May | June 2012 International Aquafeed by Perendale Publishers Ltd

Vo l u m e 1 5 I s s u e 3 2 0 1 2

Transfering Vitamin C from fish to embryos Oxygenation technology â&#x20AC;&#x201C; poised to transform aquaculture worldwide

Ornamental fish and invertebrates for home aquaria Brewersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; yeast as a supplement in aquaculture the international magazine for the aquaculture feed industry

WHO CARES... …If profits in the aquaculture industry are as appetising as a sea bass dinner? As feed prices soar and formulation moves towards sustainability, aquaculture producers must maximise feed efficiency to stay on the menu. In all phases of the fish’s life, proper nutrition will improve health. With decades of dedicated research, the “Alltech Aqua Advantage” programme responds to the challenges of today’s aquaculture producers through nutritional innovation, addressing issues such as growth and performance, feed efficiency, flesh quality and immunity. So, when asked who cares about your profitability? Remember

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AQUA

FEED

CONTENTS

An international magazine for the aquaculture feed industry

Aqua News 4 4 5 6 6 7

Claim of salmon virus denied Supplier Focus: Norel A unique identification system - one code, fast traceable, safe and healthy Darden plans to build world's largest lobster farm BIOMIN Mycotoxin Survey Program 2011 International Aquafeed Magazine to sponsor FIGAP’s Aqua Pavilion

Features 8

Transfering Vitamin C from fish to embryos

12 Oxygenation technology poised to transform aquaculture worldwide 16 The origin of introduced rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in the Santa Cruz River, Patagonia, Argentina 34 Ornamental fish and invertebrates for home aquaria 40 Brewers’ yeast as a supplement in aquaculture

Regular items 22 42 43 44 46

EXPERT TOPIC - TROUT CLASSIFIED ADVERTS THE AQUACULTURIST THE AQUAFEED INTERVIEW INDUSTRY EVENTS

International Aquafeed is published six times a year by Perendale Publishers Ltd of the United Kingdom. All data is published in good faith, based on information received, and while every care is taken to prevent inaccuracies, the publishers accept no liability for any errors or omissions or for the consequences of action taken on the basis of information published. ©Copyright 2012 Perendale Publishers Ltd. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means without prior permission of the copyright owner. Printed by Perendale Publishers Ltd. ISSN: 1464-0058

www.perendale.co.uk

Editor Professor Simon Davies Email: simond@aquafeed.co.uk

Associate Editors Professor Krishen Rana Email: krishenr@aquafeed.co.uk Alice Neal Email: alicen@aquafeed.co.uk

Editorial Advisory Panel • Abdel-Fattah M. El-Sayed (Egypt) • Professor António Gouveia (Portugal) • Professor Charles Bai (Korea) • Colin Mair (UK) • Dr Daniel Merrifield (UK) • Dr Dominique Bureau (Canada) • Dr Elizabeth Sweetman (Greece) • Dr Kim Jauncey (UK) • Eric De Muylder (Belgium) • Dr Pedro Encarnação (Singapore)

Subscription & Circulation Tuti Tan Email: tutit@aquafeed.co.uk

Design & Page Layout James Taylor Email: jamest@aquafeed.co.uk

International Marketing Team Darren Parris Email: darrenp@aquafeed.co.uk

Croeso (Welcome in Welsh)

warm welcome to our spring edition although in the UK we are battling rain and flooding after a very warm March that promised so much more. However we need the water to address the severe drought conditions that affects much of East England and which has caused serious water shortages in our reservoirs and also many trout farms in the south of the UK.

Trout in particular need fast flowing water and good exchange rates to provide oxygen for life support and meet high production capacity as we have reported recently in IAF. Several trout farmers have had to hold back their stock/ stocking densities and reduce feeding in southern England to minimise stress and the other negative consequences of flow constraints and turnover. This reminds us only too well that aquaculture is so much dependent on nature’s good will in addition to the quality of the diet. Indeed, feed management is crucial to Professor Simon Davies the optimisation of growth rates and production. I am pleased to say that in the UK we may be emerging from these problems given the continued downpours of late and many areas are back to normal. We have a timely feature therefore from Germany on oxygen technology, crucial to the requirements of intensively reared fish. On the subject of trout, we have a major feature on trout production in many regions and developments for this important aquaculture fin fish sector. Trout are one of my favourite fish species since I spent so much time working on them in my PhD degree back in Stirling University in the early 1980’s. I was always fascinated with salmonids and became very interested in the biology of brown trout, native sea trout (Sewin in Wales) and of course Atlantic salmon which today is the most successful farmed fish in Scotland, Norway and Chile. Most of our feed and knowledge of fish nutrition derives from these species and the rainbow trout has become the most studied salmonid because of its abundance in terms of inland fish farms and amenability to being held under controlled laboratory conditions. We report on rainbow trout production throughout the world within a new expert topic feature taking an in-depth look at various species forming the main aquaculture output. Another area which we are now concentrating our interests is the ornamental aquarium sector and in this edition we turn our attention to their trade and legislation issues which is a major prerequisite to the development of a suitable feed industry to support this expanding industry.

Latin American Office

As a fish nutrition scientist, I am very interested in vitamin C (ascorbic acid) and most fish are unable to de novo synthesize this vital micronutrient making them so similar to humans.Vitamin C has been shown to be absolutely important in fish health and research has demonstrated its role in fry, grower and brood stock with clear metabolic functions ranging from skeletal development, skin and fin integrity and also immune competence with regard to disease resistance. We present an interesting article on vitamin C supplementation of feeds based on a US perspective with channel catfish.

Ivàn Marquetti Email: ivanm@perendale.com

The use of a brewers yeast product in fish nutrition is also reviewed with notable health promoting attributes due to the complex characteristics of this most natural of ingredients.

Lee Bastin Email: leeb@aquafeed.co.uk

Until our next issue, please enjoy our latest features and we are always grateful for your contributions.

More information: International Aquafeed 7 St George's Terrace, St James' Square Cheltenham, GL50 3PT United Kingdom Tel: +44 1242 267706 Website: www.aquafeed.co.uk

Professor Simon Davies

Hello, from the latest addition to the International Aquafeed team

I am really excited to be working on such a long-established and well-respected industry title and working under Editor Professor Simon Davies. My background is in journalism and I have lots of ideas for ways to improve and expand the magazine. Working with the Editor & marketing team, I've already put one idea into practice for this issue, the Expert Focus section. This eight-page special focuses on one species from a global perspective. If you've got any ideas or feedback, please get in touch, alicen@ perendale.co.uk

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Aqua News

AQUACULTURE The Industry view

Kim Pagh, Andritz Feed & Biofuel, Austria

No matter where you are â&#x20AC;&#x201C; we are just around the corner Andritz Feed & Biofuel is a global supplier to the aquatic, animal, pet food, biofuel and waste industry. A large growth within fish farming in all regions of the world means a corresponding growth in the demand for aquatic feed. Success in breeding fish requires correctly adapted feed formulas with controlled homogeneous content and exact physical properties. The extruder accounts for the key process in this complex production line, which consists of all processes from the receipt of raw materials to the finished product. Andritz Feed & Biofuel is behind the development of unique extrusion programs for the production of all kinds of fish feed and shellfish feed. The production equipment supplied by Andritz Feed & Biofuel are based on complete programs of well-proven process machinery and equipment in combination with integrated IT solutions, which ensure easy operation, high plant efficiency and full process traceability.

Claim of salmon virus denied

n April the Victoria Times Colonist, Canada reported that salmon farmers and officials are countering claims by a biologist by the name of Alexandra Morton who says a newly identified virus is causing a debilitating disease in farmed Canadian salmon. He's accused of sensationalising unscientific findings and causing unfounded concerns after declaring that tests on supermarket salmon, that found evidence of piscine reovirus (PRV) were linked to heart and skeletal muscle inflammation (HSMI). Mar y Ellen Walling executive director of BC's Salmon Farmers Association said, "The actions that returned these positive tests are highly unscientific and the information released alongside them is considerably speculative. It's really unor thodox. We don't know where these fish came from or how they were treated. There's a huge opportunity for cross-contamination." Alexandr a Mor ton is an

opponent of salmon farmed in open net pens. She was not given access t o f a r m fi s h for testing so sent BC fishfarmed salmon samples taken from supermar kets to the Atlantic Ve t e r i n a r y College in Prince Edward Island and a Norway laborator y for testing. Both laboratories reported piscine reovirus present in 44 out of 45 fish. HSMI has never been found in BC far med salmon, said Mary Ellen Walling. Meanwhile, Depar tment of Fisheries and Oceans spokesman Fr ank Stanek said the link between PRV and HSMI has not been verified.

Supplier Focus: Norel Norel is a Spanish company whose business is focused on the development, manufacture and trade of additives and raw materials for nutrition of both aquatic and terrestrial animals. With more than 30 years experience and sales in more than 50 countries, Norel is headquartered in Spain and has different plants and offices in Mexico, Egypt, India and Singapore. In addition, the company has in Spain two research laboratories for biotechnological, chemical, and biological studies as well as an animal test station for the development and control of our products. Norel's laboratories and experimental activities are also reinforced with research agreements and joint projects with recognized national and international research institutes and consultants. This research approach, along with a close communication and collaboration with customers and partners, provides Norel with innovative and practical products and solutions, positioning us among the leading feed additive companies in Europe, Latin America and Asia. 4 | International AquaFeed | May-June 2012

"Government of Canada scientists have not confirmed the presence of this virus in Canadian fish, despite extensive monitoring and testing. Every indication shows Canadian salmon are healthy and safe," he said. Gary Marty, BC provincial fish pathologist, said, "If the fish were infected with a deadly virus, they would not have survived to be harvested or sold." HSMI and PRV do not pose any risk to human health. A full report can be found on www.timescolonist.com

by Minerva Pujol, Norel, Spain

The main products targeted to aquatic species are: Ecobiol Aqua: Sporulated probiont-bacteria characterized by high survival rate through processing as well as fast activation and high multiplication rate of the vegetative form. Ecobiol Aqua leads to enhanced immunity, digestibility, growth, and reduced mortality. Gustor Aqua: Organic acid salts being gradually released along the gastrointestinal tract of fish, resulting in reduced microbial competition and improved development and barrier integrity at the intestinal epithelium level. Gustor Aqua promotes maximum performance while increasing the inclusion of vegetable ingredients in the ration. Glymet Mix Aqua: Blend of different trace minerals using methionine and glycine as organic ligands. Glymet Mix Aqua maximizes intestinal absorption and is specifically formulated for tropical fish, cold water fish, and shrimp.

Aqua News

A UNIQUE IDENTIFICATION SYSTEM

- one code, fast traceable, safe and healthy

In our industry customer satisfaction is more than just the quality of the fish bought. It is also about branding and customer relationships." That's the message Norway brought to the European Seafood Exposition 2012 in Brussels in April when it held a press conference announcing a new project on labeling. Attending the launch of the project was the Norwegian Minister of Fisheries, Mrs Lisbeth BergHansen, along with senior industry

INFORMATION FOR ADVERTISERS

With circulation of the printed magazine to key industry decision makers and heavy promotion at key industry events, working alongside our online distribution strategies International Aquafeed is the ideal place to promote your products aimed at the global aquaculture industry. Call the team today to hear how we can help you achieve your marketing goals

representatives such as the CEO of Marine Harvest, Alf Helge Aarskog, Gro Dyrnes from Innovation Norway and the CEO of Norwegian Seafood Federation. Modern consumers expect sustainable and healthy products, products made to suit their lifestyle at the best quality:price ratio. The 'story' behind seafood must therefore be available to the consumer, to the retailer and to all actors in the supply chain. Today, most seafood producers give information about the seafood and label the products as best as they can. There is no standard - national or international - in operation on how to label the fish crates and pallets, and what information should follow the seafood from ocean or fishfarm to the consumer. The consequence is that the consumer, the retailer, the fishmonger or your waiter may lack information about the quality of the seafood they sell, and where it is coming from. Information is often transferred by fax, phone and the inter net, or manually and punched into IT systems. This takes time and time is essential when handling fresh seafood. Lost time results in a shor ter shelf life in stores. Norway, as the world leading seafood supplier, has therefore funded a project which will solve this problem for all actors in the industry and supply chain - for the consumers' benefit.

The project Innovation Norway has funded a project which will increase the quality and productivity in the Seafood Supply Chain, and for the benefit of the consumer: The project has been strongly supported by all players in the supply chain: producers, fish farmers, processors, logistic companies, exporters, importers, retail chains and Food and Health Authorities. And by the Ministry of Fisheries and Coastal Affairs. The innovation project consists of three main actions: • Developing a new Standard for labeling fish crates and pallets, including electronic reading and what information should follow the Seafood from producer to consumer. Responsible body: Standard Norway • A pilot project for testing of the labeling system from producer to the seafood counter. Responsibility has been given to the logistics company DB Schenker in Norway, in cooperation with the producers and expor ters Hallvard Lerøy AS and Nordic Group AS and Norway's largest food retail chain, Norges Gruppen ASA • An implementation project, for finding the needs and challenges for the seafood industry to star t using the new standard. Developing the tools, system integration and support system to imple-

May-June 2012 | International AquaFeed | 5

ment the standard among all the seafood producers and processors at lowest cost possible. Responsible body: Norwegian Seafood Federation (FHL) and the Norwegian Seafood Association (NSL)

The Standard The Standard defines the minimum size of the label and prescribes the information to be printed, of which a set of core data will be in electronic readable form, for example, bar codes. The Standard is independent for use of data capture technologies. Two dimensional bar codes or RFID technologies can be used as soon as the supply chain can utilize these technologies. Each fish crate will have its own and unique identification. When fish crates are loaded on pallets, the pallets will get a label identifying which crates are on the pallet. The Standard describes the information that shall follow the seafood during all logistics. Included, is information that is required by the different authorities in the different countries and the EU. It will include information the different players in the supply chain need in order to increase their productivity and quality, and to optimize their own processes. The labeling system on fish crates and pallets will also be the source of information for efficient tracing and tracking.

Aqua News

Darden plans to build world's largest lobster farm

rlando based Darden Restur ants are planning to c r e a t e t h e wo r l d ' s l a r g e s t lobster far m. This will allow the company to sell lobster in Asia and supply them to its chain such as Red Lobster. The farm will help Darden to par tially shield itself from rising seafood costs well creating a new revenue stream. Lobster farming is in its infancy and it is

extremely difficult which could keep pr ices lower for consumers and increase pressure on fishermen due to the competition. "If there's a way to do lobster this way, it increases the supply of lobster," said Mar k Kalinowski, a restaur ant analyst for Janney Capital Mar kets. "It doesn't necessarily increase the demand for lobster. All else

equal, the cost of lobster drops." Darden believs its facility will be the wor ld's fir st commercial lobster farm. Through a subsidiar y called Darden Aquafarm, the company will wor k with a Malaysian group to build the 23,000-acre production facility. The far m will employ 1 2 , 0 0 0 wo r ke r s a n d e ve n -

tually churn out 40 million pounds of l o b s t e r s e a c h y e a r. T h a t ' s about US$1 billion (€765 million) wor th.

BIOMIN Mycotoxin Survey Program 2011

AQUACULTURE The Industry view

industry expanded tremendously, reaching a total production of 1.2 million tons. This was due to an increase in the number of farms and the widespread use of commercial floating feed which allowed some farmers to produce at up to 600 tons/ha. Such quick growth brought some problems to the industry with more diseases, declining prices and rising production costs, which led to the exit of many small farmers. We are now seeing shifts in the production practices of the industry and a transformation towards a more mature and professional industry. The focus has shifted from increases in production to better product quality and sustainability.

Pedro Encarnacao, Director Business Development Aquaculture, BIOMIN, Austria

BIOMIN Insights: Aquaculture in Asia

have been involved in the Asian aquaculture industry for more than six years now and the growth and transformation I’ve seen in the industry across the region during this period has been remarkable. Vietnam is an excellent example of that. During my first visit to Vietnam in 2006, the pangasius industry was just starting to boom, and Vietnam was still producing less than 400,000 tons a year. Farmers were already able to produce 200 tons/ha then but many were still feeding their fish farm-made feeds. Over the next three years, the

As part of my activities in the region, I have been working actively with feed producers and farmers to improve nutritional feed quality while making use of more sustainable farming practices. Initial work was done to create the awareness of the need to supply fish with proper nutrition so that they can grow to their full potential. The latest focus is on reducing FCR by making use of available feed ingredients in combination with functional feed additives like phytogenics, acidifiers or enzymes. By reducing FCR, we are not only aiming to increase the profitability of the farmer but also to reduce waste output. This will reduce the impact on the environment and improve the image of the industry, which has often been wrongly accused of unsustainable practices.

his comprehensive survey documents the occurrence of mycotoxins in samples taken throughout 2011 in different regions. One thing remains clear – the global prevalence of mycotoxins in a range of common feed commodities underscores the need for quality feed management strategies. Since 2005, BIOMIN has been conducting extensive studies documenting the occurrence of mycotoxins worldwide. The BIOMIN Mycotoxin Survey Program 2011, the most comprehensive report on the market, details the distribution of mycotoxins according to their region of origin and commodity type. More than 4,300 samples were collected from various countries over a 12-month period from January to December and 13,854 analyses were carried out to investigate the occurrence of aflatoxins (Afla), zearalenone (ZON), deoxynivalenol (DON), fumonisins (FUM) and/or ochratoxin A (OTA) in the different regions and feed materials. More than 70 percent of the samples were analyzed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), followed by Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) and the thin-layer chromatography (TLC) method. Samples were classified firstly according to their region of origin, mainly by the Asia-Pacific (37%), Europe, Africa and the Middle East (35%), the Americas (27%), and secondly by means of commodity types, ranging from raw materials

6 | International AquaFeed | May-June 2012

like corn (33%), wheat (9%), barley (7%) and soybean (5%) to finished feed (25%), silage (8%) and other feed ingredients (13%). The results show that average contamination levels were slightly lower in 2011 compared with 2010, whereas the percentage of mycotoxin distribution found at the maximum levels remains similar to last year’s for ZON, DON and FUM. It was found that contamination with Afla, ZON, DON, FUM and/or OTA affected 27, 40, 59, 51 and 27 percent of the 4,327 samples collected worldwide, respectively. Besides providing a worldwide geographical and statistical analysis, the report also details the regional breakdown for common mycotoxin occurrences, types of commodities associated with the different mycotoxins, and the corresponding maximum and average levels of contamination per region for each toxin. It also highlights the commodities with the highest risk of contamination, based on the tested samples. Attention should also be given to the potentially harmful synergistic effects on animals arising from the presence of more than one mycotoxin in the feed. Given the ubiquitous presence of mycotoxins worldwide, an effective mycotoxin risk management program is critical to preventing additional costs in farm management and economic losses due to sub-par animal performance. More information: Website: www.biomin.net

Aqua News

International Aquafeed Magazine

to sponsor FIGAP’s Aqua Pavilion

s we all know FIGAP/VIV is the most important forum in Mexico and one of the best in the whole Latin American region that brings together companies and professionals from all corners of the world and sectors such us livestock, pig, poultry, machinery and feed industries, but this year a new sector will added… Aquaculture. As a result, Figap/VIV and Perendale Publishers, editor of the International Aquafeed Magazine, signed an important agreement with the aim of promoting such important and growing sector of the agribusiness within FIGAP/VIV and encouraging aquaculture in Latin America and specially in Mexico.

Aquaculture in Latin America From 1970 to 2006 Latin America registered the highest rate of average annual growth in aquaculture – 22 percent per year, or three times the world rate of 8.8 percent. This surpassed other regions with impor-

duction is concentrated in Mexico's nor thern Pacific zone.

Aquaculture production (tons)

Aquaculture % share of national fish production

tant growth rates such as 2009 284,000 16.4% the Middle East (20 percent 2010 285,000 16.1% annual) and Africa (12.7 2011 285,000 15.8% percent), and even sur2012* 325,000 16.8% passed China’s aquaculture production, which grew at an average annual rate of 11.2 This means that the rest of the percent over the same period. country is practically virgin terriIn contrast to other regions, Latin tory for the development of aquaAmerica currently has the greatest culture. potential in terms of available area for As a result, the aquaculture industry future expansion of aquaculture. should be promoted. FIGAP/VIV can serve as the opportunity to Largest producing countries showcase and promote new technologies for this industry. in Latin America Mexico holds great potential for In Mexico, aquaculture holds great potential as it currently aquaculture production, due to its represents only 0.1percent of water resources, favorable climate GDP. 70 percent of national pro- and geographic location with

respect to international markets. Commercial fish farming in Mexico has been undertaken since 1964,

Aquaculture production (tons)

Commercial fishing % share of national fish production

1,482,000

83.6%

1502,000

83.9%

1,521,000

84.2%

1,532,000

83.2%

however it did not become profitable (3.5 ton/ha/year) until 20 years later (1984). Perendale Publishers through the International Aquafeed magazine is Official Sponsor of FIGAP’s Aqua Pavilion and exclusive sellers of the stands. In the event you're interested in purchasing one of the booths for Figap/VIV 2012 feel free to contact International Aquafeed.

VIVChina 2012 September 23 - 25, 2012

free entrance!

www.viv.net Your portal to China’s Feed to Meat trade

Beijing, China May-June 2012 | International AquaFeed | 7

FEATURE

Vitamin C Transfering

from fish

to embryos by Nagaraj G. Chatakondi PhD, National Warmwater Aquaculture Center, USA

eneficial effects of ascorbic acid supplementation to broodstock of a select aquaculture species is well documented. At the present levels of feeding, dietary means of vitamin C does not meet the requirements for maturation, reproduction and needs of early life stages of larvae.

Table 1: Mass transfer of Vitamin C from broodfish to eggs/embryos

Species Rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss Tilapia

Mass trasfer strategy

ductive performance, and may subsequently improve ontogeny performance. However, the effect of vitamin C diminished with age and also in more natural conditions. Our goal was to achieve predictable fish production of robust quality for healthy, efficient, higher surviving and able to adapt to common stressors and pathogens. Improvements can be made in this area by new knowledgebased advances in nutrient delivery systems that may create large Reference improvements in terms of production, feed conversion and survival Sandness et al. (1984) in aquaculture production.

conventional methods, hence innovative approaches are needed. Mass transfer of nutrients via injection into broodstock is a novel method. Two routes of maternal transfer of vitamin C in mature channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) prior to hormone-induced spawning were explored as a strategy to incorporate

Dose

Diet

1000 mg/Kg

Diet

1250 mg/Kg

Soliman et al. (1986)

Importance of vitamin C

Ascorbic acid is an essential micronutrient in the diet of teleost Atlantic Cod Diet 500 mg/Kg Mangor-Jensen et al. (1994) fish, which do not have gulonolGadus morhua actone oxidase activity. Vitamin Rainbow trout Diet 500 mg/Kg Blom and Dabrowski (1995) C is needed for post-translatoOncorhynchus mykiss ry hydroxylation of proline and lysine moieties in collagen, minChannel catfish Diet 500 mg/Kg Zuberi et al. (2011) eral metabolism to improve stress Ictalurus punctatus response and immunity, detoxificaRainbow trout Immersion 1000 mg/L Falhatkar et al. (2006) tion reactions, steroid synthesis and Oncorhynchus mykiss vitellogenesis. Rainbow trout Immersion and Diet 1000 and 500 mg/Kg Falhatkar el.al. (2011) Egg ascorbic acid deposition levels may easily be tailored by Oncorhynchus mykiss feeding broodfish with elevated Japanese eel Injecting broodfish 50 mg/Kg Yoshikawa, 1998 levels of ascorbic acid before and Anguilla japonica after vitellogenesis. The accumulaJapanese eel Injecting broodfish 1mL* /Kg Furuita et al. 2009 tion of essential nutrients in eggs Anguilla japonica is dependent on the nutrient reserves in the female fish and Channel catfish Injecting broodfish 1 mL*/Kg Chatakondi et al. 2010 therefore on the dietary intake of Ictalurus punctatus broodfish in the period preceeding *Vitamin emulsion was prepared by dissolving Sodium Ascorbate in 0.9% NaCl Solution and during gametogenesis. Hence, broodfish nutrition consisting of In addition, this nutrient is water soluble the vitamin and to determine its effect on essential nutrients is important. The earliest steps in embryonic developand readily gets accumulated by other reproduction and progeny performance. The results of this study suggest injecting ment are dependent on and driven by materorgans before reaching the ovary. For practical reasons, it is not possible to vitamin C prior to hormone-induce spawning, nal factors deposited in the oocyte during attain the desired level of a nutrient by invokes transfer to eggs, improves repro- oogenesis. Maternal factors are stored in the Oreochromis mossambicus

8 | International AquaFeed | May-June 2012

FEATURE

form of specific mRNAs, proteins, hormones and other biomolecules. At egg activation and fertilization, these factors become available for embryogenesis, sometimes after a process of activation involving translation or protein modification. It has been documented that vitamin C or ascorbic acid deficiency in larval fish has been associated with hyperplasia of collagen and cartilage, scoliosis, lordosis, internal hemorrhages, resorbed opercules and abnormal support cartilage in gills, spine and fins with deformities of the jaw and snout. Based on recent research, vitamin C needs for reproduction and early life stages of fish are 10 times the recommended dose for raising young adult fish. These high levels cannot be met by dietary administration to broodfish because the nutrient is water soluble and readily absorbed / utilized by other organs during oocyte development. It has been demonstrated in several species that nutrients in broodfish diet are transferred to oocytes through uptake of extra-ovarian substances from the maternal blood. Also, there was up to a 82.4 percent loss of ascorbic acid of the prepared commercial diet. A 3.8 – 8.3-fold increase of vitamin C in the diet generally results in 56 to 71.9 percent increase of total ascorbic acid in the eggs respectively.

The fry produced from parents fed with elevated levels of vitamin C tend to have higher growth performance as compared with control groups. Thus, there is a need in enhance ascorbic acid in the broodfish. A diet with vitamin C content adequate for normal growth may not be sufficient for broodfish when the goal is to transfer ascorbic acids to embryos.

Reproduction and arval performance

"Based on 2011 data, approximately 335 million pounds of catfish were processed, a reduction of over 50 percent compared to the best production in 2003

Broodfish diet has a major influence on fecundity and egg quality. It has also been demonstrated that the nutritional status of broodfish can affect offspring quality. The accumulation of essential nutrients in eggs is dependent on 1) the nutrient reserves in the female fish and 2) the dietary intake preceding gonadogenesis. Vitamin C is needed for maturation, reproduction and larval metamorphosis. Beneficial effects include increased fertility, fecundity and egg quality. Nutrients in broodfish diet are trans-

ferred to oocytes through uptake of extraovarian substances from the maternal blood. Immersion enrichment of eggs is another approach to introduce compounds and nutrients into eggs. Immersion enrichment followed by feeding fry with vitamin C enhanced feed was also found to be an effective method. Injecting vitamin C in to broodfish during artificial- induced maturation improved reproduction and progeny performance. Efforts are

Providing proficient tools to achieve cost-effective and sustainable aquaculture practices

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GUSTOR Aqua

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May-June 2012 | International AquaFeed | 9 AN. REV. 90X132.indd 1

02/08/11 13:13

FEATURE

"A decade ago, producing commercial quantities of hybrid catfish was believed to be unattainable. - Presently, a third of catfish farmers raise hybrid catfish in production ponds and hybrid catfish account for approximately 25% of all the total catfish processed in 2011"

furcatus male), hybridisation can be used to improve productivity immediately by producing fish that exhibit hybrid vigor. Based on numerous laboratory and field trials, hybrid catfish are superior in growth Vitamin C needs of rate, feed conversion, survival, seinability and channel catfish processing traits compared to commonly Channel catfish is the single largest aquaculture fish species cultured in the raised channel catfish. A decade ago, producing commercial quantities of hybrid catfish was believed to be unattainable. Natural hybridisation is rare and artificial spawning of channel catfish has been historically low and with no effective ovulating agents available. However, in the last 10 years, consistent and marked improvements were made in all the phases of artificial spawning and the hatchery pro"It appears that mass transfer of vitamin C duction of hybrid catfish to eggs is attained by injecting broodfish embryos. Improved production and consistent prior to hormone-induced spawning superior performance of hybrid catfish in commerto improve progeny performance" cial earthen production ponds has rejuvenated United States. Based on 2011 data, the industry with unprecedented optimism. approximately 335 million pounds of cat- Presently, a third of catfish farmers raise hybrid fish were processed, a reduction of over catfish in production ponds and hybrid catfish 50 percent compared to the best produc- account for approximately 25 percent of all tion in 2003 (2012 USDA NASS). The the total catfish processed in 2011. Our goal is to achieve predictable fish industry is currently struggling to keep pace with the increasing cost of feed, fuel, production of robust quality for healthy, production inefficiencies, foreign imports fast growing, survival and adapt to common and economy. Adopting hybrid catfish stressors and pathogens and to varying envi(channel catfish female x blue catfish, I. ronmental conditions. Improvements can be underway to develop procedures to effectively and stably accumulate vitamin C in eggs by broodstock injections (Table 1).

10 | International AquaFeed | May-June 2012

made in this area by new knowledge-based advances in live food production or nutrient delivery systems that may create large improvements in terms of production, survival and processing yield.

Preliminary findings Broodstock preparation is the primary requisite for hormone-induced spawning of channel catfish in the production of channel x blue hybrid catfish. Hence, broodfish management techniques must be geared towards attaining maximum production of high-quality eggs and larvae because variable egg quality is one of the limiting factors in fish hatcheries. Broodstock diet has been considered as one of the factors affecting fecundity, egg, and larval quality in fish. The accumulation of essential nutrients in eggs are dependent on the nutrient reserves in the female fish, and consequently on the dietary nutrient input of broodstock in the period preceding gonadogenesis. When eggs absorb water, it is possible to introduce compounds such as vitamins and minerals into the eggs with the water solution before water hardening. It was hypothesised that injecting female broodfish prior to hormone-induced spawning would result in mass transfer of nutrients to improve maturation, ovulation, and subsequent progeny performance. Preliminary studies confirmed accumulation of vitamin C in ovarian tissue and invoked a positive response to ovulation, fecundity and egg quality. Mass transfer of vitamin C to the eggs improved growth and reduced mortalities following Edwardseilla ictaluri disease challenge. It appears that mass transfer of vitamin C to eggs is attained by injecting broodfish prior to hormone-induced spawning to improve progeny performance. â&#x2013;

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FEATURE

Oxygenation technology poised to

transform aquaculture worldwide by Stefan Dullstein, Head of Industrial Segment Aquaculture & Water Treatment, Linde Gases Division, Germany

nterest is burgeoning in a unique new low-pressure oxygenation system that is poised to transform the world of aquaculture.

The uniqueness of the technology is based on its ability to perform three critical functions in one system— dissolving oxygen in the water, producing the correct hydrodynamics and stripping out potentially harmful inert gases like nitrogen — via a very low energy requirement. Moreover, the system is easily installed, including as a retrofit to existing fish tanks, and is virtually maintenance-free.

ing aquaculture production being transferred from sea cages to land-based sites for the full duration of a marine fish’s lifecycle. This change has confronted the industry with the challenge of oxygenating large fish tanks that can accommodate fish stock from infancy to maturity. The ground-breaking patented SOLVOX® OxyStream is a combined oxygenation and flow system which not only dissolves the optimal amount of oxygen in the inlet water flow, but also distributes it evenly at an adjustable flow pattern through the tank, ensuring fish stock benefit from the physical exercise

units to prevent inert gas build-up will, in many cases, become obsolete. Depending on the application, pumping pressures as low as 0.05 to 0.2 bar are normally sufficient to oxygenate the incoming water, strip nitrogen and create optimal tank hydrodynamics. This low operating pressure makes the system very energy efficient. OxyStream also requires very low maintenance, because it is not associated with any ancillary equipment to manage water pressure.

Producing fish in captivity Aquaculture using sea cages came into its

BOC, a member of the Linde Group, leads the SOLVOX OxyStream from a UK perspective.

SOLVOX® OxyStream, developed by Linde Gas and launched in August 2011, has been proven to improve the living conditions of fish inside the tank, allowing for a significant increase in fish production volume, optimise fish meat quality and considerably improve operations from an environmental standpoint. Aquaculture, also known as aquafarming, is the discipline of commercially farming aquatic organisms such as fish, crustaceans, molluscs and aquatic plants.. Aquaculture involves cultivating freshwater and saltwater populations under controlled conditions – in contrast to commercial fishing, which is the harvesting of wild marine fish. The Linde technology has been developed in response to a progressive trend that is see-

involved in swimming against the current. The flow regime can be fully tailored according to fish size, stock density and fish species, such as salmon or cod. The system comprises a standalone unit and is installed individually in each tank, so water flow and oxygen dosing can be individually controlled for each tank. The micro-bubbles created by SOLVOX® OxyStream have the additional benefit of helping to reduce the concentration of dissolved inert gases such as nitrogen or argon. In particular, oversaturation of nitrogen, even in relatively small quantities, can endanger the wellbeing of fish stock, slowing growth and increasing the possibility of disease, and ultimately, even mortality. With the installation of SOLVOX® OxyStream, external degassing 12 | International AquaFeed | May-June 2012

own as recently as the 1980s, when the fish industry recognised it would be more cost effective to produce fish in captivity in the ocean rather than to trawl for wild fish. Today aquaculture is moving to on-land farming, with the most significant inroads being made in Norway, where there is a massive demand for salmon and cod. This places an enormous burden on farmers to produce fish more efficiently and cost effectively. The limitation with a conventional on-land tank is the amount of oxygen available to the fish. Water can only provide a certain amount of oxygen, which is quickly respired, so there is a need to provide an additional source of oxygen. SOLVOX ® OxyStream is able to effi-

FEATURE ciently oxygenate sea water and can additionally be used during the fresh water phase of salmon. This allows fish farmers to operate a single oxygenation system in large tanks which can run on both fresh water and sea water. This significantly reduces costs compared with running separate saline and fresh water oxygenation systems. This capability was recently demonstrated during trials conducted at Marine Harvest in Norway, the world’s largest salmon producer. Results showed that SOLVOX® OxyStream was the only oxygenation source suitable for rearing young salmon hatched in tanks running on fresh water, before gradually transitioning them to sea water. This creates an optimum environment in which to rear salmon, ensuring the correct oxygen levels throughout the entire production period and keeping fish stress levels to an absolute minimum. By precisely predicting flow velocity SOLVOX® OxyStream is able to adjust this velocity in the circular on-land tanks. The fish, depending on their age and size, need a certain water velocity for optimum growth conditions, so if the velocity is incorrect, the fish won’t exercise, so it’s important to apply the correct water velocity in each application to keep them ‘working out’ against a robust current.

"Interest is burgeoning in a unique new low-pressure oxygenation system that is poised to transform the world of aquaculture. The uniqueness of the technology is based on its ability to perform three critical functions in one system— dissolving oxygen in the water, producing the correct hydrodynamics and stripping out potentially harmful inert gases like nitrogen — via a very low energy requirement"

Parallel development Typically, aquaculture farmers have grown salmon from eggs to about 100g in weight in small to mid-sized tanks. Once the fish are acclimatised to sea water conditions, they are usually transferred to sea cages. This method has been constrained by some major challenges as there is always the potential for break-outs, allowing valuable stock to escape, while the high density

of fish in this natural environment has the potential to foster diseases. So it makes sense to govern the entire lifecycle on land, where the health of the fish and the environment can be managed with more control. Although the method was mooted as far back as ten years ago, at that time the costs were prohibitive owing to the high energy required to pump water through the dis-

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May-June 2012 | International AquaFeed | 13

FEATURE

"The industry has responded to the introduction of this system with immense interest and the Linde team currently has about 20 units piloting at customer sites, with many more proposals out there. It has fielded enquiries from North America, the UK, Norway, France and even from Saudi Arabia"

solvers operated at higher pressure into land tanks and dissolve oxygen in the water. Today SOLVOX® OxyStream, with its unprecedented low energy demand, makes this possible. Furthermore, new legislation imminent in Norway will allow farmers to develop fish to a size of 1000g on land, meaning a whole new market has opened for us. Research is already underway to investigate the on-land development of fish up to 4 to 5kg, harnessing our technology. The largest tank equipped so far with SOLVOX® OxyStream is 15m in diameter, but aquaculture farmers are looking to increase the size of tanks – up to around 20 to 25m in diameter.

Immense interest The industry has responded to the introduction of this system with immense interest and the Linde team currently has about 20 units piloting at customer sites, with many more proposals out there. It has fielded enquiries from North America, the UK, Norway, France and even from Saudi Arabia. With interest levels so high, Linde has had to accelerate its activities to meet customer demand. As a customised solution, it is not a simple matter of ‘plug and play’. Each customer application needs to be approached from a unique perspective, needing professional, tailored input. To showcase its technology in action, Linde is constructing a brand new test centre in Norway where customers will be able to see SOLVOX® OxyStream in action as it operates in windowed tanks. Training and equipment testing will also be carried out using the new centre as a base.

Environment With the ocean’s reserves of fish steadily depleting and the demand for fish products on the increase, adding more sea cages along the world’s coastlines is not an adequate solution. In this scenario not all the fish feed deployed to the sea cages is converted to fish meat — there is a lot of wastage. At the same time, a large amount of fish excrement released in a specific area tends to overfertilise the ecosystem. By comparison, the producing from infancy to maturity in on-land tanks has significant environmental benefits. The water flowing through fish tanks can be recycled to a high extent with excrement and feed residues filtered out effectively. As such, pollution to the marine environment and the possible spread of disease to wild fish is prevented. Diseases can be properly handled in land based tanks. Fish farmers using sea cages may need to chemically treat the fish to get rid of sea-lice and this is prejudicial both to the environment and to the fish themselves. Sealice are not an issue in recirculation tanks, as these parasites cannot get into the system in the first place. There are other advantages. Fish bred in aquaculture are, in many cases, genetically different to wild fish, so when there is a breakout and fish escape into the ocean, this could have an impact on the genetics of natural fish population. A technology like SOLVOX® OxyStream was unquestionably needed to ensure the future success of the growing land-based aquaculture industry. However, it’s not 14 | International AquaFeed | May-June 2012

the end of the story. Although it is the most advanced equipment available to this industry at this time, Linde is convinced that it can improve the technology even further and research and development will be ongoing to maintain their position as a leader in the field.

The future Envisaging a bright future for SOLVOX® OxyStream, Linde believes the vigorous interest being shown by aquaculture farmers is just the tip of the iceberg. Norway’s fish farming industry, which is the most industrialised in the world, but by no means the biggest, produces about one million tons of salmon a year, but global tonnage – including all fish species, molluscs, croustades, and others, is as high as 50m tons per year. The largest aquaculture industry is in China, which produces about 70 percent of the world’s farmed fish. However, the industry in China tends to comprise many small, family owned companies, using a low level of technology. Therefore, from a cost perspective alone, sooner or later China will begin to industrialise its aquaculture industry. ■ More

information:

For further information from BOC, please contact Keith Nicholson, on +44 1844 253195 or email Keith.Nicholson@boc.com

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FEATURE

The origin of introduced rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in the Santa Cruz River, Patagonia, Argentina, as inferred from mitochondrial DNA by Carla M. Riva Rossi, Enrique P. Lessa, and Miguel A. Pascual. Centro Nacional Patagónico (CONICET), Uruguay

almon and trout have been transplanted to habitats throughout the world and self-sustaining populations have been successfully established globally, with the exception of Antarctica (MacCrimmon 1971; Quinn et al. 1996; Nielsen 1996). Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) was first introduced into Argentinean Patagonia, the southernmost region of South America, at the turn of the twentieth century and eventually became the most conspicuous freshwater species in major river basins of the region (Pascual et al. 2002b). Like all other known introduced rainbow trout around the world, typical Patagonian fish remain in fresh water throughout their entire life cycle, with a life history similar to that of resident populations in rivers and head lakes in western North America (Wydosky and Whitney 1979). The Santa Cruz River in Patagonia (50°S) is the only drainage in the world where introduced rainbow trout are known to have developed partially migratory populations composed of individuals exhibiting a marine migratory phase, so-called steelhead, and strictly freshwater fish that remain resident in their native stream (Pascual et al. 2001). As in many other salmonid populations with this dual anadromous–nonanadromous life history, the way and extent to which the two ecotypes intermingle in the Santa Cruz is uncertain. Genetic analyses based on microsatellite loci revealed that the anadromous form is genetically indistinguishable from main-stem resident trout (Pascual et al. 2001), suggesting that significant gene flow occurs between the two forms. Whether the introduced fish were in effect anadromous or anadromy arose in situ remains unknown (Behnke 2002; Pascual et al. 2002a).

We also ignore the specific mechanisms underlying the expression of alternative life histories in the Santa Cruz, i.e. a genetic polymorphism, a genetically determined developmental threshold (i.e. the link between individual growth performance and anadromy or nonanadromy; Thorpe et al. 1998), or an entirely environmental effect. At this point, there are critical aspects regarding the environmental versus genetics bases of life history variation in Santa Cruz River rainbow trout that we do not know. A logical first step to start elucidating the bases of life history variation in Patagonian rainbow trout, in particular, the development of anadromy, is to assess their genetic legacy through the identification of the parental sources. Poor historical bookkeeping and complex ancestry have made it difficult to address this issue from transplant records alone. The Santa Cruz River, as well as all other rivers throughout Patagonia, received rainbow trout from two main sources at different times. Between 1904 and 1910, rainbow trout ova were imported from the United States (US), most likely derived from rainbow trout and steelhead from locations in northern California or southern Oregon (Pascual et al. 2001,2002a; Behnke 2002). After the 1930s, and particularly after the 1950s when fish transplants within the region became more common, all rainbow trout plantings were based on new stocks imported from Germany and Denmark (Baigún and Quirós 1985). However, the Santa Cruz River has had a history largely independent from that of more northerly Patagonia locations, with only occasional introductions after 1920 (Pascual et al. 2001, 2002a). Thus, presumably, wild populations in this river were mostly derived from the early shipments from the United States. 16 | International AquaFeed | May-June 2012

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) has proven very successful for identifying the origins of several introduced salmonid populations and for assessing genetic differences between contemporary wild and introduced populations (Quinn et al.1996; Burger et al. 2000). In this paper, we use mtDNA sequence variation to identify the founding populations of Santa Cruz River rainbow trout. We start by analysing mtDNA sequences of both resident and migratory fish. We include in the analysis fish from a local hatchery, which was founded with European trouts widely stocked around the region after 1950. We then build and apply a probabilistic model of random survival and reproduction of individual fish to calculate the likelihood that wild Santa Cruz fish had originated from a collection of candidate North American stocks. Finally, we discuss the merits of the techniques applied to evaluate the relative contribution of pre-1950 transplants from US stocks and post-1950 transplants from Danish stocks to wild populations of rainbow trout throughout Patagonia.

Transplant history From 1904 to 1910, several consignments of rainbow trout embryos arrived in Argentina, mainly from the United States, with only occasional imports from European countries, such as France and Germany (Tulian 1908; Marini and Mastrarrigo 1963; Behnke 2002). Between 1906 and 1910, a total of 105,000 rainbow trout ova collected in the United States were shipped to the Santa Cruz River. 25,000 in 1906, 30,000 in 1908, and 50,000 in 1909. The 1908 shipment was completely lost, but the other two consignments were successfully hatched and planted in the river, with comparable losses throughout (about 65

FEATURE

percent; Tulian 1908; Marini and Mastrarrigo 1963). For practical purposes, the number of eggs from the parental populations giving rise to the Santa Cruz stock was 75,000. The most likely origin of these eggs was the Baird Station on the McCloud River, California (Pascual et al. 2001). However, they may as well have come from steelhead and rainbow trout in alternative northern California and southern Oregon locations (Behnke 2002; Pascual et al. 2002a). Rainbow trout introductions into Argentina intensified after 1950, this time based on stocks from Denmark (Pillay 1969; MacCrimmon 1971) and maintained by Bariloche.

consignments of these fish(<2000 embryos) arrived at the Santa Cruz River from Bariloche in the 1970s and were planted in second- tothird order tributaries flowing into the upper basin (Fig. 1). Finally, in 1991, the Piedra Buena Hatchery was built on the lower Santa Cruz River (Fig. 1). The fish used to found this hatchery’s broodstock also came from Danish fish, as those kept by the Bariloche Hatchery. Although fish of this hatchery are not used for stocking the river, escapes are likely, so that some introgression with wild fish might occur (Pascual et al. 2001). In any case, these fish provide a representative group of known Danish origin with which to contrast the genetic structure of Santa Cruz

River wild fish The upper Santa Cruz basin is dominated by two large glacial-fed lakes, Viedma and Argentino, that form the Santa Cruz River. The main stem river Fig 1: Location of Santa Cruz River and tributaries has an average flow of in Southern Patagonia, Argentina, including the 690 m3·s–1 and extends localities discussed (Primer Laberinto, Segundo for 382 km across the Laberinto, Ea. Rincón Grande, and Piedra Buena). Patagonian plateau draining into the Atlantic Ocean (Fig. 1). Landlocked populations of rainbow trout Northern Patagonia hatchery By that time, Bariloche became the main inhabit most of the second- to third-order center of salmonid propagation in Argentinean tributaries that feed the head lakes; few springs waters, contributing to the distribution of these and small tributaries enter the main-stem river, new stocks throughout the 1950s, 1960s, and none of them significant from the point of view 1970s. Danish stocks of rainbow trout have of their trout populations. We restricted our analysis to the maina complex ancestry; multiple lineages from California, Michigan, Canada, New Zealand, stem river populations, which, as revealed by a and France appear to have contributed to telemetry study, is the domain of the anadrotheir foundation (MacCrimmon 1971). Small mous rainbow trout and of the resident fish to May-June 2012 | International AquaFeed | 17

whom they are most likely related (Riva Rossi et al. 2003). Adult anadromous and resident rainbow trout were caught by hook and line and by gill nets between 2000 and 2002 in April and September along the main-stem Santa Cruz River (Fig. 1). Sampling locations were based on spawning and fishing abundances documented in previous surveys and consisted of two river reaches located in the upper course ('Primer Laberinto' and 'Segundo Laberinto'), one in the middle course ('Ea. Rincón Grande'), and one in the lower course ('Cte. L. Piedra Buena' City). At each locality, tissue samples were obtained from fish of each ecotype. From a total of 182 wild fish captured, 20 were successfully sequenced: five individuals of each ecotype from the upper course, three resident fish from the middle course, and three anadromous and five resident fish from the lower course. Direct inspection of external characteristics and scale pattern analysis were used to distinguish anadromous from nonanadromous fish (Pascual et al. 2001). Also, fin clips were obtained from five spawners from the Piedra Buena Hatchery broodstock.

DNA techniques Whole genomic DNA was extracted from alcohol-preserved fin tissue by means of a sodium chloride extraction of proteins followed by ispropylic alcohol precipitation of DNA (Miller et al. 1988). The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to amplify a segment of the mitochondrial genome containing 188 base pairs (bp) of the O. mykiss control region and 5 bp of the adjacent phenylalanine tRNA gene using primers S-phe (5′-TAGTTAAGCTACG-3′) and P2 (5′-TGTTAAACCCCTAAACCAG-3′) (Nielsen et al. 1994). Nomenclature for mtDNA control region

FEATURE 4 where EST1/E is the proportion of ST1 eggs effectively imported as modeled in eq. 2. The number of ST1 fish in the sample taken from the present population (SST1) is 5 where n is the sample size and WST1/W is the proportion of ST1 individuals among the founding fish. It is assumed that the frequency of ST1 currently observed in the population is well represented by that of the founding fish. In other words, we assumed that there was a single, primeval bottleneck associated with initial establishment, after which the population expanded rapidly enough for the frequency of ST1 to remain reasonably unchanged. The probability of obtaining and all-ST1 sample from the present population is 6 Finally, for given founding stock (φ is the frequency of ST1 in the maternal population), average fecundity (i.e., or number of donor females (eq. 1)), egg to founding fish survival (i.e., or number of founding wild fish (eq. 3), and sample size (n), the probability of obtaining an all-ST1 sample is given by integrating eq. 6 over all possible "Sequence data revealed that all Santa Cruz outcomes of River fish, both anadromous and resident, had eqs. 4 and 2: 7 The number the ST1 haplotype described by Nielsen et of eggs imported, E, was al. (1994). Hatchery fish, on the other hand, set to 75 000. were genetically different from wild fish" We used an array of values for “fec” between 500 (low fecundity) geometric distribution. For the sample sizes and and 4500 (high fecundity), considering probabilities used in our analysis, the binomial 2800 to be an average fecundity for distribution approximates the hypergeometric typical Sacramento River rainbow trout well. We therefore opted for computational stocks (Carlander 1969). These values simplicity and modeled the foundation of Santa correspond to a range of 17–150 donor Cruz populations as a chain of three binomial females. We used values of φ consistent processes. with the frequency of haplotype ST1 in The number of donor females, different different candidate donor populations of females that could have contributed to the Santa Cruz River fish (Table 1). Santa Cruz River stock, F, is calculated as We used values of “surv” between 0.00006 1 F=F/fec where E is the number of eggs and 0.0029, corresponding to founding populaimported and “fec” are putative values tion sizes of 5 (very low survival) to 215 fish for average female fecundity. Assuming (high survival). Finally, we used a sample size that the maternal females were randomly n of 20, the number of wild fish sequenced in drawn from a particular population, we this study. modeled the number of ST1 eggs effecWe did not consider in our model the tively extracted from it and imported into chance of missing low-frequency population Argentina, E ST1, as a binomial process: haplotypes during our sampling process. 2 E ST1 ≈ fec · Bin(F, φ) where φ is the While this probability may not be unimporfrequency of the ST1 haplotype in the tant for sample sizes of less than 10 indioriginal population. The post-introduction viduals and frequencies of 0.85, it becomes mortality from eggs to founding fish, W, low for sample sizes of 20 individuals. We i.e. fish that effectively contributed to the therefore preferred to accept a small bias Santa Cruz stock, is simply modeled as and avoid the need for the much more 3 W = surv ·E where “surv” are putative intensive calculations demanded by includvalues of survival rate from eggs to ing three nested conditional probabilities in founding fish. The number of ST1 fish in our model. this founding stock is haplotypes follow those given in Nielsen et al. (1997a, 1998). Amplifications were conducted in a total volume of 50 µL containing 1× retype (ST1, Nielsen et al. 1994; details in Results), suggesting either that they descended from a monomorphic population, that the population became fixed for haplotype ST1 during establishment and colonization, or that not all population haplotypes were represented in our sample. We thus developed an ad hoc model to evaluate the likelihood of ending with an allST1 sample given that the stock of origin was nonmonomorphic. We consider three processes that, starting with a nonmonomorphic maternal stock, could lead to an all-ST1 sample: the sampling of females from the donor population that produced the eggs imported (founder effect), the mortality between eggs and reproductive fish contributing to establish the new stock (postfounding drift), and the chance of missing population haplotypes during our sampling process (sampling effect). Each of these three processes can be viewed as sampling from a finite population, which is most properly modeled by a hyper-

18 | International AquaFeed | May-June 2012

Results Sequence data revealed that all Santa Cruz River fish, both anadromous and resident, had the ST1 haplotype described by Nielsen et al. (1994). Hatchery fish, on the other hand, were genetically different from wild fish. Only one of the five fish examined had haplotype ST1, while the remaining four fish had haplotypes ST3 and ST9 in similar proportions. Each of these haplotypes differed by only a single transitional base change from haplotype ST1 (G → A) at positions 1109 (ST3) and 1147 (ST9). All of these mtDNA haplotypes were previously reported by Nielsen et al. (1994, 1997b, 1998) and Bagley and Gall (1998) in rainbow trout populations from California and by McCusker et al. (2000) in populations from British Columbia. Mitochondrial DNA haplotype ST1 is dominant in steel-head populations from the Sacramento and Eel rivers in northern California but among the putative parental stocks was found to be monomorphic only in the McCloud River rainbow trout (Table 1) and in the Río Santo Domingo rainbow trout populations from Baja California (Nielsen et al.1997b, 1998, 1999). We discard this last stock as a candidate source of Patagonian fish because Baja California trout did not contribute to fish culture at the time of the introductions. Haplotype ST3 is rare in steelhead populations from northern California but is common in coastal populations from the San Francisco Bay area and dominant in resident populations from the upper Sacramento River and the Kern and Little Kern rivers (Nielsen et al. 1997b, 1998; Bagley and Gall 1998). Haplotypes ST1 and ST3 were found inequal frequencies in steelhead populations from central California (Table 1) (Nielsen 1996). Haplotype ST9 is rare (<2 percent) in coastal populations from California (J. Nielsen, US Geological Survey, Alaska Biological Science Center, 1011 East Tudor Road, Anchorage, AK 99503, USA, personal communication), but it is more common in inland steelhead populations from the Snake River in Idaho (Kucera andArmstrong 2001) and in inland populations from the upper Columbia River in Canada (McCusker et al. 2000). To explore the hypothesis that a monomorphic sample of Santa Cruz wild fish could have originated through haplotype loss and sampling bias, as opposed to a truly monomorphic origin in the McCloud River, we applied our probabilistic model to two extreme alternative scenarios: a central California type parental stock, with a minimum 40 percent frequency of the ST1 haplotype, and a northern California type stock, with a maximum of 83 percent frequency of ST1 (Figs. 2a and 2b, respectively). As expected from first principles of a binomial sampling process, the probability of haplotype fixation increases as the number of donor females and founding fish considered, indicating that it is highly unlikely that Santa

FEATURE Cruz River fish originated from such a stock (Fig. 2a). When a northern California type parental stock is considered, results are less clearcut, with probabilities ranging between 3 percent and 45 percent depending on the values chosen for decreases (lower left in Figs. 2a and 2b). When a central California type parental stock is considered, the probability of an allST1 sample remains very low (<1 percent) for practically all values of donor females and founding fish average fecundity and initial survival (Fig. 2b). This led us to scrutinize these parameters in more detail. Individual rainbow trout can have fecundities as low as 500 and as high as 13,000 eggs (Carlander 1969). We used a range of 500â&#x20AC;&#x201C;4500 to accommodate probable values for individual mothers of Santa Cruz river fish, but average fecundities reported for Californian wild populations are closer to the lower half of this range. For example, Hallock et al. (1961) reported a mean number of 2808 eggs for larger Sacramento River stripped females. Perhaps more relevant to our case, Wales (1939) reported that female rainbow trout trapped at Greens Creek, the trapping site of the first egg-taking station of rainbow trout on the McCloud River, weighed 2lb on average, with a mean fecundity between 1000 and 2000. Average fecundities lower than 2500 (at least 30 donor females) result in a probability of sampling only ST1 fish of less than 10 percent (Fig. 2), unless the survival from eggs to founding fish was very low (<0.00033 or <25 founding fish), in which case this probability becomes greater. In summary, unless a small number of particularly large females (<17) had been used to produce the eggs shipped to the Santa Cruz River and (or) a very small proportion of the imported eggs survived to become founding fish (<25 individuals), the probability of obtaining an all-ST1 sample of 20 individuals from a northern California type parental stock is less than 10 percent (Fig. 2).

Discussion Our analyses allowed us to establish the most likely origin of Santa Cruz River mainstem fish as well as to advance our general knowledge on the relative contribution of different parental stocks to rainbow trout in Patagonia. As previously suggested by microsatellite analyses (Pascual et al.2001), mtDNA data reinforce the idea that anadromous and nonanadromous Santa Cruz fish do not constitute independent lineages but have a common ancestry. Wild fish are clearly differentiated from hatchery Danish stocks widely propagated in the region after 1950, providing strong evidence for an origin of Santa Cruz populations in Californian rainbow trout imported to Argentina during the first decade of the twentieth century. Additionally, these results indicate

that the introTable 1: Haplotype distribution in rainbow trout populations gression from throughout California hatchery fish Haplotype into the wild Stock Life history ecotype Haplotype frequency (%) population has not been signifiResident cant. (anadromous Although it MCCloud redband trout ancestry ST1 100 has been widely Northern California accepted that Eel and Sacramento early transplants rivers Coastal Steelhead ST1 83 of rainbow trout ST3 9 from the United States to locaST5 4 tions around the ST8 4 world, includCentral California coast ing Argentina, Russian River Steelhead ST3 41 came from the ST1 40 McCloud River (Scott et al. ST5 15 1978; Busack ST8 4 and Gall 1980; Upper Sacramento River Steelhead ST3 62 Pascual et al. ST1 21 2002a), historiST2 14 cal records alone were insufST5 3 ficient to verify Resident STH3 60 this, conferring Note: Only those populations regarded as the putative parental sources for some credence Santa Cruz River rainbow trout are included. Frequency data taken from to the idea that Neilson (1996) and Neilson et al. (1994). other locations in northern California and southern Oregon hatchery stocks may suggest a Californian could have potentially contributed fish to origin, most likely a genetic heritage derived these early transplants (Behnke 2002). The fact from the Sacramento River rainbow trout, that Santa Cruz River wild fish analyzed were while haplotype ST9,which is rare in Californian monomorphic for haplotype ST1, together wild stocks, hints at a complex ancestry of with the results from our probabilistic model, stocks imported from Europe, with probprovides additional support to the view that able contributions of non-Californian fish (e.g., the source of these populations was indeed the British Columbia, where ST9 is more frequent). However, we analyzed only a handful of hatchMcCloud River. It must be noted, however, that our ery fish and larger samples from different hatchapproach does not consider some complex ery stocks will be required to fully characterize scenarios that could muddle the identification the genetic makeup of this stock. At present, these data make no suggestion of parental stocks. First, Santa Cruz fish could have been derived from a mixture of fish from as to what extent anadromy and residency in the McCloud and other northern California the Santa Cruz River are merely recreating the locations, leading to a larger probability of preexistent variation or have been modified haplotype fixation than purported by our sce- in response to the specific selective pressures narios. Second, the founding population could of the novel environment. Nevertheless, the have experienced multiple bottleneck events identification of the genetic roots of Santa Cruz instead of the single event at the onset of the fish provides relevant background information introduction that we modeled, increasing as to guide future research about the origin of life well the probability of haplotype fixation. Since history variation in this river. Regardless of the specific processes there are no conceivable bounds on the exercise of conjecturing combinations of parental underlying life history variation, our results stocks or bottleneck sequences, we did not indicate that the Santa Cruz River may well attempt additional analyses, leaving it simply as constitute a unique, secluded reservoir of those ancestral McCloud fish widely disa precautionary note. The clear differences found between wild tributed around the world during the late and hatchery Santa Cruz fish point at mtDNA nineteenth and early twentieth century, analysis as a powerful tool to elucidate the which in their native range have been subancestral genetic makeup of rainbow trout in stantially affected by habitat modification Patagonia at a regional scale and to determine and introgression from hatchery stocks the relative contribution of stocks used before (Busby et al. 1996; Nielsen et al. 1999; â&#x2013; and after 1950. The occurrence of ST3 in McEwan 2001). May-June 2012 | International AquaFeed | 19

EXPERT Tâ&#x2014;?PIC

TROUT EXPERT TOPIC

Welcome to Expert Topic, a new feature for International Aquafeed. Each issue will take an in-depth look at a particular species and how its feed is managed. To kick off the first Expert Topic, trout takes centre stage. Over the next pages you'll find, amongst other things, a feature on the trout value chain in Peru, a glimpse behind the scenes at Bibury Trout Farm in the UK and an overview trout culture and feed in Turkey. First of all, industry experts from around the world give the inside track feed and management in their country. Enjoy.

20 | International AquaFeed | May-June 2012

EXPERT Tâ&#x2014;?PIC

3 +6

2 7 +8

Perspectives on trout farming and aspects relating to fish feed

Peru

1 by The Peruvian Aquaculture Company, Peru

he highest industrial aquaculture center in the world is located in Peru's central Huancavelica department, 4,600 meters above sea level. Peruvian Aquaculture Company (PACSAC) was founded in 2007 for the development of industrial aquaculture, an activity that is emerging worldwide as the main protein source for the near future. To meet this goal, PACSAC integrates social and environment care with the use of modern technologies that make possible to provide quality products to international markets. At this stage, PACSAC is raising rainbow trout. As well as beign the higest trout farm in Peru, the company's facilities are also the largest industrial aquaculture site in the country.

Turkey

2 by Prof Dr Belgin Hossu, Faculty of Fisheries, Ege University, Turkey

ccording to the latest parametres from the Turkish Statistics Office, rainbow trout production is around 85.244 tonnes in Turkey and is increasing each day. Farms are mostly on land and damed lakes with a small amount in sea cages. Rainbow trout production in Turkey can be divided in to two parts. The reason for this is the continously changing cost of feed due to fishmeal and fish oil prices. Unstable prices of fishmeal and fish oil has forced the farms to produce their feed themselves. As a result, the feed sector has to be seen as commercial feed mills and self-feed producers. Feed production for rainbow trout is done

According to an article published by FIS.com, the company uses the same technologies applied in fish farming by the major producers of salmon and trout, like Norway, Chile and the United Kingdom. However, this technology has been adapted to its unique environment and an individual model has been developed for the high Andes. The natural environment and the purity of the water in this mountain range is the greatest asset of the company, which allows making aquaculture a sustainable activity. All procedures used by the company are environmentally friendly, and as a result, the Peruvian Aquaculture Company implements norms ISO 14001: 2004. PACSAC also develops regular environmental water monitoring to asses quality and sediment.The fish are fed exclusively with extruded fishmeal specially formulated for trout. After reaching the required market size the trout are harvested and transported to the processing plant.

totally in Turkey. Foreign feed mills have built fish feed plants in Turkey because of increasing demand by farms. Trout farms choose feed mills according to their prices and payment ease. Rainbow trout have differences between them because of geographic conditions of the country. Depending on these changing conditions, FCR is between 0.84- 0.97. The main protein source of feed is fishmeal. Fishmeal sources are foreign countries and sardine and anchovy from Black Sea according to the fishing seasons. Protein rate of feed is around 44 percent at growing ages. In addition to fishmeal, vegetable protein sources have been used to decrease the cost of the feed. These are soybean meal, corn meal and wheat meals. Adding of caroteneids generally happens at salmon breeding or matured fish of trout. The feed manufacturing system is extruder. To decrease waste, floating feed is prefered. Generally, the colour of the meat isnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t important because trout is consumed both fresh and frozen. On the other hand, yellow coloured meat isn't preferable because it indictaes high levels of corn and soybean meal.

May-June 2012 | International AquaFeed | 21

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Poland

by Anna Pyc, Aller Aqua, Poland

rout farming in Poland is situated mainly in the northern part of the country with its main species – rainbow trout. It is relatively young part of the Polish aquaculture reaching 14 thousand tons of annual production in 2010 with a value of approximately €40m. The farms are modern, many using partially recirculated systems and technology reducing environmental impact. Over 200 trout farms employ approximately 1000 people. The location of farms in rural areas makes them important for local employment levels. Trout farms in Poland use high quality feeds purchased from leading feed producers in Europe. 41.5 percent of the market share belongs to Aller Aqua (2010), in the second place is Biomar (34.6 percent) and third is Skretting (12.3 percent). Aller Aqua is the only fish feed company with a production plant in Poland, which makes the company competitive regarding delivery conditions. Trout farms in Poland are in most cases well managed and therefore

the approximate FCR reaches values of starter feeds at 0.72 and, in fingerlings production 0.88. In recent years there has also been investment in automatic feeding systems to improve feeding effectiveness. Very strict regulations in Polish law regarding the environmental impact of salmonids production also require that feeds that meet certain standards. According to individual farm water conditions the feed is chosen in respect of its caloric value and other properties. Many of the farms have their own hatcheries, where starter feeds are used. These feeds are especially important for having high survival rate and fish in good condition as a basis for fast growth. Fish feed is the largest cost component of trout farms, amounting on average to about 34 percent, however it used to reach over 40 percent in previous years. Cost of labour, live raw material and other operational costs amount to 19 percent , 16 percent and 14 percent respectively. Other components costs are relatively small. Polish trout production faces new challenges in terms of market demands as well as increasing pressure on reducing environmental impact. The Polish Trout Breeders Association faces these challenges and among other activities introduced a four year promotional campaign of trout in Poland. The campaign focuses mainly on promoting trout as a source of healthy nutrition, as well as spreading knowledge about the species.

Denmark Photo courtesy of ©Dave Bassett, Chief Executive, British Trout Association

by Brian Thomsen, Director Danish Aquaculture Organisation

anish trout farmers almost exclusively use fish feed manufactured in Denmark. The mains reasons are that they view it as being superior and that it is in compliance with national legislation. Danish national legislation also regulates digestibility but most types of feed exceeds the legal requirements.

Key decision parameters when choosing a feed include: low FQR, high growth rates, national regulation, environmental impact – in general 'price/performance'. The national average FQR is approximately 0.94, thus we use on average approximately 940g of feed to make 1kg of trout. The protein content is gradually declining but it is typically around 42 percent. The main protein source is fishmeal. The legislation for freshwater farming was changed this February. One of the key changes is that farms may now choose to be regulated on output (discharge quotas) and not on input (feed quotas). This will probably puts even more emphasis on the 'price/performance' ratio. The fish farmers are well aware of the fact 'that we are what we eat'. Therefore quality is of the highest importance. We mainly farm white fish but caratenoids are used in fish feeds that are used to make pink trout. The cost of feed is always a key factor but the cost is judged against performance. The key question is therefore not the price per kg per se but the 'price/performance' ratio. We produce approximately 10,000 tons of trout in marine farming and 25,000 tons in freshwater farming. The gross output (2010) was approximately €45m for marine farming and €80m for freshwater farming. The industry employs approximately 1000 people (including production and feed and processing).

22 | International AquaFeed | May-June 2012

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United Kingdom

by David Bassett, British Trout Association

Photo courtesy of ©Dave Bassett, Chief Executive, British Trout Association

The UK primarily produces rainbow trout, although brown trout are farmed too. Both species may be farmed to organic standards, and consequently use organic feeds, although this market remains small, producing only in the hundreds of tonnes. Both brown and rainbow trout are farmed for the restocking market (i.e. sale of live fish for stocking to fisheries) although the majority of fish that are farmed are for the table market. Production tonnages vary annually, but current official statistics suggest that circa 11,000 tonnes of table trout are farmed each year, with a further circa 3,500 tonnes for restocking. Large trout production, those fish farmed in marine water, is increasing, with 2011 production being estimated at 2,000 tonnes, up from circa 1,600 tonnes in 2010. Fish feed accounts for approximately 50 percent of production costs, and so is of paramount importance to UK producers. Through both European Union and UK domestic legislation, fish feeds, their composition and their use, are tightly regulated. The vast majority of trout farms source feed from the major commercial suppliers. Skretting has the largest market share, although other suppliers include EWOS, Biomar, Le Gouessant and Aller Aqua. However, whilst costs are high, trout farmers seek value for money and a return in terms of performance and as such would prefer to pay for a top quality feed in that this is a better investment in the long term resulting in a better yield and healthier fish. Feed compositions vary between manufactures and specific formulations / diets. The major source of protein continues to be fish meal. Increasingly, producers seek to be able to vary the inclusion rates in diets of such ingredients as fish and vegetable oils. With the global commodity index affecting the price of key ingredients, trout farmers support feed manufactures in their attempts to operate using

Photo courtesy of ©Dave Bassett, Chief Executive, British Trout Association

David Bassett

K trout farming differs to some other countries in that the UK employs a number of different production methods. Trout are farmed in freshwater open net pens, earth ponds and concrete raceways and are also farmed in open net pens in marine water off the west coast of Scotland. UK trout farmers also employ recirculation technology – most commonly as partial recirculation in hatchery facilities rather than the entirely closed recirculation sites as may be seen elsewhere.

as wide a basket of ingredients as possible, to optimise variations in the commodity market. With the exception of fish farmed to organic standards, the UK market prefers fish that is “pink” fleshed. As such, astaxanthin on canthaxanthin are included in the formulation of diets. Most UK feeds for the table market avoid using land animal protein. Although permitted to do so by law, retail buyers seem reluctant to purchase fish fed using such diets. However, research undertaken by industry and other third parties suggests that there is little to no opposition to the inclusion of such protein sources on the part of the consumer / general public, who remain generally unconcerned about the diets fed to farmed fish. In common with other sectors, 'sustainability' is a term that is used increasingly often with regard to fish farming and fish feeds. Whilst a definition of sustainability is always hard to achieve, it would be fair to suggest that much greater emphasis is now being placed upon such issues as Fish In Fish Out (FIFO). As a trade association representing the UK farming industry, the British Trout Association is increasingly liaising with feed companies and NGO organisations over issues relating to the inclusion percentages of fish meal and fish oil in diets, and the origin of the fish meal and fish oil that is used. It is predicted that greater emphasis will be placed upon such issues in the future, with certain certification schemes placing greater emphasis on the sustainability imprint of all aspects of production. How much importance consumers attach to this has yet to be demonstrated. UK fish farming is strictly regulated in relation to discharges into the aquatic environment. As such, farmers pay close attention to feed conversions ratios and associated nutrient discharge and suspended solids. Whilst feed conversion ratios vary across the UK, given the wide range in production systems, water temperatures and other variables, feed conversion and feeding protocols have continued to improve in sophistication and understanding with reported ratios varying from under 1:1 (typically 0.95) to 1.2 :1. UK trout farmers enjoy a close and mutually beneficial working relationship with commercial fish feed manufacturers and as an industry we continue to work together to be at the forefront of trout production.

May-June 2012 | International AquaFeed | 23

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Farm Focus

Buxton Trout and Salmon Farm, Australia by Mitch MacRae, Secretary of the Australian Trout & Salmon Farmers Association

t Buxton Trout & Salmon Farm we have a general feed conversion rate of 1.1 – 1.2. Protein content of the feed we use is 45 per cent and the percentage of fish meal is not known. There are only 2 feed suppliers in Australia, we chose Skretting as their feed performs better (better FCR) without compromising environmental targets on discharge and is more economical because of freight costs.

"The taste of the trout is not affected by the feed, however the colour is depending on how much colour is added to the feed"

Farm Focus

Photos courtesy of ©Mitch MacRae

Above & Below Mitch MacRae on the grounds of Buxton Trout Farm

The taste of the trout is not affected by the feed, however the colour is depending on how much colour is added to the feed. Costs of feed and FCR are important factors as margins are tight, and fish feed is one of our biggest costs. On average to produce 1kg of trout we will need 1.1 – 1.2kg of feed. In Australia approximately 1500-2000 tonnes of trout are produced each year, with approximately 85 per cent of Australia’s trout being grown in the Murrindindi region in Victoria. Australia’s trout production has an approximate value of 10-15 million dollars per year and employs approximately 200 people.

24 | International AquaFeed | May-June 2012

Trout culture and feed in Turkey by Dr Atilla Ozdemir, Central Fisheries Research Institute, Turkey

lthough Aquaculture has a relatively short history in Turkey, it began with rainbow trout (Onchorhynchus mykiss) and common carp (Cyprinus carpio) in the late 1960s and developed further with gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) and European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) culture in the mid-1980s. Production reached 167,000 tonnes a year in 2010 of rainbow trout, seabass, seabream, mussel, common carp and other species, produced on nearly 2100 farms. The rainbow trout has been cultured since the early 1970s and Turkey has become one of the top trout producing countries in Europe with an annual production of over 85,000 tonnes, or almost 50 percent of the country's total aquaculture production. With the surprising appropriate ecological supply for trout culture in the marine environment thanks to low salinity the Black Sea has an enormous potential. Today there are more than 20 sea-based farms which are situated in the Black Sea. This tends to increase in number of fish farms and production. Apart from marine and some freshwater cage farms in lakes and reservoirs, the majority of the trout farms employ small concrete raceways mainly using stream waters. In the past ten years, trout cage culture in dams has reached a very important level of production. Over 50 percent of the farms have their own hatcheries with eggs being produced during the natural breeding season (between December and February). Ongrowing in raceways lasts between 12 and 24 months. The majority of fish are sold locally as portion size

white trout. In the Black Sea, fish are reared in cages up to 0.5–1.5 kg and sold as 'Black Sea salmon'. Steadily increasing production has accompanied a large volume of fish feed needs. Trout feeds are produced in state-of-the-art facilities using leading-edge quality assurance techniques. There are currently 10 feed mills with the total capacity of over 300,000 tonnes per year. Almost all feed mills produce trout, sea bass and sea bream feeds using extruding technology made after 2000. Since the regulatory standards are high, all fish mills track raw materials acquisition, handling and storage, production processes and packaging and delivery. The main protein source is always declared as fish meal. But reliable data on this is hard to obtain. Although Turkey has different zones all around country having various water characteristic features, the feeds are produced regardless ecological differences as implemented in some countries by chosen different

the market competition is getting more stressful for producers. As a consequence of competition between farmers, feed producers are always introduced the best available feeds in order to reach desired size as quickly as possible. So the growth rate is almost primary factor feed driven. The intrabrand competition occurs also among feed producers. The environmental pressures and impacts caused by the typical production of rainbow trout in Turkey have been taken into consideration particularly in the last decade. After the adoption of new regulations on aquaculture in Environment Law, all aquaculture facilities are under a monitoring programme. Through implementation of a control programme the farmers are directly or indirectly forced to use better quality feeds particularly in low phosporus content. Since the overall production is increasing steadily, this pressure is expected to increase in near future.

Table 1: High quality feeds from hatching to harvest are produced in different size range Starter feeds

300-1500micron

Pregrowers

2 – 3mm

Grower feeds

4 – 10mm

Broodstock

10 – 12mm

protein/lipid/energy ratios. There is high variation in FCR depending on feed management in farms and location of farms. The lowest rate obtained in cages in Black sea as 0,9 and highest as 1,2 in inland farms. The effect of type of feed on taste and colour of the fish is has not been considered very much so far. The initial on-farm experience and following demands/complaints from processing units may lead producers to select the best available feed. No carotenoids are incorporated into most trout diets produced in Turkey but in some cases producers in Black Sea demanded pigmented feeds. The cost and quality are almost equal factors in choosing feed. As production increases, Table 2: The protein/lipid content of feeds may vary among producers but can be summarized in following table Crude protein (%)

Crude lipid (%)

300-1500 micron

50-56

12-18

Size

2 – 3 mm

45-50

18-20

4 – 10 mm

43-45

18-23

10 – 12 mm

47-50

14-20

May-June 2012 | International AquaFeed | 25

Photo courtesy of ©Dave Bassett, Chief Executive, British Trout Association

EXPERT T●PIC

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Farm Focus

Behind the scenes at Bibury Trout Farm A working trout farm that is attracting new business from tourism by Kate Marriott, General Manager, Bibury Trout Farm, United Kingdom

ibury Trout Farm is one of Britainâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s oldest, and certainly most attractive, trout farms. Founded in 1902 by the famous naturalist Arthur Severn, the farm was set up to stock the local rivers and streams with the native brown trout. Today, it covers 15 acres in one of the most beautiful valleys in the Cotswolds, the Coln Valley. The Farm has diversified over the years, and the leisure side of the business now plays a very important part.

"The Farm has diversified over the years, and the leisure side of the business now plays a very important part"

Website: www.biburytroutfarm.co.uk

26 | International AquaFeed | May-June 2012

Farm Focus

Situated in the heart of the beautiful village of Bibury, the farm benefits from the large number of tourists who visit the region. The crystal clear waters of the Bibury Spring provide the essential pure water required to run the hatchery which spawns up to six million trout ova every year. Up to a third of the ova are sold to outlets throughout Britain and occasionally abroad. The remainder are grown on and sold to supply angling waters throughout the

country, approximately 80 tons. A small proportion (20 tons) are sold to other trout farms to supply the table market and are sold to local hotels, wholesalers and to the public through both the farm shop and farmers markets as fresh gutted trout, fillets or smoked trout, all smoked and packaged on the premises. On the farm visitors can learn about the rainbow and brown trout while they wander in the beautiful surroundings. There is a chance to see grading in progress when the fish are selected for size and quality before being transported to new homes in oxygenated water in specially made fibre glass tanks. Information boards give a insight to what goes on in the hatchery and fryary areas and staff are on hand to answer any questions. Feeding is done daily by staff and the water comes to life as the fish vie for the last morsel. For the more adventurous, or the budding fisherman, Bibury's Catch Your Own Fishery is an ideal opportunity to catch your supper or get hooked on a new hobby. Open at weekends during March - October, and during the local school holidays, we provide all the equipment and help if required. In addition to the farm, our recently refurbished fish shop which now houses a wonderful range of wines, deli products, and preserves as well as quality breads, eggs, and milk. The Trout Farm is situated in the centre of the village of Bibury, next to Arlington Mill. Bibury is between Cirencester and Burford in the United Kingdom

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May-June 2012 | International AquaFeed | 27

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Emerging disease in Mexican trout by Celene Salgado Miranda, Mexico State University, Mexico

(IBD) of chickens and X virus of Drosophila melanogaster. This birnavirus is single-shelled icosahedrons with characteristic isometric hexagonal profi les and has a diameter of about 60nm. The genome consists of two segment of double-stranded RNA. Genome segment A encoding two structural proteins (VP2 y VP3) and a nonstructural protease, while segment B encoding for a RNA polymerase. VP2 protein induces the production of specific-type neutralizing monoclonal antibodies. It is thought that VP2 contains all the epitopes recognized by these antibodies. The serological classification scheme of Hill and Way recognizes nine different IPNV serovars into the serogroup A. Seven of these serotypes have been identified in IPNV rainbow trout isolates. Serogroup B includes a single serotype represented by the TV-1 archetype isolated from brown trout (Salmo trutta) and common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Each serotype includes a number of strains that differ in virulence. This variation complicates the disease which is little understood.

tally inoculated and re-isolated from zebra fish eggs (Brachydanio rerio).Some IPNV cases have been reported in American and European eels (Anguilla anguilla). However, the infection in Japanese eel (Anguilla japonica) has a greater economic impact. In summary, the IPNV has been identified in a number of teleosts family fish: Anguillidae, Atherinidae, Carangidae, Channidae, Cichlidae, Clupeidae, Cobitidae, Cyprinidae, Gadidae, Esocidae, Percichthyidae, Percidae, Pleuronectidae, Poeciliidae, Salmonidae, and Sciaenidae.

Transmission, carriers and vectors Infected ﬁsh can transmit the virus by both horizontal and vertical transmission. These ﬁsh shed the virus by urine and faeces, contrib-

nfectious pancreatic necrosis (IPN) is a disease caused by a birnavirus affecting several wild and commercial aquatic organisms. Salmonid species are the most affected, having an important impact in the salmon and trout culture due to a high rate mortality of fry and fingerling. IPN disease is listed in the ﬁsh diseases of the International Health Code, World Organization for Animal Health (OIE). For this reason, any IPN outbreak has to be reported. The epizootiological knowledge of the IPN is relevant for establishing preventive and control strategies against both disease and causative agent.

Distribution The IPN and the causative agent (IPNV) has been reported in several countries: Australia, Canada, Chile, Denmark, Scotland, Spain, Finland, France, England, Italy, Japan, Norway and Switzerland, among others. Based on these reports, IPN is regarded as a worldwide distributed disease. In Mexico, IPNV was identiﬁed in 2001 from US-imported rainbow trout fry. In a recent study, the IPNV was isolated from three rainbow trout breeding farms located at Mexico State, Mexico, regarded as the main producer of this ﬁsh species.

Etiology The causative agent of IPN is a virus belonging to the Birnaviridae family. Other members of this family include infectious bursal disease

Epizootiology Natural and experimental hosts Salmonids are the most susceptible species under natural conditions. The brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) is the most susceptible one to lethal effects of IPNV, followed by rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Also, IPNV has been isolated from artic char (Salvelinus alpinus),brown trout (Salmo trutta) and lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush). The IPNV has been isolated from important non-salmonid species in marine aquaculture: turbot (Scophthalmus maximus), sole (Solea senegalensis) and Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus).Also has been isolated from some fishs as pike (Esox lucius), goldfish (Carasius auratus), discus fish (Symphysodon discus) and bream (Abramis brama), among others. IPNV was experimen28 | International AquaFeed | May-June 2012

uting to the horizontal transmission. In breeding fish, it has been demonstrated that the IPNV is vertically transmitted by viral adsorption to the surface of spermatozoids, or it can be present in the follicular fluid, but not in the nonfertilized eggs. Bebak et al. experimentally determined the IPNV excretion patterns in rainbow trout fry. The time between challenge and excreting, and challenge and signs onset were evaluated. The authors also estimated the rate of susceptible-excreting fish into a population from inoculated IPNV fry. It was demonstrated that IPNV-infected rainbow trout fry shed the virus two days post-inoculation, and the shedding is increased, and approximately decreased after 12 days post-inoculation. More than 75 percent of the rainbow trout population was infected in less than a week from the beginning of the viral shedding. In rotifers (Brachionus plicatilis) it has been observed birnavirus lesions associated with an IPNV-like virus. It is likely that invertebrate animals used as living-food for seabream and

EXPERT T●PIC turbot larvae, could be involved in the viral transmission. Similarly, it has been demonstrated that the freshwater crayfish (Astacus astacus) retains the virus in tissues and hemolymph, constantly shedding the virus to the water. Halder and Ahne suggest that these organisms are infected by the consumption of IPNV-infected trouts. The following shellfish species are regarded as reservoirs of the IPNV: mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis), oysters (Crassostrea gigas), periwinkles (Littorina littorea), and wild fish as sand eels (Ammodytes sp), sprat (Sprattus sprattus) and blue

devoid of food. Petechiae are observed in some viscera. Sometimes, food residue remains in the gut, the quantity is small and confined to the far distal or rectal portion. Very often the body cavity may contain ascitic fluid. The stomach and anterior intestine contains a clear to milky cohesive mucus, among other findings. Main lesions found at the histopathology study include: focal coagulative necrosis in pancreas, kidney and intestine. The pancreatic tissue showed

degenerative changes, including acinar cell areas, and zymogen granules freeing. Nuclear pyknosis of different sizes are observed. In many cases, inflamatory cell infiltration is not evident. In fish that suffered the disease up to two years before the histology study, hypertrophy of Langerhans’ islets with abundant fibrosis were found. In cases of pancreatic lesions, also acute enteritis featured by necrosis and sloughing of the epithelium are observed. In the intestinal lumen, catarrhal whitish exudate is associated with the disease. Inclusion bodies are not observed in affected cells. In many cases, the renal tissue has small focal degenerative changes. In fish that were infected during early ages, abundant rounding up of epithelial cells with karyorhectic nuclei was found. This finding suggest that they can be viral replication sites in carrier fish; however, it has not been confimed.

ALLER AQUA

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Signs The IPN is a typical disease in early ages of salmonids, causing up to 100 percent of mortalit y in fi ngerlings and fi rst-feeding fry. An experimental study reported a mean cumulative mortality ranging from 84 percent to 92 percent in challenged Atlantic salmon fry. The fish mortality started seven days post-challenge and peaked at 10-12 days. Generally affected fish showed anorexia and rotate about their long axis in a whirling motion with lapses of ataxia. In these fish darkening occurs (hyperpigmentation). Mild to moderate exophthalmia and abdominal distention are common. Also, gills are typically pale and hemorrhages are sometimes present in ventral areas, including the ventral fins. Many emaciated fish trail long, thin, whitish, cast-like excretions from the vent.

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According to necropsy ﬁndings, spleen, heart, liver and kidneys of fry are abnormally pale and the digestive tract is almost always May-June 2012 | International AquaFeed | 29

EXPERT T●PIC

Diagnosis The procedure for IPN diagnosis, recommended by the OIE, is based on the isolation of IPNV in susceptible cell lines (Figure 1), and further identification by serological techniques by immunofluorescent test, neutralization test and ELISA. Diagnosis of clinical outbreaks is based on histology and immunological ev idence of the IPNV in infected tissues. These cases are confirmed by the IPNV isolation and immunological identification of the virus. Due to insufficient knowledge of the serological responses of fish to IPNV infection, the detection of fish antibodies to IPNV has not been accepted by the OIE (2003) as routine tests. Detection of IPNV in cell lines is consistent and simple, particularly in cell lines from homologous species. It is due to: 1) the virus is present in high level titers in the tissues; 2) viral isolation could be positive from non-dis-

eased fish 3) viral isolation could be positive from any viral phase; 4) two to three weeks are required for isolation and identification of the agent, which is not a critical issue for presentation of a epizootic outbreak, and 5) high sensitivity and easy observable cytopathic effect. Cell lines used for the IPNV isolation include: RTG-2 (rainbow trout gonad), CHSE-214 (chinook salmon embryo) and BF-2 (bluegill fry). Currently, some methods have been developed for detecting IPNV by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) technique. However, sensitivity of this technique has not been greater than the cell culture. Hence, viral isolation and serological confirmation of the virus are regarded as the choice procedures for the IPNV identification.

Prevention and control Current preventive methods are based on the onset of control and hygiene practices during rearing of salmonids, avoiding introduction or importation of fertilized eggs or fish from IPNV-infected breeding trouts. Also, the use of fish-free freshwater (for example, spring water), particularly IPNV-carrier

fish, reduces the risk of infection. However, in Mexican trout farms, this condition is not always possible. As mentioned above, Salgado-Miranda carried out the IPNV isolation from three rainbow trout breeding farms located at Mexico State. Obtained results indicated a possible horizontal transmission throughout the water supply from a farm where a previous IPN outbreak in fry was recorded. In these cases, treatment of supplied water could decrease the risk of an IPN outbreak and other infectious agents. Liltved et al. experimentally exposed live cultures of Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida, Vibrio anguillarum, V. salmonicida, Yersinia ruckeri and IPNV to ozone or ultraviolet (UV) irradiation at nine°12°C. The four bacteria tested were inactivated by 99.99 percent (fourlog reductions in viable count) within 180 seconds at residual ozone concentrations of 0.15-0.20 mg/L. The IPNV was inactivated within 60 seconds at residual ozone concentrations of 0.10 a 0.20 mg/L. Similarly, the four bacteria tested were inactivated by 99.9 percent (five log reductions in viable count) at a UV dose of 2.7 m Ws/cm2 at room temperature. IPNV was much more resistant to UV irradiation than the bacteria. An average UV dose of 122 m Ws/cm2 was required for 99.9 percent (three log) reduction in virus titer. However, it has to be considered that ozone low residual levels (0.010 a 0.20 mg/L) have also caused mortalities in trout recirculating systems. A concentration of 40ppm available chlorine was required to experimentally inactivate 10 TCID50 of IPN V/ml in 30 minutes. Similarly, a concentration of 35ppm of active iodine was required to completely inactivate 10 TCID50 of IPNV/ml in the same time. Other studies, where several disinfectants were tested, 25ppm of iodine was required to inactivate IPNV, infectious haematopoyetic necrosis virus (IHNV) and viral haemorrhagic septicemia (VHS). It is important to highlight that IHNV and VHS are exotic infectious agents in Mexico. For controlling IPN in breeding farms, infected fish and its offspring (eggs, fingerling and fry) have to be sacrificed. IPNV transmission by fertilized eggs can occur in spite of iodine treatment. Propagation of IPNV-free stocks monitored by viral isolation during several years, has been a good strategy for the control of IPN in breeding farms. In areas where IPN is enzootic, it is recommended, during an outbreak, to decrease the density of the affected population, reducing the impact on the total mortality. A study showed that interaction between fish density and number of infected fi sh, affected signifi cantly the mortality parameter. However, there are some disagreements about it. Up to date, highly effective IPNV30 | International AquaFeed | May-June 2012

inactivated vaccines do not exist. Treatment with formalin or ß-propiolactone for use in vaccines, completely inactivated IPNV, but caused a slight reduction in antigenicity up to 50 percent . An active vaccine containing an IPNV non-pathogenic strain, normal trout serum-sensitive, did not confer protection in experimental challenged fish. In Norway, both inactivated and recombinant vaccines are widely used. The recombinant vaccine, the first one licensed for using in fish, express the VP2 sequence in Escherichia coli and induce specific IPNV antibodies. As it happens in other viral diseases, there is no treatment for the IPN. Several antiviral compounds inhibits the in vitro replication in cell culture; for example, ribavirin, pyrazofurin and 5-ethynyl-1-ß-D-ribofuranosylimidazole4-carboxamide (EICAR),among other compounds. Research on EICAR as an antiviral compound showed good results in experimentally IPNV-infected rainbow trout. The effect of the administration of lysozyme (KLP-602) in the feed of IPNV experimentally infected rainbow trout, has been also evaluated. Cumulative mortality was lower in fish fed on dietary treatment containing lysozyme (30%), compared with untreated fish (65%). Based on the significant increase of all the immunological parameters, these authors refer that the lyzozyme modulated the cellular and humoral defense mechanisms after suppression induced by IPNV. Also, a selected trout strain resistant to natural infection by this virus has been reported. As Håstein et al. pointed out, future national and international aquaculture regulations for the establishment of preventive and control strategies of infectious diseases include: adoption of standardized control methods, suitable infrastructures development, and a deeper comprehension of the epizootiology of aquatic organism diseases.

Conclusion IPNV is a birnavirus affecting mainly salmonid species, being the rainbow trout the most susceptible species. In Mexico, isolation and identiﬁcation of this infectious agent from rainbow trout was recently reported. Neither a treatment nor totally effective vaccines against this disease are available, being the preventive and control measures of great importance. Introduction into farms of eggs, fish and water supply free of IPNV are the main preventive strategy. These also constitute the most important risk factors in spreading of this disease.

Acknowledgments The collaboration in structure design and critical review of the manuscript by Dr. Edgardo Soriano Vargas, CIESA-FMVZ-UAEM, is greatly acknowledged.

IDL-IAF.pdf

5/8/12 9:58 EX1 PERT T●PIC

THE 7TH INDONESIA’S NO.1 LIVESTOCK, FEED, DAIRY AND FISHERIES INDUSTRY SHOW "Food Education Campaign" Hosted by

Struggling Downstream? The trout value chain in Peru by Jodie Keane with Alberto Lemma, based on studies by Juana Kuramoto at GRADE, a member of the Consorcio de Investigación Económica y Social (CIES), Peru.

n Peru, the United States Agency International Aid (USAID) project for Poverty Reduction and Alleviation (PRA) has been one of the pioneers of value chain interventions. Under the PRA, value chains of distinct products have been fostered, ranging from agro-industrial products to artisanal goods and small manufacturing, which have then gained placement in international markets. The chain for trout is one of the successful chains achieved by the PRA. Not only has it combined the natural advantages of raising this fish in Peruvian territory, but also it has managed to consolidate access to foreign markets through a national producer and trader, Piscifactoría Los Andes. Raising trout has a long history in Peru. The species was introduced in the country in the 1930s, with the import of eggs and fry brought from the US. The development of trout farming occurred

extensively, by populating lakes and water sources. By the 1980s, there was a new effort to propel this activity through the construction of fish farms in various mountainous provinces of the country. However, raising trout did not take off as an economic activity and the infrastructure that was constructed was left underused.

Directorate General of Livestock and Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture, Republic of Indonesia

Official Regional Publication

Official Local Publication

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"The United States Agency International Aid project for Poverty Reduction and Alleviation (PRA) has been one of the pioneers of value chain interventions. The chain for trout is one of the successful" In the 2000s, the Peruvian enterprise Piscifactoría Los Andes made important efforts to begin trout export to foreign markets. These efforts complemented the PRA project, with the development of trout value chains initiated in Junín, Huancavelica and Puno.

Linking producers to exporters Although the initial investments required for trout production may be low, export of trout to international markets requires a series of sanitary certifications, imposing a high cost on producers and traders. The value chain for trout is divided into three well-determined links: fry production, trout production and marketing. These links define the principal actors in the value chain. May-June 2012 | International AquaFeed | 31

www.indolivestock.com www.sdticampaign.com Organised by

PT. NAPINDO MEDIA ASHATAMA Jl. Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No.10, Billy & Moon, Pondok Kelapa Jakarta 13450, Indonesia Tel: (62-21) 8644756/85 | Fax: (62-21) 8650963 E-mail: info@indolivestock.com

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"There are several lessons to be learnt from this experience. First, coordination agreements need to be put in place to facilitate investments in public infrastructure; management could be realised by a municipal company or by a company under a franchise agreement. Second, it is feasible to replicate coordination models on a small scale, but it is still necessary to include components of technical assistance and financing. Third, expanding the level of production of trout requires significant capital. The financial solvency of large producers and coordinators is vital"

One company in Peru accounts for the majority of trout exports (90 percent as of 2006) and is the largest and oldest within the industry in Peru. Piscifactoría Los Andes recognised that it would need to increase production in order to begin exporting trout. In 2000, the company decided to participate in the PRA project and initiated negotiations with producer organization, SAIS. The company would provide the necessary capital as well as purchasing the fry and balanced food. SAIS agreed to hand over its production to the company once the trout had reached the optimal size and weight. The PRA financed the contracting of several experts, who provided technical assistance to SAIS. Despite initial incompliance on the part of SAIS, the interaction allowed for Piscifactoría Los Andes to increase production and sell to the export market. The agreement between SAIS and Los Andes was broken, but the coordination model must have appealed to the company because it continued to participate with the PRA in other regions. In fact, the company has signed an agreement with private company California’s Garden de Oxapampa within the framework of a PRA project.

The experience of Acoria In this case, the coordination was between the Municipality of Acoria and the Los Andes company. The agreement continues to present day. In 2003, initial production reached 12 metric tones of trout per year and production is expected to reach 72 metric tones in 2008. In 2007, the municipal enterprise attained financial self-sufficiency and managed to generate employment for its community members (including single mothers and widows). The Municipality of Acoria is contemplating initiating trout farming in other locations in its jurisdiction. There are several lessons to be learnt from this experience. First, coordination agreements need to be put in place to facilitate investments in public infrastructure; management could be realised by a municipal company or by a company under a franchise agreement. Second, it is feasible to replicate coordination models on a small scale, but it is still necessary to include components of technical assistance and financing. Third, expanding the level of production of trout requires significant capital. The financial solvency of large producers and coordinators is vital.

The experience of Puno In Puno, there are different institutions linked to trout farming, such as strong producer associations like the Association of Trout Producers (APT), which are relatively active in promoting technical assistance projects for the benefit of their associates. However, initiatives have not managed to coordinate the value chain strongly, owing to budget limitations 32 | International AquaFeed | May-June 2012

and overemphasis on the provision of basic training to the neglect of other activities. The low prices that are prevalent in the region, lack of credit, high levels of informality, lack of coordination of the actions of state organs and scant knowledge of marketing aspects of trout are the main obstacles to the development of this activity in Puno.

Conclusions This study showed that value chain interventions should be utilized for programs whose main objective is to increase the dynamism of economic activity in a specific territory, as such programs are not necessarily effective in alleviating poverty. In general, value chain interventions are targeting foreign markets, which are subject to quality certification and sanitary norms that can present bottlenecks for small local producers. Moreover, coordinating the chain requires significant technical and financial capacity. In the examples discussed, such assistance has been forthcoming from the PRA, but project objectives have not always been achieved. It is important not only to provide technical assistance, but also to offer access to finance and to facilitate institutional development. Sensitisation programs are recommended in order to promote the formalization of producers and membership in associations, and to engender confidence and respect in the agreements. Poverty alleviation programs should be designed mainly to elevate basic poverty indicators, and not to coordinate with sophisticated markets. Poor producers generally manage a range of resources and activities in order to support themselves, and often consider focusing on a single economic activity to be a high risk. In parallel with the promotion of value chains that coordinate with foreign markets, it is necessary to work on the formation of value chains that coordinate with regional markets and the domestic market, in order to prevent prices falling from excess supply. To this end, it is necessary to work on the formation of regional markets and the provision of public goods in the form of physical infrastructure and market information systems. The focus on demand promoted by the PRA project should be supported by the important activity of market intelligence. Only in this way will we be able to construct stable demand for local producers and ensure that market prices are adequate in order to generate sufficient utility to cover the risk that they face for their specialization.

information:

The full study is available in Spanish on the COPLA website: http://www.cop-la.net

TROUT

EXPERT Tâ&#x2014;?PIC

INFO

Australian Trout & Salmon Farmers Association

Mitch MacRae - Email: buxtontrout@bigpond.com http://www.growfish.com.au/grow/pages/Site/Associations.htm

British Trout Association

Peruvian Aquaculture Company informes@peruvianaquaculture.com http://www.peruvianaquaculture.com/

Turkey Central Fisheries Research Institute

David Bassett - Email: david.bassett@britishtrout.co.uk) http://www.britishtrout.co.uk

info@sumae.gov.tr http://www.sumae.gov.tr/en/

Polish Trout Breeders Association Marcin Mikolajczak - mm@sprl.pl

Danish Aquaculture Association

E ... B ILL W

EXT EXPERT TOP N R IC OU

Photo courtesy of ÂŠDave Bassett, Chief Executive, British Trout Association

Brian Thomsen - Email: brian@danskakvakultur.dk http://www.danskakvakultur.dk/default.aspx?pageid=291

May-June 2012 | International AquaFeed | 33

TILAPIA

opic e Expert Tue of th e b l il w s 12 is Talapia /August 20 for the July al Aquafeed. Internation epting rrently acc We are cus for future articles suggestion s - so if would likethe and featureute please contact to contrib Editor, Alice Neal, Associate rendale.co.uk alicen@pe

FEATURE

for home aquaria

Ornamental fish and invertebrates by Dr Jack M James, AquaBioTech Group, Malta

he trade in ornamental fish and invertebrates is a truly global industry, generating many millions of dollars, and touching the lives of a vast range of people. From artisanal fishermen in Indonesia, to importers and exporters in Singapore and Spain, farmers in the Czech Republic and Florida and ending with the home aquarist in any one of hundreds of countries worldwide, the appeal of ornamanetals is worldwide.

rose from 28 to 146, and this number is expected to continue to rise. It is expected that most of these are developing countries which see the export of ornamental fish as a means to increase employment and generate wealth. The worldwide value of exports in 2004 was reported to be US$251m, a rise of US$230m in the preceding 30 years at an average 14 percent per annum, with a retail value of approximately US$2.2bn. A further FAO report in 2008 valued While freshwater ornamental fish are exports at US$278m in 2005 (Livengood and largely farmed, thereby providing a sustainable Chapman, 2008). At these rates, it could be and renewable supply, marine species are estimated that global exports now value over largely wild caught, leading to a potential for US$600m, although the effects of the global species loss, ecological imbalance, and habitat economic slowdown are not yet known for degradation. As the ornamental industry pro- the sector. In terms of the division of these exports vides livelihoods in many places where there are very few opportunities for employment, it between regions and countries, 55 percent of the 2004 exports came from Asia, while 25 percent The worldwide value of ornamental fish came from Europe, exports in 2004 was reported to be US$251m, mainly the Czech Republic. Between a rise of US$230m in the preceding 30 years 1974 and 2004, the number of at an average 14 percent per annum, with a countries importing retail value of approximately US$2.2bn. ornamental species rose from 32 to 120, with a slight is important that the industry is encouraged to dip in the interim. The largest of the importgrow, but it is essential that proper monitoring ers of ornamental fish was Europe with 51 is in place to ensure that this growth is sustain- percent (the UK alone imports 19 percent able, in terms of individual species, population of this figure), and North America with 26 percent of the market share (the USA making ecology, and habitat preservation. up 87 percent of this, making the largest single country importer with nearly 23 percent of Industry scale Livengood and Chapman (2008) estimated the global market share). Of the exporting countries, the fastest that some 1539 species of marine and freshwater fish, 102 species of hard and soft growth was seen in Czech Republic and Spain, coral and 293 species of invertebrates were while drops were noted in exports from the traded globally. According to FAO statistics USA, Germany and Hong Kong, presumably from 2004, as summarised by Ploeg (2004), linked to reducing imports into Japan, an between 1974 and 2004, the number of important destination for ornamentals from countries reporting ornamental fish exports these countries. 34 | International AquaFeed | May-June 2012

Monitoring of the global trade The effective monitoring of the global trade is essential in order to properly record and analyse the volumes of species traded, in particular those perceived as vulnerable or under threat, to prevent irreversible damage. Through monitoring, a balance can be achieved and maintained between the demand for ornamental species, the need for income and employment, and the ecological requirements of habitats and populations. This balance can then provide for a sustainable industry into the future, reducing the risk of catastrophic loss of habitat or ecological imbalance potentially leading to socioeconomic issues in less developed areas. In 2000, in response to a need for better monitoring of marine ornamental trade, the United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC), the Marine Aquarium Council (MAC) and members of various aquarium trade associations began, in collaboration, to address this need and created the Global Marine Aquarium Database (GMAD). Trade data has been obtained from wholesale exporters and importers of marine aquarium organisms and integrated into quantitative, species-specific information which has been made public. Fifty-eight companies, approximately onefifth of the wholesalers in business, and four government management authorities have provided data to GMAD. In August 2003 the dataset contained 102,928 trade records (7.7 million imported and 9.4 million exported animals) covering a total of 2,393 species of fish, corals and invertebrates and spanning the years 1988 to 2003. It was believed that this data permitted the most accurate quantitative estimates available of the size of the global trade in marine ornamental fish and corals, and the first ever estimates for invertebrates other than corals. A consultation on the monitoring the industry conducted in 2008 carried out for

FEATURE the European Commission by UNEP and the WCMC stated that a properly monitored and sustainably managed industry can present a valuable opportunity for income generation and support to livelihoods, while also providing an alternative to environmentally destructive activities. Not monitoring the trade could, on the other hand, lead to an over exploitation of resources, damaging the long term future potential of the industry. The consultation identified the six mechanisms for monitoring the trade at species level as: 1. the monitoring activities put in place by certification schemes (e.g. Marine Aquarium Council - MAC) 2. GMAD 3. the statistics generated by Customs and FAO, 4. CITES 5. veterinary controls 6. Annex D of the EU Wildlife Trade Regulations. In analysing these monitoring options, they determined that certification schemes are desirable but provide only partial coverage, are expensive, some have been unsuccessful, and there is little evidence of consumer awareness. GMAD, being voluntary, was found to not

be comprehensive enough for monitoring trade for conservation purposes. Information generated by customs and FAO lacks the detail in the information required for conservation purposes. CITES is effective at targeted monitoring of individual species of interest, however the monetary cost of obtaining permits to trade can be prohibitive. Veterinary controls, for example in the EU, record species level data which could be useful for conservation purposes; however, at the time of the report, this data was being not captured and so valuable information was not being aggregated in a standardised and accessible manner. Finally, Annex D of the EU Wildlife Trade Regulations proved to be the most effective tool for monitoring for conservation concern. However, there was a willingness for purposes, providing species level data of EC veterinary controls to be investigated as a unrestricted species, with no monetary cost further mechanism for monitoring the trade. While concerns were raised regarding the to the importer, making it the only instrument that could, at the time of the report, provide fact that these controls will only accurately comprehensive species level data on the monitoring imports into the EU while global 20/02/2012 the fact 07:53 that Page 1 international trade in species_OffshoreMaric_Quarter_SplitAd_OMC_Quarter of conservation trade may be underestimated,

OFFSHORE MARICULTURE

CONFERENCE2012

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A MERCATOR MEDIA EVENT

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May-June 2012 | International AquaFeed | 35

FEATURE there is a system in place which is effective at monitor the ornamental trade is encouraging. It is therefore imperative that monitoring systems which can act on a global scale and based on those identified as being effective are initiated in order to provide proper traceability and sustainable development of the industry going forward.

on the species assemblage and the community as a whole. Losses post capture can also be very high, up to 80 percent for some tropical marine

Sustainability of marine ornamental supply Despite sometimes being accused of causing undue degradation of populations and habitats, the marine ornamental trade is a low volume, high value industry. In 2000, 1kg of aquarium fish from the Maldives was valued at almost US$500, whereas 1kg of reef fish harvested for food was worth only US$6. Furthermore, the live coral trade is estimated to be worth about US$7,000 per tonne, whereas the use of harvested coral for the production of limestone yields only about US$60 per tonne (Wabnitz et al, 2003). There is therefore a clear financial incentive to preserve the important marine habitats and populations which provide to the ornamental industry, such as coral reefs and mangroves. It is clear from the information available that the potential is there for a sustainable and profitable industry, but from the case study of the GMAD, there are clearly still large gaps in the knowledge on, in particular, marine ornamental harvesting. This creates a need for a two pronged approach to developing a sustainable marine ornamental industry – the first being improved monitoring as discussed previously, and the second being an effort to increase the number of species which are cultured for the industry. Only one-10 percent of marine ornamental fish and less than one percent of hard corals are cultured (Wabnitz et al, 2003), this is in contrast to over 90 percent of freshwater ornamental species. In order to increase the proportion of marine species cultured, simple and cost effective culture methods must be sought which enable poor communities which rely on harvesting to switch their efforts to culture, thereby moving towards a more sustainable industry while not neglecting the beneficial potential of the ornamental trade for these communities.

The responsible aquarist An appreciation by the home aquarist is the first step to self-regulation in terms of promoting sustainably sourced or farmed animals over those known to come from unsustainable wild fisheries. For example, in some wild fisheries collectors may use highly toxic substances such as sodium cyanide in marine environments and rotenone in freshwater systems to incapacitate the fish prior to collection. Such practices can have long term toxic effects

enjoy-

fish, while other species such as cardinal tetra can have mortality as low as six percent, and so proper species selection to reduce demand for livestock which do not travel well can have a beneficial impact. Additionally, better guidelines for collection, transport, and storage can help to reduce mortality. Therefore the consumer can have a marked impact on enhancing the sustainability of the industry through being aware of and choosing the most sustainably sourced livestock available, while ensuring they are properly educated on the requirements of their chosen livestock, so reducing mortality at home. To highlight the role that responsible and properly informed aquarists can play, trade data, correlated with aquarium suitability information, indicates that two species known not to acclimatise well to aquarium conditions are nonetheless very commonly traded. They are the bluestreak cleaner wrasse (Labroides dimidiatus: 87,000 individuals traded between 1997 and 2002) and the mandarin fish (Synchiropus splendidus: 11,000 live individuals exported to the EU in the same period). Data further indicates that species characterised as ‘truly unsuitable’, mainly due to their restricted dietary requirements, such as the foureye butterflyfish (Chaetodon capistratus), the harlequin filefish (Oxymonacanthus longisrostris) and the Hawaiian cleaner wrasse (Labroides phtirophagus), are also commonly traded, albeit in lower numbers (Wabnitz et al, 2003). Demand for species such as these is presumably perpetuated by mortality in home aquaria due to the unsuitable conditions, and it is these kinds of practises which can be minimised or eradicated through responsible aquarium keeping. The global ornamental trade is a strong and growing industry, and it benefits all walks of life through wealth generation and aesthetic 36 | International AquaFeed | May-June 2012

ment. It has the opportunity to become a unique example of an ecologically and financially sustainable and renewable industry, where wealth flows from some of the worlds richest economies to some of the very poorest communities around the world. However, in order to do this, improved systems for monitoring the global trade must be sought and implemented, and aquarists must strive to be as well educated as possible on the source and care of their livestock. In this way, the inhabitants of our home aquaria can remain some of the world’s most popular companion animals, while remaining affordable and healthy, and above all without damaging their natural habitats and populations. ■

References Livengood, E. J., & Chapman, F. A. (2008). The Ornamental Fish Trade: An Introduction with Perspectives for Responsible Aquarium Fish Ownership. University of Florida IFAS Extension, (FA124). Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. Ploeg, A. (2004). The Volume of the Ornamental Fish Trade. Ornamental Fish International. Ornamental Fish International. Wabnitz, C., Taylor, M., Green, E. P., & Razak, T. (2003). From Ocean to Aquarium: the global trade in marine ornamental species. Cambridge: UNEP-WCMC. UNEP-WCMC. (2008). Monitoring of International Trade in Ornamental Fish - Consultation Paper. Context.

FEATURE

Brewers’ yeast as a supplement in aquaculture

by Jan Frericks, Leiber GmbH, Germany

he effect of stress caused by environmental pollution and farming conditions on the health and yield of fish in intensive aquacultures is becoming increasingly important.

Factors such as stocking density, contamination, toxins, pollutants and outbreaks of disease have a negative effect on the immune status of the fish. The consequence of this is an increased susceptibility to infection through bacterial, viral, fungal or parasitic pathogens. Increased loss rates and reduced growth performance result in lower profitability for the fish production industry. As a consequence, the monetary and

therapeutic antibiotics for fish. The transfer of genes for resistance between different species of bacteria is accelerated, leading to an exacerbation of the problem of resistance in the treatment of human diseases worldwide. Future-oriented production methods in the fish farming industry should therefore be targeted towards minimising the use of antibiotics and medicinal drugs. It is of great importance to analyse the negative effects caused by environmental pollution and farming methods. More crucial still will be to influence the animal's metabolism so that external toxins have a lesser impact, even under intensive conditions. A healthy gut and a functioning

nutrients accumulate within the cells of the yeast species Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Being organically bound ensures high availability of these active substances. Dried brewers’ yeast is used very often in fish nutrition due to the high bioavailability of the constituent compounds. In addition to this, brewers’ yeast has cell walls that are composed of mannanoligosaccharides (MOS). This complex network of mannans and ßglucans serves as a substrate for the beneficial gut flora. The fish's limited digestive tract benefits in particular from the prebiotic properties of the yeast cell walls, which stabilise the gut and ensure a healthy balance of microflora

"The cell wall of brewers’ yeast comprises approximately 20-25% mannans and 25-30% ß-glucans. ß1,3/1,6(D) glucan molecules can be isolated from it using special hydrolytic processes. The molecules consist of characteristic (1,3)-beta-glycosidic linked D-glucose subunits connected with with irregular beta-(1,6)-linked side chains of various length. Only this free ß-glucan structure from Saccharomyces cerevisiae has an immunomodulatory effect on the metabolism"

quantitative overheads for the vaccination and medicinal treatment of the fish increases. In many cases, antibiotics are given not only therapeutically, but also prophylactically as a standard additive in fish feed. The intensive farming methods used for fish cultivation in aquatic environments with a direct connection to the groundwater are especially liable to facilitate the very rapid and direct spread of problematic production residues to humans. Resistant pathogens and germs do not just limit the effectiveness of

non-specific immune response are fundamental prerequisites for this.

Excellent for the gut Brewers’ yeast cells are like miniature power houses, and are responsible for the alcoholic fermentation that takes place during the brewing stage of beer production. In the course of the fermentation of malt extract, high concentrations of minerals and trace elements, amino acids and nucleotides, B vitamins and enzymes, as well as many micro38 | International AquaFeed | May-June 2012

(eubiosis). In addition to this, the mannanoligosaccharides in brewers’ yeast are able to bind harmful toxins in the food, and thus inhibit their absorption and resultant metabolic harm. Last but not least, the formation of a biofilm on the intestinal mucosa enhances this protective barrier against pathogens.

Glucan and the immune system The cell wall of brewers’ yeast comprises approximately 20-25 percent mannans

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AQUAFEED

FEATURE

Tests were recently performed on several species of fish that confirm a stimulatory effect on the non-specific immune system

and 25-30 percent ß-glucans. ß1,3/1,6(D) glucan molecules can be isolated from it using special hydrolytic processes. The molecules consist of characteristic (1,3)-beta-glycosidic linked D-glucose subunits connected with with irregular beta-(1,6)-linked side chains of various length. Only this free ß-glucan structure from Saccharomyces cerevisiae has an immunomodulatory effect on the metabolism. In contrast with intact yeast cells or mannan-oligosaccharides, free ß1,3/1,6(D)glucan molecules are able to pass through the protective epithelial barrier in the gut with the help of specialised M cells. In gut-associated lymph tissue (GALT), ß-glucans act like antigens, stimulating specific macrophage receptors with their characteristic surface structures (epitopes) (Engstad and Robertsen 1993). A cascade of immune responses is triggered, and non-specific immune system cells such as monocytes, natural killer cells, B-cells, T-cells or lysozymes are released or activated. They put the animal on a high state of alert and preparedness to defend against all types of foreign attack. What differentiates this from an actual infection is that ß-glucan does not possess any pathogenic properties, and acts without causing any adverse health effects. A quality criterion for the effectiveness of

ß-glucan products is not only the source and characteristic molecular structure, but also the purity of the product. A minimum content of 70 percent pure ß1,3/1,6(D)glucan should be aimed for. The standard grade Leiber® BetaS has a ß-glucan content of 80 percent. The metabolic activity of this product has already been tested on many animal species and verified. Tests were recently performed on several species of fish that confirm a stimulatory effect on the non-specific immune system. Rainbow trout and carp received 0.02 percent ßglucan (Leiber® BetaS) administered in their feed ration. The potential killing activity of phagocytes, the proliferative response of T and Blymphocytes and the concentration of immunoglobulins and lysozymes in the blood serum was measured four weeks and eight weeks after beginning administration. In two repetitions, a significant stimulation of these parameters was demonstrated in both rainbow trout and carp. In subsequent infection studies using two bacterial (Aeromonas salmonicida; Yersinia ruckeri) and one viral pathogen (IPN virus), the survival rate of rainbow trout and carp with 0.02 percent Leiber® BetaS in their feed showed an absolute increase of 30-40 percent (Siwicki, et al. 2008; Siwicki, et al. 2009).

40 | International AquaFeed | May-June 2012

Oral administration tests Purified ß1,3/1,6(D)glucans enhance the animals' non-specific immune response. This is of particular value in the fish farming industry, as there are multiple stress and environmental factors that impact and stress the fish. If they become infected, the specific immune system is only able to respond slowly and inadequately. In such situations, a heightened non-specific capability can support or accelerate the specific immune response and the production of specific antibodies. Fish are subject to similar, added stresses during vaccinations too. A study by Siwicki et al. (2011) investigated the effect of orally administered ß1,3/1,6(D)glucan (100mg or 200mg Leiber® BetaS per kg of feed) on the antibody secreting cells (ASC) and specific antibody titres after immunisation of rainbow trout fingerlings (Oncorhynchus mykiss) by immersion with anti-enteric redmouth disease vaccine (AquaVac ERM). Inoculation was performed one week after the start of administration with Leiber® BetaS. These two parameters were measured on day seven, 14, 21, 28 and 40 in the blood serum and adrenal glands. Both dosage levels stimulated the number of specific ASCs and specific antibody levels, whereby 0.02 percent Leiber® BetaS in the fish feed was more effective. In each case the improvements were significant from day 21 onwards. The beneficial effect of ß1,3/1,6(D)glucan is well known in the fish nutrition industry. The administration of 0.02 percent Leiber® BetaS in fish feed activates the non-specific immune status of the fish on the one hand, and on the other, acts as an adjuvant during vaccinations, thus enhancing the immunocompetence of the fish. Its safe and simple method of use, as well as the fact that ß-glucan from Saccharomyces cerevisiae is harmless to fish and the environment, will become yet more important in the future. ■

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The Aquaculturist

A regular look inside the aquaculture industry

If you enjoy International Aquafeed magazine, why not have a look at its online companion, the Aquaculturalist â&#x20AC;&#x201C; www.theaquaculturalist.blogspot.com. Â Written by the Aquacultralist and staff at the magazine, the blog is the the place to keep up-to-date with the latest aquaculture news and events. Since October 2010, the Aquaculturalist has brought a daily dose of relevant information at the click of the mouse. In fact, in April 2012, the blog passed 100,000 hits and now averages 400 views a day.

n the Aquaculturalists this month, we reveal fish framing plans in South Africa; get excited about AQUA 2012; and report on free aquaculture presentations on remote islands. Slightly off the beaten track, we learn that fish farming is on the increase in North Korea and New Yorkers are creating their own aquaponics on high-rise rooftops.

http://theaquaculturists.blogspot.com

Did you know? The Aquaculturalist is also on Twitter @Aquaculturalists

May-June 2012 | International AquaFeed | 43

The aquafeed interview

Developing nutritional alternatives from marine resources

ervé Balusson founded Olmix Group in Brittany, France in 1995. Unusually for the time, Olmix developed natural alternatives to chemical additives used in agriculture. Using high quality trace elements,specific clays and macro-algae, the group created a wide range of natural products to substitute synthesis additives. Hervé Balusson, Olmix Group CEO, shares his views on the future of the company and difficulties faced by aquaculture. Today, Olmix is one of the world’s main specialists in 'green chemistry' and is one of the pioneers of the 'blue biotechnology'. Olmix has 12 subsidiaries worldwide, is present in 60 countries and employs 250 people. The Breton SME reached a turnover of €53m in 15 years, of which 80 percent was exported sales. The company is well established in Asia where it achieves a 30 percent growth by year on average. In fact, the ASEAN area represents an increasing share of the group’s turnover. Olmix Group is listed on the Paris Stock Exchange and has seven production plants in Europe.

After 15 years of algae valorization, what are your observations? Hervé Balusson (Olmix Group CEO): When I began to get interested in macro-algae, 15 years ago, people believed I was a marginal. However, the sea is unquestionably an amazing source of 'blue biotechnology'. The number of algae species in the world is estimated at almost one million. At the outset of the new millennium, the study of algae is one of the most promising ways to provide answers to mankind issues such as environmental, food and energy challenges. Nature has already the answers to take up these challenges. Renewable biomasses, algae are rich in proteins, carbohydrates, trace elements and especially in active principles often underestimated.

Hervé Balusson founder of Olmix Group, France

Algae reflect the company’s philosophy as sustainable solutions: thanks to algae, Olmix is able to provide natural, efficient and universal solutions. By 'universal', I mean that our products have the capacity to adapt to various types of production, in different contexts. The macro-algae high potential combined with our mastery in sourcing and industrial processes led us to technological breakthrough, to the development of numerous innovations and revolutionary products, particularly by the association of the mineral and the organic. Our group has the advantage of being able to promptly launch its new technology at competitive prices on the market thanks to our well established international sales team. This territorial anchorage gives company openmindedness and dynamism.

Aquaculture is today facing some challenges, what solutions do you provide? Increasing production, fishmeal replacement, high quality products requirement (in compliance with standards and certifications), feed efficiency improvement, pathologies limitation, maintaining water quality … These are the challenges the aquaculture sector is facing today. Olmix proposes solutions in line with the market concerns and provides a full range of products intended for aquaculture. Fish meal replacement has for example generated a new problematic, previously unknown, the mycotoxins risk management, linked to recourse to plant origin commodities. MTX+ responds to this new demand by supplying an effective and reliable solution to control this risk.

The innovative nature of our products is intrinsically related to valuation of both nutritional and functional algae properties which ensure effectiveness and originality. Solutions provided by Olmix are universal and meet the feed millers and farmers needs and are besides the result of a privileged relationship based on our proximity with our different partners.

Is the future of Olmix linked to algae valorization? The group’s medium and long-term development is indeed predicated on the implementation of a complete sector for macro-algae valorization. This year we are starting a large-scale project, the 'Industrial Strategic Innovation' program from Oséo called ULVANS, gathering 5 companies (OLMIX, PRP, MELSPRING, AMADEITE, AGRIVAL) and two French academic partners (South Brittany University, National Centre of Scientific Research from Mulhouse). The aim of the ULVANS project is to create a sea lettuce valorization sector, from the harvesting to the marketing of innovative products destined for the animal and vegetable nutrition and health markets.

Health through algae, a new challenge for Olmix? Our expertise in the knowledge and the mastering of active principles stemming from macro-algae opened up new fields of application. The group’s Research and Development teams focus today on the valorization of our innovations in the health sector. The sea must be considered as an infinite reservoir of solutions, it contains the potential to solve major health issues. 'Health through algae' is the founding concept of the new Amadéite company which is developing breakthrough products dedicated to control animal and vegetable pathologies (immunostimulation, anti-infective agents, elicitation effect).

Olmix Group, France, is sponsoring the up-coming Biomarine Business convention 2012 in London, UK, from October 24th-25th 2012.

44 | International AquaFeed | May-June 2012

"The sea must be considered as an infinite reservoir of solutions, it contains the potential to solve major health issues"

HervĂŠ Balusson founder of Olmix Group France

May-June 2012 | International AquaFeed | 45

INDUSTRY Events 22nd - 23rd May 12 4th Algae World Europe, Munich, Germany Contact: Ms Fu Huiyan, 80 Marine Parade Rd, #13-02 Parkway Parade, Singapore 449269 Tel: +65 6346 9113 Fax: +65 6345 5928 Web: /www.cmtevents.com

23rd - 24th May 12 AQUACULTURE UK 2012, Macdonald Highland Resort, Aviemore, UK Contact: David Mack, Rosebank, Ankerville Street, Tain IV191BH, UK Tel: +44 1862892188 Email: davidmack@btconnect.com Web: www.aquacultureuk.com

4th - 7th June 12 ISFNF - International Symposium on Fish Nutrition and Feeding, Molde, Norway Contact: Reidun Lilleholt Tel: +47 930 62 994 Email: isfnf@nofima.no Web: http://www.isfnf.org

7th - 9th June 12

INDUSTRY Events

Future Fish Eurasia 2012, Izmir International Fair Centre Izmir, Turkey Contact: Levent Akdogan, Eurasia Trade Fairs Ali Sami yen Sk. No.9 D.4 Gayrettepe 34394 Istanbul - Turkey Tel: +90 212 3471054 Fax: +90 212 3471053 Email: levent@eurasiafairs.com Web: www.future-fish.com

11th - 16th June 12 Feeds and Nutrition course, Amsterdam, the Netherlands Contact: Schothorst Feed Research, Box 533, 8200 AM, Lelystad, the Netherlands Tel: +31 320 252294 Fax: +31 320 255030 Email: info@schothorst.nl Web: www.schothorst.nl

13th - 14th June 12 3rd Food Protein innovation Conference, Amsterdam, Netherlands Contact: Bridge2Food, Jan van Eijcklaan 2, 3723 BC Bilthoven, The Netherlands Tel: +31 30 225 2060 Email: info@bridge2food.com Web: www.bridge2food.com/ Food-Protein-innovation-ConferenceBridge2Food-2012.asp

14th - 17th June 12 SEAEXPO TURKEY 2012, Istanbul IFM Hall 9, Turkey Contact: Hande Biber, HKF Trade Fairs, Barbaros Bulvari 163/2, 34349 Besiktas, Istanbul - Turkey Tel: +90 212 216 40 10 Fax: +90 212 216 33 60 Email: hande@hkf-fairs.com Web: www.seaexpoturkey.com

4th - 6th July 12 INDO LIVESTOCK 2012 EXPO & FORUM, Jakarta Convention Center Indonesia Contact: Didit Siswodwiatmoko or Devi Ardiatne, Jl. Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No. 10, Kompleks Billy & Moon, Pondok Kelapa, Jakarta 13450 Indonesia Tel: +62 21 – 864 4756 ext : 118 & 123 Fax: +62 21 – 865 0963 Email: info@indolivestock.com Web: www.indolivestock.com

1st - 5th September 12 Aqua 2012, Prague, Czech Republic Contact: Mr Mario Stael, Marevent, Begijnengracht 40, 9000 Gent, Belgium Tel:+32 9 233 49 12 Fax: +32 9 233 49 12 Email: mario@marevent.com Web: www.marevent.com

5th - 7th September 12 Aquamar International 2012, Cancún Mexico Contact: Lic. Fernanda Tovar Galindo, Mexico, Distrito Federal Tel: +52 998.267.82.93 Email: ventas @aquamarinternacional.com Web: www. aquamarinternacional.com

23rd - 25th September 12 VIV China 2012, Beijing, China Contact: Anneke van Rooijen, Postbus 8800, 3503 RV, Utrecht, Holland Tel: +31 30 295 2772 Email: anneke.van.rooijen @vnuexhibitions.com Web: www.vivchina.nl/en/Bezoeker.aspx

ndo Livestock series 2012 Expo & Forum is Indonesia’s biggest feed, dairy and livestock industry show. Hosted by the Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of Indonesia, Indo Livestock 2012 is held concurrently with the Indo Fisheries 2012 Expo & Forum.

Aqua Sur 2012, Puerto Montt Contact: María Paz Fernández, Lado Poniente Km 1.018 Ruta 5 SurPuerto Montt- Chile Tel: +56 2 7565402 Email: mpfernandez@aqua.cl Web: www.aqua-sur.cl

17th - 19th October 12 Offshore Mariculture Conference 2012, Hilton Hotel, Izmir, Turkey Contact: Isobel Roberts, Mercator Media Ltd, The Old Mill, Lower Quay, Fareham, Hampshire, PO16 0RA, UK Tel: +44 1329 825 335 Fax: +44 1329 825 330 Email: conferences @offshoremariculture.com Web: www.offshoremariculture.com/

24th - 25th October 12 BioMarine Business Convention 2012, Fishmonger’s Hall, London, UK Contact: Veronique Erwes Email: veronique.erwes@biomarine.org Web: www.biomarine.org

International Aquafeed events go mobile! Review all of our industry's key events for 2012/13 on our new Events section on the Perendale Publishers App.

Tel: +65 632 22750 Email: lydia.sebastian@terrapinn.com Web: www.terrapinn.com /animalhealthasia

Events Key: * = See our magazine at this show • = More information available

INDO LIVESTOCK 2012 EXPO & FORUM, Jakarta Convention Center, Indonesia

10th - 13th October 12

11th - 14th June 12 World Animal Health Congress Asia 2012, Grand Copthorne Waterfront Hotel, Singapore, 392 Havelock Road, Singapore 169663 Contact: Lydia Sebastian, 1 Harbourfront Place, #18-01, Harbourfront Tower 1, Singapore 098433

PREVIEW

46 | International AquaFeed | May-June 2012

The expo will bring together 400 exhibitors from 40 countries with more than 10,000 trade visitors expected to attend. Buyers can source new technology and equipment while industry professionals can get up to date on the latest technological advances and industry trends through seminars and technical product presentations.

Fatten up your bottom line. B端hler high-performance animal and aqua feed production systems are used by leading companies around the world. These producers know they can rely not just on the technology itself, but also on the support that accompanies it. A service combining local presence with global expertise both lowers feed mill operating costs and increases capacity utilization. To find out more, visit www.buhlergroup.com

B端hler AG, Feed & Biomass, CH-9240 Uzwil, Switzerland, T +41 71 955 11 11, F +41 71 955 28 96 fu.buz@buhlergroup.com, www.buhlergroup.com

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