co.uk/subscribe.php International Aquafeed is published six times a year, bringing you in-depth features, industry news, events, book reviews and more.

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September-October 2010 | International AquaFeed | 41

EVENTS EVENTS 2010 1st - 4th September 10

7th - 8th October 10

*

Viii International Fair Of Aquaculture And Fisheries Aquamar Bicentenary 2010, Campeche, Campeche, México Contact: Lic. Zoila López Lara, Lluvia No. 225 Bis, Col. Jardines Del Pedregal,, C.P. 01900, México, D.F. Tel: +52 55 91170515 Fax: +52 55 91170515 Email: zoila_lopez@

aquamarinternacional.com Web: www.aquamarinternacional.com

3rd - 5th September 10 *

Asian Aquaculture network exhibition and workshop 2010, Vijayawada, India Contact: Mario Stael, Begijnengracht 40, B9000 Ghent, Belgium Tel: +3292334912 Email: Mario.Stael@scarlet.be Web: www.marevent.com

6th - 8th September 10 * * VIV China 2010, Beijing, China Contact: Anneke van Rooijen, PO, Box 8800, 3503 RV Utrecht, The Netherlands Tel: +31 30 2952772 Fax: +31 30 2952809 Email: viv.china@vnuexhibitions.com Web: www.viv.net

28th - 30th September 10 * 4th Food Proteins Course, Utrecht, The Netherlands Contact: Marjolijn Cohen, Jan van Eijcklaan 2, 3723 BC Bilthoven, The Netherlands Tel: +31 30 2252060 Fax: +31 84 8327225 Email: mcohen@bridge2food.com Web: www.bridge2food.com

6th - 8th October 10

*

Aquaculture Europe 2010, Porto, Portugal Contact: Mr Mario Stael, MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium Tel: +32 9 2334912 Fax: +32 9 2334912 Email: ae2010@aquaculture.cc Web: www.marevent.com

Events Key: * = See our magazine at this show • = More information available Events Key: * = See our magazine at this show • = More information available

Globalgap Summit 2010, Hilton London Metropole Hotel, London, United Kingdom Contact: Nina Kretschmer, c/o GLOBALGAP Foodplus GmbH Spichernstr.55 D-50672 Cologne Germany Tel: +49 221 57993693 Fax: +49 221 5799389 Email: kretschmer@globalgaPOrg Web: www.summit2010.org

*

20th - 23rd October 10 * Aquasur 2010, Puerto Montt Chile Contact: Maria Paz Fernandez, Matilde Salamanca 736 Oficina 501 Providencia CP7500657, Santiago, Chile Tel: +56 2 7565402 Fax: +56 2 7565450 Email: mpfernandez@aqua.cl Web: www.aqua sur.cl

21st - 23rd October 10 * VIV America Latina 2010, Expo Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco Mexico Contact: Renate Wiendels, PO Box 8800, 3503 RV Utrecht, The Netherlands Tel: +31 30 2952788 Fax: +31 30 2952809 Email: figap vivamericalatina

@vnuexhibitions.com Web: www.viv.net

•*

*

IAI-Expo 2010, NDRI, City-Karnal, State- Haryana, Country- India Contact: Tavinder Singh/ Sovi Chawla, Pixie Consulting Solutions Ltd, # 923, Sector 9, U.E., Karnal - 132001, Haryana, India Tel: +91 9991705621 Fax: +911842231050 Email: info@pixie.co.in Web: www.iaiexpo2010.com

**

Aquatic Asia 2011, BITEC, Bangkok International Trade & Exhibition Centre, Bangkok, Thailand Contact: Guus van Ham, PO Box 8800, 3503 RV Utrecht, The Netherlands Tel: +31 30 2952302 Fax: +31 30 2952809 Email: aquatic.asia@vnuexhibitions.com Web: www.aquatic asia.net

16th - 19th November 10 *

26th - 29th May 11

25th - 26th November 10 *

6th - 10th June 11

EuroTier 2010, Hannover / Germany Contact: Sandra Willer, Eschborner Landstrasse 122, 60489 Frankfurt, Germany Tel: +49 69 24788265 Fax: +49 69 24788113 Email: expo@dlg.org Web: www.eurotier.de

Future of Protein Summit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Contact: Marjolijn Cohen, Jan van Eijcklaan 2, 3723 BC Bilthoven The Netherlands Tel: +31 30 2252060 Fax: +31 84 8327225 Email: mcohen@bridge2food.com Web: www.bridge2food.com

17th - 20th January 11

2nd International Congress & Exhibition on Aquatic Animal Health Management and Diseases”, TehranIran Contact: Dr. Siamak Goharkhay, Unit5, No. 208, Shohadaye Jandarmery St. 12th Farvardin St. Enghelab Ave. Tehran-Iran, P. O. Box: 13145-198 Tel: +98 21 66976060 Fax: +98 21 66970742 Email: info@icahmd.com Web: www.icahmd.com

9th - 11th March 11

Aquafeed Platform 2010 - 10th Practical Short Courses, Het Pand, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium Contact: Ignace Debruyne PhD, Haverhuisstraat 28, B-8870 Izegem, Belgium Tel: +32 51 311274 Fax: +32 51 315675 Email: aquafeed@scarlet.be Web: www.smartshortcourses.com

*

Asia Pacific Aquaculture 2011, Kochi, India Contact: Mario Stael, Begijnengracht 40, B9000 Ghent, Belgium Tel: +3292334912 Email: Mario.Stael@scarlet.be Web: www.was.org

28th February 11 - 3rd March 11

*

Aquaculture America 2011, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA Contact: Mario Stael, MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium Tel: +32 9 2334912 Fax: +32 9 2334912 Email: mario.stael@scarlet.be Web: www.marevent.com

Is there an event that our readers need to know about!

Events listings are free of charge and will appear in the printed magazine and online.

To add your event to our listing, contact Tuti Tan Tutit@aquafeed.co.uk

42 | International AquaFeed | September-October 2010

**

Aquarama 2011, Singapore Contact: Doris Woo / Linda Tan, No.3 Pickering Street, ♯02-48, China Square Central, Singapore 048660 Tel: +65 65920889 Fax: +65 64389060 Email: aquarama sg@ubm.com Web: www.aquarama.com.sg

**

World Aquaculture 2011 Incl Giant Prawn 2011, Natal, Brazil Contact: Mr Mario Stael, MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium Tel: +32 9 2334912 Fax: +32 9 2334912 Email: mario.stael@scarlet.be Web: www.marevent.com

18th - 21st October 11

EVENTS 2011

26th - 27th October 10 *

27th - 29th October 10

8th - 9th November 10

Aquaculture Europe 2011, Rhodos, Greece Contact: EAS, Slijkensesteenweg 4, B8400 Ostend, Belgium Tel: +3259323859 Fax: +3259321005 Email: eas@aquaculture.cc Web: www.easonline.org

10th - 12th November 11 Expo Pesca & AcuiPeru, Jockey Convention Center, Peru Contact: Jkumar ( J K), 674/6 U.E, Karnal, India Tel: +919812390009 Fax: +911844030999 Email jkumar@thaiscorp.in Web: www.thaiscorp.com

25th - 29th June 12

*

Aqua 2012, St Petersburg, Russia Contact: Mr Mario Stael, Marevent, Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent, Belgium Tel: +32 9 2334912 Fax: +32 9 2334912 Email: mario.stael@scarlet.be Web: www.marevent.com

The 10th Aquafeed Platform

The world´s top event for animal production

Aquaculture Feed Extrusion, Nutrition, & Feed Management

T

h e 1 0 t h A q u a fe e d Platform - Aquaculture Feed Extrusion, Nutrition, & Feed Management w i l l t a ke p l a c e o n 8 - 9 November 2010 at Het Pand, Ghent University, Belgium.

This is a crash course for new plant per sonal and oppor tunity for those who are exper ienced to meet exper ts in the field to discuss their current problems to enhance their plant operations. The course material will also ser ve as a useful reference for processors, product formulator s, chemists and technicians as well as business manager s familiar with aquaculture feed, extrusion, nutrition and feed management. This is the only extensive program in Europe that covers a wide range of topics with specific practical aspects! The target group for this progr am includes decision maker s such as technicians, equipment manufacturers, product formula-

tors, plant engineers, processors, chemists, and sales and marketing specialists.

This practical “Handon” program is organized

by Filtration & Membrane Wo r l d , U S A a n d I D & A , Belgium and is a par t of technical program series that has trained over 3,150+ engineers, technicians, chemists, technologists and entrepreneurs in the Nor th and South Americas, Europe and South East Asia, Australia and New Zealand. More than 730 people from 410 different companies and over 60 different countries participated in the Aquaculture Feed Extrusion, Nutrition & Feed Formulation program in the last six years.

More

information:

Dr. Ignace Debruyne ID&A Ignace Debruyne & Associates Tel: +32 51311274 Fax: +32 51315675 Emai: aquafeed@scarlet.be

GLOBALG.A.P. Summit 2010 – 10th Anniversary

T

op international speakers debate today’s big issues in Good Agricultural Practice and provide solutions for tomorrow. The Summit will provide delegates with first hand insight in the new GLOBALG.A.P. version for 2011. And our retail and supplier partners will debate trends and future requirements.

To p i c s o f o u r 1 0 t h GLOBALG.A.P. Conference include:

• Responsible Management of Resources • Residue Monitoring • Smallholder Programmes • Certification Integrity • Social Practices in Primary Production • Aquaculture and Livestock Trends • Linkages to Consumer Labels Visit www.summit 2010. org for registration and more information.

Your Business Driven by Innovations More than 1,800 international manufacturers on 170,000 m2 exhibition floor space Over 130,000 visitors from 96 countries All the innovations for breeding and keeping cattle, pigs, poultry, fish Leading technologies for the use of renewable energies

Exhibition Grounds Hanover / Germany 16 – 19 November 2010

www.eurotier.de

Decentral including

September-October 2010 | International AquaFeed | 43 RZ_105x297_Anzeigen_ET_Opt_EN Kopie.indd 1

20.04.2010 14:30:58 Uhr

In every issue of International Aquafeed we will be providing a list of companies and web links related to key stories & topics within each specific issue.

If you would like information on how your company can get involved, please contact our Marketing Manager, Caroline Wearn.

Email: carolinew@aquafeed.co.uk |Tel +44 1242 267706

WEB LINKS

AKVA group ASA - www.akvagroup.com Amandus Kahl GmbH & Co - www.amandus-kahl-group.de BENEO–Animal Nutrition - www.BENEO-An.com Biomin Holding GmbH - www.biomin.net British Columbia Salmon Farmers Association - www.salmonfarmers.org Buhler AG - www.buhlergroup.com Chemoforma Ltd - www.chemoforma.com Dishman Netherlands B.V - www.dishman-netherlands.com Extru–Tech Inc - www.extru-techinc.com Forberg International AS - www.forberg.no GePro Gefluegel Protein Vertriebsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG - www.ge-pro.de International Aquafeed - wwwaquafeedco.uk Kiotechagil - www.agil.com Lallemand Animal Nutrition - www.lallemandanimalnutrition.com Marine Harvest - www.marineharvest.com Mercator Media Ltd - www.offshoremariculture.com Modern Process Equipment, Inc. - www.mpechicago.com Muyang Group - www.muyang.com Norel & Nature - www.norelynature.com Nutri–Ad International nv - www.nutriad.net NutroScience - www.nutroscience.com nv SCE - www.sce.be Ottevanger Milling Engineers B.V. - www.ottevanger.com Palm View Trade - www.palmviewtrade.com SBAE Industries NV/SA - www.sbae-industries.com Scaramanga Communications Sonac - www.sonac.biz SPF (activite Aquativ) - www.aquativ-diana.com University of Plymouth - www.plymouth.ac.uk University of Stirling - www..aqua.stir..ac.uk Wynveen International B.V. - www.wynveen.com/

Fatten up your bottom line. Buhler high-performance animal and aqua feed production systems are used by leading companies around the world. These producers know they can rely not just on the technology itself, but also on the support that accompanies it. A service combining local presence with global expertise both lowers feed mill operating costs and increases capacity utilization. So the question is not whether you can afford to choose Buhler – it’s how a solution from Buhler will feed your profits. To find out more, visit www.buhlergroup.com.

Bühler AG, Feed & Biomass, CH-9240 Uzwil, Switzerland, T +41 71 955 11 11, F +41 71 955 28 96 fu.buz@buhlergroup.com, www.buhlergroup.com

The solution behind the solution.