March | April 2012 - International Aquafeed

Vo l u m e 1 5 I s s u e 2 2 0 1 2

Filtration in recirculation particle control Fish Protein Hydrolysates – FPH enhance resistance of aquaculture species to different types of stress

The quest to keep Salmon in the pink naturally Aquaculture development in Sub-Saharan Africa the international magazine for the aquaculture feed industry

WHO CARES... …if profits in the aquaculture industry are as appetising as a salmon dinner?

As feed prices soar and formulation moves towards sustainability, aquaculture producers must maximise feed efficiency to stay on the menu. In all phases of the fish’s life, proper nutrition will improve health.

With decades of dedicated research, the “Alltech Aqua Advantage” programme responds to the challenges of today’s aquaculture producers through nutritional innovation.

AquateTM, a unique, cost-effective solution, is designed to help improve growth and performance, feed efficiency, flesh quality and immunity …naturally.

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@Alltech

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CONTENTS

An international magazine for the aquaculture feed industry

Volume 15 / Issue 2 / March-April 2012 / © Copyright Perendale Publishers Ltd 2012 / All rights reserved

Aqua News 4 4 5 6 6 7

Spanish organisations to collaborate in a bid to optimise offshore aquaculture ZENIT – a new feeding program Sunderland Marine and North of England P&I Association form a Strategic Alliance Clextral’s new leap forward with a record level of orders in 2011 SITES™ certifies Novus International campus with 3-star rating Wenger Extrusion Group announces purchase of Source Technology A/S

Features 8

Filtration in recirculation particle control

12 Fish Protein Hydrolysates - FPH enhance resistance of aquaculture species to different types of stress 16 The quest to keep Salmon in the pink naturally 20 Grinding by a proven concept, makes your choice simple 26 Regional review on status and trends 26 Aquaculture development in Sub-Saharan Africa 30 Exploration of fresh water prawn feed industry of Bangladesh 38 Monitoring pond water quality to improve shrimp and fish production

Regular items 24 42 43

44 46 48

PHOTOSHOOT CLASSIFIED ADVERTS BOOK REVIEW Australian Fish Farmer - Second edition Trout and Salmon: Ecology, Conservation and Rehabilitation INDUSTRY EVENTS THE AQUACULTURIST WEB LINKS

International Aquafeed is published six times a year by Perendale Publishers Ltd of the United Kingdom.

All data is published in good faith, based on information received, and while every care is taken to prevent inaccuracies, the publishers accept no liability for any errors or omissions or for the consequences of action taken on the basis of information published. ©Copyright 2012 Perendale Publishers Ltd. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means without prior permission of the copyright owner. Printed by Perendale Publishers Ltd. ISSN: 1464-0058

www.perendale.co.uk

Editor Professor Simon Davies Email: simond@aquafeed.co.uk

Associate Editor Professor Krishen Rana Email: krishenr@aquafeed.co.uk

Editorial Manager Martin Little BSc (Hons) Email: martinl@aquafeed.co.uk

Editorial Advisory Panel • Abdel-Fattah M. El-Sayed (Egypt) • Professor António Gouveia (Portugal) • Professor Charles Bai (Korea) • Colin Mair (UK) • Dr Daniel Merrifield (UK) • Dr Dominique Bureau (Canada) • Dr Elizabeth Sweetman (Greece) • Dr Kim Jauncey (UK) • Eric De Muylder (Belgium) • Dr Pedro Encarnação (Singapore)

Subscription & Circulation Tuti Tan Email: tutit@aquafeed.co.uk

Design & Page Layout James Taylor Email: jamest@aquafeed.co.uk

International Marketing Team Caroline Wearn Email: carolinew@aquafeed.co.uk Lee Bastin Email: leeb@aquafeed.co.uk

Latin American Office Ivàn Marquetti Email: ivanm@perendale.com

More information: International Aquafeed 7 St George's Terrace, St James' Square Cheltenham, GL50 3PT United Kingdom Tel: +44 1242 267706 Website: www.aquafeed.co.uk

I

t’s a real welcome from Wales as I take a break from my duties in Plymouth and write this editorial from my family home in the small coastal village of Llangennech in Carmarthenshire. My pre-university days were spent fishing with my father for brown and sea trout flounders, crabs and eels in the estuary near my house. It was this beautiful location that inspired my interests in marine biology and later aquaculture. It is an idyllic but rather brisk February in Wales as I write my editorial with the central heating on full blast.

Fish nutrition is a truly rapidly evolving science and I get numerous requests to referee manuscripts as part of the peer review process. This is exhausting work and requires attention to fine detail and an appreciation of multi-disciplinary topics and specialised areas such as immunology, disease, health, stress as well as nutrition. The amount of research emanating for universities and institutions throughout the world is impressive and provides the platform for many of the developments reported in international Aquafeed.

Professor Simon Davies

It is indeed interesting to see the breadth and depth of experiments being undertaken globally to assess the nutrient requirements of fish and shrimp and especially exotic species with scope for exploitation in aquaculture. Standardisation of experimental design is essential for good comparison between laboratories and methodology must be clear and transparent for correct interpretation of growth and feed utilisation data. I am please that many of our features and articles are becoming increasingly cited by both industry and in academia as making a valuable contribution to our understanding of both fundamental aquatic animal nutrition and applications to aqua-feed technology.

One area that has always been controversial and attracting interest is the manner in which fish such as salmon and trout are pigmented and the nature of the pigmenting additive employed by feed producers. In between 1995-2002, we actively studied the use of several alternative carotenoid sources and compared these with the standard synthetic products on the market in Plymouth University. Several PhD students were engaged in trials with rainbow trout and salmon to evaluate their efficacy at physiological and biochemical levels. There have been significant developments since then, so I summarize on novel concepts and natural products available for fish and crustaceans to achieve acceptable colouration for the consumer.

Another feature discusses the use of Fish Protein Hydrolysates -FPH- towards enhanced resistance of aquaculture species to different types of stress. This article is contributed by M Herault, V Fournier, M Hervy, A Ngoc, Aquativ–Za Du Gohélis 56250 Elven, France. Various environmental stressors, such as temperature and salinity variations, may have detrimental consequences on aquatic captive populations and will negate production and dietary based solutions are advocated. Beside better husbandry practices, nutritional supplementation is another way to fine-tune immune and anti-oxidative defenses of aquatic species and this is reported in detail.

It is without question that different types of nutraceutical type properties are richly present in FPH (i.e. growth like hormone, antioxidants, anti-stress and anti-microbial peptides). This article reviews the established benefits of PH on aquatic farmed species during different induced stressful events.

With growing concerns for the effects of intensive fish farming on environmental impact, RAS (recirculation aquaculture systems) are becoming an important engineering solution to establishing land-based operations. Therefore we feature a contribution on the control of particles and improved filtration in circulation systems by Kurt Carlson, of Hydrotech AB. The focus is on how the feeding of commercial feeds in such conditions may lead to turbidity and associated problems and the novel technical and engineering opportunities available to maintain water clarity in high density farming.

Benedict P. Satia, University of Washington, School of Marine and Environmental Affairs, Seattle, USA presents a regional review of aquaculture status and trends, most recently during 2008 and 2009.

The present regional review and synthesis for sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) provides an overview of major issues and trends in the aquaculture sector over the past few years reflecting the development in 42 of the 55 countries in SSA for which production was reported to FAO in 2008. The production volume and value data have been derived from the latest FAO-FISHSTAT plus database for 2009. The greatest catalyst for increased production has been the emergence and intensification of private sector led small and medium-size enterprises and the expansion of large commercial ventures stimulated in some cases by growing public support and the inflow of foreign capital.

I will be heading for Las Vegas this month and from this glittering city in a different type of desert, I will report next time on Aquaculture America 2012 and the latest in aquaculture nutrition and feed technology from this exciting venue.

on – UK d n o L ll a H s r’ e g - Fishmon 24 -25 October esources , cosmetics, nutraceuticals Marine Bio-R ed uaculture, aquafe (ingredients, aq ) d pharmaceuticals an , ch te io b h, ec cleant

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Aqua News

Spanish organisations to collaborate in a bid to optimise offshore aquaculture

T

he work developed by the Spanish Association of Marine Aquaculture Producer s (APROMAR) is focused on various priority objectives including improving technological training in companies dedicated to aquaculture and designing new processes to optimise profitability.

Focused on these objectives, the producers association has begun working on a project to develop a technology capable of measuring fish biomass levels in offshore aquaculture cages.

This technology will develop processes to determine production levels, the average size of the fish and the total number of specimens, at any given time and under commercial production conditions.

This innovative project may provide a solution to one of the most important and widespread technological problems related to aquaculture: establishing biomass levels in real time.

Having this information would provide important advantages for this type of production, including optimisation of food, reduction of environmental footprint, real evaluation of population and control over fish escapes.

In order to develop this initiative, APROMAR will collaborate

with the Andalusian Aquaculture Technology Centre (CTAQUA) and the Research Institute for Integrated Management of Coastal Areas (IGIC) of the Valencia Polytechnic University.

Specifically, CTAQUA will be in charge of coordinating the project’s scientific-technical development and the IGIC will participate in the technological development of new processes to control fish culture.

The project is called “Designing technologies to calculate total fish biomass levels in offshore aquaculture facilities,” and the budget is €214,000.

The Spanish Ministr y of the Environment and Rural and Marine Affairs, through the General Secretariat of Marine Affairs, will provide €175,000 as par t of funding for the Technological Development of Fishing and Aquaculture for 2011.

It should be pointed out that the project’s scope of action is on a national level and it will be developed within a timeframe of two years. According to the established schedule, the results will be revealed in February of 2014. The project was launched with a meeting in Seville held last December 14, at the headquar ter s of the Andalusian Businessmen’s Association.

Spain, a pioneering country in offshore aquaculture, hopes to become a leader in this type of applied research initiative as well as the development of innovative production technologies focused on the sector’s sustainability.

About Ctaqua Ctaqua works for the aquaculture sector in various lines that include environment, food

and nutr ition, new species, pathology, applied engineering and commercialisation, with excellent results.

With finished projects in the lines mentioned above, this year Ctaqua reinforces the services it offers with the implementation of new facilities in El Puerto de Santa María, which will allow for the development of new projects in the test centres, wor kshops and laboratories equipped with the latest technology.

The modern two-story building houses the nutrition, diversification, mollusc, crustacean, phytoplankton and zooplankton rooms on the ground floor. The microbiology and pathology labs, transformation room and the engineering room are also located on this level. The technical offices, physicochemical, materials and food technology labs are located on the upper level.

The premises will allow Ctaqua to consolidate its wor k and become a reference in R+D+I management for the aquaculture sector, as well as a driving and essential force to generate added value for companies in the sector.

More

information:

Andalusian Aquaculture Technology Centre Tel: +34 956 569363 Email: comunicacion@ctaqua.es Website: www.ctaqua.es

ZENIT – a new feeding program

Z

ENIT is the name of the new feeding program that DIBAQ Aquaculture launches to the mar ket in 2012.

Based on the inclusion of: 1) functional additives of natural origin with prebiotic and antioxidant activity and 2) optimal amino acids, vitamins and minerals balance for each species, size and period of year, ZENIT is a new concept and philosophy in the Mediterranean fish nutrition.

After five years of intensive research, ZENIT has collected

in a feeding program, the know how acquired in a collaboration with 25 companies and 20 research centers, in what have been a model of project setting a trend in the future of fish feeding: ACUISOST. After finding the best results at the experimental level, over the past 15 months we have focused on results in the industrial field, working in sea bream, sea bass, rainbow trout and eel fish farms.

“We have performed many test facing ZENIT against different feed

controls. We are convinced of the advantages of this new program for the farmer as results are showing,” says the company.

Those results include: • Reduction of the production cycle through the improvem e n t o f p e r fo r m a n c e parameters • Improvement of the biomass production/m3 and cost/kg of meat • Intestinal health and water quality • Improve the sur vival and general appearance

4 | International AquaFeed | March-April 2012

• Therapeutic effects • Antibacterial and antiparasites properties “In Dibaq, we are focus on profitability and competitiveness of our customers by providing efficient and sustainable solutions.

“ZENIT combines a set of properties and nutritional characteristics that allow us to be optimistic about our commitment to Mediterranean aquaculture and our desire to be always the forefront of fish feed,” the company concludes.

Aqua News

Sunderland Marine and North of England P&I Association form a Strategic Alliance

T

wo of the UK’s leading marine insurers, Nor th East based Sunderland Marine Mutual Insurance (SMMI) and Nor th of England P&I Association (North), have formed a strategic alliance by way of reinsurance that will further enhance their market leading positions in the UK and across the globe, paving the way for future growth and collaboration between the two companies.

SMMI, founded in 1882, based in Durham, is a recognised world leader in insurance of commercial fishing vessels, charter vessels and small commercial craft.

The Company provides Hull and Machinery cover as well as Liability protection to clients in more than 50 countries around the world.

The Company is also a major insurer of Aquaculture stock and equipment with the team of Aquaculture Risk Management (ARM) providing a bespoke service to policyholders in more than 15 global locations.

Nor th, founded in 1860, is a 150 million GT ‘A’ rated P&I Club. With its head office in Newcastle, Nor th specialises in the insurance of larger commercial vessels covering approximately 12% of the global tonnage entered with the International Group P&I Clubs. As a result of their differing portfolios, the companies do not compete directly with one another, making possible a collaborative agreement that will enhance and diversify their respective operations.

Both have grown significantly from their bases in the region and an ability to access one another’s global networks, established market connections and respective local knowledge is a key element of the new agreement.

SMMI has 10 international offices in various locations in the USA, Canada, the Netherlands,

South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand. Nor th has offices in Greece, Singapore, and Hong Kong.

Geoff Par kinson, Chief Executive of Sunderland Marine, said: ‘Our two companies through their bases in the North East of England have enjoyed an open relationship for many year s.

Indeed, because of the diversity of interests between SMMI and Nor th, a competitive situation has never existed. “There are clear cultural and service synergies between North and SMMI and these will provide a strong foundation for this strategic alliance. It is an exciting opportunity for us both which will help facilitate greater market access and product diversification.

“The agreed business strategy between the two companies will result in teams from North and SMMI having access to the partnership’s respective areas of expertise and local expertise and knowledge across the globe.

“Here in the North East where both companies are headquartered, the par tnership will see the region’s position as a world leader in Marine, Liability and Aquaculture insurance strengthened even further.”

N o r t h ’s J o i n t M a n a g i n g Director Paul Jennings, said: “One of Nor th’s str ategic objectives is to diversify not only the product r ange we offer to Members, but also to diver sify and develop other sources of business income.

The new reinsurance arrangement with SMMI forms par t of our diversification policy and initiates a str ategic alliance for us to collaborate in exploring and developing new business oppor tunities worldwide.”

N o r t h ’s J o i n t M a n a g i n g Director, Alan Wilson, added: “The complementar y nature of SMMI’s operations makes it

an ideal partner. While we specialise in larger tonnage, which is not part of the SMMI portfolio, SMMI cover s a wide spread of high-volume, small tonnage risks. An alliance will provide an opportunity to broaden and expand a combined liability portfolio.”

Sunder land Marine Mutual Insurance (www.smmi.co.uk) was founded in

Nor th P&I club (www.nepia. com) was founded in 1860.

North is a leading marine mutual liability insurer providing P&I, FD&D, war risks and ancillar y insurance to 115 million GT of owned tonnage and 35 million GT of chartered tonnage, with 6,000 ships entered by 400 members. It is based in Newcastle upon Tyne, UK with regional offices in Hong

From the back left (standing) Michael Hope – Associate Director North of England P&I, Craig McBurnie – Underwriting Manager Sunderland Marine, Tom Rutter Aquaculture Manager Sunderland Marine, Peter Johnson Non-Executive Director Sunderland Marine, Peter Crichton Consultant North of England P&I and NonExecutive Director Sunderland Marine, Peter Bobeff Vice Chairman Sunderland Marine.

Second Row (seated) left to right Paul Jennings Joint Managing Director North of England P&I, Alison Alden Finance Director Sunderland Marine, Angela Vipond Chief Risk Officer Sunderland Marine, Geoff Parkinson Chief Executive Officer Sunderland Marine.

Front Row (seated) left to right Alan Wilson Joint Managing Director North of England P&I, Trevor Hart Chairman Sunderland Marine.

1882 and is a world leader in the insurance of fishing vessels, small craft and the aquaculture industry, with over 13,500 members insured on a direct basis. Owned by its policyholders, it provides hull and machinery, war risks and P&I cover to vessels in addition to which it is the largest single insurer in the aquaculture market. It is based in Durham, UK and in total has 10 other international offices.

March-April 2012 | International AquaFeed | 5

Kong, Piraeus and Singapore.

The club is a leading member of the International Group of P&I Clubs, with approximately 12 percent of the group’s owned tonnage. The 13 group clubs provide liability cover for approximately 90 percent of the wor ld’s ocean going tonnage.

Aqua News

Clextral’s new leap forward with a record level of orders in 2011

W

ith €64.7 million of order intake in 2011, Clextral, a division of Group Legris Industries, leading supplier of snacks and breakfast cereals production lines inte-

grating twin-screw extrusion and drying technologies, registers a growth of 28 percent compared to 2010 and 18 percent compared with its previous record in 2008.

This acceleration of order intake is the result of Clextral’s global leadership in extrusion and drying technologies for the cereals processing industry and of its technological differentiation in the area of cellulose treatment (paper pulp).

It is also based on its strong international presence and lev-

eraging of its Research and Development.

International networking, essential to take advantage of the proximity of dynamic markets, was strengthened by the opening of

two new sites in Vietnam and in Brazil, raising to 10 the number of Clextral locations outside France.

In 2011, investment in R&D was increased especially in the field of sustainable development, resulting in sales in biomass transformation and positioning Clextral as a technological pioneer in this growing segment.

In terms of activity and profitability, 2011 confirms the excellence of 2010 with a turnover of €48.5 million and operating profit rising to 8.2 percent.

To accompany this growth, Clextral leads a dynamic employment program: after 38 hires in 2010 and 23 in 2011, the company expects to appoint 20 to 30 new employees in 2012. 36 young people under 30 have joined the company these last two years.

In 2012, Clextral will promote its technologies in over 20 exhibitions around the world.

The latest appointment was at the Ipack Ima exhibition in Milan Italy.

Key figures 2011 Clextral has a turnover of €48.5 Million with 83 percent in exports and a staff of 248 people, including 40 outside France.

Worldwide presence, Clextral has subsidiaries and offices across five continents: • Tampa, FL, USA • Shanghai, China • Santiago, Chili • Alger, Algeria

• • • • • •

Moscow, Russia Copenhagen, Denmark Sydney, Australia Casablanca, Morocco Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam Curitiba, Brazil

About Clextral The company supplies engineering turnkey solutions, which integrate twin-screw extrusion and drying technologies for the food industry, paper pulp and specialty chemicals. With its historical brand DKM, the company also supplies special pumps used in nuclear power plants and other applications such as: Food industry: breakfast cereals, snacks, pasta, couscous, ingredients, petfood, fish feed Fine chemicals and plastics: energetic materials, biodegradable materials and cosmetics Cellulose: paper pulp, bank paper, horticulture, biomass Pumps for nuclear power stations,extrusion lines and others industries More

information:

Websites: www.clextral.com Website: www.legris-industries.com

SITES™ certifies Novus International campus with 3-star rating

T

he global headquar ters campus of Novus International is one of the first pilot projects to be certified by the Sustainable Sites Initiative™ (SITES™) for its sustainable site design, construction and maintenance.

The Novus campus, lead by landscape architects SWT Design, was awarded a 3-star rating by SITES, making it the highest rated landscape project in the world.

“This level of certification represents the company’s commitment to minimising our impact on the environments in which we operate,” said Novus President and CEO, Thad Simons.

“Our successful application of land and development practices proves that companies can achieve a healthy sustainable work environment while reducing operating costs.”

SITES is an interdisciplinary effort led by the American Society of Landscape Architects, the Lady Bird Johnson

Wildflower Center atThe University of Texas at Austin and the United States Botanic Garden to create voluntary national guidelines and benchmarks for sustainable land design, construction and maintenance practices.

Certification for the pilot rating system is based on The Sustainable Sites Initiative: Guidelines and Benchmarks 2009.

In May 2010, Novus’s campus was one of more than 150 national and international projects to be chosen by the SITES partners to test out the 4-star rating system and guidelines.

The project addresses several sustainable design best practices including hydrology, wildlife habitat enhancement and monitoring, as well as improved soils and vegetation. There is an emphasis on using regional materials and implementing features that address human health and well being of site visitors and employees.

“We are pleased to be among

those taking a lead in applying the SITES rating system to enhance the environmental, social and economic aspects of our projects,” said Hunter Beckham, principal at SWT Design, who was the project manager for the pilot project effort.

Ted Spaid, co-founding principal at SWT Design was the design lead.

“This 3-star certification is evidence of our commitment to the environment, to our communities and to both Novus and SWT Design’s passion for sustainability.”

Since 2005, the SITES partners, in conjunction with a diverse group of stakeholder organisations, have worked to transform land development and management practices with this first national rating system for sustainable landscapes.

The guidelines apply to any type of designed landscape, with or without buildings, including shopping malls, streetscapes, subdivisions, corporate and academic campuses, transporta-

6 | International AquaFeed | March-April 2012

tion corridors, parks and recreation areas, and single family homes.

The US Green Building Council, a stakeholder in the Sustainable Sites Initiative, anticipates incorporating the SITES guidelines and performance benchmarks into future iterations of its LEED Green Building Rating System™.

While LEED minimizes the carbon footprint, SITES demonstrates how a landscape can actually sequester carbon and regenerate living systems. Working together, these initiatives will further revolutionise sustainable design.

The SITES Rating System includes 15 prerequisites and 51 different credits, measuring performance in areas such as the initial site selection, water, soil, vegetation, materials, human health and well being, construction and maintenance adding up to a 250 point scale.The rating system recognises levels of achievement by obtaining 40, 50, 60 or 80 percent of available points with one through four stars, respectively.

Aqua News

Wenger Extrusion Group announces purchase of Source Technology A/S Inline sampling and real time analysis becomes key to full integration

S

ABETHA, KS — Febr uar y 2012 — The We n g e r E x t r u s i o n Group (comprised of Wenger Manufacturing, Inc, Extru-Tech, Inc , and Cor por ate Project Ser vices) has announced the acquisition of Source Technology A/S, the leading provi d e r o f i n l i n e a n a ly s i s systems used in food and feed manufacturing. Headquar tered in Kolding, Denmar k, Source Te c h n o l o g y s u p p l i e s i n l i n e sampling and analysis systems to four key industries involving pellets and powders.

Sou r c e Te c h n o l o g y l e ve rages its innovative exper tise to help manufacturers enhance product quality, improve energy and oper ational efficiencies and increase food safety reguWenger_AQ_210x147mm

5/27/11

lation compliance. Typical applications for Source Technology inline analysis devices include measur ing of bulk density, tap density, moisture content, product sizing, par ticle sizing, NIR analysis, burned par ticle detection, color intensity, dust testing, dur ability testing, floating test and much more.

T h e We n g e r E x t r u s i o n Group, headquar tered in Sabetha, Kansas, is a global designer, manufacturer and full ser vice provider of extrusion processing systems. The acquisition of Source Technology will strengthen their ability to provide a full scope of automated extr usion technology systems with enhanced process control. Wenger systems are 11:17 AM

Page 1

installed in over 90 countries, and are suppor ted through 330 extrusion-specific professionals based in twelve global locations. Wenger manufactures and suppor ts the indust r y ’s m o s t c o m p r e h e n s i ve ser ies of extr uder s, dr yer s and controls for the commercial production of pet food, human food, aquatic and livestock feeds.

More

information:

Lafe Bailey, Wenger Vice President of Sales and Services Email: L-bailey@wenger.com Thomas Jorgensen, Source Technology President Email: tj@sourcetechnology.dk

INFORMATION FOR ADVERTISERS

With circulation of the printed magazine to key industry decision makers and heavy promotion at key industry events, working alongside our online distribution strategies International Aquafeed is the ideal place to promote your products aimed at the global aquaculture industry.

Call the team today to hear how we can help you achieve your marketing goals

Website: www.wenger.com Website: www.sourcetechnology.dk Website: www.extru-techinc.com

Multiply extrusion capacities for small diameter aquatic feeds with patented new Wenger technology.

Wenger’s innovation of diverging cone screw and oblique die technologies brings all the benefits of extrusion to high capacity micro aquatic feed production. These new designs result in floating and sinking small diameter aquatic feeds that are: • produced at rates 3 to 5 times greater than previous technology.

• uniform in size and shape.

• on target for density and water stability.

Request details now on high capacity, profitable production of small diameter feeds at info@wenger.com.

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March-April 2012 | International AquaFeed | 7

CHINA

TURKEY

FEATURE

particle control

Filtration in recirculation

by Mr Kurt Carlson, Key Accounts Manager at Hydrotech AB, Sweden

Y

ou need to produce your fish with some advantages when comparing your product to the market in general, that is, if you want to be successful. Recirculation is a technology in growth and a major factor in economic production and as an overall control of particles.

the oxygen and filtration systems. So you will normally always have to employ: • Pumps, here the overview of options include: - Propeller pumps at lower lifting height - Centrifugal pumps when the lift is higher and at smaller flow

After leaving the fish, the waste products should be kept in suspenson and moved towards the filtration unit gently and quickly.

When looking at particle control in general, we are limited to filter away COD/BOD that actually are in the water as particles.

Below a table shows the percentage of total waste flow that typically appears as particle waste from self-cleaning tanks on fish farms.

The best cost-effective tool

Recirculation - terms and selection The term recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) in normally understood as the hardcore advanced system that needs very little new water to keep useful water quality.

However, RAS has also got a sister term called ‘re-use systems’ to indicate the water is recirculated. From the individual fish farmer’s point of view, recirculation does not always fit these terms, but can be the compromise of technology complexity that suits his particular production process.

Low complexity is always good, but to gain advantages, you must see the whole picture which includes: • Water at the location • Temperature control • Control with diseases • Energy consumption • Knowledge of the area • Capital available for investment Clearly, the complexity of a system selected is a major issue for aquaculture production.

Main technology in recirculation With any kind of ‘re-use’ of water you need a pump. The next in line of accessories is

- Airlift as combined pump (not recommended due to particle destruction) • Oxygen, here the overview of options include: - Liquid oxygen that are simple and safe, but sometimes expensive to keep full - Oxygen generator • Filtration, here the overview of options include: - Drumfilter on the main flow - Discfilter when filtration demands are 30 micron or smaller - Cyclone at the fish tank outlet (not recommended due to particle destruction) It should be noted that all kinds of sedimentation in a RAS loop are all strongly forbidden. This will dissolve the particles and release all COD/BOD back into the water (see photos from two parallel systems illustrated here).

There are alternative components to those listed above, but very rare to see! The general value of good particle control (see imiages two and three).

The critical factor of particle control is to remove waste particles before they dissolve.

8 | International AquaFeed | March-April 2012

You have the opportunity for large reduction for COD/BOD by removing particles and it is the best cost effective tool in order to control the water quality.

If you do not make any good particle control, you risk the: • Flow through plant being shut down due to tight regulations • RAS will prove less economical as loading of the biofilter will explode • A particular risk in RAS is clogged biofilter that can kill your loop So, here is a lot to win and to lose, but how much? Below please find Table 1 showing the typical efficiency of filtration measured on trout.

Note the large tolerance on efficiency values that makes the results less useful (see Table 2). This was found through deep research in the study made in Germany and clearly shows that particle control is more than just talking about microns (see Image 4).

To find the actual results Dr Alexander Brinker has worked for years with a unique laser instrument that measure all suspended particles passing in a stream in 3D. The laser instrument are calibrated and verified to count correctly and measure the particles with 0.02 micron accuracy.

Factors that influence the particle control Efficiency depends on many factors and the results are quite individual as the farms are different. As the tables show, the differences

FEATURE

F1

F2

F3

Figures 2 & 3: Sturgeon RAS plant in a parallel cycle with sedimentation filtration installed in connection with drumfilters.

Table1

Table 2 Particle bound

Max potential Removal efficiency, %

Tot-P

Up to 90

84

Tot-N

Up to 32

32

BOD5

Up to 90

80

100

91

Parameter

TSS

almost twice as good removals with good setup even when using same micron filtration.

This is normally not a matter is addition equipment, but simply a question of design.

Race-way Efficiency %

Self cleaning tank

40µ

60µ

90µ

40µ

60µ

90µ

Tot-P

50-75

40-70

35-65

65-84

50-80

45-75

Tot-N

20-25

15-25

10-20

25-32

20-27

15-22

BOD

45-75

40-65

30-60

55-80

50-75

35-70

TSS

50-80

45-75

35-70

60-91

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50-80

Here I have listed some typical reasons for the tolerance shown: • Tank design is surely best when self-cleaning

• Outlet of the tank should be fast and gentle • Piping to the filter section should have the correct velocity

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FEATURE

Drumfilter 1. Water to be filtered enters the inside of the drum.

2. The water is filtered through the drum’s filter screens. The difference in water level inside/outside the drum is the driving force for the sieving.

3. Solids are trapped on the filter screen and lifted to the backwash area by the rotation of the drum.

4. Water from rinse nozzles is sprayed and the solid material is washed out of the filter elements into the sludge tray.

5. Sludge flows by gravity out of the filter.

Discfilter 1. Water to be filtered enters the inside of the rotor with disc’s.

2. The water is filtered through the disc panel filter screen. The difference in water level inside/outside the disc element is the driving force for the sieving.

3. Solids are trapped on the filter screen and lifted to the backwash area by the rotation of the rotor.

4. Water from rinse nozzles is sprayed and the solid material is washed out of the filter elements into the sludge tray.

5. Sludge flows by gravity out of the filter.

• Fish feed used • Level weir that forces a waterfall and just a few cm may cost you less efficiency • The filter itself shall lift and remove the particles in a gentle a manner as possible Below I have also listed factors that are not normally seen and will have a extreme negative effect: • Turbulence-like aeration or pumping is strongly forbidden between tanks and filter • Sedimentation is strongly forbidden, dead corners, cyclones systems, sludge cones and just low load can create such unplanned problems

Specific value of particle control in RAS In a re-circulating system, microfiltration is an integral part of a complete water treatment system. There are specific benefits of micro-screen filtration in RAS which include the following (see Image 5): • Cheap reduction of organic loading on the biofilter • Parasites are removed by stopping the lifecycle of larvae and eggs • Improving conditions for nitrification • Stabilising function of biofilters as clogging is reduced

• No ‘wild’ spreading of larvae, that is, Tilapia • Improving turbidity of water • Improved performance of the UV disinfection system

Filtration of inlet water In some high value processes, it is useful to filter the water introduce into the RAS. This could be for hatchery and fry production.

The low water consumption for RAS makes it economical possible to filter the inlet water as low as 10 microns. This will remove a large range of potential problems and make the UV installation (when used) much smaller (see Image 6).

The filter The way you make filtration work is by using micro screening. The screen is mounted in drum or on disc filters. In over 90 percent of all installations there are drum filters used, as they are most cost effective in the classic range of 40 to 90 micron filtration.

The micro screen unique characteristics are: • Absolute size filtration independent of inlet TSS concentration • Removes particles fast out of the water flow • Are high capacity units • Removes particles above applied mesh

size, not dependent on density of particles • Low running costs in energy and maintenance For example, the patented Hydrotech micro screen panels (see Image 7) also: • Lifts all particles gentle in the cell structure so they are removed without leaching • Avoids the ‘wash machine effect’ inside the drum as even heavy parts are lifted and removed • The cell structure on the Hydrotech panel is the final touch to make the filtration 100 percent perfect.

In some cases, like in abalone and marine farming, you can have a risk of the ‘washing machine effect’ in a drum filter. Here, sand or similar materials stay in the drum bottom and destroy the other particles. However, the Hydrotech cell will lift all of the material out and the problem is completely avoided.

Function of drum and disc filters Hydrotech has about 5000 drum- and discfilters in operation in aquaculture widespread all over the world (see Images 8 and 9). Their unique design of filter cloth and hydraulic design secures the gentle removal of particles.

Hydrotech filters are all made for automatic operation that only rotate and backwash the filters as needed. This way faciclities will filter more fine particles out of the water as the operate.

■

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10 | International AquaFeed | March-April 2012

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FEATURE

Fish Protein Hydrolysates

FPH- enhance resistance of aquaculture species to different types of stress

by M Herault, V Fournier, M Hervy, A Ngoc, Aquativ–Za Du Gohélis 56250 Elven, France

A

quaculture production is now exceeding fisheries production in total seafood supply. Aquaculture, through intensification and husbandry practices, generate numerous stressful events, which may result from water deterioration (acute or chronic exposure to reduced levels of dissolved oxygen and/or increased levels of carbon dioxide, ammonia, nitrite) and/or handling (vaccination, transfer, transport, grading, ambient noise).

Furthermore, environmental stressors, such as temperature and salinity variations, may also have detrimental consequences on aquatic captive populations.

Improvement of husbandry practices is certainly the easiest way to reduce stressful events and their consequences on zootechnical performance, that is reduced growth rate, by sparing energy resources in homeostasis and increased mortality, by impairing innate immune and anti-oxidative status.

Beside husbandry practices, nutritional supplementation is another way to fine-tune immune and anti-oxidative defenses of aquatic species.

In this context, nutrients like free amino acids and derivatives, nucleotides, or antioxidants are often supplemented as immunostimulators, especially during critical periods such as weaning, wintering, seawater transfer. When produced under highly controlled conditions, Protein Hydrolysates (PH) and especially those of marine origin (FPH), are naturally rich in these nutrients.

Furthermore, numerous studies demonstrated they were rich in bioactive peptides of nutraceutic interests (growth like hormone, antioxidants, anti-stress and anti-microbial peptides). The purpose of this article is to review the experienced benefits of PH on aquatic farmed species during different induced stressful events.

Variation of water temperature affects growth performances Temperature and salinity variations are

the most experienced climatic issues. While physiological process responsible for fish morcold weather usually impairs feed intake and bidity, possibly thanks to hormone-like and/ growth, it usually has less adverse effects or to anti-stress effects. This trial may find than warm weather on aquatic species health commercial applications for preventive feed status (oxidative stress, oxygen availability, supplementation before the summer season, especially for flow-through or cage farming resistance to opportunistic pathogens).

A temperature challenge trial was imple- systems. mented at the end of a feeding trial on European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) juve- FPH enhance fish resistance to niles (mean weight: 16.3g). water quality deterioration Fish were fed with isoproteic-supplementThrough intensification, average water ed diets (control, control +2.5 percent FPH1 quality is often close to the limits tolerated by and control plus five percent FPH1) for 29 aquatic species for an optimal growth. days in triplicate flow trough 100l tanks.

At the end of the feeding trial, 10 fish out 40 initial fish were replaced in their respective tank for the thermal challenge (duplicate). The range 33-35°C had previously been determined as lethal so temperature was increased from 20°C to 33°C within two hours without any observed morbidity (mortality plus Figure 1: European seabass morbidity during a unbalanced fish). thermal lethal challenge As shown in Figure 1 observed morbidity only started at 34°C, after five hours of challenge. The thermal challenge was stopped two hours later when 80 percent of morbidity was observed.

FPH1 supplementation didn’t reduce final morbidity but it significantly delayed it (p-value<0.01, proportional hazards models). This delay is especially visible between 5.5 and seven hours, and it doesn’t seem to be dose-dependent for 2.5 and five percent supplementations.

Figures 2 & 3: Respective Nile tilapia and Tra Without any metabolite Catfish survival rate during NH3 challenge trials clues, we may only assume (one way ANOVA/two way ANOVA) that FPH1 has delayed the 12 | International AquaFeed | March-April 2012

FEATURE Based on this statement, any perturbation of the water quality, resulting from overfeeding, overcrowding, water renewal shortage or algae blooming, may have critical consequences on health & growth statuses of farmed species.

Two ammonia challenge trial were implemented on Tra catfish (Pangasius hypophthalmus), and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), juveniles (mean weight = 13g) in order to assess the impact of FPH on overall survival rates.

Basically, fish were fed for 10 weeks with commercial diets, formulated with different levels of fishmeal – FM -, supplemented or not with FPH2 and FPH3 (1.8 percent in tilapia diets & three percent in catfish diets). After those feeding periods, 10 tilapia and 20 catfish were distinctly placed in aquaria (n=4 replicates) for an ammonia challenge consisting in a constant 150ppm TAN load for 48 hours with a 100 percent/day water exchange rate.

Survival results are illustrated with Figure 2 and Figure 3.

Both FPH 2 and 3 had a positive impact on fish survival to high ammonia load challenge, this benefit being also observed on fishmeal free diet. As the end product of protein metabolism, ammonia is the most common toxicant in culture and live-transportation systems. It is more toxic under its unionized form NH3 as it easily diffuses across the gill membrane reducing outward flux of ammonia excretion.

As a result, ammonia level in fish plasma increases causing various physiological responses, in many ways similar to anoxia symptoms and finally leading to neurotoxicity and fish death in most serious cases.

Several studies implemented on FPH have demonstrated their biochemical functionalities, including potent anti-oxidative properties.

Thus, it becomes possible to increase animal’s own anti-oxidative defenses thanks to FPH supplementation and, as a consequence, reduce expected adverse effects of excessive production of ROS -Reactive Oxygen Species- resulting from anoxia like stresses induced by many chemical and physical disturbances.

Restoring feed intake and growth during stressful events It is a common practice to supplement aquatic feed with palatability enhancer during critical and stressful periods such as spawning, weaning, wintering, oral antibiotic treatments.

Improving growth rates A Protein Hydrolysate was formulated to meet such needs and serve as an internal reference for assessing newly developed FPH. A total of 28 short term feeding trials (1321days) were implemented with this internal

reference, coated at two percent dosage onto a nutritionally balanced Plant Based Feed (PBF), within two distinct experimental facilities named ‘C’ and ‘D’.

These facilities, consisting in two serials of 24 tanks of 100l capacity supplied with thermo regulated and filtrated seawater; only differ by their tank heights. Fish into facilities ‘C’, due to lower tanks, are more exposed to technician’s work and visual contacts. Based on the significant differences observed for average zootechnical performance indicators (see Figure 4), this visual disturbance stress obviously impacts fish behavior.

Thus, growth of fish reared in facilities ‘C’ is only at 67 percent of the average potential growth observed for facilities ‘D’. This growth retardation is mostly explained by a much lower feed intake, which may entirely be solved by PH supplementation.

In addition, through PH supplementation, growth rate is finally improved by almost 20 percent, due to a combined improvement of the FCR, by 10 percent on average.

This benefit combination results, on average, in a 28 percent growth rate improvement under normal conditions and almost 80 percent growth rate increase under visual disturbance conditions.

At this macroscopic scale, most likely assumptions may be the followings: FCR improvement probably reflects a reduction of PBF induced gut inflammation and/or an optimization of gut flora while the higher feed intake recorded with PH supplementation is certainly due to feed enhanced palatability.

FPH improve fish resistance to opportunistic pathogens Chronic stress, because of continuous secretion of cortisol, is harmful as it leads to immunosuppression and thereby increases risks of disease outbreaks.

A disease challenge was initiated on juvenile Nile tilapia (mean weight: 37.7g±2.2) following a 42 days

March-April 2012 | International AquaFeed | 13

feeding trial implemented with control commercial feed, with or without FPH supplementation (two percent dosage). See Figure 4.

1.0ml of a bacterial suspension consisting in 9x108 UFC of Aeromonas hydrophila was injected into the fish abdominal cavity. There were four replicates and 15 fish per replicate were inoculated and then monitored for Aeromonas hydrophila symptoms for 10 days.

At the end of this period, average survival rate of inoculated fish for control feed was very high, which means that initial fish health status was really good before starting the disease challenge trial.

Despite this high survival rate, FPH supplementation significantly improved overall survival rates from 88 up to 98 percent (p<0.02). At this macroscopic scale, it is difficult to discuss how FPH has improved fish resistance to opportunistic pathogens.

We may, however, propose two different and maybe combined, patterns.

First, FPH, thanks to its bioactive functionalities (anti-stress and immunostimulant mostly), may have improved overall fish health status before and/or during the challenge trial.

Second, FPH may have been a natural source of Anti Microbial Peptides, which may have been effective against Aeromonas hydrophila.

Biochemical studies would be necessary to confirm one, or both, of these assumptions.

FEATURE

Figure 4: Zootechnical performances observed on E. seabass juveniles (initial mean weight: 4.711.1g) over 28 trials implemented within two facilities “C” and “D”

Meanwhile, this assay confirms this is possible to enhance fish resistance to opportunistic disease by FPH supplementation.

Conclusions Despite of continuously improved aquaculture practices, stressful events will remain inherent to husbandry both because of climatic hazards, for non Recirculating Aquaculture Systems, and human operations. Stress is a normal and adaptive process (homeostasis) consisting in three chronological responses:

1)

primary responses involve the elevation of plasma catecholamines and cortisol hormone; 2) secondary responses refer to the effects of these hormones at tissue level; 3) tertiary responses refer to animal zootechnical performances such as changes in growth and health.

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Figure 5: Survival rate of Nile tilapia to an Aeromonas hydrophila challenge, 10 days following injection (one way ANOVA)

Minor punctual stress will mostly be limited to primary and secondary responses while acute and chronic stress will often induce the tertiary response’s adverse effects.

As previously illustrated, Fish Protein Hydrolysates are the ideal nutritional solution to attenuate stressful event’s adverse effects on zootechnical performances.

Thanks to their natural high contents of low molecular weight Nitrogen compounds, which include nucleotides, amino acids and derivatives, and bioactive pep-

14 | International AquaFeed | March-April 2012

tides, FPH will act directly, or indirectly, on aquatic species feed acceptance, feed transformation, innate anti-oxidative and immune defenses, which will end up with restored, or enhanced, growth rate and health status.

Beside their high nutritional value, Fish Protein Hydrolysates are therefore a good alternative to preventive and growth promoting, antibiotic treatments, especially with their anti-microbial properties and to any other feed additives used as immune-stimulants or anti-oxidative agents.

Last but not least, the bioactive peptides profile, therefore the physiological response, is driven by hydrolysis process leverages such as type of enzyme, temperature x time schedule and pH. ■

References available on request

For

more information:

Aquativ Z.A. de Gohelis Elven, 56250 France Tel: +33 297 938080 Email: aquativ@diana-aqua.com Website: www.aquativ-diana.com

FEATURE

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FEATURE

The quest to keep Salmon in the pink

naturally

by Simon J Davies, School of Biosciences, Plymouth University England, UK

T

he colour of farmed salmon has attracted so much attention within the aquaculture industry as it can be appreciated that the typical pink-reddish colour of salmon is symbolic of quality and value, with retailers demanding stringent criteria for farmed fish such as Atlantic salmon and trout to meet consumer expectations.

Indeed this has often proved controversial in the media when the farming of fish has been criticised on many grounds with negative statements alluding to the use of synthetic agents and even dyes suggested as the source of artificial colours being prominently expressed by the misinformed.

Carotenoids comprise a complex group of xanthophylls and carotenes, which are diverse in their chemical structure to provide the host of yellow to orange red, and pink colours found extensively in nature as also seen in the plumage of birds such as flamingos.

The main carotenoids of importance to salmon and trout are astaxanthin and canthaxanthin, which are specific in their mode of activity and in their manner of metabolism.

Astaxanthin is recognised to be the predominant red carotenoid found in salmonids in nature with canthaxanthin also used commercially to a more limited extent.

A dietary requirement Salmon and trout do not possess the inherent metabolic ability to synthesise these pigments but instead require them within the diet as preformed molecules that are absorbed and subsequently deposited in tissues (Bjerkeng, 2000).

It should also be noted that pigmentation leading to the reddish-pink and orange colour of integument is also favoured for certain fish that can deposit carotenoids or metabolic

derivatives in the skin such as red sea bream and red tilapia (Gouveia et al, 2002). This is also a characteristic of high value and acceptability to consumers who perceive this to be superior compared to un-pigmented fish.

The efficacy of flesh colouration by different carotenoids is a function of complex physiological processes followed by a series of biochemical events that involve metabolism primarily in the liver as well as the intestinal tract (Page et al 2005, Page and Davies, 2006).

Evidence from the research investigations of White et al (2003a) suggests that a major fraction of absorbed astaxanthin is transformed into vitamin A in the intestinal tissue of rainbow trout and most likely salmon as well.

In addition there is increasing evidence that carotenoids are involved in gene regulation and signal transduction thereby affecting the entire metabolism of fish (Azzi, 2007;

viewed as conditionally essential nutrients for salmonid fish species.

Davies (2005) previously reviewed several aspects of biochemical and physiological parameters affecting salmonid pigmentation with particular emphasis on post-prandial absorption kinetics and retention efficiency and explained that considerable amounts of astaxanthin and canthaxanthin is excreted by fish and therefore efficiency of utilisation is quite low (~20 percent) compared to other nutrients such as proteins, amino acids, vitamins and minerals.

There are many production related factors that can influence the degree of pigmentation of farmed salmonids. These include species, race or stock type, intra-population variation, age of fish, type and quantity of carotenoids ingested over specific period, seasonal effects, maturation, health and state of physiological stress, dietary formulation, regulated feed dep-

Lordan et al 2008). They are also potent anti-oxidants that can interact with vitamin E (Îą-tocopherol) and can prevent fatty acid oxidation due to free radical generation within tissues.

There are also positive benefits on the post mortem quality of fish under frozen storage conditions when fed high levels of carotenoids thus prolonging shelf life of products (Jacobsen et al (2011). In this way astaxanthin and canthaxanthin have pro-vitamin and metabolic functions well beyond their standard role for pigmentation and could therefore be

rivation periods maintenance feeding, slaughter conditions, visualisation of colour, processing conditions: storage, smoking, cooking etc.

The high growth rates achieved in modern salmon production can result in a reduction of pigmentation and uneven distribution within the flesh. It is well known that considerable variations can occur in the ability of fish to retain carotenoids within the muscle and this can sometimes manifest as very low pigmentation or indeed excessive levels in different regions of muscle.

Indeed the fact that seasonal changes can

16 | International AquaFeed | March-April 2012

FEATURE modulate various selected muscle quality parameters, including the degree of pigmentation in salmon was noted by Nordgarden et al. (2003). These investigators concluded that rapid period of growth achieved under continuous lighting compared to natural photoperiod resulted in elevated growth of salmon and increased oxidative stress with marked reductions in fillet vitamin E levels (a-tocopherol) and astaxanthin.

Environmental factors Other environmental factors that may affect the efficiency of pigmentation would likely include water quality and flow rates that would interact to modulate growth and nutrient retention. Stocking density and exercise are known to affect fish performance and optimum fish stocking densities will produce superior growth and feed conversion leading to improved fish quality.

Similarly, adequate flow rates, water exchange rates will promote firmer fleshed fish and may enhance pigmentation in fish under intensive production systems as described previously in relation to muscle quality. Colouration and its relationship to flesh quality in farmed trout and salmon was extensively reviewed by Davies (2008) which addressed carotenoid function in fish as well as the physiological, biochemical aspects and aesthetic attributes leading towards optimal pigmentation of salmonid fish.

Our knowledge of fish nutrition has expanded considerably in recent times and there have been numerous investigations that have addressed the effects of dietary levels of both astaxanthin, canthaxanthin separately or in combination on the flesh colouration of trout and salmon.

The type of feed, level of feeding and matrix effects on carotenoid uptake will affect the degree of pigmentation in and can significantly alter the colour characteristics resulting in possible tainting with background colour.

An optimum dietary level of about 65-mg/ kg astaxanthin is preferable in general to

achieve acceptable results. A minimum size threshold exists to initiate pigmentation in salmon and trout and maintain deposition during the initial freshwater stages of growth in fish of above 80-100 grams mean body weight. This extends with subsequent transfer as smolts to sea water with salmon typically fed 65mg/kg total carotenoids either as astaxanthin or in combination with canthaxanthin with the latter not exceeding 25mg/kg in the mixture (EU directives). Maximum permitted levels for astaxanthin in the USA is 80mg/kg of feed (FDA, 2010).

However, revision of such levels is the basis of much scientific activity to optimise their use and minimise wastage and cost.

Over the last decade, feed manufacturers have been able to significantly lower the inclusion of pigment in feed. Instead, it is recommended by some, that a three-phase pigmentation strategy with post-smolts being fed pigment at a relatively high level of 60-75mg/ kg with a transition to an intermediate level of 40-50mg/kg from a body weight of 2-3kg before a final regime maintained on a finishing diet prior to harvest of 25-35mg/kg of dietary carotenoids concentration (Sinnot, 2006).

There are some scientific rationales for supporting higher diet pigment levels in the later stages of growth for the feeding of large adult fish. This is based on the view that larger salmon can pigment more efficiently than smaller fish. Since pigmentation develops quite rapidly from post- seawater transfer, pigmentation rate generally slows down when fish get bigger although the absorptive efficiency may actually increase.

It is still therefore wise to promote a strategy based on using higher levels in early phase feeding with a reduction to a maintenance level in fish approaching harvest.

The impact of plant oils on pigmentation Choubert et al (2006) have reported that the pigmenting efficacy of astaxanthin fed to rainbow trout was affected by the composition of dietary oil present.

Some evidence suggests reduced pigmentation efficiency may result in fish fed diets with elevated plant oils over extended periods during growth.

However, consumer tests seem to indicate that there are no significant differences in public perception regarding the overall appearance of salmon colour when fed diet regimes that include appreciable levels of vegetable oil sources to replace fish oils (Rosenlund et al. 2003).

This is of importance given the trend of using higher amounts of plant oil blends for a major part of the production and the strategy of using ‘fish oil’ enhanced ‘wash out’ diets in the final stage to harvest to achieve high omega 3 fatty acid concentrations in the flesh of salmon prior to market. Quinton et al (2005) conducted trials with salmon to ascertain the influence that genetics can play in affecting the absorption of dietary carotenoids, metabolism and the efficiency of flesh deposition.

These workers in Canada evaluated the genetic parameters in different year classes of Atlantic salmon reaching harvest.

They determined sexual maturation characteristics and associations to colour score, astaxanthin, canthaxanthin, oil, and moisture contents of flesh. Positive genetic correlations were found between body weight and with pigment retention levels.

Obviously, there is the scope to exploit more efficient stocks for their pigmentation capacity using selective breeding programs.

Such findings could result in more even and consistent flesh colour for salmon and trout and tailored to different production systems.

Less intensive conditions for farmed fish Traditional use of commercially synthetic sources of astaxanthin in compounded feeds adds greatly to their costs and the value of the resulting products.

The annual sales of synthetic astaxanthin for aquaculture alone were estimated at more than US$200 million at 2010.

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March-April 2012 | International AquaFeed | 17

FEATURE Recently, however, there has been a growing demand in the production of farmed fish under less intensive conditions, and with more emphasis on natural additives and supplements in the diet. As such, a number of investigations have reported the feasibility of various single cell products such as the red yeast Phaffia rhodozyma and Haematococcus pluvialis algae with respect to their pigmentation ability compared to the synthetic form currently available to the industry (Lagocki, 2001).

Investigations have confirmed that Phaffia can effectively pigment salmonid fish but only few products are currently available for this purpose. Choubert et al (2006) found differences with respect to the colour of rainbow trout fed Haematococcus pluvialis compared to synthetic astaxanthin with higher reported colour and flesh retention.

The prevailing consensus has been that the synthetic commercial astaxanthin is readily available for assimilation by fish, and is a more stable and consistent product.

It should also be noted that the astaxanthin present in H pluvialis is found as complex esters which confer different assimilation properties compared to other sources adding to variable results under practical conditions (Bowen et al, 2002; White et al, 2003b), there is current interest in sea weeds and extracts from macro-algae which can contain appreciable levels of carotenoids as well as waste products from krill and shrimp processing.

However, these materials are inconsistent in availability and carotenoid levels may vary with seasonality. However, speciality seaweeds may have a promising future as feed additives combining functionality as prebiotics and contributing to natural carotenoid intake.

Algal and yeast sources Despite the potential of both algal and yeast sources of carotenoids being able to effectively pigment salmon and trout, these have been prohibitive in terms of their considerable costs and variable qualities compared to synthetic products with consistent characteristics. Consequently, an exciting development is the product Panaferd-AX® produced by a leading Japanese company Nippon Oil Corporation. Panaferd-AX® contains the dessicated cells of Paracoccus carotinifaciens, a soil-inhabiting bacterium which naturally contains carotenoids.

The bacteria are cultured by fermentation and have been selected to yield high carotenoid concentrations without the need for genetic modification. Although astaxanthin is the major pigment within Panaferd-AX®, it can also express appreciable levels of natural adonirubin and canthaxanthin. Both of these carotenoids can also support additional pig-

mentation to fish that deposit these in muscle and skin.

The red carotenoidrich bacterium Paracoccus carotinifaciens is permitted as a sensitive additive for use in salmon and trout with a maximum content of 100mg, expressed as the sum of astaxanthin, adonirubin and canthaxanthin per kg complete feed. The current carotenoid composition of the product is specified as 3–5g canthaxanthin, 10–15g adonirubin and 20–23g astaxanthin/kg. The applicant proposes to modify the ranges of canthaxanthin to 1–5g, and that of adonirubin to 7–15g/kg product, while maintaining the astaxanthin range.

The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) of the European Commission has expertly reviewed the terms of authorisation of the product for fish and verified its efficacy and safety.

Indeed a number of trials in Scotland by leading feed manufacturer’s and salmon producers have proved most encouraging with favourable results obtained in production cages.

Flesh pigment deposition and stability comparable to that of synthetic pigmentation regimes proved acceptable and quite comparable with orthodox products. The feedback received so far on fish pigmented with Panaferd -AX® has been consistently good from the retailer and consumer standpoint.

"To have all the colour in our salmon derived from naturally occurring organisms is the culmination of years of hard work," said managing director Nick Joy of Loch Duart salmon in Scotland who have been pioneering the product in their bespoken feeds.

"As a farmer, I am proud that we rear well-nourished salmon that look and taste great," he has stated.

Consumers and retailers are driving the agenda It seems that Panaferd® will benefit salmon producers globally by offering opportunities for diversification in the marketplace.

Since the product has full FDA and EU approval for use and is available for application in the industry it’s likely to be used increasingly in main- stream production.

It is the requirements of the consumer and retailers that are driving the agenda and generating the need for more information in this area with media attention to colouration of farmed fish and crustacean species.

The question of producing a ‘pink/ red’ 18 | International AquaFeed | March-April 2012

fleshed salmon in the same manner as a wild salmon accumulates pigment is a widely accepted principle advocated by a number of market surveys in which the pink flesh colour of salmon scores consistently higher as a desirable factor second only to fish freshness (Baker, and Günther, 2004) In terms of feed costs it is well known that the added costs of including astaxanthin in feeds amounts to an extra 10-15 percent, which manifests as an additional 4-6 pence per kilogram produced, that is a cost of UK£40,000-UK£60,000 per 1000 tonnes of production.

In Europe, it is common practice to pigment rainbow trout to a defined level at portion size although this is not so usual in the United States where un-pigmented (white) fleshed rainbow trout is more favoured by the consumer. Several feed companies have evaluated the costs of pigmenting rainbow trout towards harvest with strategies for more economic approaches advocated by several feed companies and fish farming operations.

Colouration is an emotive issue The question of fish colouration in farmed aquatic species will always be an emotive issue since it is easily visualised and can be measured by suitable techniques ranging form direct chemical analysis in feeds and flesh or by a selection of optical methods based on colour scale assessments and advanced image analysis.

The aquafeed industry and fish nutritionist must be responsive and embrace the opportunities for innovative products including natural pigmenting agents. With the need to consider ‘organic’ certification for farmed fish and the quest for sustainable ingredients, research is needed to evaluate the efficacy of carotenoids from a wide spectrum of potential sources.

This will be a continuous challenge as feed formulations become refined and as new candidate species become available for aquaculture.

■ References available on request

FEATURE

Grinding by a proven concept makes your choice simple

by Mr Willem de Vaan, General director at Wynveen International BV, The Netherlands

T

ogether with mixing and pelleting, grinding is one of the important processes when producing animal feed. Traditionally hammer mills are used in the feed industry for grinding raw materials , which is mainly caused by the relatively simple construction and high variation in particle reduction compared to other techniques used at roller mills and crackers.

their new website, introduced during the opening of the new building, one can see in a glance what capabilities can be offered. Feel free to visit it: www.wynveen. com.

Besides the design and delivery of complete turnkey feed mills, Wynveen International BV is manufacturing the main equipment like hammer mills, mixers, coater, sifters and conveying equipment.

Wynveen International BV. is manufacturing Roller mills and crackers showed better results when it comes to energy consumption, hammer mills in a wide range. The features of but the new designed mills feature adjustable the of hammer mills that can be delivered are: • Big diameter 1200 mm - 1500 rpm pre- breaker plates , variable speed drives and • Diameter 650 mm - 3000 rpm automatic screen change systems. This results • Capacities from two t/h up to 60 t/h in an energy saving which brings the hammer • Frequency controlled drives mill again in a favoured position, certainly • Manual or automatic screen exchange when taking in consideration the relatively • With or without adjustable breaker high costs for wearing parts on roller mills plates and crackers. Given the fact that a hammer • Two directions of rotation possible mill also allows grinding of mixed products, • Motor capacities up to 400kW it becomes clear that Hammer mills still are • Open rotor design the majority.

• Temperature control on main bearings Wynveen International BV. has a rich and chamber tradition in manufacturing of machines and • Feeder with magnet and stone trap equipment for the animal feed industry, pet • Ergonomic design food industry and fish indusAlready five years ago the Wynveen hamtry. Recently they have moved into their new premises which mer mill got a complete makeover. This with means a doubling of the office the idea to develop a hammer mill that will be and production floor compared prepared for the future and can deal with the to the old building. With this new office challenges of the future. This means minimal Wynveen International BV is prepared of the energy consumption and the possibility to future and has made the logical next step to answer to the need of the various applications meet the growth they are aiming for. With required in nowadays feed mills. Most animal feed mills are looking for a grinding concept that Table 1: can produce the particle Diameter Length Type Capacity t/h* RPM Chamber Chamber size that fits with the specific required coarseness 450-150 1-2 450 150 3000 of ingredients needed for 650-275 2-3 650 275 3000 the feed to produce.

650-375 3-5 650 375 3000 The latest version of 650-550 7 - 12 650 550 3000 the Wynveen hammer 670-750 15 - 20 650 750 3000 mills type GHM has a 670-1150 20 - 30 650 1150 3000 grinding chamber diameter GHM-750 20 - 35 1200 750 1500 of 1200mm, which gives at GHM-1000 30 - 50 1200 1000 1500 a speed of only 1,500 rpm.

GHM-1250 45 - 60 1200 1250 1500 a hammer tip speed at the ideal level of approx. 90 m/ *= depending on raw materials 20 | International AquaFeed | March-April 2012

sec. The length of the chamber can vary from 750 to 1250mm, depending on the required capacity. The low speed gives a lower noise level, less wear and tear and lower bearing load compared to a 3,000 rpm hammer mill.

To suit the various demands in feed mill capacities, Wynveen International BV. can deliver hammer mills that can deal with different capacities from two t/h up to 60 t/h. For the smaller capacities the 3,000 rpm versions are still used. In Table 1 you will find the various possibilities. By introducing frequency control on the motor, it became possible to grind ideal structures and particle size. In fact you can create a new screen set-up but still

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Magnet Air inlet Stone trap Material direction flap Pre braking plates Temperature sensor Screen Rotor met beaters

FEATURE using the same screen perforation. When using a high speed you are able to create fine grinding, while with a lower speed a more coarse grinding is achieved.

To answer the growing need for producing a great number of recipes, the screens need to be changed frequently, for which reason Wynveen has designed the GHM version with an optional automatic screen change system. This gives more possibilities to grind on various perforations without the need to stop the motor during production and loose a lot of production time.

Wynveen has chosen to make use of the ergonomic design already available at the hammer mills with manual screen exchange, which means a horizontal movable screen cassette in which four screens (so also four different perforations selectable) are mounted.

The big advantage versus vertical screen exchange is the space needed. Often an upper hopper is positioned above the hammer mill, which reduces the possibilities for vertical screen exchange. To avoid dust and waste of product during exchange of the screen, while the motor is still running, it is important to maintain an under pressure in the grinding chamber of the hammer mill. Special inflatable sealings with labyrinth ensure a correct tightness of the sealing in operation and prevents that product can leave the grinding chamber.

To minimise energy consumption adjustable breaker plates are introduced. Test have proven that hardly any grinding takes place below the level of the main shaft . By designing two adjustable breaker plates in the top of the machine, an energy saving of approximately 30 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 35 percent compared to the old designs has been achieved. The lower part of the hammer mill is executed with screens ; by making use of the gravity force a good discharge of product is possible. The idea of adjustable breaker plates was to create an asymmetric form (ellipse instead of circle) in the grinding chamber. Because of this the product is forced to leave their natural flow and , because of the centrifugal force the product will hit the breaker plate, as a result it is bounced back and then again gets a hit of the hammer. So a more frequent frontal collision is achieved between hammers, breaker plates and product. By making the breaker plates adjustable we can create this ellipse in both directions.

The hammer mills of Wynveen International B.V allow a drive motor up to 400kW. Furthermore a so called open rotor has been designed with two functions. One is to create sufficient stiffness and balance and secondly to minimise the temperature increase while grinding. For monitoring purposes the main bearings and the chamber are executed with temperature sensors. All components can also be delivered in an Atex execution. To make use

of all four corners of the hammers, and reduce the downtime of the machine , the direction of rotation of the hammer mill can be changed and the rotor has double holes for the hammer axles. To ensure a good product entrance to the mill , a feeder is developed which contains an integrated , automatically cleaned magnet and a stone trap. This will make sure that possible metal parts and/or stones are prevented to end up in the feed mix. The combination of the two makes the feeder unique .

To meet the stringent and latest guidelines of CE regulations , Wynveen International BV. has conducted a risk analyses for its hammer mills. This has be done for both non hazardous environments and ATEX environments.

To meet both as a standard , the hammer mills are equipped with proper earthing and sensors to detect possible increase of heat.

Where required we make use of a pressure release membrane and/or flame arrestors. For reducing the noise and vibration our hammer mills are provided with shock absorbers. Much attention was spent to the ergonomic aspect.

By designing two big doors, the hammer mills load on the filter cloth of approximately 2 m3/ are very easy accessible for screen and hammer min of air per m2 of filtering area.

Finally it is important that the filter unit exchange. Both doors easily roll sideways via a rail and wheels and are equipped with safety is not directly positioned beside the outlet switches to make sure that no mistakes can be product stream of the hammer mill to make sure that a good airflow and aspiration is made during maintenance . â&#x2013; Other important points to keep in mind safeguarded. when designing a grinding plant are not only the right choice of Your partner in technology, hammer mill , but equipment and plants for also the correct animal- and aqua feed and energy efficient petfood. motor type and very important , an adequate aspiration set-up.

Especially the last item needs special attention.

The capacity of the aspiration fan should not only be in the right relation to the screen area of the mill but also depends on products which have to be ground.

Depending on the air volume, the necessary filter surface can be determined. In Wynveen International bv info@wynveen.com general, reverse P.O. Box 38 www.wynveen.com 6666 ZG Heteren Tel: +31 (0)26 479 06 99 air cleaned filters The Netherlands Fax: +31 (0)26 479 06 98 are used, which allow for an air March-April 2012 | International AquaFeed | 21

Beta S – The natural Immune Modulator - Leiber Beta-S® consists of

2012

PRODUCT

SHOWCASE

isolated 1.3-1.6-β-D-Glucan molecules from brewers’ yeast cell walls.

Thanks to a patented and gentle production process, their native structure stays intact so that they have an effective and immunemodulating impact during intestinal passage.

Leiber Beta-S® has a scientifically proven positive effect on the immune variables of fish including the antibody titer, the immune globin level, and the mortality rate.

Excellence in Yeast – Excellent for fish!

www.leibergmbh.de

New Wenger Extrusion Process for Shrimp Feed Production - Wenger’s new Micro Aquatic Extrusion System surpasses the capabilities of other small diameter aquatic feed processes, and redefines all previous shrimp feed production technology. Based on Wenger’s versatile C2TX Conical Co-Rotating TwinScrew Extruder, the new system is tailored specifically for small-diameter aquatic feeds and employs the added innovation of oblique die technology and a high-shear conditioner to bring new feasibilities to shrimp feed production, as well as other types of small and micro-diameter aquatic feed.

www.wenger.com

Bühler’s new hammer mill Granulex - The hammer mill Granulex is the new dynamic grinding machine from Bühler. Designed for ultimate power, high capacity grinding up to 75 tph. The company said its Swissmade reliability and supreme ease of maintenance minimize downtime, so you can make maximum use of this productivity

AQUAGEST® smart aqua additives - Reducing feed cost in fish and shrimp • reduce feed cost by maximizing the efficiency of digestive and metabolic processes • taylored to fit the digestive physiology of each species • resolving species-specific bottlenecks in aquafeed formulation AQUAGEST® S for shrimp, improving hepatopancreas function and efficiency of lipid digestion, reducing cholesterol requirements AQUAGEST® OMF for tilapia and catfish, improving growth, feed conversion and filleting yield AQUAGEST® CAF for marine fish and salmonids, enhancing the digestive efficiency in carnivorous fish fed reduced levels of fishmeal

www.nutriad.com

AquaStar® - With the development of the AquaStar® product line,

AquaStar

BIOMIN serves the needs of the industry for natural and sustainable ® solutions. AquaStar® is a well-defined, multi-strain probiotic product for fish and shrimp which promotes a beneficial gut microflora as well as an improved environmental condition in ponds, thereby improving efficiency in production: Controls pathogenic microorganisms

Bühler says it is an investment in quality that is sure to show a rapid return and deliver a hammer blow to your operating costs.

Stabilizes water quality and pond bottom Improves gut health and performance

www.buhlergroup.com

aquastar.biomin.net

GHM Hammermill - large grinding chamber with capacities from 5 up to 60 tons/hour depending on, type of product, perforation of the scree and humidity of the product Application area - The milling of derivates and or combination of derivates and grains in the animal feed industry, petfood industry and fishfeed industry Features - Maximum installed power 350 kw, suitable for grinding onto a grinding hopper and through total aspiration, interchangeable screen cassettes, central inlet, two directions of rotation, two speed motor, frequency driven motor for structure grinding, temperature sensors on main bearings and grinding chamber, two separate grinding chambers for fine and coarse grinding, screen surface up to max.

3.2 m², maximum 8 rows hammers

www.wynveen.com

Gold Mehl FM - Gold Mehl FM is a processed poultry protein with high protein content and high protein digestibility.

This is achieved by using drying process with optimal conditions using Low Temperature (LT) drying technology.

A comparison between Gold Mehl FM and demand of EAA by fish and shrimp indicates that a balance exists within most EAA thus positioning Gold Mehl FM as a replacer of Fish Meal.

With 85% crude protein content and more than 85% in vivo digestibility, the product is a unique offering in the category of Animal Proteins and is being used widely in different parts of the world.

www.ge-pro.de

A selection of products currently available in the aquaculture industry Use the QR code to reach each company from your phone or tablet. Alternatively scan this QR code to find more equipment and product suppliers

New extrusion programme - ANDRITZ FEED & BIOFUEL has launching a new and improved extrusion programme for the production of all kinds of fish feed, and pet-food. The new improved extruders are based on the experience gained from the popular ANDRITZ FEED & BIOFUEL Ex620, Ex920, Ex617, and Ex917 extruders, which all have proved their process versatility, controllability, and energy efficient extrusion performance, leading to very uniform and high nutrient value feeds for aquaculture and pets for many years.

www.nutriad.com

Single screw extruder - Leading extrusion technology and intelligent control; by-pass for avoiding blockage; simple operation, precise and reliable.

High efficiency - DDC conditioner and optimal extruder screw & chamber, minimum SME input; recoverable energy, maximum energy utilization; unique suspending cutter, replacement and adjustment without downtime.

Wide production range - Controllable temperature, pressure and density thanks to modularized design and many add-ons, minimizing reconfiguration acquired.

Satisfying product quality - Uniform extruded pellets with high fat absorption, unique visual appearance, environment friendly and sustainable.

www.muyang.com

Natural (hydrolyzed) proteins for aqua feed - Whether you’re looking for a natural EU and USDA approved pellet binder for your production of stable pellets or nature’s best alternatives for fish meal, you can contact Sonac. Sonac produces valuable and essential ingredients for the production of aqua feed.

• Pro-Bind Plus a nutritional, gelatin based pellet binder, especially for pelleted (shrimp) feed. • Gelko an ideal combination of hydrolyzed proteins and fat • MucoPro high content of hydrolyzed proteins, amino acids and peptides (>70% protein). • Hemoglobin Powder high protein content and good digestibility, for better feed conversion.

www.sonac.biz

PHOTOSHOOT

Aquaculture Research Center at the Institute of Marine and Environmental Science

Aquaculture Research Center at the Institute of Marine and Environmental Science The Aquaculture Research Center (ARC) at the Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology (IMET) in Baltimore, Maryland, is one of the worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s leaders in sustainable aquaculture research. A unique partnership between the University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science (UMCES), University of Maryland Baltimore County (UMBC) and University of Maryland Baltimore (UMB), IMET takes a molecular approach to study reproduction, genetics, early development, nutrition, growth and disease in selected marine and estuarine high-value finfish and shellfish. This research is applied to the development of novel strategies to improve yields and sustainability of local and global marine aquaculture, fisheries, and ecosystems.

PS 1.3

Photo descriptions: Sea Bream Tanks: The recirculating systems in ARC rely upon artificial saltwater generation from municipal water sources, minimal discharge, and full biological and mechanical filtration capabilities. Being 'fully contained', with no inputs to or from the local environment, the ARC systems allow for independent photoperiod and temperature manipulations to maximise growth or reproductive capacity.

PS 1.1 - Place and Watson: Alternative feeds research (Dr. Allen Place and Aaron Watson, UMCES) utilising plant proteins for marine carnivorous fish aims to eliminate the heavy reliance upon fishmeal and fish oil for aquaculture diets.

PS 1.2 - Dr. Zohar and European sea bass: Complete containment and full biosecurity allows for the production of non-native, high value species such as European sea bass (pictured) and Mediterranean Sea bream. Drs. Yonathan Zohar, IMET Aquaculture Coordinator, pictured.

Tanks: ARC maintains a variety of sizes and configurations of recirculating systems for research into digestibility of ingredients, rearing protocols, growth trials, and broodstock manipulation.

Methane: Fuel-grade methane gas, the end product of the breakdown of solid wastes from the recirculating systems, is captured for potential offset of in system energy consumption.

Drs. Kevin Sowers and Keiko Saito (UMBC) are currently working to maximise methane production.

Algae/Rotifers: Improved algal and live feed production and enrichment are integrated into the larval rearing process for a variety of native and non-native species of fish, as well as the blue crab.

PS 1.3 - Sponge Lab: Dr. Russell Hill's lab takes advantage of the unique capabilities at ARC to maintain and grow the sponges and other marine invertebrates that harbor potential drug-producing microbes.

Crab: Blue crab production for endocrinology (Dr. J. Sook Chung, UMCES) and disease and pathogen (Dr. Eric Schott, UMCES) research.

Biofiltration: Bacteria-coated plastic 'media' comprise the biofilter of ARC's recirculating aquaculture systems. Work at IMET aims to enhance the biofiltration technology currently used by the industry through sophisticated microbiological processes.

Striped Bass: ARC Assistant Manager, Chris Tollini, captures striped bass from a stock population for use in alternative diet and reproduction studies.

Cobia: Graduate student Aaron Watson has been examining alternative plant protein-based feeds for juvenile cobia (pictured) and other commercially important species. His research highlights the role of taurine, an amino acid found in fishmeal and feeds derived from animal tissues, in a variety of physiological processes.

24 | International AquaFeed | March-April 2012

PS 1.1

Photographs by Cheryl Nemazie

PS 1.2

By integrating aquaculture, microbial and engineering expertise, IMET scientists are developing the next generation of sustainable marine aquaculture technology in an environmentally isolated, urban setting (Drs. Keiko Saito, Harold Schreier, Kevin Sowers and Yonathan Zohar, UMBC). IMET has strong programs in the endocrine and molecular regulation of finfish reproduction, leading to development of novel and generic technologies to fully control spawning and seed production in commercially important farmed fish (Dr. Zohar). These technologies are now applied in broodstock management programs and commercial hatcheries worldwide. IMET scientists have broad expertise in diseases affecting marine organisms and are developing interventions (vaccines, drugs) aimed at improving the health of wild and aquacultured animals (Drs. Eric Schott, UMCES, and Vik Vakharia, UMBC).

The research in the ARC lab encompasses a multi-faceted approach, where all aspects of recirculating aquaculture are examined. Improved algal and live feed production and enrichment (Odi Zmora, UMBC) are integrated into the larval rearing process for a variety of native and non-native species of fish, as well as the blue crab. Alternative feeds research (Dr. Allen Place and Aaron Watson, UMCES) utilising plant protein-based feeds for marine carnivorous fish aims to eliminate the heavy reliance upon fishmeal and fish oil for aquaculture diets. Endocrinology studies on fish and crustaceans (Drs. Zohar, UMBC and J. Sook Chung, UMCES) examine the reproductive axes to develop and maintain consistent, high quality spawning broodstocks. Disease studies (Dr. Eric Schott, UMCES) in the blue crab will lead to the development of proper culture conditions for soft-shell facilities and to assess natural populations. Investigations on the microbial communities associated with marine sponges may aid in the development of pharmaceuticals (Dr. Russell Hill, UMCES) and, potentially, production of compounds through 'aqua pharming' of key species.

For details please contact Professor Yonathan Zohar, IMET Aquaculture Coordinator and Chair of the Department of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 700 East Pratt St., Baltimore, MD, 21202. Zohar@umbc.edu

March-April 2012 | International AquaFeed | 25

FEATURE

Regional review on status and trends

Aquaculture development in Sub-Saharan Africa

by Benedict P. Satia, University of Washington, School of Marine and Environmental Affairs, Seattle, USA

F

AO regularly conducts global and regional reviews of aquaculture status and trends, most recently during 2008 and 2009.

2006 and in tertiary education it stood at only five percent in 2006 compared to 17 percent for developing countries and 25 percent for the world (UNECA, 2008).

Improvements were reported in one of the key human development index, life The present regional review and synthesis expectancy and the mean of which were 54 for sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) provides an years and the range 44–77 years in 2009, overview of major issues and trends in the as compared to an average of 43.9 years a aquaculture sector over the past few years. decade ago.

The regional review reflects development However, child mortality has not declined in 42 of the 55 countries in SSA for which in 27 SSA countries due mainly to preventproduction was reported to FAO in 2008. able diseases and malnutrition. The under-five The production volume and value data have mortality rate decreased slightly from 185 per been derived from the latest FAO-FISHSTAT 1 000 live births in 1990 to 165 live births in plus database for 2009. Between 1998 and 2005 (UNICEF, 2008; UNECA, 2008).

2008, there has been a five-fold increase in Progress in responding to HIV/AIDS, production from 42,587 to 238,877 tonnes. tuberculosis, malaria and other diseases has The greatest catalyst for increased producgenerally been limited. tion has been the emergence and intensificaDespite the positive outcomes recorded tion of private sector led small and mediumin some countries in terms of growing intesize enterprises and the expansion of large gration of HIV/AIDS concerns into national commercial ventures stimulated in some cases development plans and the increasing number by growing public support and the inflow of of people receiving antiretroviral treatment foreign capital and expertise.

(ART), UNAIDS (2008), reported that HIV In addition, the implementation of the prevalence is apparently on the decline in FAO Special Program for Aquaculture the region, but rates are still far Development in Africa (SPADA), higher than in other world regions. as well as the introduction of new The Kingdom of Swaziland has the production systems, for example world’s highest rate of HIV: 26 percages and tanks previously untried cent of the population ages 15–49 or unproven in SSA, accompanied is HIV positive. by the refinement of existing producIn SSA, HIV disproportionately tion systems have contributed to this affects young women. 1.6 Sources development. of livelihood and importance of aquaculture. Agriculture in the Trends in social broad sense plays a dominant role development in most African economies as an Progress towards meeting the tarFigure 1: Aquaculture production and value in subimportant source of livelihood, but gets of the Millennium Development Saharan Africa excluding aquatic plants (1990–2008). the role of aquaculture as a major Goals (MDGs) has been mixed.

Source: FAO, 2009a. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department, Fishery Information, Data and Statistics contributor to livelihood in all but Sub-Saharan Africa continued Unit. FishStat Plus Version 2.32. Universal software a few countries (Nigeria, Uganda, to make progress in a number of for fishery statistics time series. Rome (www.fao.org/ Madagascar, Mozambique) is still social development areas, with confishery/statistics/software/fishstat/en) very small. crete gains in such areas as primary school enrolment, measles vaccination, the use of insecticide treated bed nets, reductions in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevalence rates in some countries and some aspects of gender equality.

However, very limited gains were made on poverty, eradication of hunger, maternal mortality and addressing disparities due to gender income and disability.

Recent estimates indicate that the percentage of the population living in extreme poverty in SSA has almost doubled from 200 million in 1981 to 380 million in 2005 (Ravallion and Chen, 2008). SSA unemployment declined slightly from 8.5 percent in 1997 to eight percent in 2007 and was expected to rise sharply in 2009 as a result of the global recession (ILO, 2008).

In the area of education, although primary enrolment rate has been improving, the primary completion rate is an area of concern.

Between 1999 and 2006, the completion rate improved from 49 percent to 60 but the completion for girls was much lower. The gross enrolment ratio in secondary education rose from 25 percent in 1999 to 32 percent in

26 | International AquaFeed | March-April 2012

FEATURE However, in view of the potential role aquaculture could play in food and nutrition security, employment, wealth generation to both small- and large-scale producers in both rural and peri-urban localities, as exemplified in a few countries, the AU/NEPAD Food Security Summit in December 2006, in Abuja, agreed to promote and protect fisheries and aquaculture as strategic commodity alongside rice, maize and other strategic food products.

Farming environments The production of fish and shellfish through aquaculture in SSA as described is limited compared with the historical production in Asia, Europe and even Latin America.

Aquaculture is not a tradition in most subSaharan African countries.

However, in a few countries, such as Benin, Ghana and the Mauritius, the peoples’ attachment to capture fisheries probably enabled them to evolve traditional11forms of aquaculture and management in acadjas, whedos and barochois, etc, (Satia, 1989; Welcomme, 1972; GTZ, 2002).

Aquaculture is presently practiced in all three environments, namely freshwater, brackish water and marine waters, but most of the activities are concentrated in freshwater which accounts for more than 95 percent by tonnage of the region’s production in 2008.

In most cases, the small-scale rural farmers This is predominantly fish and in particular the indigenous and ubiquitous species of are owner/operators and practice extensive tilapias and the African catfishes including farming. The more aggressive farmers, parClarias gariepinus. Brackish water aquaculture ticularly those living near large towns and who and marine fish culture, as well as the culture in most cases have other professional jobs, of crustaceans, date back to less than 20–30 practice semi-intensive farming. Well-placed years ago and production is concentrated in individuals, corporate companies and estates, a few countries while the culture of marine all of who operate large production units, dominate semi-intensive farming. algae is recent innovation.

The more intensive systems, for the most Producers in the region Socio-economic surveys and National Aquaculture Sector part, are owned by the more dynamic and Overviews (NASOs) reveal that aquaculture enterprising farmers, as well as large corporate producers in SSA include crop and live- ventures, with an influx of foreign capital and stock farmers, but also civil servants, retired expertise that produce for overseas markets. civil servants, local businessmen and women, (FAO, 2009b; Ridler and Hishamunda, 2001). storekeepers and individuals with other jobs.

Furthermore, women are involved directly Main production systems as owners of fishponds in several countries Production systems and technologies in including Benin, Cameroon, Côte d’Ivoire, the SSA show great diversity ranging from extenDemocratic Republic of the Congo, Ghana, sive aquaculture in ponds, lagoons and coastal Kenya, Malawi, Nigeria and Uganda (Abban et areas; semi-intensive farming in ponds and al., 2009; Rana et al., 2005; Satia, 1989). Some lagoons and intensive culture using tanks, studies (Abban et al, 2009; Rana et al., 2005) cages and recirculating aquaculture systems. have reported that most successful fish farmers In addition, there is a growing interest in particularly the peri-urban producers have had integrated aquaculture and aquaculture in primary or at least post-primary education. rice-based systems, for example, in Burkina There are two main types of producers in Faso, Malawi, Madagascar, Mali, Nigeria, etc.

SSA, namely the owner/operator and owner/ Non-commercial producers undertake the non-operator. Different groups of individuals extensive system, while farmers with the prinappear also to be attracted by different aqua- cipal objective of generating wealth practice _OffshoreMaric_Quarter_SplitAd_OMC_Quarter 20/02/2012 07:53 culture systems. the semi-intensive and intensive systems.

In Page 1

OFFSHORE MARICULTURE

CONFERENCE2012

17-19 October HILTON HOTEL IZMIR • TURKEY SUPPORTED BY

Turkish Ministry of Food Agriculture and Livestock

Central Union of Turkish Aquaculture Producers

MEDIA SUPPORTERS:

A must attend event for all fish farmers!

With fish farming output expected to reach close to 120 million tons by 2020, the Offshore Mariculture Conference – two day conference plus visit to an offshore fish farm – will explore the progress and prospects for offshore aquaculture in European and international waters.

For details on how to submit an abstract and for the full list of topics to be covered, together with information on the conference, including details of sponsorship packages, please call the Events Team on

A MERCATOR MEDIA EVENT

+44 (0) 1329 825335 email conferences@offshoremariculture.com or visit www.offshoremariculture.com

March-April 2012 | International AquaFeed | 27

FEATURE primarily wealth generating enterprises, the production units could be further classified as small and medium enterprises (SME) and large-scale aquaculture.

Whereas, the typical non-commercial extensive system is characterized by lowinput, low-output and very little or no value added and generally located in rural areas; in the semi-intensive approach the inputs amounts are increased and quality of inputs are in principle better; while small and medium enterprises and large- scale commercial aquaculture systems are to an extent vertically integrated, located in urban and peri-urban areas and are also characterised by higher levels of management, capital investment, higher levels of quality control and a more complex and structured market (Abban et al., 2009; Ridler and Hishamunda, 2001).

Depending on the system, a variety of species are cultured in containment or holding

only a few countries indicating the immense possibility for increased production if the full potential is realised by small-, medium- and large-scale investors and many governments were committed to the development of the subsector and helped the growth of the industry by removing constraints.

Figure 2: Major aquaculture producers by quantity and value in sub-Saharan Africa (2008).

Source: FAO, 2009a. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department, Fishery Information, Data and Statistics Unit. FishStat Plus Version 2.32. Universal software for fishery statistics time series.Rome (www. fao.org/fishery/statistics/software/ fishstat/en).

Potential for an increase in demand for aquaculture products

facilities such as: earthen ponds, concrete tanks, raceways, pens, cages and racks. Production units or systems that are being promoted in the region include: enhancement/restocking, integrated agriculture-aquaculture (IAA) and aquaculture in rice-based systems.

Regional aquaculture production, species and values From a production of 42,587 tonnes in 1998, production in 2008 was reported to have risen to 238,877 tons with a value of US$665 million (see Figure 1). This converts into an average annual growth rate of 18.8 percent for the years 1998 to 2008. However, several countries registered negative growth during the period. The five-fold increase in production since 1998 has been limited to

Top producers Nigeria is consistently the largest producer.

In 2008, it accounted for 60 percent of production by quantity and 56 percent of the total value. Other major producers are Uganda and Madagascar (see Figure 2).

These three countries together contributed 86 percent of the total production in SSA in 2008 (the first seven major producers account for 93.7 percent of total production in 2008 by quantity).

The success of these three countries is attributed to the promotion of a private sector led strategy accompanied with increases in expansion and productivity driven by significant improvements in feed and improved technologies (tanks in Nigeria), aqua-feed production and utilisation in Uganda and farm management, as well as government policies in favour of the sector, for example divesting redundant and undeliverable services in Uganda and Madagascar. Strong growth was also exhibited by Ghana and Kenya (FAO, 2009a).

It is estimated that by 2015, the total annual fish consumption in SSA could be 1.5â&#x20AC;&#x201C;2.0 million tonnes higher than in 2005 if fish supplies expand at an equal pace with demand.

This would result from a yearly increase in volume of fish consumed by about three percent in volume terms (FAO, 2009b).

Some 70 percent of the growth in demand comes from an increase in population, which means that demand growth is steady and large. Depending on the economic situation this could even increase more.

This is due to high nutritional significance of fish products given that intake of red meat is relatively low.

By 2015, neither domestic production from capture fisheries (marine and freshwater) nor local aquaculture will be able to provide the increased quantities of fish needed for human consumption. A part of this need may continue to be satisfied through increased imports of low-value species.

Sub-Saharan Africa has been a net importer of fish for some time. Growing local demand will tend to increase this trade gap by pulling in more imports and retaining for local consumption some of the fish mainly 28 | International AquaFeed | March-April 2012

from capture fisheries now exported. A number of factors affect fish consumption or demand.

These include income, prices of fish, prices of fish complements such as rice, tastes and nonprice factors that affect the transaction costs of purchasing and preparing fish, the availability of cold chains etc.

In the absence of data, Delgado et al, (2003) used regression analysis and proxies for disposal income, cost of fishery products, changes in tastes and national differences in the tradition of fish consumption and came up with an aggregate increase of fish consumption of 2.7 percent per year or an additional 1.6 million tonnes of fish a year by 2015 just to maintain current consumption of 7.8 kg per person per year. Given the projected population increase (> than 2 percent a year), the growth rate in overall fish consumption and the stagnation in both the marine and inland fisheries, the question is not what would be the demand but where could supply come from to fill the gap.

The expansion of commercial aquaculture is likely to be rapid particularly under the aegis of the Special Program for Aquaculture Development in Africa (SPADA) which aims to train approximately 28 000 in 20 target countries to produce an additional 259 000 tons of aqua-products per year within six years and if the enabling environment is provided by the public sector and the international climate is favourable, the production could even be higher.

Small and medium enterprises, as well as large-scale undertakings will generate wealth in most cases through international trade but also contribute to food security at sub regional levels while small-scale aquaculture will contribute to food security and for national markets and possibly intraregional trade.

By 2015 and assuming the SPADA initiative is fully embraced by the countries, aquaculture production from SSA would be more than 400 000 tonnes a year, but even this will be little in comparison to the demand.

FEATURE

Salient issues

"The overarching objective should be to promote aquaculture as a viable wealth creating, undertaking, and laying emphasis on private sectorled initiatives with governments providing the enabling environment for growth"

Exports of aquaculture products in the continent are increasing and this is likely to have a positive impact on growth of the sector as organisations of producers and wholesalers continue to influence development in several aspects of the industry.

However, trade in aquaculture products between regions is virtually inexistent because of low supplies, but also because of high costs due to poor infrastructure and insufficient trade facilitation. The role of producer organisations serving as a catalyst for aquaculture development and marketing

The way forward On the whole, the demand for aquaculture products in SSA is high and the potential for further growth of the industry in the region is promising. Along with technical improvements, increased market opportunities are central to the sustainable development of aquaculture in SSA. The overarching objective should be to promote aquaculture as a viable wealth creating,

undertaking, and laying emphasis on private sector-led initiatives with governments providing the enabling environment for growth. The increased growth could be realised through improvements in technologies and resource use, 41 integration of aquaculture with other farming activities accompanied with appropriate policies and strategies in marketing and trade.

A few of which are: • Enlarging markets for aqua-products through improved market regulation framework and support services, by zoning areas for aquaculture and organizing producer organisations, by enhancing information flow, by assisting with establishing appropriate trade practices and trans boundary movement of aquatic products • Expanding the consumption of aquaproducts through such strategies as by improving access while ensuring market competitiveness, or by demonstrating high quality control • Developing strategies for value addition for aquatic products such as by demonstrating high quality control, improve biosecurity and aquatic animal health management and by under taking market/product-related research ■

2011/12 OUT NOW March-April 2012 | International AquaFeed | 29

FEATURE

Exploration of the fresh water prawn feed industry of Bangladesh

by Ayaz Hasan Chisty 1, Prabal Barua 2 * and Jewel Das 3

B

angladesh is endowed with vast water areas in the form of ponds, dighis, lakes, streams and rivers, coastal areas, natural depressions and estuaries covering an area of 4.56 million ha (DoF, 2011), etc where fish can be cultured profitably.

Fisheries are diverse with fish and shrimp in the fresh and marine waters of Bangladesh that play a major role in nutrition, employment and foreign exchange earnings with about 12 million people are associated with the fisheries sector.

Around 400,000ha of ponds/ditches and more than 900,000 households are involved in aquaculture (ADB, 2005).

Varieties of cultural, socio-economical and institutional settings together with the diversified set of aquatic species and farming practices has given a multidimensional identity in the sector of aquaculture. The rapid growth in aquaculture production has made the sector important to Bangladesh.

Crustacean, the most prominent product from aquaculture in international trade has been the major force behind increased shrimp/prawn trading. Since the late 1980s, farmed prawn has tended to act as a stabilising factor for this industry.

Feeding fish thought to be unnecessary Feeding fish or any other aquatic domesticated aquatic organisms was considered unnecessary in this part of the world. Most people thought that even farmed aquatic organisms were unnatural. These beliefs was due to ignorance and partly to the fact that fish and shrimp grow beyond our eyesight.

Introduction of pellet types supplemental

Table: The terms and condition of the survey study is as follows:

Tasks

Expectation /Results

1.Explore different types of prawn feed available in the market: a. Local made by local small industry or by household b. Imported c. Distribution system through retailer/ wholesaler

-Possible to know the types of feed used in the prawn farming areas -Possible to know the name and product of company -Find out the brand name of feed -Possible to know the ingredients used -Know the supply system for better profit margins

2.Categorize the feed based on quality

Adequate quality grade of prawn feed will be available in the market Possible to identify the quality grade feed available in the market Enlistment of quality grade feed as per grade

3.To know the market share of the existing companies a. Production capacity b. Process of manufacturing (pellet/powder) c. Economics of different type of feed used in industries and their efficiencies d. Information on ingredients used in feed companies e. Comparative studies on the price and nutritive value between local and commercial made f. Formulation of low cost feed used locally

Possible to know the feed market share and to compliances on rules and regulations

4. To assess the implication on the production

Growth dependency will be known Cost benefit analysis will be determined Choice of alternate feed will be known

5.Identification of hazards ingredients harmful antibiotics and other banned/ harmful substances

Possible to detect nitro furan and other hazards substances contaminated in the feed Identify the % of different types of ingredients used in the feed

6. Collection of primary and secondary data from the different sources on a. Market share b. Ratio of ingredients c. Application of dosages of feed d. Storing system

Can be used as a growth tools Quality can be assured

7. Prepare a final report on feed with a well defined TOC

Information on complete study on feed market will be available

30 | International AquaFeed | March-April 2012

Whether feed is easily intake &digestion Know the capacity and selling price Economics of feed can be assed Ingredients can be known Price and nutritive value can be assed

FEATURE

feeding started in the country in late 1990s when semi-intensive shrimp farming of brackish water started in the southeastern part of the coastal area and in the beginning of last decade in fresh water, when Thai catfish farming started getting popular.

Before that a few farms used rice bran and oil cakes mash from in aquaculture.

Supplemental feeds in pellet form for semiintensive Peneaus monodon farming were mostly imported and a joint venture company started producing several thousand tonnes annually in the country.

However, semi-intensive Peneaus monodon farming started and vanished like bubbles, aquaculture feed imports ceased to exist and the joint venture company switched over to producing low-cost aquaculture feeds for fishes.

Since than pellets became familiar and several companies and private farm owners are now producing pellets for fish and shrimp in the way they like. Most of the pellets produced as feed contains more junks than nutritionally required proportional ingredients.

Improper feeds provided to a terrestrial animal may cause harm to it or the animal can deny consuming and provider has an option to change or modify to make it palatable. In case of aquaculture once feed (sinking) is provided, it is difficult to know that percentage of feed being consumed by target animal.

The impact of poorer quality feeds To make things worse uneaten feed/ particles partly used as fertiliser in aquatic ecosystem and pollute the water body rapidly, if water exchange is not practiced (Tacon, 1996). In Bangladesh aquaculture most ponds are rain fed and hardly has any scope of water exchange.

Therefore, cost effective quality feed is a must for aquaculture.

Bad quality feed translated into poorer production performance, pollutes water bodies, degrade eco-system and environment and may lead to out break of disease in aquaculture farms (Barua et al, 2011).

It is very much difficult to find out the time when formulated feed was introduced in aqua farms of Bangladesh, but it is well known that during the introduction of semi intensive method supplementary feed was introduced.

Especially in shrimp farms located in Coxâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Bazaar used fishmeal, rice bran and different types of oil cakes as supplementary feed.

Local farmer started to use this mixture in 1987-1988. The Meghna Farm of Coxâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s bazar first used the pelleted feed in 1989.

Saudi Bangla Fishfeed Ltd, first manufactured pelleted feed in 1990. In 2001, Bangladesh Integrated Fishery and Poultry Limitedâ&#x20AC;? first introduced floating feed which is very costly.

According to research report and various surveys it was found that there are 100 feedmills in Bangladesh that produce aquaculture feed and poultry feed together.

It is clear that there is no specific study emphasising sustainability/ feasibility of feedbased aquaculture, especially in Bangladesh.

In fact, the production of aqua-feeds has been widely recognised as one of the fastest expanding agricultural industries in the world, with annual growth rates in excess of 30 percent per year (Tacon, 1996). On the basis of different categories of species, 25 percent of total aqua-feed production was for shrimp and prawn.

The efforts have been placed on the use of by-products from the much larger and faster-growing terrestrial agricultural production sector, including: 1) terrestrial animal by-product meals resulting from the processing (i.e. rendering) of March-April 2012 | International AquaFeed | 31

non-food grade livestock by-products; 2) plant oilseed and grain legume meals; 3) cereal by-product meals; and 4) miscellaneous protein sources such as single-cell proteins, leaf protein concentrates, invertebrate meals, etc.

However, the eventual success of these potential feed resources as fishmeal replacement in aquafeeds will depend upon the further development and use of improved

FEATURE

Table 1: List of different feed mills and their capacity and nature of feed Sl. No.

Production capacity (Ton/ Hour)

Name and Address

Purpose

1

ACI Feeds, Vadra Ghat, Shiraj Gonj

20

Poultry, Finfish & shrimp/prawn

2

Aftab feeds Ltd., Rupgonj, Narayangonj

10

Poultry, Finfish

3

AIT Feeds Ltd., Shopipur, gazipur

20

Poultry, Finfish

4

Alea Feeds, Bagher Bazar, Gazipur

10

Poultry, Finfish

5

Aman Feeds, Ullah Para, Shiraj gonj

10

Poultry, Finfish & shrimp/prawn

6

Bay Agro Feeds, Shopipur, Gazipur

5

Poultry, Finfish

7

Biswas Feeds, Kashimpur, Gazipur

5

Poultry, Finfish

8

Bismillah feed Mills,Attaki, Fakirhat, Khulna

5

Poultry, Finfish & Shrimp/prawn

9

Bismillah feed Mills, Nonadanga, Chanderhat, Mollarhat, Khulna

10

BNS Feeds, Shitakundu, chittagaog

5

Poultry, Finfish

11

BRAC Feeds, Sreepur, Gazipur

14

Poultry, Finfish & Shrimp/prawn

12

CP Feeds, Hemayetpur, shavar, Dhaka

10

Poultry, Finfish & Shrimp/prawn

13

Excel feed, Trishal, Mymenshingh

5

Poultry, Finfish

14

Fakirhat Feed mills ltd., fakirhat, Bagerhat

3

Poultry, Finfish & Shrimp/prawn

15

Jamuna Feeds ltd., Padmabil, Bashundia, Jessore

5

Poultry, Finfish

16

Jayson Agreovet (Jassofeed), vabanipur, Memberbari, Gazipur

10

Poultry, Finfish

3.5

17

Jessore Feed Ltd., Bashundia, Jessore

13

Poultry, Finfish & Shrimp/prawn

18

Kazi Feeds, daudkandi, Comilla

40

Poultry, Finfish

19

Lion Feeds, Chandana, Gazipur

20

Poultry, Finfish

20

Lucky Feeds, Kaliakoir,Gazipur

5

Poultry, Finfish

21

M.M Aga Feeds, Baizid Bostami Road, Chittagong

10

Poultry, Finfish

22

Spectra Hexa Feed Mills Ltd., Paturia, Manikgon

7

Poultry, Finfish & Shrimp/prawn

17

Mono Feeds, Chalkpara, Mawna, Gazipur

5

Poultry, Finfish

9

National Feeds, memberbari, Gazipur

13

Poultry, Finfish

27

New hope Feeds, sreepur, Gazipur

30

Poultry, Finfish

12

Niribili Feeds Ltd., BISIC C/A, Cox’s Bazar

10

Poultry, Finfish & Shrimp/prawn

40

North Khulna Fish Feeds, Koia, Khulna

5

Poultry, Finfish & Shrimp/prawn (?)

16

Nourish Feeds, Hobirbari, Valuka, Mymensingh

50

Poultry, Finfish

8

Paragon feeds, Vabanipur, Gazipur

15

Poultry, Finfish & Shrimp/prawn

36

Pocha Feeds, Baliakandi, Kishoregaoj

8

Poultry, Finfish

11

Provita Feeds, Shitakundu, Chittagaog

10

Poultry, Finfish

14

Quality Feeds, Bagher Bazar, Gazipur

5

Poultry, Finfish & Shrimp/prawn

13

Quality feeds, Bogra Unit, Bogra

5

Poultry, Finfish & Shrimp/prawn

33

Saudi Bangla Fish Feeds, Valuka, Mymensingh

15

Poultry, Finfish & Shrimp/prawn

4

SGS Feeds, Mahendra Nagar, Lalmonirhat

5

Poultry, Finfish

3

Shah Amanat Feed, Bogra

5

Poultry, Finfish

37

Shushama feeds, Churkhai, Mymensingh

10

Poultry, Finfish

22

SMS Feeds, Sreepur, Gazipur

3

Poultry, Finfish

32

Sunny Feeds, Valuka, Mymensingh

10

Poultry, Finfish & Shrimp/prawn

29

Supreme Feeds, Kashimpur, Gazipur

9

Poultry, Finfish

31

Tamim agro Feeds, Bogra

5

Poultry, Finfish

20

Teer Feed, Rupganj, Narayangonj

10

Poultry, Finfish

38

United Feed, Meghna Ghat, Narayangonj

10

Poultry, Finfish

6

Usha Feed, Shavar, Dhaka

15

Poultry, Finfish &Shrimp/prawn

32 | International AquaFeed | March-April 2012

techniques in feed processing/manufacture (Riaz, 1997) and feed formulation, including the increased use of specific feed additives such as feeding stimulants, free amino acids, feed enzymes, probiotics and immune-enhancers (Hardy and Dong, 1997).

Feed is the major cost variable in shrimp aquaculture representing up to 60 percent of total costs (Sarac et al, 1993). Feed costs constitute 40-60 percent of operational costs in production of the freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii (D’ Abramo and Sheen, 1991). Initial efforts to reduce feed costs for aquaculture species often include replacement of expensive animal protein with plant protein meals, which are generally less expensive (Tidwell et al., 1993), or elimination of excess vitamin and mineral premixes from the diet (Triño et al., 1992).

Therefore, efforts should be made whenever possible to increased usage of locally available feed ingredient sources so as to reduce the current dependence of imported sources (Rabobank, 1995; Best, 1996). The local production of farm-made aquafeeds by small-scale farmers plays an important role in that it facilitates the use of locally available feed ingredient sources and agricultural by-products that would otherwise not be used (New, 1996).

However, inclusion of different food ingredients, additives, growth promoters and other supplements might accumulate some health hazardous materials in to the muscle of the prawn that might cause the rejection of exported prawn from different importer countries.

Facing the fact, this reality is prevailing now a day in this sector that makes a great setback to the economy of Bangladesh.

However, this survey project had been carried out to get base line information on different prawn feed industries and enterprisers and market situations.

This study used both primary and secondary data to achieve its objectives.

Primary data were collected from the fish farmers, fish entrepreneurs (those provided pond and capital but were not directly related), feed manufacturers, feed dealers and feed retailers.

The survey collected information on cost, return, price, catch and feed composition of fish culture.

On the other hand, secondary data comprised time series information on

FEATURE Table 2: Name of Brand feed by formulated feed industry Name of Industry

Brand Name

ACI Feeds, Vadra Ghat, Shirajgonj

ACI Feed

Bismillah feed, Fakirhat, Khulna

a) Titas, b) Modhumoti & c) balaka

CP Feeds, Hemayetpur, shavar, Dhaka

CP Prawn feed

Fakirhat Feed Mills Ltd.

a) Borak, b) Shapla, c) Tanin, d) Diamond, e) Boishakhi, f) Doyel & g) Toshiba

Jessore Feed

a) Usha, b) Paragon & c) Chamak

Niribili Feeds, BISIC I/A, Cox’s Bazar

Niribili Prawn Feed

North Khulna Feeds, Koia, Khulna

a) Nabila, b) Pashur, c)NK Feed, d) Virab & e) Confidence

Paragon feeds, Vabanipur, Gazipur

Paragon Prawn Feed

Quality Feeds, Bagher Bazar, Gazipur Quality feeds, Bogra Unit, Bogra

Quality: a) Gold, b) Special & c) Suborna

Saudi Bangla Fish Feeds, Valuka, Mymensingh

Saudi Bangla, Saudi Bangla Special Prawn Feed

Spectra Hexa Feeds Ltd., Paturia, Manikgon

Mega Feed

Usha Feed, Shavar, Dhaka

Usha Feed

account certain practical considerations (acceptability of mixture to the animal, ability of the mixture to be pelleted cost, etc). On the basis of farmer’s economic condition in Bangladesh, feed formulation process divided into two types –1) small scale feed industry and 2) large scale feed industry.

Small scale feed industry also divided into two types that are home made and on farm feed. Poor farmers who cannot able to buy

feed from market and machine, produce feed by hand in his home is called homemade feed.

Very cheap and locally available two to four ingredients in market are used for formulation of home made feed. The formulation process is very easy.

Home made feed has a long history of feed formulation in Bangladesh. This feed not need to transfer anywhere, it distributed into the pond as soon as possible by farmers. On

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production of rice; wheat and other mother/ original feed produces. Primary data were collected through direct interviews while secondary data were collected from different issues of Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS) and unpublished but reliable documents of different feed companies.

Feed formulation is the process of designing a mixture that will meet the nutritional requirement of the animal while taking into

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in the industry are called large-scale feed.

In the feedmill, feed produced by large and scientific machine and maintain highly standard for quality of feed.

Generally floating feed and sinking feed formulated by feed mills are considered as large scale feed industry. Floating feed formulation is very new phenomenon in Bangladesh.

By supplying floating feed into the farmers can observe the fish feeding and may be able to detect diseases or other problems.

Other advantages of the floating feed Table 3: List of different ingredients used for prawn feed formulation include higher digestSl. Name of the ingredients Origin ibility due to the heat No. applied during manufacture, better water 1 Binder Imported (China, USA others) stability and no loss 2 De-fatted rice bran Imported (India) of pellets in bottom mud.

3 Defatted soybean meal Imported (India) Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s primarily dis4 Fishmeal Local/imported (India) advantages are higher 5 Limestone/ Di-calcium Imported (India) cost possible loss of phosphate certain nutrients dur6 Maize Local/imported (India) ing processing and 7 Meat and bone meal Imported (Australia, Croatia, increased bulk. Sinking Norway, Ukraine, Belgium, feeds produce from etc.)

1990 when Saudi8 Mustard oil cake Local/imported (India) Bangla fish feed 9 Rape seed meal Imported (India) industry established in Mymensingh district 10 Rice polishing Local which the first is feed 11 Sesame oil cake Local industry in Bangladesh.

12 Shark oil Local After establishing this 13 Soybean oil Locally purchased industry it has great 14 Table salt Local revolution in aquaculture fish feed sector in 15 Wheat flour Local Bangladesh.

According to the Table 4: Proximate composition of Prawn feed newspaper, research Types of Feed size Moisture Ash Protein Fat report it was found feed and shape that there are 100 feedmills are available Nursery Granular 11.0% 16% 30% 5% in Bangladesh that are Starter Crumble 11.0% 16% 17% 5% produced aquaculture feed and poultry feed Grower Pellet , 11.0% 17% 25% 4% 1.8mm in together.

Information of all Finisher Pellet, 11.0% 17% 30% 4% the fish feed industries .2mm

the other hand, aqua farmers formulated feed with few ingredients near their farming site by known as on-farm feed.

In rainy season or any rainy day on-farm feed cannot produce. Locally ingredients are used for feed formulation. This feed may be needed to transfer or not.

Large scale feed industry or aquaculture feed processing technology is a new concept in Bangladesh.

Feed produced for commercial purposes

34 | International AquaFeed | March-April 2012

and enterprises of Jessore, Khulna, Bagerhat, Satkhira, Narail was collected by visiting the industries and enterprises through a set of questionnaires and that of out side these areas were collected by visiting the office of the respective industry and from other sources.

Types of prawn feed on the market It has been observed from the survey that all most all of these feed industries manufacture feed for poultry, around 27 percent of these industries produce feed for prawn using the same machine and only one industry (Specta Hexa) use separate machine for prawn feed preparation (see Table 1).

Most of the industries produce sinking type compact pellet and crumble. Only one industry (Mega Feed) produced both sinking and floating types (for fin fish) although sinking pellets are required for prawn feeding.

The production capacity of the feed industry varies from three to 40 tonnes/ hour and the machineries used for feed manufacturing are imported from China, Taiwan, Thailand, Germany and India and locally made.

In most of the cases it has been observed that most of the industries do not use different tools from a single country of origin. Only one prawn/shrimp feed has been reported to import from India (CP Feed).

These prawn feed industries use either single brand name of their products or different trade names of their products (see Table 2) depending on their market strategy.

However, all these feed industries include almost same ingredients in their manufactured feed (see Table 3).

Most of these feed industries appoint one or more dealer (wholesaler) in each district for their marketing from which the sub dealers (retailers) purchase the feed for the local sale. It has also been observed that some feed industries (Saudi-Bangla, CP) go for contact farming through their agents.

Some feed industries in greater Khulna use dealer, sub dealer and direct sale from the mill gate for their marketing (viz. Bismillah and Fakirhat feedmills).

FEATURE

IAF.ai 29/02/2012 14:12:31

Table 5: Prawn feed production and market share of different feed industries Name of the company Production/yr (MT) North Khulna Fish Feed

50

Jessore Feed Ltd

200

Fakirhat Feed Mills Ltd. Bismillah Feed Mills Saudi Bangla Fish Feed Ltd Spectra Hexa Feeds Ltd.

500 20,000 500 500

Sunny Feed Ltd.

5,000

Quality Feed Ltd.

7,000

Niribili Feeds Ltd.

3,000

Aman Feed Mill

500

CP Feed

1,200

Other

27,032

Total

65,482

However, it has been observed that some of the industries appoint technical personnel in fisheries background as their employee who give support service to the prawn farmers and dealers.

A huge number of feeds (more than 35) were used for fish in the study area and the farmers followed no standard doses to apply them. From the overall survey of prawn feed formulation, it is clear that in terms of quantity used, rice bran appeared to be the largest feed item followed by rice polish, rice and mussel meal, soybean meal, wheat floor, maize etc.

It has also been observed that there are some enterprises that only manufacture feed locally using hauler machine (22hp, China) and only get the making cost. In this case, the prawn farmers directly bring different ingredients to the enterprise and mix different feed ingredients in varied ratios prior to making the feed. However, the composition of these is not clear.

Feed quality

Most of the company use one, five and 20kg pack for nursery feed and 25kg pack 0.076357 for grower and fin0.305427 isher prawn feed.

0.763569 Nutritional infor30.54274 mation labeled on 0.763569 each pack/bag is the protein, lipid, fiber and 0.763569 moisture percentages.

7.635686 However, in some 10.68996 cases energy level of 4.581412 the feed is also men0.763569 tioned without any 1.832565 clarification (gross, digestible or metaboli41.28081 gible) and no FCR for 100 prawn is mentioned.

Yet the actual nutrient content of the respective feed to be determined before drawing any conclusion is better as personal interview of some of the manufacturer reveals that the nutritional information labeled on the pack is on assumption basis rather determination.

However, from the label it was noted that prawn nursery feed contains 35-42 percent protein whereas grower and finisher contain 24-28 percent protein. No crumble unit observed in most of the industries rather they produce crumble by breaking the pellet followed by sieving through a desired meshed sieve.

Hence, it could be assumed that in some cases the protein level of the nursery feed would not be higher as it is declared ( see Table 4) Market Share (%)

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Market share of the existing companies Prawn farming areas are gradually increasing day by day as the invasion of saline water in the shrimp farming areas is opposed by the marginal local farmers. It is assumed that approximately 50,000ha of coastal and inland area is used for prawn farming.

Hence, considering 212kg prawn production per acre the total prawn production is more than 26,000 tonnes per year.

If we consider the average FCR is 2.5 then right now the prawn feed requirement is more than 65,482tonnes/year.

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Although by scientific culture the production can be easily increased by many fold and there is a great potentiality of prawn feed market in Bangladesh. Different feed industries produce approximately 38,000 tonnes prawn feed per year.

Hence, the rest of the requirement (more than 27,000 tonnes) is met by homemade feed or feed ingredients. From a personal interview it has also been known that some prawn farmers use poultry feed as a substitution of prawn feed (see Table 5).

From the survey it was found that Bismillah Feed Mills occupies the major share (>30%) in prawn feed market (see Table 4) followed

by Quality Feed Ltd. Sunny Feed Ltd. and Niribili Feeds Ltd. (10.69%, 7.64% and 4.58% respectively).

Price of prawn feed of these leading companies varied from 25-40Tk/kg. It has been observed that the feed market of particular industry is not same in greater Khulna region.

As for example, the prawn farmers of Fakirhat and Bagerhat areas prefer the feed of Bismillah feed mills; Sunny feed mills and Fakirhat feed mills as the other companies. On the other hand, Khulna, Satkhira, Jessore and Naril districtsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; farmers do not have particular choice on any feed but have been observed to use Spectra Hexa, Quality, Saudi-Bangla, Sunny and Niribili feed more frequently than the others..

Marketing channel is very important for feedmill operations.

The success of feed mill depends on proper marketing channel. It is the first priority of feed mill operation. After establishing an agent and than distributor or dealer appointment are the first steps of feed mill before going to the production; because they are important for reaching the farmers, by taking the production of feedmills.

Identification of hazards ingredients harmful antibiotics and other banned/ harmful The use of food additives, anti-fungal and mold inhibitors and antibiotics is a common phenomenon in all the feed industries.

However, as per their information, no banned item is used in the feed.

In most of the cases, the companies do not disclose the combination of the feed ingredients and other additives and medicines that are used in feed due to their business secrecy.

Yet the use of Oxi-tetracycline and Flavomycine has been known from personal interview. All companies deny the usage of chloramphenicle and nitro furan and their derivatives and medicine.

However, form the assessment of the Department of Quality Control, Department of Fisheries in 2008, the existence of Chloramphenicle and nitro furan have been reported in almost all of the prawn feed in some certain batch of production.

Considering the information of the companies, it is assumed that these banned chemicals could be incorporated from the ingredients that are used for feed formulation especially for the imported ingredients viz. meat and bonemeal and fishmeal as there is no report of testing of the ingredients for these prohibited antibiotics at the port or quarantine.

Policy Implication On the basis of the above requirements and availability estimates, except rice polish, the entire local feed items required imports to run culture fisheries in the country. As culture fisheries capture more and more areas under its operation, it is going to become an import dependent practice if the feed situation prevails without any measures to address it.

As culture fisheries are an important source of income and employment, they have

36 | International AquaFeed | March-April 2012

a significant livelihood impact on the economy of Bangladesh.

Therefore, proper policy and other measures are suggested, to be taken by both the government organisations and NGOs to improve the local fish feed situation of the country.

Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS), Department of Fisheries (DoF) and other concerning organisations should record feed and other fisheries related data regularly. The government and NGOs should come forward to establish local feedmills to cater to the feed requirement of the growing and promising fish culture industry.

Intensive research programs should be undertaken immediately by both GOs and NGOs for quality innovation.

Farmers and users should be trained so that they can use the feed and other inputs more efficiently. Capital should be supplied to the farmers who suffer from a lack of sufficient capital to use or purchase feeds from the market in a timely fashion.

A monitoring system should be developed to check the adulteration of fish feed in the country. A subsidy/duty reduction package can be launched for impor ted feed ingredients so that supplementary fish culture can be sustained with lower costs of production. â&#x2013;

About the authors

by Ayaz Hasan Chisty 1, Prabal Barua 2 * and Jewel Das 3 1Fisheries and Marine Resource Technology Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna, Bangladesh 2Fisheries and Aquaculture Division, Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata-700019, West Bengal, India 3Business Development Program (Prawn), Winrock International, Dhaka

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Monitoring pond water quality to improve shrimp and fish production

by Elisabeth Mayer MSc, BIOMIN Holding GmbH, Austria

T

he proper management of pond water quality plays a significant role for the success of aquaculture operations.

Each water quality parameter alone can directly affect the animals´ health. Exposure of shrimp and fish to improper levels of dissolved oxygen, ammonia, nitrite or hydrogen sulfide leads to stress and disease. However, in the complex and dynamic environment of aquaculture ponds, water quality parameters also influence each other.

quality parameters such as oxygen, pH, temperature, salinity, turbidity and nitrogen compounds are described with insights on how these parameters influence each other. Table 1 gives an overview of the water quality parameters with their standard values.

Dissolved oxygen (DO) is one of the most important parameters in aquaculture.

Maintaining good levels of DO in the water is essential for successful production since oxygen (O2) has a direct influence on feed intake, disease resistance and metabolism. A Unbalanced levels of temperature and sub-optimal level is very stressful for fish and pH can increase the toxicity of ammonia shrimp. It is therefore important to keep DO and hydrogen sulfide. Thus, maintaining bal- at optimum levels of above 4.0 ppm.

The dynamic oxygen cycle of ponds fluctuanced levels of water quality parameters is fundamental for both the health and growth ates throughout the day due to phytoplankton of culture organisms. It is recommended to photosynthesis and respiration (Figure 1).

As shown in Figure 1 maximum DO monitor and assess water quality parameters will occur in the late afternoon due to the on a routine basis.

In this article the most important water buildup of O2 during the day through photosynthesis. As phytoplankton Table 1: Water quality parameters and their standard values (microscopic algae) usually Parameter Standard values consumes the most O2 and since photosynthesis does not occur during the night, (Dissolved) Oxygen >4.0 mg/l DO levels decline. Critically Temperature Species dependent low DO occurs in ponds pH 7.5 – 8.5 specifically when algal blooms Salinity Freshwater: < 0.5 ppt crash. The subsequent bacBrackishwater: 0.5 – 30 ppt terial decomposition of the Saltwater: 30 – 40 ppt dead algae cells demands a Optimum: 15 – 25 ppt lot of oxygen. Managing the Carbon dioxide (CO2) < 10 ppm equilibrium of photosynthesis Ammonia (NH4+/NH4-N) 0 – 0.5 ppm and respiration as well as the algae growth - is an imporNitrite (NO2-) < 1 ppm tant task in the daily work of Hardness 40 – 400 ppm a farmer.

Alkalinity 50 – 300 ppm When feeding the fish H2S 0 ppm and shrimp, oxygen demand BOD < 50 mg/l is higher due to increased 38 | International AquaFeed | March-April 2012

energy expenditure (also known as specific dynamic action). To face this higher oxygen demand, several measures can be taken: Other sources of oxygen than photosynthesis are diffusion or transfer from air to water. Wave action or mechanical aeration is forcing this oxygen diffusion. Paddlewheel aerators accomplish this by breaking water into small droplets and increasing contact of water surface with air. Aspirator aerators compel air into the water through a venture and a propeller. Another reason for aeration is the circulation of aerated water through the pond.

Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) of the pond can affect the oxygen cycle and thus, the oxygen equilibrium. Five-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) is the amount of DO needed by aerobic biological organisms in the water to break down organic material present at a constant temperature during a 5-day period.

BOD5 is an important water quality variable that may be required to demonstrate compliance with water quality permits issued by the governments and to achieve farm certification.

The BOD5 of pond aquaculture effluents usually ranges from 5 to 20 mg/l. The greater the BOD, the more rapidly oxygen is depleted.

Also, the O2 cycle and thus, the DO levels can be affected by changes in the environment; a cloudy day will diminish the photosynthetic O2 input to DO. Correspondingly, uncommonly high temperatures will decrease the solubility of O2 in water and hence lower DO. When a pond is in “equilibrium” DO will not change drastically.

Temperature is another important water quality parameter. It can affect fish and shrimp

FEATURE

Figure 1: The daily cycle of oxygen in a pond

Figure 2: The daily cycle of oxygen and carbon dioxide in a pond

tolerance to low O2 conditions Table 2: Temperature (°C) conditions for aquatic species and inducing stress comparable Lower lethal Preferred Upper lethal to suffocation.

Species temperature temperature temperature An increase in CO2 may also decrease the pH, which can lead to toxicity of nitrite. If plants in Rainbow trout 0 13 - 17 24 - 27 the water absorb too much CO2 Nile tilapia 8 - 12 31 - 36 42 for photosynthesis during the day, Tra catfish 9 23 – 27 33 the pH will increase, and the Crucian carp 0 25 - 32 38 fish and shrimp are subjected to Channel catfish 9 22 – 29 37 higher un-ionized toxic ammonia (NH3) concentrations.

Cobia 1 21 - 27 33 Carbon dioxide concentraTiger prawn 14 25 - 30 36 tions above 60 ppm may be White shrimp 14 > 20 40 lethal. In an emergency, CO2 can be removed by Table 3: Toxicity of H2S to various aquatic organisms adding liming agents such Common name Species name LC50 (ppb) as quicklime, hydrated lime or sodium carbonate to the pond water.

Channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus 846.7 pH is a measure of Indian prawn Penaeus indicus 179.3 acidity (hydrogen ions) or Oriental river shrimp Macrobrachium nipponense 51.0 alkalinity of the water. It Crab Portunus trituberculatus 31.5 is important to maintain Black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon 62.6 a stable pH at a safe range because it affects Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei 60.2 the metabolism and other physiological processes of culture organisms. daylight hours. pH is generally lowest at It can create stress, enhance the susceptibility sunrise (due to respiration and release of to disease, lower the production levels and CO2 during the night) and highest in the cause poor growth and even death. Signs afternoon when algae utilization of CO2 is at of sub-optimal pH are besides others increased mucus on the gill surfaces of fish, unusual swim23-24 May 2012 ming behavior, Aviemore, Scotland fin fray, harm to the eye lens as well as poor phytoplankton and zooplankton growth. Optimal pH levels in the pond should be in the range of 7.5 – 8.5.

The CO2 concentration in the water also influences the pH, e. g. an increase in CO2 decreases the pH, as already mentioned above (Diagram 1). As phytoplankton in the The UK’s major Aquaculture exhibition and conference water utilizes featuring the latest aquaculture products and innovations.

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Diagram 1: CO2 and pH correlation, influencing the toxicity of NH3

metabolism, feeding rates and the degree of ammonia toxicity. Temperature also has a direct impact on biota respiration (O2 consumption) rates and influences the solubility of O2 (warmer water holds less O2 than cooler water).

Temperature cannot obviously be controlled in a pond. Aquatic animals modify their body temperature to the environment and are sensitive to rapid temperature variations. For each species, there is a range of temperature conditions (Table 2). It is therefore important to adapt fish and shrimp progressively when transferring them from tank to pond.

Carbon dioxide (CO2) in ponds is primarily produced through respiration by fish/ shrimp and the microscopic plants and animals that constitute the pond biota.

Carbon dioxide levels (and toxicity) are highest when DO levels are lowest (Figure 2). Thus, dawn is a critical time for monitoring DO and CO2. High CO2 concentrations inhibit the ability of fish and shrimp to extract O2 from the water, reducing the

March-April 2012 | International AquaFeed | 39

FEATURE

hemoglobin and reduce its ability to carry oxygen.

An increase in CO2 may decrease the pH to a value below 6.5, which can lead to toxicity of nitrite through the formation of nitrous acid (HNO2). At 2 ppm (mg/l) and above, nitrites are toxic (injurious or lethal) to many fish and shrimp.

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), a colorless, toxic gas, is a by-product of the deterioration of organic matter, usually under anaerobic conditions.

Anaerobic soils with Table 4: Waters can be classified by the degrees of hardness moderate to high organic concentrations can be a sig0 – 75 mg/l soft nificant source of 75 – 150 mg/l moderately hard H2S, which is toxic 150 – 300 mg/l hard to shrimp and fish, Over 300 mg/l very hard even at low conHardness refers to the concentration of calcium and magnesium in centrations since it water. hinders their respiration. If the bottom ammonium ions (NH4+), which are nontoxic, soil becomes black and a rotten egg odor and as the un-ionized toxic ammonia (NH3). is recognized when sediment is disturbed, The relative proportion of the one or the it indicates anaerobic conditions and the other depends on water temperature and pH. presence of H2S. Hydrogen sulfide is highly toxic in the If the phytoplankton absorbs too much CO2 during the day, and therefore increase the pH unionized form (comparable to ammonia). to a value above 8.5, the fish and shrimp are However, the unionized form is predominant subjected, depending on the total ammonia at low pH (< 8) and high temperature. At pH nitrogen concentration, to high ammonia con- 7.5 approximately 14 percent of the sulfide is centrations (NH3). As little as 0.6 ppm (mg/l) in the toxic H2S form and at pH 6.5 about free ammonia (NH3) can be toxic to many 61 percent. Therefore, sulfide concentrations kinds of fish and shrimp, causing gill irritation should be below 0.002 ppm. Many marine species live in close proximity to sediments and respiratory problems.

Nitrite (NO2-) is another form of nitrog- that often contain H2S. Some even live in enous compound that results from feeding them. From the data in Table 3 it is clear, that and can be toxic to shrimp and fish. Nitrite is the range of susceptibility to H2S poisoning an intermediate product of the transformation is huge.

Drying and tilling pond bottoms, in addition of ammonia into nitrate by bacterial activity.

The absorbed nitrites from the gut bind to to maintaining thorough aeration of ponds its greatest. Waters of moderate alkalinity are more buffered and there is a lesser degree of pH variation.

Ammonia is a very important parameter for good fish and shrimp production.

Under particular conditions, ammonia can easily rise (through accumulation of overfeeding, protein rich, excess feed wastes and excreted ammonia) to dangerously high levels.

Ammonia in water exists in two forms, as

40 | International AquaFeed | March-April 2012

and frequent water exchange, are effective means in diminishing hydrogen sulfide.

Alkalinity is the buffering capacity of water and represents its amount of carbonates and bicarbonates. Alkalinity can affect the potential for primary productivity and also the water pH. In case the water pH fluctuates greatly during the day, lime can be used to increase alkalinity in the water to stabilize the water pH. Values of 50 – 100 mg/l are considered moderate and are recommended. Total alkalinity has been traditionally expressed as milligrams per liter (ppm) of equivalent calcium carbonate (CaCO3). Generally, alkalinity varies from site to site. In the seawater, alkalinity is normally higher than 100 ppm but in freshwater areas, alkalinity is often low, particularly during the rainy season. Low alkalinity in freshwater or in low salinity areas will affect the survival rate and molting of shrimp.

Hardness refers to the concentration of calcium and magnesium in water.

Hard waters have the ability to buffer the effects of heavy metals such as zinc or copper which are toxic for fish and shrimp. Thus, hardness is a crucial parameter in maintaining good pond “balance”.

Salinity represents the total concentration of dissolved inorganic ions, or salts, in water. It plays a significant role for the growth of culture organisms through osmoregulation of body minerals from that of the surrounding water. For better survival and growth an optimum range of salinity should be maintained in the pond water.

If salinity is too high, fish and shrimp will start to lose water to the environment. Younger shrimp appear to tolerate a wider fluctuation of salinity than the adults. Drastic changes of salinity may also alter the phytoplankton fauna and their population densities and lead to instability of the ecosystem. Lowering the salinity by more than five ppt, at each time of water exchange, is not recommended.

Conclusion Careful monitoring of water quality parameters is important to understand the interactions between parameters and effects on shrimp and fish feeding, their growth and health. Each water parameter alone may not tell much, but several parameters together can reveal dynamic processes taking place in the pond. Water quality records will allow farmers to note changes and make decisions fast so that corrective actions can be taken quickly.

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www.aquafeed.co.uk 42 | International AquaFeed | March-April 2012

Perendale Publishers Ltd, the publishers of Grain & Feed MiIling Technology and International Aquafeed, has set up an online Amazon-based ‘Book Shop’ that lets you browse a wide range of recently-published reports and books on related topics. You can now read an extended review before making your selection and purchasing directly from Amazon.

BOOK REVIEW

Australian Fish Farmer - Second edition

The chapters of this book have been created through many years of developing practical training programs.

The authors carry the readers through the overall thrust of aquaculture, the nuts and bolts of the industry and how they are put together to create a commercial operation. They give the reader a good basic understanding and outline the different phases, from the highly technical hatchery phase to the daily routine of the production phase to the high excitement of marketing.

They also point out that aquaculture isn’t an easy way to make money, but a subject that requires dedication and understanding. The views and methods that they express in this book have been based on their experiences, observations and the accepted industry practices.

This book in their view is a basic guide to fish farming simplified as they are keen to express aquaculture is not rocket science, although it is based in science. The rules of genetics, water chemistry, nutrition and biology are the parameters within which we, as practicing fish and crayfish farmers, have to operate.

The Australian fish farmer is split into 24 chapters: Chapter 1: What makes aquaculture work?

Chapter 2: Aquaculture production systems

Chapter 3: The five stages of a fish’s life Chapter 4: Aquaculture categories Chapter 5: The first step – the acquisition of knowledge Chapter 6: Water quality Chapter 7: The environment – temperature Chapter 8: Fish husbandry Chapter 9: Nutrition Chapter 10: Site selection Chapter 11: System design Chapter 12: Aquaculture hardware and infrastructure Chapter 13: Stocking and handling seed stock Chapter 14: Breeding Chapter 15: Fish health Chapter 16: Predators and pests Chapter 17: Harvesting Chapter 18: Post-harvest handling Chapter 19: Marketing Chapter 20: Getting started: choosing the right option Chapter 21: The law Chapter 22: Management and administration Chapter 23: Species Chapter 24: Epilogue Both authors have produced a book that for any beginner is a must read, the subject material they cover is vast and ranging from how to set up a farm to marketing the produce to the customers, as well as looking into the laws that govern aquaculture.

I believe this book is a must have aid to anyone interested in aquaculture or venturing out into setting up a fish farm. A fantastic book worth its weight in gold suitable for students, tutors, educational establishments and anyone with a keen and vested interest in the aquaculture industry as a whole.

Trout and Salmon: Ecology, Conservation and Rehabilitation

T

he farming of Salmon and Trout is a global industry, from Norway to Scotland, Ireland,and Canada. One of the major issues in Salmon and Trout farming has been its impact on the wild population, a problem that has been a major issue in Canada in recent times with the decline of the Sockeye salmon.

In 2000 Dr DT Crisp wrote this publication Trout and Salmon: Ecology, Conservation and Rehabilitation. Although written primarily with in a UK context, in general can be considered useful for any country where salmon and trout are farmed and where there is an impact on the native species.

This book deals with two key species of the genus Salmo, namely the ‘European ‘ trout (Salmo trutta L.) and the Atlantic salmon (S. salar L.) particularly during the part of their lives that are spent in flowing fresh water. They are also

ISBN: 978-0-85238-256-1

important species as indicators of river quality and within the aquaculture industry.

The author has written this book for a wider general audience, as well as those who work in ecology and aquaculture.

This book was written from a perspective of the UK, but its hold true for the understanding of the skills and knowledge in dealing with key species like trout and salmon, in their natural environment and in the farmed environment on a global basis.

Though this book was published in 2000, I believe its still a valid text and holds an important place for anyone involved in trout and salmon fisheries.

The author maintains this book was written for a comparatively wide readership and I would have to say it is. As well as fishery scientist and ecologists, this book will also appeal to sedimentologists and engineers as well as anyone concerned with river restoration and conservation and some anglers and natural historians. In my opinion this is a great book that has been well written, and well worth a place on anyone shelf in their book collection.

March-April 2012 | International AquaFeed | 43

BOOK REVIEW

T

he authors John Mosig and Ric Fallu are not world experts in the field of aquaculture, but they have brought together a world of information from experts and experience of many people in the field of aquaculture, from hatcheries to feed producers and vets.

ISBN: 0 643 06865 1

INDUSTRY Events 22nd - 24th March 12

*

Fishing, Aquaculture & Seafood Expo, Scottish Exhibition & Conference Centre (SECC), Glasgow, UK Contact: Charlene Harris, SECC, Exhibition Way, Glasgow, G3 8YW, UK Tel: +44 141 576 3253 Email: charlene.harris@qdevents. co.uk Web: www.fasexpo.com

16th - 17th April 12

*

2nd Algae World Australia, Perth, Australia Contact: Ms Fu Huiyan, 80 Marine Parade Road #13-02, Singapore Tel: +65 65 6346 9113 Fax: +65 63455928 Email: huiyan@cmtsp.com.sg Web: www.cmtevents.com/main. aspx?ev=120418&pu=211136

1st - 4th May 12

*

Skretting Australasian Aquaculture 2012 International Conference and Trade Show, Melbourne Convention and Exhibition, Centre, Australia Contact: Sarah-Jane Day, PO Box 370, Nelson Bay NSW 2315, Australia Tel: +61 437 152 234 Fax: +61 2 4984 1142 Email: sarah-jane.day@aquaculture. org,au Web: www.aquaculture.org.au

INDUSTRY Events

23rd - 24th May 12

*

Aquaculture UK 2012, Macdonald, Highland Resort, Aviemore, UK Contact: David Mack, Rosebank, Ankerville Street, Tain IV191BH, UK Tel: +44 1862892188 Email: davidmack@btconnect.com Web: www.aquacultureuk.com

Events Key: * = See our magazine at this show • = More information available

14th - 17th June 12

*

SEAEXPO TURKEY 2012, Istanbul IFM Hall 9, Turkey Contact: Hande Biber, HKF Trade Fairs, Barbaros Bulvari 163/2, 34349 Besiktas, Istanbul - Turkey Tel: +90 212 216 40 10 Fax: +90 212 216 33 60 Email: hande@hkf-fairs.com Web: www.seaexpoturkey.com

4th - 6th July 12

*

Indo Livestock 2012 Expo & Forum, Jakarta Convention Center, Indonesia Contact: Didit Siswodwiatmoko or Devi Ardiatne, Jl. Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No. 10, Kompleks Billy & Moon, Pondok Kelapa, Jakarta 13450, Indonesia

•*

Tel: +32 9 233 49 12 Fax: +32 9 233 49 12 Email: mario@marevent.com Web: www.marevent.com

*

Offshore Mariculture Conference 2012, Hilton Hotel, Izmir, Turkey Contact: Isobel Roberts, Mercator Media Ltd, The Old Mill, Lower Quay, Fareham, Hampshire, PO16 0RA, UK Tel: +44 1329 825 335 Fax: +44 1329 825 330 Email: conferences

@offshoremariculture.com Web: www.offshoremariculture.com/

24th - 25th October 12

•*

BioMarine Business Convention 2012, Fishmonger’s Hall, London, UK Contact: Veronique Erwes Email: veronique.erwes@biomarine.org Web: www.biomarine.org/

International Aquafeed events go mobile!

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AQUA Science responds to industry needs

Aqua 2012, Prague, Czech Republic Contact: Mr Mario Stael, Marevent, Begijnengracht 40, 9000 Gent, Belgium

17th - 19th October 12

*

EuroTier 2012, Hannover, Germany Contact: Dr. Karl Schlösser, DLG, Eschborner Landstrasse 122, 60489 Frankfurt/Main, Germany, Tel: +49 69 24788-259 Fax: +49 69 24788-113 Email: eurotier@dlg.org Web: www.eurotier.com

2012

Tel: +62 21 – 864 4756 Fax: +62 21 – 865 0963 Email: info@indolivestock.com Web: www.indolivestock.com

1st - 5th September 12

13th - 16th November 12

A

s with all the events or ganised by the European and World Aquaculture Societies, our AQUA 2012 event in Prague in September will focus on how science plays a fundamental role in the development of the global aquaculture industry.

The AQUA 2012 theme , Global Aquaculture: Securing Our Future has obvious implications in global and regional food security and aquaculture trade, placing aquaculture products in the global fisheries market. It also refers to economic and environmental sustainability and the image of aquaculture activities.

The event will be a truly global one, including technical sessions that cover farmed fish, shellfish, algal and crustacean species from all climatic zones and all continents.

Many industry initiatives are also being planned, included Farmers’ Days, a Percid fish culture workshop and other workshops that link the scientific conference to the international trade exhibition. Trade show booths are selling very well, but are also still available.

Abstr acts are still being accepted for the vast array of topics that are encompassed by the numerous sessions.

More

informatiom:

Website www.easonline.org Website: www.was.org

44 | International AquaFeed | March-April 2012

TRADE FAIR for AQUACULTURE and SEAFOOD PRODUCTS FISHERY and TECHNOLOGIES JUNE, 14 - 17 2012 ISTANBUL EXPO CENTER HALL 9

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INDUSTRY Events BioMarine Business Convention

I

n a Dragon year, ever ything is magnified 10 fold. Dragon year, therefore, is propitious for people who have the courage to take risks and hold firmly to their principles.

So the key word is entrepreneurship I don’t think the Biomarine community has been waiting for this to star t before getting ready. I already feel a very busy and fruitful climate surrounding us. This morning when I started writing this short editorial I was really glad to see another achieve-

Get ready to rock and roll … or else crawl under a rock until it's over.

ment of our efforts to connect your businesses: Aquapharm (Andrew Mearns-Spragg, UK) and Aqua Bio Technology (Arvid Lindberg, Norway) are ready to work together to develop the next ultimate marine ingredient for skin care.

BioMarine is the only international platform dedicated to marine bio resources. It’s a real crossroad for the most dynamic sectors, such as marine ingredients, nutraceuticals, cosmetics, blue biotechnologies, cleantech, aquaculture, aquafeed and human nutrition.

It’s a real world of business oppor tunities that yo u r e a l l y w a n t to grab … that is the ultimate goal BioMarine!

This year, our coorganising par tner International Aquafeed magazine

will help us to buzz and reach out to the entire BioMarine community around the world.

We have been redesigning our platform to offer you a unique place to network efficiently and work on impor tant topics and issues from your day-to-day business.

The 250 attendees at this year’s BioMarine Business Convention in London the year (October 24-25, 2012) will take an active role in the discussion and debates.

Yes, that’s right, 250 executive speakers ready to share and explain how they handle their businesses, their development and their R&D. This year our partnering system is provided by Team Resa: simple, efficient and flexible it will foster business opportunities. So let’s get down to business; join us and start sharing with us and our program committee your ideas and the issues

you would like the Convention think-tanks to focus on.

London is the international capital city in 2012 with the Olympic Games, the Queen’s Diamond Jubilee and now BioMarine Business Convention 2012. Our Convention will allow you to discover some of the greatest heritage places London has to offer including our venues of: The Fishmonger’s Hall the perfect location for our Convention which is a notable landmark, cosy environment and friendly, convenient location. What else would you need for a relaxing and focused meeting place?

The prestigious Houses of Parliament, where we have organize our closing gala cocktail party We look forward to seeing you in London …

More

information:

Website: www.biomarine.org

VII FERIA INTERNACIONAL DE ACUICULTURA 10 AL 13 DE OCTUBRE - PUERTO MONTT - CHILE

PARTICIPE EN ESTE IMPORTANTE ENCUENTRO CONTACTO

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The Aquaculturist

A regular look inside the aquaculture industry

Hi my name is Martin Little. I am the Aquaculturists, with a background in Marine Zoology and eight years working in the field as a consultant fisheries observer in the North Atlantic, I am now part of International Aquafeed magazine, and as well as my column in the pages of the magazine I will be running an accompanying blog that can be found at http://theaquaculturists.blogspot.com/

W

http://theaquaculturists.blogspot.com

ell time flies and it March already, as ever we are working hard to bring you good quality news items on theaquaculturists. We have been busy in the first two months, and we are now members of Paper.li and Pinterest. so our blogs are heading to new destinations. In the aquaculturists we will be looking at aquaponics, the aquaculture industry of the US, Canada, as well as Asia, Africa and Europe. Some of the innovations and the problems that aquaculture companies deal with daily. Why not sign up to our news service its free. Why not let us deliver these short news items direct to your business or social website account? Just visit our blog and click the link to sign up. I'm here to keep you informed. I look forward to welcoming you to our service! you can find our blog at http://theaquaculturists.blogspot.com/

46 | International AquaFeed | March-April 2012

AQUAFEED

Subscribe www.aquafeed.co.uk/subscribe.php International Aquafeed is published six times a year, bringing you in-depth features, industry news, events, book reviews and more.

As well as your personal copy delivered direct to your address, subscribers to International Aquafeed also receive a free copy of the International Aquafeed Directory worth UKÂŁ85.

For more information please visit our website.

For a complimentary trial issue, please contact the Circulation & Subscriptions Manager - Tuti Tan Email: tutit@aquafeed.co.uk

www.aquafeed.co.uk/online.php International Aquafeed is also available to view online free of charge, with a complete archive of back issues, cover over two years of the magazines history.

The magazine is available as a full online magazine, or as individual features, that can be separately downloaded, free of charge.

For more information please visit the website.

March-April 2012 | International AquaFeed | 47

www.aquafeed.co.uk

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48 | International AquaFeed | March-April 2012

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Powerful 400 kW motor for high capacity grinding.

Largest screen area of any 400 kW hammer mill reduces wear of screens and hammers.

Screens and hammers designed for replacement by a single person in less than 30 minutes.

Smooth running sliding doors on both sides for fast and easy maintenance.

Closed machine housing preventing dust settlements and easy to clean, plain surfaces.

Innovations for a better world.