November | December 2012 - International Aquafeed magazine

Vo l u m e 1 5 I s s u e 6 2 0 1 2

An overview of the UK fish vaccination industry Why check selenomethionine levels in selenium yeast?

Extrusion technology for the production of micro-aquatic feeds and shrimp feeds EXPERT TOPIC – Salmon

the international magazine for the aquaculture feed industry

WHO CARES... …If profits in the aquaculture industry are as appetising as a salmon dinner?

As feed prices soar and formulation moves towards sustainability, aquaculture producers must think differently to stay on the menu.

In all phases of the fish’s life, proper nutrition will improve health. With decades of dedicated research, the “Aqua Advantage Programme” responds to the challenges of today’s aquaculture producers through nutritional innovation, addressing issues such as growth and performance, feed efficiency, flesh quality and immunity.

So, when asked who cares about your profitability? Remember

DOES!

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CONTENTS

An international magazine for the aquaculture feed industry

Volume 15 / Issue 6 / November-December 2012 / © Copyright Perendale Publishers Ltd 2012 / All rights reserved Aqua News 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Linde opens world leading aquaculture innovation centre in Norway VIV China: Wild caught fish still to play a critical role in feeding people in the run up to 2050 New global partnership to promote aquaculture in fighting hunger AQUACULTURE UPDATES A new partnership promises a more efficient and sustainable future for European aquaculture Experts closing the net on targeted fish genes Acquisition in Ecuador takes Nutreco to global top three shrimp feed producer

Features 10 An overview of the UK fish vaccination industry 14 Yeast in aquaculture 20 Extrusion technology for the production of micro-aquatic feeds and shrimp feeds 26 Why check selenomethionine levels in selenium yeast?

28 Effect of Sangrovit® on the growth and performance of sea bass 38 INDUSTRY PROFILES

Regular items THE AQUACULTURISTS PHOTOSHOOT EXPERT TOPIC - SALMON INDUSTRY EVENTS Biomin World Nutrition Forum 2012

Aqua 2012 ISRMAX India 49 CLASSIFIED ADVERTS 50 THE AQUAFEED INTERVIEW 52 INDUSTRY FACES 8 24 30 42

Cover image courtesy of Bryce Groark - ©brycegroark.com

International Aquafeed is published six times a year by Perendale Publishers Ltd of the United Kingdom.

All data is published in good faith, based on information received, and while every care is taken to prevent inaccuracies, the publishers accept no liability for any errors or omissions or for the consequences of action taken on the basis of information published. ©Copyright 2012 Perendale Publishers Ltd. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means without prior permission of the copyright owner. Printed by Perendale Publishers Ltd. ISSN: 1464-0058

www.perendale.co.uk

Editor Professor Simon Davies Email: simond@aquafeed.co.uk

Associate Editors Professor Krishen Rana Email: krishenr@aquafeed.co.uk Alice Neal Email: alicen@perendale.co.uk

Editorial Advisory Panel • Abdel-Fattah M. El-Sayed (Egypt) • Professor António Gouveia (Portugal) • Professor Charles Bai (Korea) • Colin Mair (UK) • Dr Daniel Merrifield (UK) • Dr Dominique Bureau (Canada) • Dr Elizabeth Sweetman (Greece) • Dr Kim Jauncey (UK) • Eric De Muylder (Belgium) • Dr Pedro Encarnação (Singapore)

Subscription & Circulation Tuti Tan Email: tutit@aquafeed.co.uk

Design & Page Layout James Taylor Email: jamest@aquafeed.co.uk

International Marketing Team Darren Parris Email: darrenp@aquafeed.co.uk Lee Bastin Email: leeb@aquafeed.co.uk

Latin American Office Ivàn Marquetti Email: ivanm@perendale.com

More information: International Aquafeed 7 St George's Terrace, St James' Square Cheltenham, GL50 3PT United Kingdom Tel: +44 1242 267706 Website: www.aquafeed.co.uk

Croeso (Welcome in Welsh)

F

or me, this last month has been quite hectic having crossed several time zones making two separate visits to SE Asia, attending VIV in Beijing and the BIOMIN World Nutrition Forum in Singapore. I had the pleasure too of making an interim brief visit to Nottingham Trent University in England where I was the examiner for a PhD student working on poultry nutrition which is actually so similar in many ways to my specialised subject of fish nutrition. We can interchange many good ideas here with applications in aquaculture by appreciating the fundamental biochemistry and physiology common to avian species and fish. As I set the clocks back for winter, the days are getting distinctly shorter and the warmth and memory of tropical Singapore is alas fading away as I reach for my cardigan and mug of cocoa. No more Singapore Slings for a while, just the odd wee dram!

Nonetheless the Biomin meeting was a most exciting event and very well organised indeed with many friends attending the aquaculture session including my former student Shane Hunter who operates a highly successful business from Malta as an aquaculture consultant and Professor Simon Davies who gave a most enlightening talk on 21st century aquaculture listing and discussing new systems and technologies that could revolutionise the industry. I attended the complete BIOMIN programme and learned so much about their formidable portfolio of activities for all farmed livestock and I am so grateful for their invitation. I will report later. Another great treat was the BioMarine Business Convention held in London at Fishmongers’ Hall and a reception in the Houses of Parliament on the terraces overlooking the Thames. I was able to help arrange the location for this prestigious venue and I owe a special thanks to the Right Honourable Douglas Carswell MP representing Clacton upon Sea for his support and who takes such an informed interest in aquaculture especially tilapia and fish nutrition.

BioMarine attracted more than 200 delegates and was last held in Nantes, France. This meeting was able to set an agenda for a sustainable aquaculture industry with a host of leading experts from across the spectrum of disciplines ranging from macro-algae, microalgae, shellfish, fish and the aquafeed industry.

Stake-holders from government, legal and financial organisations together with commerce were able to share and debate ideas and bring about an agreed vision and strategy that can be forwarded to those who can bring about change and make decisions for the future. Next year it will be held in Halifax, Nova Scotia and I can’t wait since the Canadian High Commissioner says the lobsters are so good!!

Turning to our current issue, we announce news about a unique Innovation Centre for Aquaculture in Norway by the Linde Group to serve R&D and to act as hub for the dissemination of advanced technologies and a demonstration/facility platform. This is the type of visionary approach that others should be undertaking if we are to see aquaculture prosper and would be attractive for university involvement on a wider level. We get an industry review from Dominique Bureau and an overview of the UK fish vaccination industry by Kathy Taylor of Salmovac where it is vital to note that healthy fish are central to efficient production and utilisation of feed.The interaction of diet and immunology is included later.

A comprehensive feature on the use of various yeasts is presented by Philippe Tacon PhD of Lesaffre Feed Additives, France and this is a most timely article given the massive interests in prebiotics, probiotics and SCP type feed ingredients derived from specific fermentation processes such a potable alcohol (beer and whisky) and now the rapid expanIn the last issue of International sion of bioethanol refineries using corn or wheat as substrates.

Aquafeed, the main picture on Talking of yeast it is important that we make note of the speciation pages 26 and 27 was captioned incorrectly. The correct caption of trace elements and that the form of selenium and other minerals reads, the CAC is jointly owned must be correct. Wilbert Litjens, Technical manager Optimin &

by Marine Harvest Norway, Betaine and Paul Perucchietti, Product manager Optimin, Selko Skretting and AkvaGROUP. It is a large scale experimental fish farm Feed Additives advise us of these facts in their technical article used for documentation purposes, focusing on selenium in yeast as seleno-methionine. located in Hjelmeland in the Fish nutrition and feed technology is a complex blend of sciences and as an editor and academic, I learn much from this trade and technical journal. It can be heavy reading but highly informative, it is our last for 2012 and so have a good festive season and we will meet again in 2013.

A big thank you to all of our supporters in 2012 ... ... we wish you all a happy and prosperous new year.

County of Rogaland in Norway, and it is operated for the owners

by Marine Harvest Norway region South. The documentation purposes are primarily related to diets, but also technical equipment and production (in line with the interests of the owners). There is close collaboration with NIFES (National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research) and NVI (the Norwegian Veterinary Institute).

Aqua News

Along with the Linde aquaculture specialists, the inauguration of the centre was attended by Kristine Gramstad, Norwegian Vice Minister of Fisheries and Costal Affairs

Linde opens world leading aquaculture innovation centre in Norway

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fish farming community, will be a leading aquaculture R&D centre globally. In addition to highly equipped laboratories, the centre will feature a number of test and demonstration aquaculture tanks, the largest of which is 55 cubic metres and has been built to a highly innovative specification. A highlight of the innovation centre, the tank will allow both aquaculture technologists and customers alike to observe how the latest oxygenation technologies impact fish development within an optimal on-land farming enclosure. In addition to an overhead walkway extending the full diameter length of the tank, Linde has maximised obser vational oppor tunities via eye-level inspection windows and underwater lighting.

"Both the research a n d d e ve l o p m e n t and the subsequent testing of the latest oxygenation technologies is unquestionably needed to ensure the In addition to highly equipped future success of landlaboratories, the innovation centre based aquaculture," will feature a number of test and demonstration aquaculture tanks. says Stefan Dullstein,

inde Gases, a division of The Linde Group, has announced the opening of their state-of-the-art Innovation Centre for Aquaculture, a pioneering R&D and testing unit located at Ålesund in Norway.

The centre was formally opened

by Norway's Vice Minister of the Ministry of Fisheries and Coastal Affairs, Kristine Gramstad, at an inauguration ceremony on September 20, 2012.

The innovation centre, with its location based in the hear t of the world's most industrialised

Head of Aquaculture and Water Treatment, Linde Gases Division.

"Linde's dedicated Innovation Centre for Aquaculture will play a leading role in the delivery of such technologies and give customers the opportunity to see first hand pioneering oxygenation systems in operation."

has confronted the fish farming industr y with the challenge of efficiently oxygenating large fish tanks to accommodate fish stock from infancy to maturity.

In particular, the Ålesund centre features Linde's innovative fish farming oxygenation technology, SOLVOX® OxyStream, a unique

A highlight of the innovation centre, the 55 cubic metre tank, with its overhead walkway and inspection windows will allow aquaculture technologists and customers to observe how the latest oxygenation technologies impact fish development.

Linde's advanced aquaculture technology has been developed in response to a progressive trend that is seeing aquaculture production being transferred from sea cages to land-based sites for the full duration of a marine fish’s life. It is this change that

November-December 2012 | International AquaFeed | 3

low-pressure oxygenation system which significantly increases fish production volume, optimises fish meat quality and considerably improves fish farming operations from an environmental standpoint. www.linde.com

Aqua News

VIV China: Wild caught fish still to play a critical role in feeding people in the run up to 2050

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ild catch has a wrong image, says Gorjan Nikolik, Associate a director Animal Protein with Rabobank Inter national in Singapore.

It's being seen as if we are robbing nature and as a result is in decline, he told an international audience attending a one-day International China Summit on the day preceding the opening of VIV China, which took place in the New China Exhibition Centre in Beijing.

"The sector is changing and is dynamic and should be compared with forestr y rather than an exploitative operation. We can remove a certain amount."

He said that where pressure had been applied to a fishery and the fishing operations were substantial there was a vested interest in maintaining stocks, managing the resource and adopting regulations to control over fishing.

He pointed to fisheries in North America, Australia, Japan and others where regulations controlling industry meant that industry could invest in larger vessels, operate securely with quotas and become profitable and sustainable businesses.

"Unfortunately, that is not the norm. Throughout Asia and Africa in particular there is still a need for regulation. Anywhere where you have small artisan fisheries you have damage to sustainability. We are doing a good job in several places but more needs to be achieved."

Without the development of aquaculture over the past 40-50 years, there would not have been any growth in fish consumption, he told the audience of 300 representatives from the intensive livestock industries. He said aquaculture now makes up about half of all fish processed for human consumption.

While wild capture fish would not increase in the years ahead, aquaculture would see the total fish producing industry increase by four to six percent growth for the next four to five years.

However, after that growth would decline to about three percent per year.

He says the FAO forecasts the world needing between 20 million to 25 million tonnes of fish by 2020. That's a one-third increase in less than a decade; a target that is unlikely to be met, he suggested.

However, Mr Nikolik does see fish playing an increasing role in the human diet as the world addresses the food needs of nine billion people by 2050. He says there are some 300 species of fish worldwide that are currently included in the human diet of which some 50-60 species are of primar y impor tance. While the west and Japan have a preference for marine species in their diets, China in particular enjoys fresh water species and carp in par ticular. Sixty percent of the world's aquaculture takes place in China and the majority of the fish produced is carp.

When compared with terrestrial animals, fish are particularly efficient in converting feed into flesh. While the feed conversion rate for pigs is now around 2.5:1 and poultry at 1.8:1 and leader in the animal world, tilapia records 1.6:1, shrimp at 1.5:1 and salmon at 1.1:1. The latter is the most advanced and may soon achieve a 1:1 conversion rate!

"Why is it possible for fish to achieve these extraordinary conversion rates?" he posed rhetorically.

Fish live in a world where there's little effect of gravity and as a result expend no energy to fight gravity. Therefore there is no need to build massive bone struc-

Mr Gorjan Nikolik of Rabobank International (right) with the editor of International Aquafeed, Professor Simon Davies at the International China Summit in Beijing

tures to support their weight. In addition, fish are endothermic meaning they need to expend no energy to warm their bodies.

"Everything they eat goes into motion and growth. Also they have high fecundity, meaning they have lots of offspring." Pigs might be able to achieve an impressive 27 piglets per year, but fish can produce 50,000 eggs twice a year with mor tality rates of between two and three percent," he adds.

Other factors that Mr Nikolik feels with swing the balance in favour of fish is the impossibility of diseases moving across the species barrier as can happen between testerial animals; "There is no disease that can move from fish species to a human." The structure of the resource also favours fish such as salt water, "which can't be used for anything else"; many land-based fish farming operations do not need fresh water supplies; a minimal CO2 and methane gas emission contri-

4 | International AquaFeed | November-December 2012

bution is also an advantage over terrestrial species.

For aquaculture to achieve its potential, the industr y needs huge investments. It's an industry that is fragmented, ranges from the developed to developing countries, has no global or regional marketing policy and is uncoordinated. There are currently too many species being farmed and resources into research and development is spread too thin, he adds. "We haven't even chosen the species to focus on," he told the audience.

Mr Nikolik says terrestrial animal production systems have been developed over 2000 years while aquaculture is less than 40 years old and for some species just 15 years old.

While aquaculture does offer a valuable source of protein for the human diet in the decades ahead, it has many obstacles to overcome with the access to resources such as coastline allocation, being limiting factors.

Aqua News

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TheAquaculturist A regular look inside the aquaculture industry

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he Aquaculturist blog is a great place to keep up-to-date with the latest aquaculture news in between print editions of International Aquafeed magazine. The blog, like the magazine, has an international focus with a range of stories, news and events.

Samoa The Redwood Region Economic Development Commission, Samoa is set to receive $70,000 from the Humboldt County Board of Supervisors to establish an aquaculture centre in Samoa. The center will potentially grow both freshwater and saltwater species of plants and animals, including abalone, fish and vegetables. - http://bit.ly/TCA5Ys

Jamaica

Jamaica's aquaculture industry is set to receive a boost thanks to â‚Ź30 million EU-funded development plan. The four and a half year ACP Fish II Programme includes plans for land and water use and a blueprint for aquaculture. The aim is to revitalise Jamaica's aquaculture sub-sector, which has declined by almost fifty percent in the past five years - http://bit.ly/PlMKnt

USA New York is known for its experimental food scene so it comes as no surprise to learn that products from vertical farms are appearing on menus across the city. Vertical farming involves grows a multitude of aqua life in a column. Seaweed, mussels, and scallops grow at the top of the water with shellfish such as clams and oysters below. Besides saving space, vertical farmers claim the practice helps restock marine life. Vertical farming is growing in popularity so look out for products in a restaurant near you soon. - http://bit.ly/T6WHQl

Kenya Normally we report on the gulf between fish demand and supply but in Kenya the story is reversed. Kenyans are not eating enough fish to sustain the fish farming industry. The government has been pushing aquaculture development for some time, investing Sh5.7 billion over three years. But this has not persuaded Kenyans to serve up fish at home; the average fish consumption in the country is just 3.7 kg per person a year. - http:// bit.ly/QNH0gY

Scotland A new world-class salmon farm at Lochailort, Scotland is set for completion in 2013. The Marine Harvest site will house a smolt hatchery which will be one of the biggest facilities in the world. - http://bit.ly/RgLv5L

Sweden Researchers at the University of Gothenburg, Sweden are studying the potential effects of accumulating antibiotics in the seabed. More than 10,000 tonnes of antibiotics are consumed in Europe each year, 30-60 percent of which pass through animals and humans completely unchanged. The different substances then reach the ocean via hospitals, municipal sewage, fish farms and run-off from agriculture and landfills. - http://bit.ly/Rpvdar

www.theaquaculturists.blogspot.com

AQUACULTURE

view

by Dominique P Bureau, member of the IAF Editorial Panel

On the Estimation of the Digestible Nutrient Contents of Finished Feeds A very large proportion of aquaculture feed manufacturers are now formulating their feeds on a digestible nutrient basis. This progressive move from formulating on a ‘total nutrient’ basis to formulating on digestible nutrients is praiseworthy since it is providing a more rational basis for the production of cost-effective diets adequately meeting the nutrient requirements of animals.

Every year, an increasing amount of information of the digestibility of nutrients of different ingredients is becoming available. This information is informally compiled in a number of reference documents and increasingly used by commercial feed formulators.

The question arises as to how reliable is the available information and how it is best used. In a context of very high feed commodities prices, the impact of overestimating or underestimating digestible nutrient contents of feed ingredients can translate into significant economical impacts.

For example, variations as low as two or three percentage

points in the digestibility of protein or lipid sources can translate into variations of as much as $10 to 30 per tonne of feed produced, clearly not something negligible.

ingredient). While practical and generally effective, an increasing amount of evidence suggests that this type of approach may not be suitable for several types of nutrients.

For years, the debate around estimates of apparent digestibility was on methodological issues (e.g., feces collection methods) and perhaps more important issues have been neglected. I wish to briefly highlight two of these issues in this column.

A series of publications from the University of Guelph (Hua and Bureau. 2006. Aquaculture, 254: 455-465; Hua and Bureau.

2009. Aquaculture, 294: 282-287; Hua and Bureau.

2009. Aquaculture, 286: 271276; Hua and Bureau 2010.

Aquaculture, 308: 152-158) showed that the digestible phosphorus (P), starch and lipid contents of finished feeds could not be computed from the sum of expected digestible nutrient contributions of the different ingredients.

This research indicated that the forms under which these nutrients were supplied (or found in the finished feeds), the levels and interactions between different forms of the nutrients, and the effect of some exogenous factors (e.g., water temperature, % gelatinization) had to be taken into account to accurately predict the digestible nutrient contents of finished feeds.

Ingredients, such as poultry by-products meal, feather meals, meat and bone meals, and DDGS are increasingly used in commercial aquaculture feed formulations. A substantial amount of information of the apparent digestibility of protein, amino acids and energy of these ingredients is available in the reference literature. However, these ingredients are produced using a wide variety of equipment and processing and drying conditions. Consequently, significant differences may exist in the apparent digestibility of nutrients amongst lots (batches) of these ingredients.

Very little work has been done to meaningfully characterise the variability of the digestibility and nutritive value of different lots of the same ingredient.

This is a major issue for feed manufacturers since these ingredients are frequently sourced from several different suppliers (brokers) and these suppliers, in turn, frequently source these ingredients from different manufacturing facilities.

Another important issue is the way by which the digestible nutrient contents of finished feeds can be computed. In feed formulation, the nutrient contributions of different ingredients are used to predict the concentration of nutrient (or energy) in the finished feed. The contribution of nutrients of different ingredient is thus assumed to be additive. It is common for nutritionists to assume that the digestible nutrients and energy contents of feeds can also be calculated as the sum of digestible nutrient and energy contributions of different feed ingredients (calculated from the quotient of incorporation level in the feed, the apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) and the nutrient content of the

Fortunately, this research also showed that multiple regression equations provided a simple and practical approach of addressing this challenge. Equations where thus developed for predicting the digestible P, starch and lipid content of feeds manufactured using a wide array of feed ingredients.

Unfortunately, most least-cost feed formulation software packages are not currently designed to carry out an optimization (least-costing) of the digestible P, starch and lipid contents of feeds on the basis of these equations.

However, these simple equations can be programmed into feed formulation software and the effects of changes in feed formulation on the digestible P, starch and lipid contents of the finished feeds be easily computed.

These issues should be on the radar screen of feed manufacturers and more systematic and commercially relevant work needs to be done by fish nutrition researchers on the important topic of estimating the digestible nutrient contents of feeds.

AQUACULTURE UPDATES Climate change may make the bodies of fish smaller, reports the BBC. Scientists predict that fish could shrink by up to 24 percent if water temperatures continue to rise. Warmer water means lower levels of oxygen which reduce fish body weight.

A study published by the Institute of Food Technologists has found that using fish oil as an alternative to canola oil in nutrition bars can provide omega-3 fatty acids without changing the taste.

An indoor aquaculture facility with the capability to produce 17 million pounds of fish a year could be coming to Montgomer y County, New York State, USA. If given the go-ahead, 'Project Aqua' would create 175 jobs and receive more than $175 million in initial private investment.

An abalone trafficker in New South Wales, Australia has landed the toughest sentence in the state's history for fisheries offences. The 55-year-old man was sentenced to four years in jail and a AU$1000 fine after being convicted on four counts of abalone trafficking and one count of threatening an fisheries officer.

The Ukrainian parliament has approved new aquaculture laws.

The laws will map out plans for aquaculture development and the legal framework for bodies involved in it.

Salmon farm expansion given the go ahead in west coast Tasmania.

The three major salmon producers in Tasmania , Tassal, Petuna and Huon Acquaculture plan to almost double the size of their farms in Macquarie Harbour from the current 5.5 square kilometres to nine square kilometres.

The Global Aquaculture Alliance has certified its first salmon farms in Australasia. The Best Aquaculture Practices programme has certified two Mt. Cook Alpine Salmon Ltd. farms in the Mackenzie Basin area near Twizel, New Zealand.

The British Columbia aquaculture industry is to receive a cash injection of $1.25 million from the Harper Government. Eleven companies will benefit from the money, which is earmarked for sustainable and innovative aquaculture projects in the province.

Aqua News

A new partnership promises a more efficient and sustainable future for European aquaculture

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t is well documented that aquaculture faces increasing pressures as demand for seafood products grows while traditional wild fisheries are in decline.

A new European research project called IDREEM (Increasing Industrial Resource Efficiency in European Mariculture) has been launched to protect the long-term sustainability of European aquaculture by developing and demonstrating a new innovative production technology, Integrated MultiTrophic Aquaculture (IMTA).

The â‚Ź5.7 million project, which started in October 2012, is coordinated by the Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS) and delivered in col-

laboration with fourteen industrial and research partners from across Europe.

For the next four years, the IDREEM consortium will develop tools and methods to help the European aquaculture industry adopt more environmentally and economically efficient practices using IMTA on a commercial scale.

IMTA is the combined cultivation of multiple commercially farmed species that belong to different levels on the food chain. In an IMTA system, fish are farmed together with other species including shellfish (such as mussels) and algae or seaweed, creating a more efficient, cleaner and less wasteful production system.

IMTA allows nutrients from fish farms that are otherwise lost to the environment to be turned into useful products

as they are utilised by these additionally grown species.

IMTA addresses concerns about the future sustainability of aquaculture by increasing productivity and profitability while also reducing waste and over-reliance on raw materials from wild fish stocks.

The IDREEM project will demonstrate the benefits of IMTA through pilot commercial-scale testing, field research and modelling. Interdisciplinary research within IDREEM will examine the obstacles and risks to the use of IMTA systems and develop tools t o ove r c o m e these constraints, whether they are economic, environmental, technical, social or regulatory.

IDREEM pairs aquaculture businesses and research institutions in strategic partnerships to promote rapid imple-

mentation, allowing instant tr ansfer between research findings and commercial appli-

"The end result of the project will be the creation of a more efficient European aquaculture industry" cations. The tools and methods developed within IDREEM will help aquaculture enterprises and policy makers gain a better understanding of the risks and benefits associated with IMTA. The end result of the project will be the creation of a more efficient European aquaculture industry, based on the development of more economically and environmentally efficient technology. IDREEM will deliver tools and evidence to suppor t the adoption of IMTA across the aquaculture industry, helping create employment and widening a market niche for IMTA-grown seafood products. www.sams.ac.uk

ASIAN GATEWAY TO AN AQUATIC WORLD OF WONDER co-located with

The 4th International Pet & Accessories Exhibition

For more information, please contact:

Iman Tam • aquarama-sg@ubm.com

www.aquarama.com.sg

November-December 2012 | International AquaFeed | 7

Aqua News

Experts closing the net on targeted fish genes

S

cottish scientists are homing in on the elusive genes that could create the perfect salmon and revolutionise aquaculture. Experts at Landcatch Natural Selection, based in Argyll, and their research partners, are aiming to be the first in the world to locate the genes that determine how susceptible individual Atlantic salmon are to certain diseases.

It is another pioneering advance from Landcatch who in 2007 were the first aquaculture company to be involved in work to pinpoint a gene influencing Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis (IPN) which poses a major threat to Atlantic salmon. They later also proved that sea lice resistance is inherited, subsequently producing juvenile fish which were less susceptible. This allowed breeding from selected pedigree families and increased genetic resistance in each new generation.

The new work means Landcatch and par tners are getting ever nearer to the all-important genes and are on target to have this science for sale and already applied to their salmon eggs by 2014.

Healthier, disease resistant salmon In what will be a major breakthrough for the industry, eggs and smolts will then be produced to

selectively breed healthier, disease resistant salmon and other fish as the technology can cross over to other species.

It will mean improved quality products and an acceleration of genetic techniques in farmed fish which the industry and commentators believe is necessary to address world food shortages caused by climate change.

The work accelerates the pace of progress and will help breeders and researchers examine traits in individual fish and better understand their general survivability, omega-3 level and grilsing – or maturing – rates.

This involves a cutting-edge genomic selection tool – the SNP Chip – a glass slide used to analyse variations in DNA sequences, or Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs), which act as biological markers and help scientists locate a range of genes associated with disease.

Hundreds of thousands of genetic markers There are many millions of these variations in every species, and these can be used as milestones on the DNA map. Scientists, who previously examined only five markers for one salmon gene, can now interrogate hundreds of thousands of markers for 20,000-30,000 genes.

In essence, Landcatch can discover

more information on one fish than was previously available on thousands. This level of breeding expertise would normally take many decades to reach, but Landcatch will do it in just two.

Dr Alan Tinch, director of genetics at Landcatch’s e-centre in Alloa, says experts have narrowed the search down to about 100 possible genes having identified Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) – stretches of DNA containing or linked to the genes that underlie a trait. He says, “We are closing in on the genes all the time. It’s a bit like us knowing the street where they live but we just don’t know yet which houses, whereas previously we only knew what town they lived in.

“We know that in that area (of DNA) there is something that has an effect on disease resistance and there is a technical argument for there being a gene there.”

The progress has been welcomed

by Argyll and Bute constituency MSP Michael Russell who says, “I am very pleased to see an Argyllbased company at the forefront of important research that should have strong commercial and environmental benefit.”

Landcatch supplies genetic

8 | International AquaFeed | November-December 2012

services and Atlantic salmon eggs and smolts to the aquaculture industry. It uses selective breeding to develop strains of salmon which can perform to ever-higher levels at every stage of production from eggs to adult fish. The firm is part of the global Hendrix Genetics multi-species food production organisation whose mission is to help the world meet its food needs through innovative and sustainable genetic techniques which inform their breeding processes.

The work to find the gene is being undertaken with a number of commercial and academic par tners, including Edinburgh University, Roslin Institute, Stirling Institute of Aquaculture and Glasgow University, with support from the UK Technology Strategy Board.

Landcatch general manager Neil Manchester says,“The missing genes are like our Holy Grail and finding them will have widespread positive implications. “Breeding fish that are resistant to lice and disease will be an incredible achievement and a major commercial breakthrough for aquaculture and efforts to fight the war on hunger.”

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FEATURE

An overview

of the UK fish vaccination industry

by Kathy Taylor, Salmovac, UK

I

am sure everyone involved in any fish vaccination would really rather prefer that they didn’t have to vaccinate. It is an expensive, time consuming, hazardous and stressful process. So why do we vaccinate fish?

Certainly in the salmon faming Industry, it has become a part of the freshwater production process for many years now and it is only some of the ‘most mature’ members of the salmon industry remember what it was like before oil-based vaccines were developed.

Prior to these effective oil-based vaccines, salmon producers could be expected to loose maybe 50 percent of their stocks to the main disease threat, Furunculous. Some farms suffered more than others but all had problems of some form or other. The only real solution was treatment with antibiotics, which was not only extremely expensive but led to problems with resistance.

The other problem was the negative public perception of high usage of antibiotics in a food animal. This, in conjunction with a few high profile cases of use of unlicensed antibiotics on fish farms, led to the industry seeking a fresh approach to disease management. The oil-based vaccines used today in the aquaculture industry are all ‘multivalent’, meaning they prevent a variety of diseases, a bit like the MMR vaccine in humans.

Why vaccinate?

Economics, logistics and risk involved in injection mean that many alternative approaches have been tried. Dip vaccines and in-feed vaccines have all been trialled but due to the nature of how fish immune systems work, these only have limited effects. If it were that easy, I am sure human would prefer to have a tablet instead of an injection when they go on holiday!

The problem with putting vaccines ‘infeed’ is that the in order for vaccines to work they need to create a response in the immune system - the body has to ‘react’ to a foreign substance in the body to produce

the antigens to give the immune system the correct defences. If the substance that creates this reaction in the body is put into the feed, the body is designed to deal with this by digesting and excreting it through the digestive system, and it does not stimulate the immune system and thus has no effect in preventing disease.

Who vaccinates?

How is the procedure carried out?

The fish are starved for 24 or 48 hours (depending on time of year) prior to vaccination to empty the gut. The fish are then crowded in the tank or cage before being pumped or hand netted into an anaesthetic bath. The fish take one to two minutes to become fully anaesthetised. This is extremely

The Atlantic salmon industry throughout the world has been familiar with intraperitoneal (by injection) vaccinations for many years. Trout farmers occasionally vaccinate for Enteric Redmouth Disease (ERM) on highrisk sites but because the production cycle is much quicker for trout than salmon, most disease can be managed through dip vaccination.

The sea-bass industry in the Mediterranean is a big growth area at the Melanisation (a permanent ‘bruise’ like mark in the moment but is suffering flesh of the fish) causing downgrades at harvest. in the same way salmon farmers did 25 years ago Permanent damage and scarring inside the fish due with many sites loosing to damage by needle movement during vaccination process. maybe 50 percent of their stocks. Recent commercial production of an effective oil-based vaccine have led to many sea bass farmers now considering vaccination by injection as the only effective method to control disease. Those few that have invested in a vaccination strategy have seen big financial benefits from it and as word spreads, it is likely to become commonplace in this industry too.

10 | International AquaFeed | November-December 2012

FEATURE important for vaccinator safety but also the safety and welfare of the fish.

The fish are then delivered onto a stainless steel table where the fish then are vaccinated in a very specific area, with only a 3 mm tolerance. The team must achieve a 96 percent accuracy target and considering most vaccinators handle between 15-20,000 fish each this is quite some achievement!

The fish are then returned to a recovery tank and should come round from the anaesthetic within about two to three minutes.

There is always some level of mortality after this high risk, stressful process but usually it is just a few fish, around 100 for every 100,000 fish vaccinated. High mortalities immediately after vaccination are usually attributed to poor anaesthesia rather than the injection.

The consequences of poor vaccination usually only become apparent months after vaccination and can last up until harvest where the financially consequences become apparent. The main problems are: Incorrect needle depth resulting in either intra-muscular injection (needle too short) or internal organ damage, including granuloma (needle too long) which results in the fish not growing properly due to damage to the gut.

Fish not being immune to the disease because of incorrect dosage (or no vaccine) being delivered.

Two ridgewaybio_quarterpage_print.pdf of the main problems Salmovac1

encounters as a contract vaccination team, is poor anaesthesia of the fish and also poor grading, prior to vaccination of the fish.

Poor anaesthesia of the fish can lead to high mortalities. If fish are under anaesthetised, the whole process becomes stressful and dangerous for them (imagine having a major operation whilst only partly sedated!).

On the other hand, if they are over anaesthetised, they risk not recovering quickly enough, resulting in piles of fish in the recovery tank causing suffocation or even worse, not recovering at all.

The other risk factor here is to the vaccinators. If the mineral oils used 29/10/2012 13:57 in

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November-December 2012 | International AquaFeed | 11

FEATURE encountered and the sometimes devastating results of this quickly led to most companies employing contract vaccination specialists.

The main problems were a lack of knowledge about needle depths and the results of inaccurate vaccination, along with the process taking a long time because of the inexperience and slowness of untrained vaccinators. An inexperienced team of six could probably manage to vaccinate between 150200,000 fish a week where as our teams can do 400-500,000 fish a week!

Vaccines have developed tremendously in Vaccination in action at Salmovac the past 20 years, the dose per fish used to be The fish are delivered onto a stainless steel table where the fish are vaccinated in a very specific area, 0.2 ml and the vaccines with only a 3 mm tolerance. The team must achieve were very thick, difficult a 96 percent accuracy target and considering most to administer and causes vaccinators handle between 15-20,000 fish each this high side effects in the is quite some achievement! fish. They are now 0.1 ml and much thinner and cause fewer side effects.

Some of the newer vaccines are now a 0.05 ml dose and again have reduced side effects for the fish while also giving increased protection against disease.

The improvements in vaccine technology have not only reduced the side effects for the fish but have also improved the ease of use for vaccinators. The smaller dose size is much easier to the vaccines are accidentally injected into the administer, resulting in fewer cases of repetifinger, the vaccinator will require urgent medi- tive stress injury and carpel tunnel syndrome. cal attention. The finger will have to be cut open and the vaccine flushed out, otherwise Which species are the resulting inflammation could result in worth vaccinating? the blood supply to the finger tissues being All species are worth vaccinating if the ecoreduced and possible loss of the digit. nomics of preventing disease rather than treating it stack up. With the salmon industry, it is essential that all fish are vaccinated and as the sea bass How has vaccination developed? industry expands and improves it is likely that all When the first oil-based vaccines became available for the salmon industry, quite a sea bass will have to be vaccinated to. The key few companies started vaccinating their own to whether it is worth vaccinating or not, relies fish believing (mistakenly) that this would on whether then is an effective vaccine at a price keep costs down, as they wouldn’t have that makes it viable to vaccinate and prevents to contract in extra labour. The problems the lost of market size fish to disease.

How does vaccination provide value for money?

The expense and hassle of vaccination is far outweighed by potential losses at sea or the heavy costs and logistics involved with treating fish at sea. The other factor to bear in mind is fish welfare and the associated regulations. Most Scottish salmon farms now subscribe to the RSPCA ‘freedom foods’ standard, which lays down welfare standards for the aquaculture industry and vaccination plays a key role in this. It costs a few pence to vaccinate a smolt at 30 g but the price of losing a market size salmon to a preventable disease is many, many times that amount.

Prevention is not only preferable, but financially essential, to cure.

12 | International AquaFeed | November-December 2012

About the author Salmovac was founded in 2003 in the north of Scotland in response to a growing demand for quality contract vaccination services within the Scottish salmon industry. The directors, Kathy and John Foster both had had previous vaccination experience and a wealth of knowledge of both fish health and aquaculture practices along with a background in quality and business systems.

They started with just one team of five people and successfully vaccinated five million salmon in the first year. Because of the high quality and professionalism delivered by Salmovac, word soon spread and contracts came flooding in.

However, they were careful not to over stretch themselves in the first few years, preferring to increase the business at a sustainable rate, in order to keep the quality of service and reputation of the company high.

As a result of this sustainable growth of the business, they currently employ over 40 people from all over the world and successfully vaccinated 60 million fish last season!

In 2010, Kathy Foster (now Taylor) purchased the business from her exhusband and now is the sole director of Salmovac. What was a difficult time for the business back then has proved to be a benefit for the longer term and the business has continued to grow and prosper with contracts not only in Scotland but also in Ireland, Norway, Spain, France and Switzerland.

More Information: Kathy Taylor, Salmovac Tel: +44 1381 621914 Email: Kathy@salmovac.com Website: www.salmovac.com

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FEATURE

Yeast in aquaculture

by Philippe Tacon PhD, Lesaffre Feed Additives, France

Y

east products are getting more and more popular in aquaculture.

However many products (as a whole or as fractions) are on the aquaculture market at the moment and differentiating between one from another can be difficult. This small article aims at shading some lights on the subject and explains that all yeast products are not equal.

Yeast is a unicellular organism belonging to the kingdom of Fungi. More than a thousand species have been found in two major phyla: Basidiomycota and Ascomycota in which belong species able to duplicate by budding such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Due to their unique properties to grow under aerobic conditions and produce gas and ethanol under anaerobic conditions, some yeast (mostly S. cerevisiae) have been used for the manufacture of fermented foods such as bread , beer and wine for a long time.

Yeasts are also used as single sell protein source in animal nutrition and in aquaculture under various forms and species (Torulaspora, Torulopsis, Kluyveromyces, Saccharomyce et caetera). It can be found for example in

shrimp and marine fish larval feeds or included as a protein source in aquafeeds.

The reasons for this extensive use is its excellent nutritional contents, its easy supply in dried form or under liquid form when bakery yeast plants or breweries are near aquafeed plants, and nowadays a competitive price in regards to other protein sources such as fish or soybean meal. Further applications are being developed for yeast as functional feed additives as probiotic live yeast, yeast fractions (yeast cell walls, yeast extracts) or as a source for more purified products such as beta-glucans and nucleotides. The production process of yeast can allow the possibility to incorporate trace minerals and then produce highly bioavailable organic trace minerals, also known as selenium and chromium yeast.

The pink yeast Phaffia rhodozyma, is naturally rich in astaxanthin and has been used for some time as natural source of the pigment in salmonids. Although now it tends to be replaced by bacterial products which have a higher concentration and whose cell wall is more easily degraded. We will only refer in the following article on products coming from S. cerevisiae origin.

Figure 1: Yeast manufacturing process (primary grown culture)

Nutritional properties of yeast: Typical dry yeast composition is 93-97 percent dry matter and can contain from 40% to 60 percent crude protein nitrogen, 35-45 percent carbohydrates, and 5-9 percent lipids.

A quite important fraction of the nitrogen is under the form on nucleic acids (up to 12%) that can lead to produce significant level of uric acid if consumed at high concentration, like meat. The Amino acid profile of yeast is close to soybean meal and therefore well adapted to animal nutrition; it is rich in Glutamic acid and Lysine (up to 8%). Yeast is naturally rich in B vitamins such as biotin, thiamine and folic acid. It also produces niacin but contrary to some belief does not produce B12 Vitamin. Ergosterol which is a significant fraction of yeast cell wall, also is also a precursor of Vitamin D2 by using UV treatments.

Baker’s yeast Even if their name remains Saccharomyces cerevisiae (cerevisiae for beer), most of the strains of Baker’s yeast have been selected for their high fermentative power, particularly useful for bakers.Strains are specific to the type of bread and the region where it is sold, in order to respond to different bread making conditions (French bread, white bread, flat bread, croissant, etc.) and resist to different process conditions (osmotic pressure from high sugared bread, freezing, acidity of sour dough,…).

Baker’s yeast comes as a pure and primary culture grown on sugar substrate such as molasses. The production is performed under very strict conditions in order to maintain the genetic purity, consistency, specificity and efficacy of the strains. (Figure 1). It can be sold under different forms and packaging (instant dried yeast, active dry yeast, compressed, cream).

The primary grown culture controlled process makes also a very consistent base for the production of yeast extracts, autolysed yeast, yeast cell walls and their derivate: nucleotides and beta-glucans. Yeast cell walls produced from Baker’s yeast usually have a high content of mannans. They are

14 | International AquaFeed | November-December 2012

FEATURE Table 1: Effect of live yeast Actisaf on growth parameters in tilapia under stress conditions. (n=3, P<0.05, measures with different letters are significantly different) Treatment CON 40% -10 fry

Survival (%)

SGR

FCR

PER

75.0ab

3.33a

3.11e

0.83ab

CON 40% -20 fry

64.8a

3.47a

3.26e

0.78ab

Act 40% - 10 fry

87.5bc

5.80d

1.43abc

1.89cd

Act 40% - 20 fry

92.6c

5.43c

1.01a

2.64d

Act 27% - 10 fry

91.7bc

5.46cd

1.62bc

2.26c

Act 27% - 20 fry

96.29c

5.24c

1.17ab

3.17e

recognised as good toxin binders. Fractions coming from baker’s yeast have a light beige colour.

The most popular aquaculture application of Baker’s yeast is in hatcheries where it is a major feed source for artemia and rotifer (see for example Couteau et al 1990).

Brewer’s Yeast Brewer’s yeast can be identified either as the ferment used in brewery industries (Yeast primary production) or the by-product of these industries which is the form mainly used in aquaculture. In the latter case, yeast biomass is harvested from the fermentation vats at the end of beer fermentation. It can be sold under liquid form (18-20% of dry matter) but preferentially as inactive yeast spray or

drum dried. It can also Figure 2: Schema of a process to produce yeast been grown as a more extracts and yeast cell walls controlled product and specific strains and find its way to human care as a food supplement tively high and and its amino acid content is and holistic therapeutic, also known as natural similar to baker’s yeast. Numerous works have shown the efficacy of Brewer’s yeast to brewer’s yeast.

Brewer’s yeast for aquafeed applications replace partially or totally the proteins found is sold by trading companies as a commodity in fish and vegetable meal in fish and shrimp. based on the protein content, or by local Shrimp feeds formulators typically incorporate breweries in need to dispatch their slurry. The brewer’s yeast in their formula at the rate of quality and the supply of these products can two to four percent.

Brewer’s yeast can be used to produce be inconsistent and depends greatly on the yeast fractions, however due to the nature of source of supply.

The nutritional content is similar as the brewer’s yeast and the specificity of the proone in baker’s yeast, but contains more trace duction processes, the quality is less consistent minerals such as selenium and chromium. than in baker’s yeast. Products coming from The protein content of brewer yeast is rela- brewery yeast tend to have a distinctive bitter

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November-December 2012 | International AquaFeed | 15

FEATURE enzymes (notably pro- transfer from lab conditions to farm using teolysis) or playing on commercial feeds. the osmotic pressure All the work published so far was made to rupture the cell wall with yeast either top dressed on feeds or (plasmolysis). Different incorporated in pressed (uncooked) feeds. grades of autolysed Nevertheless some direct effects to the gut yeast can be obtained maturation have been found in sea bass with a depending on the level species extracted from the rainbow trout gut of autolysis (from partial Debaryomyces hansenii (see the works from to total). The final prod- Tovar-Ramirez and also the reviews by Chi et uct is a mixture of cel- al 2006 and Gatesoupe 2007). Marine yeasts lular content and yeast and yeasts isolated from fish seem a very Figure 4: Cumulative mortality after immersion cell wall. Furthermore logical choice to use in species of aquaculture with L. Anguiilarum (blue line is control, orange line the autolysis process interest. However, such material is often difis Pronady at 0.5g/kg. n=3, Pronady significantly degrades protein and ficult to grow under industrial conditions and decreases mortality at 120h. P<0.01) forms peptides (dipep- did not lead to the development of an actual tides to tetra peptides) product yet. The products on the market are smell and taste and a darker colour than the and oligonucleic acids which are readily digest- therefore often from S. cerevisiae origin. It has ible by the animal. Again here depending on to be noted that up to now, no yeast prodones coming from baker’s yeast. the original yeast material used, autolysed and ucts have been registered in EU as a probiotic inactive yeast quality can be very different. in aquaculture.

Ethanol Yeast As an example of S. cerevisiae effects, Ethanol Yeast are harvested after hav(Lara Flores et al 2003, 2010) Table 2 shows ing performed alcoholic fermentation and Live Yeast as probiotics distillation for the conventional production Live yeast helps regulate the gut microbio- some works done in tilapia fry fed for 3 weeks of Bioethanol from sugarcane, beet sugar ta. Its effects have been shown, first in human with feeds supplemented with Actisaf (also or grains syrup. In the first case, the yeast where it can reduce diarrhoea, especially knwn as Biosaf) at 1 kg/T in two diets (40% biomass is harvested and then dried with with children. Specific strains have then been and 27% proteins) and at 2 crowded condithe recycled energy used to heat the vegetal developed and produced industrially such as tions (1 fry per L or 1 fry per 2L).

All the yeast treatments also increased the material. The majority of ethanol yeast comes S. cerevisiae boulardii or S. cerevisiae Sc 47 from Brazil.

(Actisaf) for the animal nutrition market. It is alkaline Phosphatase activity, and we can see a Production prices and selling prices are a common practice now to supplement feeds better improvement of feed conversion ratio very low, however the quality, such as the to increase milk production in dairy cows (FCR) and survival under stressful conditions protein content is very inconsistent. The sup- or help piglets ply depends on the activity of the bioethanol survival. plants and can also be inconsistent. Another Live yeast concern is the sanitary safety of these prod- are characucts. Antibiotics are sometimes added to the terized by process in order to prevent bacteria compet- their living ing with the yeast for nutrients andavoiding cells count, yield decrease. It is therefore possible that expressed by some antibiotic residues and possibly other colony forming toxins might be left in the final dried product. unit (cfu per Autolysed yeast – Inactive Dried Yeast gram), typically Inactive and Autolysed yeast come from ten billions primary grown cultures or Brewer’s yeast. cfu/g. Dosages They are major products within the food are made in Figure 3: Number of pellets remaining in the feeding tray one industry as flavour enhancers and in pet food the feeds as hour after feeding (n=4, YE are significantly different than as feed attractants. They are used in aquacul- dilutions to get control at P<0.05). ture feeds as a source of protein and nitrogen. an efficient cfu Brewer’s yeast, and its ethanol equivalent, is count per g of mostly favoured as it is cheaper than baker’s feed, a 1000 fold dilution giving a 10e107 per (low protein percentage and crowded condiyeast. They are also easier supplied as yeast g of feed for example. Viability of the yeast is tions). There is also a better protein efficiency suppliers prefer to sell the more controlled mandatory for its effect and cfus should be ratio (PER) and digestive enzyme activity and tailored Baker’s yeast on food markets. checked before and after pelleting using plate when Actisaf is used.

Live yeast can be used directly on farm, Inactive yeast is a yeast that has been counts. deactivated by high temperature drying (often Despite the increasing use of yeast as where it has been showed (empirically) to spray drying). The cells come as a whole a probiotic in terrestrial animals, there improve water quality in shrimp and fish and the cell wall is not ruptured making the are only a few numbers of works studying ponds. It is either used alone or mixed with access to intracellular material (amino acids, its effect in fish as a gut functions stabi- bacteria. Farms producing mash feed onsite vitamins…) difficult. A way to access these liser. The major reason is that live yeast also add yeast in order to degrade cellulolytic materials is to partially hydrolyse the yeast does not resist the severe conditions of material to ensure a better digestion. cell wall to let the cellular content be partially the manufacturing processes of aquafeeds released from the cell. This can be facilitated (high temperatures, steam, long condi- Yeast Culture or fermented yeast. by activating the internal autolytic enzymes tioning times, see Aguirre-Guzzman et al Yeast culture is a particular product in of the live yeast (autolysis), adding external 2002). The studies are then difficult to which yeast is allowed to ferment. Yeast bio16 | International AquaFeed | November-December 2012

FEATURE

Figure 5: Yeast rich in organic selenium manufacturing process

mass, substrate and fermented extracellular metabolites are then dried.

Yeast Extracts.

Yeast extracts (YE) come from the further hydrolysis and purification of autolysed yeast. Insoluble yeast cell walls are separated from the cellular content by centrifugation. YE are very soluble, rich in peptides (up to 65%-70% of the product), free amino-acids like glutamic acid and vitamins. They also contain a high level of nucleic acid which can be further purified to increase the level of tasty 5â&#x20AC;&#x2122; nucleotides. They are used in aquaculture

in functional feeds, and hatcheries, as a source of nucleotides complementing the de novo synthesis of cells in multiplication and helping boost immunity and anti-stress mechanisms.

Autolysed yeast and inactive yeast are commonly mistakenly sold on the label yeast extract in aquaculture. A good way to differentiate them is to look at the carbohydrate levels. Autolysed yeast has around 20-22% (mostly from the remaining YCW) whereas YE contain only three to six percent of carbohydrates.

The small peptides and free amino acids in YE can also prove a potent attractant for

aquafeed in shrimp. In a trial performed in Thailand with white shrimp L. vannamei.

Feed containing YE at 2 kg/T of feed was presented in feeding trays at the corner of hapas and the remaining feed was counted after one hour. We can see a faster feeding when YE are included. (Tacon and Suyawanish 2011).

Yeast Cell walls Yeast Cell Walls (YCW) represent the shell of the yeast cell and are roughly 40-50 percent of the mass of the cell.

YCW are composed mainly of fibrous polysaccharides glucans with beta 1,3 and

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November-December 2012 | International AquaFeed | 17

FEATURE tration (2 kg/T) only for a short period, or a low concentration continuously (0.5 g/Kg).

An example of sea-bass juveniles fed with Pronady (a YCW of the Lesaffre group) at 0.5 g/kg of feed for 8 weeks can be seen in Figure 4, showing a significant protection against L. Anguillarum without any growth difference with the control. However a minimal amount of YCW seems needed to be ingested before challenge in order to provide an efficient immunostimulation and so there might be a gap period when the product is not efficient. (data from Dr. Morgane Henry, Hellenic Center for marine Research , 2011) YCW products, depending on the quality of the autolysed yeast separation, contain also significant percentages of proteins and lipids. It should be noted that the lower the level of proteins, the higher of level of carbohydrates, and then the better immunostimulation from the YCW is. Various quality of YCW are on the animal production market and major differences can be found between products depending on the strain, the substrate used to produce the yeast, and event the drying process.

Mannans represent as most 25-27 percent of YCW in good quality YCW from primary grown yeasts but can be found as low as 9 percent in crude preparation coming from industry by-products. Glucans or polyglucose can range from 18 To 40 percent.

YCW Protein level remains the most convenient indica2013 tor of quality, the best prodWorld Aquaculture ucts being those The international triennial having lower conference & exposition of nitrogen conWorld Aquaculture Society tent. The variability between February 21 - 25, 2013 batches can also Nashville, Tennessee For all info contact us on be very high. www.was.com USA Texture should worldaqua@aol.com be checked first.

Aquaculture Europe Good YCW often have a August 9 - 12, 2013 smooth, fine Trondheim, Norway texture, low Organised by European Aquaculture granulometry Society and a light beige For all info contact us on www.easonline.org colour. There is Making Sense of Science also the tendency to believe Asia Pacific Aquaculture that all YCW are the same December 10-13th, and that dif2013 ferentiation of Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam products must For all info contact us on be done to the www.was.com highest level of worldaqua@aol.com glucans (sometimes measured

beta 1,6 links, (50% and 8% respectively ), mannans under the form of Mannoproteins (40%) and chitin (2%) (see Lippke and Ovalle 1998). Further purification can lead to the production of either purified betaglucans (50% and up) and mannoprotein (often used in wine making for clarification). The presence of these compounds often leads to the mislabelling of YCW as MOS or Beta-glucans.

These two carbohydrate types are very interesting for the aquaculture market, betaglucans are direct stimulators of the immune systems in shrimp and fish, upon the stimulation of specific blood cells (granulocytes or macrophages). Mannans are involved in the binding to pathogenic bacteria (especially those with pili having mannose receptors) and eliminate them from the intestine. It is also suspected that the mannanes act as prebiotics promoting the growth of beneficial bacteria.

YCW have been shown to be effective to improve the resistance to bacterial challenges in numerous aquaculture species. Beta glucans have to be use carefully in aquaculture as some experiments report negative effects in fish when used for prolonged periods at high concentrations.. This can be avoided by careful choosing the source of YCW and using them either at high concen-

ming Upco r ts fo n e v E

as both alpha and beta forms)or mannans.

Not all the YCW are equal. Efficiency should be checked as a prerequisite to use, or change, YCW. At LFA we have conducted a survey of four YCW (2 bakery and 2 brewery yeasts) produced in 4 of our own factories in the same L. Anguillarum challenge in sea bass supplemented at 0.5 g/kg of feed for 8 weeks. Only 2 responded significantly (1 bakery, 1 brewery), the remaining 2 had even negative results at 4 weeks (lower survival than control). This result shows first that not all is understood in the way these products work and that one particular YCW cannot be replaced by another.

Selenium Yeast Yeast can be induced to be a source of organic selenium, mainly under the form of seleniomethionine, which is then stored in proteins. During the growth of bakerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s yeast, selenium is added to the medium and is replacing sulphur in methionine. The excess of selenium is then eliminated by careful washing steps (see Figure 5) to ensure that the selenium left is 97-99 percent organic.

Selenium yeast should be then checked for the highest percentage of selenomethionine and the consistency between batches.

Seleniomethionine is the main carbon-associated form of selenium in the animalâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s body and then allow making organic selenium which are readily available when oxidative stress reactions occur.

The main application would be in aquaculture as fish meal is a main supply of selenium and the development of diets with less fish meal will require compensation of selenium in aquafeed formulae. Such an application could be useful in preventing the oxidation of poly unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in fish flesh. Chromium yeast is seldom used in aquaculture diets.

Conclusion Yeast products are getting more frequently used in aquaculture. Some applications are promising as the use as an alternative source of proteins or as a sanitary and welfare enhancer. However many products ranging from crude ethanol yeast byproducts to more purified beta-glucans are available on the market. Therefore potential users must accurately select them in function of their targeted application. It is also as important to select a reliable source of the products to ensure a consistency of the supply.

18 | International AquaFeed | November-December 2012

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FEATURE

Extrusion technology for the production of micro-aquatic feeds and shrimp feeds

Image courtesy of Wenger Manufacturing, USA

by Mian N. Riaz, Ph.D, Head of Extrusion Technology Program, Food Protein R&D Center, Texas A&M University, USA

N

owadays we often hear startling news such as, ‘seven billionth baby born’ or ‘world population may reach 9.2 billion by 2050’ (world news, msnbc.com). Hunger is the world’s number one health risk, it kills more people than AIDS every year, one in seven people in the world will go to bed hungry tonight.

To overcome these issues, farmers must produce 70 percent more food by 2050 to feed the population. But the impending crisis is that the earth may run out of food by 2050.

2.4 billion extra people, no more land, how will we feed the world in 2050?

At the same time we also hear in the news that global fish consumption has hit a record high. We have seen the commercial fishing trend is declining whereas aquaculture farming is growing rapidly all over the world.

Is this supply enough to feed the future population? May be not, but fish demand is growing every day all over the world. To maintain baseline consumption in every country, 159 million tons of fish is needed to feed the world population in 2030. This demand is driven by population and income growth.

If a country’s aquaculture production follows the recent trend, the expected aquaculture growth rate will need a four percent increase annually. To feed a growing world population, the required aquaculture growth rate is 5.6 percent annually.

Some of the main challenges to achieve these goals are proper and large-scale feed production systems for micro aquatic feed.

Recently extruder manufacturers came up with new technologies which can solve some of the aquaculture issues related to large

and commercial-scale feed, which is the key for growth of aquaculture industry. The fundamental components of extrusion systems have consisted of the following items for a number of years: 1) Feed delivery system 2) Preconditioning 3) Extruder 4) Die and knife assemblies Although existing extrusion systems were able to produce a wide range of good quality aquatic feeds (both floating and sinking), small diameter pellet sizes were difficult to produce at reasonable or cost-effective throughputs.

Recent innovations in the basic hardware components permit smaller diameter feeds at attractive production throughputs.

Feed delivery system Hoppers or bins are an integral part of a feeding device and are used to hold the dry ingredients above the feeders. The feed delivery system must be able to uniformly feed both a dry and/or liquid ingredient or a blend of ingredients.

Generally, when the added fat content of a raw formulation exceeds 12 percent, the portion of fat above the 12 percent level should be introduced into the extrusion system in a separate ingredient stream. The dry feed portion is delivered to the extrusion system through a specialised metering device capable of providing uniform flow at any desired extrusion rate.

Dry ingredients are usually free flowing, and there are a number of capable feeding devices which vary in their relative cost and complexity. However, gravimetric or loss-in-weight systems are necessary for the stable, precise metering of dry feed for the

production of micro-aquatic feeds. The raw recipe is very finely ground or pulverized and does not possess good flow properties.

The feed system must be able to handle these finely ground formulations and avoid bridging and non-uniform metering of the feed.

Automated feed delivery systems with PLC control are the norm. Slurry tanks and liquid feeding devices (pumps) are utilized to accomplish uniform metering of liquid ingredients. The slurry tanks are often jacketed for heating or cooking and are equipped with agitators as required. Positive displacement metering pumps deliver metered liquids at constant rates by varying length of stroke or speed of rotation. Slurries or liquids can be premixed with dry ingredients but are preferably injected into preconditioning devices or the extruder barrel. The nutrient profile of larval feeds is critical and the precise metering ensures correct formulations.

Preconditioning The dry portion of the feed and the liquid portion are separately introduced into a preconditioning device where they are continuously mixed, heated, and moisturised by the injection of hot water and/or steam.

The intense mixing of water and steam added to the dry feed and the ability to extend the retention time during the preconditioning phase allows the moisture level to be maintained at an optimum.

This ability to maintain optimum moisture distribution not only initiates proper cooking but also is reported as a significant factor in the reduction of extruder barrel wear and extruder shaft power per ton of product processed. The higher mixing intensity of new

20 | International AquaFeed | November-December 2012

FEATURE preconditioner designs improves hydration and cooking, helping to capture the steam in the raw material. Excess steam can escape the preconditioner and create fugitive dust which creates housekeeping concerns in the plant environments.

Better cooking with new preconditioners gives lower product viscosities which

increase. The mechanism of shear does not begin to play a dominant role until the screw flow channel is full. This full flow channel condition begins in the kneading zone.

The flow channel fills, first, with loose granular material which is compressed and worked by shear as it passes through the kneading zone. It is in the kneading zone

desired final product texture, density, color, and functional properties.

Twin-screw systems are preferred for extrusion of aquatic feeds smaller than 2 mm diameter due to their positive transport and self-wiping characteristics which prevents significant product build-up in the extruder barrel which could later dislodge and plug the Image courtesy of Wenger Manufacturing, USA

improves extrudate flow through small die orifices. The result is smaller pellets and more uniform pellet size. The higher mixing intensities in new preconditioner designs is the result of unique beater designs and more beater contacts per retention time.

Extrusion Extruders are generally classified as either being a single or twin-screw design. In both designs, the impact of final product characteristics are affected by screw and barrel profile, screw speed, processing conditions (temperature, moisture, etc.), raw material characteristics, and die/knife selection.

The feeding zone of the extruder is that area where the low-density discrete particles of raw material are transported into the extruder barrel inlet. This low-density, often preconditioned, material is then transported into the interior of the extrusion processing chamber. The flow channel of the screw is typically not filled in this zone due to the air entrapped in the incoming material. The incoming material is compressed slightly in this zone with the air being expelled.

Water, an excellent plasticizer, is typically injected into the barrel in the feeding zone to facilitate textural development, viscosity development, and to enhance conductive heat transfer. The kneading zone of the cooking extruder continues the compression started in the feeding zone, and the flow channels of the extruder screw have a higher degree of fill.

As the degree of screw fill increases and pressure begins to develop in the extruder barrel, leakage flow (flow over the outside diameter of the screw in a direction toward the extruder inlet) and pressure flow both

where the discrete particles of material begin to agglomerate because of their temperature increase resulting from conduction, direct steam injection, and viscous energy dissipation. Here, the discrete particles begin to form a more integral flowing dough mass.

At the discharge end of the kneading zone, the extrudate most typically reaches its maximum compaction.

The shear in this area of the extruder barrel is moderate and the extrudate temperature begins to increase. The final cooking zone is that area where amorphousizing and texturising occur.

Temperature and pressure typically increase most rapidly in this region as shear rates are highest because of the extruder screw configuration and maximum compression of the extrudate. The pressure, temperature, and resulting fluid viscosity are such that the extrudate will expel from the extruder die to form the

small die orifices. The C²TX system is a corotating system that includes a tapered screw diameter which de-aerates the extrudate and makes it easier to create high density feeds for good sinking characteristics without the need for vented barrels, pressurized density control

November-December 2012 | International AquaFeed | 21

FEATURE

Image courtesy of Wenger Manufacturing, USA

which minimised nutrient destruction.

Floating products are possible by simply decreasing die open area.

devices, or double extrusion. By adding a BPV (Back Pressure Valve) after the extruder, the necessary restriction is provided to expand the product if floating pellets are desired.

Die assemblies The die is the most critical part of the complete system as it determines product shape and size, but also determines throughputs and buoyancy properties of the final aquatic feed. As pellet diameters became smaller, the die created more restriction and drastically reduced throughputs.

One die assembly design that allowed an increase in throughputs by increasing die

"This micro-aquatic floating feed will be the foundation to start fish farming on commercial scale to fulfill the fish demand in the world" open area is the OTD (Oblique Tube Die).

This die actually increased die open area (the number of orifices) by two to three times which maintained high throughputs even for small diameter products due to larger die hole populations. The tubes created longer retention times for improved cooking. Pressure drop in the tubes created a denser product so that micro-aquatic feeds could be cooked thoroughly but still maintain high densities for sinking characteristics. The process was still a short time/high temperature process,

Process guidelines

Process guidelines required for die holes smaller than 1.2 mm diameter: 1) Recipe to contain adequate starch levels for binding (at least 25% starch for floating feeds).

2) Maximum particle size of the recipe must be smaller than one third the die hole sizes.

3) A spring-loaded knife blade is recommended.

4) All mass flow inputs must be free of material that is large enough to block or partially block the die openings and this includes the steam, water, fat, and other liquid inputs. The water and steam lines going to the extruder system need to be fitted with screen filters having 30 mesh (0.6 mm) openings and these should be adequate if maintained. The fat line (and fat source) also needs to be filtered to remove debris larger than 30 mesh (0.6 mm). All strainers or filters must be easy to clean or they will get removed ‘in the heat of a run’ where liquid flows are interrupted due to plugged filters. It may be necessary to have a dual filter set up for fish solubles and fat lines. With this installation, if one filter is plugged you can close the valves to the primary filter for cleaning and open the valves for the second for continued operation.

5) The dry feed must pass through a vibrating sifter after the grinder and before the extruder live bin. This sifter must be sized to remove particles the same size or larger than the die openings. High fishmeal diets plug vibrating sifter screens very easily and the industry often employs rotary sifters to avoid this bottleneck.

6) Pneumatic conveying is required from the extruder die to the dryer inlet for several reasons: a) For product containment around the

die/knife area. The small diameter feeds results in spillage in this area and will cause sanitation problems. b) For product separation. Floating feeds have a tendency to stick together when wet on belt or HVH conveyors and pneumatic conveying enhances separation. c) For separation of ‘tails’ from pellets.

Pneumatic systems ‘scrub’ the product and remove tails for later separation during sifting.

7) Fluid bed dryers are recommended for products under 1.2 mm diameter in size although horizontal dryers with polyester screens can work with some products.

8) Final product sifting after dryer and before coating. This sifting operation is critical for three reasons: a) To remove ‘overs’ (large tails and ‘doubles’) for regrind. b) To remove ‘fines’ for regrind. This prevents a mess during coating step where the fines are also coated and cause buildup. c) To separate good pellets into several different diameters depending on the client criteria for size. The expectations from the industry will be for tight specs on pellet size and this can easily be controlled at this point by sifting product and producing several different sizes at the same time and setting the standard for the industry.

The primary-sized product can be sent on through the system for coating and into final product bins. The secondary sizes can either be reworked or saved separately in tote bags for coating and bagging later.

9) Production procedures. This small diameter product requires a dedicated line, strict startup and shutdown procedures to avoid die plugging, and thorough cleanup techniques. The extruder and coater areas should be considered as ‘wet areas’ for cleaning. The coater may need to be cleaned between each different pellet size to avoid cross contamination.

By following these guidelines and using newly innovative extruder parts micro-aquatic floating feed can be produced on a large scale basis. This micro-aquatic floating feed will be the foundation to start fish farming on commercial scale to fulfill the fish demand in the world.

22 | International AquaFeed | November-December 2012

More Information: Email: mnriaz@tamu.edu

FEATURE

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November-December 2012 | International AquaFeed | 23

17-02-12 09:59

PHOTOSHOOT

The Velella Research Project

The Velella Research Project, which ran from summer 2011 to February 2012, raised fish through to harvest size for the first time in US Federal waters. Kampachi (a tropical yellowtail) were raised in a single unanchored, submersible net pen tethered to a manned sailing vessel, in water up to 12,000 feet deep. The final harvest completed the grow-out cycle of sashimi-grade kampachi fish from the drifter pen that has been riding eddies in the open ocean, three to 75 miles offshore of the Big Island of Hawaii.

“This final harvest far surpassed our expectations,” says Neil Anthony Sims, Co-CEO of Kampachi Farms.

“The fish thrived in the research net pen far from shore, with phenomenal growth rates and superb fish health… and without any negative impact on water quality, the ocean floor, wild fish or marine mammals.”

The kampachi were fed a sustainable commercial diet that replaced a significant amount of fishmeal and fish oil with soy and other alternative agricultural proteins. No antibiotics, hormones or pesticides were used throughout the seven-month trial.

The kampachi reached an average of 5.6 lbs in six months, resulting in a first harvest a full three months ahead of schedule and a final FCR of 1.6:1.

Sims says that fish health was superb throughout the trial, with an overall mortality rate of two percent compared with a standard aquaculture mortality rate of 15 percent. Sample testing showed that the kampachi had a fat content of 33 percent, making this an extraordinarily healthy fish for human consumption, high in heart-healthy Omega-3s with no discernible mercury or other contaminants.

“It makes perfect sense to raise fish in the ocean, where they belong,” says Sims. “This was a healthy, low-stress environment for the fish, and we think that this allowed them to channel their energy into growing faster.”

“The majority of the support for the trial came from the Illinois Soybean Association, which provided funding from the Illinois Soy Checkoff Program. The project garnered additional support from a wide variety Photo courtesy of Rick Decker

24 | International AquaFeed | November-December 2012

of stakeholders, including National Science Foundation, International Copper Association, Lockheed-Martin, Ocean Farms Technologies and NOAA.” “The success of the Velella research demonstrates that we can grow fish in the open ocean with no negative impact on pristine ocean ecosystems,” says Sims. “We must now apply ourselves to responsibly scale up this industry, to meet the growing global demand for high-quality seafood.”

The next phase of the research will test a single-point mooring six miles offshore in water 6,000 feet deep, where the pen can move freely in currents and still be within easy range of shore for supply delivery and telecommunications support for remote command and control.” This next iteration of the research will test an unmanned Velella on a single point mooring six miles offshore.

Photos above text: Courtesy of Bryce Groark - Photos around text: Courtesy of Jeff Milisen

November-December 2012 | International AquaFeed | 25

FEATURE

Why check selenomethionine levels in selenium yeast?

by Wilbert Litjens, Technical manager Optimin & Betaine and Paul Perucchietti, Product manager Optimin, Selko Feed Additives, The Netherlands

S

elenium yeast is commonly used in aquaculture to improve animal performance and meat quality.

Samples of different selenised yeast products were sourced in the EU and USA. QA departments of Trouw Nutrition International and Selko Feed Additives performed a laboratory analysis on these. Outcomes revealed remarkable differences between product samples on most effective and active compound, namely selenomethionine (SeMet).

Table 1:

Total Selenium

Sample

Selenium is one of the essential trace elements in aquaculture. It can be added to aquafeed in two forms; as inorganic selenite or as organic selenium yeast. Each form has different metabolic routes and effects.

Organic selenium - selenised yeast - is regarded as a more effective way of supplementing selenium. With more frequent usage of selenised yeast and increasing amount of suppliers, benchmarking on quality becomes relevant. Selenised yeast mainly consists of selenomethionine (SeMet), which can be converted into selenocysteine (SeCys) by natural turnover from methionine into cysteine.

SeMet is regarded by animals as normal methionine and absorbed and processed following the methionine pathway. The SeMet will be stored as methionine in

proteins and subsequently, tissues such as fillet or organs will be enriched with the selenium.

This selenium is easily available when required for the synthesis of selenoproteins (Figure 1).

This saves valuable time and ensures a fast and effective reaction in case of stress or a disease.

SeMet

SeCys

Benchmark Several samples of selenised yeast were sourced from the market and analysed for the most relevant selenium species at the University of Pau, CNRS, France. This research lab is known as professional and repeatable for organic selenium species determination.

The value of selenised yeast was determined by the levels of total selenium, SeMet, SeCys and inorganic selenium. A total of 11 samples from different batches of a number of producers were examined. Samples were randomly numbered and sent to the lab for analyses

by HPLC ICP-MS. Results are shown in Table 1. Most interesting is the variation in levels of SeMet. Some samples contained only half the level of SeMet compared to other samples (range from 24.8% to 69.7%).

SeCys levels are, as expected, marginally present at all equal Inorganic levels. Unexpectedly, Sample 6 Selenium contained a relative high level of % of total inorganic selenium (13.3%).

ppm

ppm as Se

% of total Se

ppm as Se

% of total Se

1

3000

2090

69.7

140

4.6

< 2%

2

2260

1460

64.6

100

4.4

< 2%

3

2250

1110

49.1

70

3.3

< 2%

4

1910

920

48.3

190

9.7

< 2%

5

1890

1160

61.2

670

3.5

< 2%

6

1990

490

24.8

< 10

-

13.3%

7

2217

1069

48.2

51

2.3

< 2%

8

2377

1278

53.8

87

3.7

< 2%

9

2191

1092

49.8

59

2.7

< 2%

10

2027

854

42.1

49

2.4

< 2%

11

2239

1275

57.0

81

3.6

< 2%

Se

26 | International AquaFeed | November-December 2012

Need of selenomethionine Yeast is enriched with selenium through growing it in a medium with a controlled amount of selenium and a shortage of sulphur. If the yeast grows, it must synthesise methionine with selenium incorporated; SeMet. The higher the SeMet levels, the more beneficial the yeast will be as an organic selenium source for aqua species.

It is widely accepted in

FEATURE and of minor importance. The remainders are SeMet precursors and SeCys/ SeMet intermediate amino acids.

Most of these compounds are less or not valuable to the animal and are individually present at very low levels in yeast. scientific literature that SeMet is the most effective and active compound in selenised yeast bringing beneficial effects to organism.

The percentage of SeMet of total Se is the best indicator for the value and bioavailability of the selenium out of the yeast.

The analysis of the main organic selenium metabolites (SeCys and SeMet) in relation to the total selenium level gives a strong evaluation on the success of the enrichment process during production. Most selenised yeast products contain 97-99 percent organic selenium of total selenium.

The dominant organic selenium form is SeMet, which can be accurately (< 5% variation) determined. SeCys is present at fixed, low levels (2-5%)

Guaranteed high quality Selko Feed Additives markets its own premium quality selenised yeast; Optimin SeY. On every batch, as well total selenium as selenomethionine content is checked.

Minimal 63 percent selenium of total selenium must be in the form of SeMet for the batch to be released for customers. This defined quality guarantees that aqua species will get the most out of the selenium yeast (Figure 2).

A consistent and high level of SeMet offers numerous advantages. For example, when formulating feed a lower inclusion level is needed to meet requirements and saves costs without compromising animal performance. Besides,

when selenium enriched human foods such as fish fillets are marketed, consistent and high selenomethionine levels in the yeast feed is essential to make health claims on these foods.

A trial with rainbow trout evaluated different sources of selenium and their subsequent effect on selenium levels in the fillet. Results are presented in Figure 2 (feeding level in ppm), showing a significant enrichment with Optimin SeY over another selenised yeast and inorganic selenium.

Conclusion The benchmark revealed large differences in quality and consequently nutritional value of different products. It is beneficial for a fish feed company or fish producer to compare suppliers on SeMet levels and subsequent pricing. Choosing a product which guarantees selenomethionine is the best choice. It gives maximal benefits to animals, enriches animal products and lowers the cost of feed formula.

More Information: Email: wilbert.litjens@nutreco.com Website: www.selko.com

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November-December 2012 | International AquaFeed | 27

FEATURE

Effect of Sangrovit

®

on the growth and performance of sea bass

by Dr. Ali Y. Korkut and Dr. Aysun Kop, E.U. Faculty of Fisheries, Aquaculture Department, Izmir, Turkey

I

n recent years, aquaculture has gained in importance as a renewable source of dietary protein and as a viable commercial activity.

To maintain this position in the future and to continue to provide a good investment opportunity, the problems the sector currently faces must be addressed.One of the more important of these concerns is the cost of feed, which is estimated to be 50-60 percent of the total cost of production. Numerous studies on the use of different feed formulations, feed ingredients and feeding techniques have been conducted (Kaushik et al., 2004; Thiessen et al., 2003; Martinez et al., 2004; Enes et al.,2006; Izquierdo et al., 2003). These studies have included assessments of various alternative raw materials, vitamins and minerals, monitoring the amount of feed provided to the fish, and the addition of pigments and other feed additives to the diet. In particular, various feed additives with growth promoting properties came into prominence in these studies (Francis et al., 2005; Haroun et al., 2006;Abdel-Tawwab et al., 2008; Lara-Flores et al., 2003; Li and Gatlin, 2004;).

Growth promoting feed additives may contain different ingredients as plant extracts, organic acids, probiotics, hormones etc.

The benzo[c]phenanthridine and protopin alkaloids (QBA/PA) extracted from plants are known to have antimicrobial, anti-inflamatory, and immune-modulatory effects (Vieira et al., 2008; Rawling et al., 2009). These alkaloids include sanguinarine, chelerythrine allocryptopine and Protopin.

The commercial product Sangrovit®, an organic and plant-based material containing benzo[c]phenanthridine and protopin alkaloids (QBA/PA), increases feed intake in various animals categories such as swine and poultry and may stimulate digestive enzyme secretion, which would improve feed digestibility, nutrient availability and thereby feed conversion.

In the present study, the effect of Sangrovit® on growth, feed utilisation, and liver and visceral fat reduction of sea bass, was investigated.

Materials and methods

and 100 ppm (Group C) diet. The control and treatment group diets were formulated as 2 mm extruded pellets by Agromarin Feed Factory in Turkey. The nurient content of this pellet is described in Table 1.

The diets were prepared under special

This work was conducted at the Aegean University Faculty of Fisheries hatchery facilities in Urla-Iskele in Table 1: Formulation of experimental diets.

Turkey. Sea bass fry (average live Raw Materials Group A Group B Group C weight = 17.03 ± 0.43 g) were placed in nine 300 litre cylindricalconical polyester tanks (Figure Herring meal* 260 260 260 1). In this study, 585 sea bass in Anchovy meal** 180 180 180 total were used. Sixty five fish Fish oil* 127 127 127 were placed in each tank, and Soybean meal*** 217,97 217,47 216,97 there were three replications per Corn gluten 60% CP 30 30 30 treatment. The experiment was conducted during the month of Wheat gluten 10 10 10 March, April and May 2010, for Wheat meal 165 165 165 a total of 90 days. The hatchery Vitamin/mineral Premix 10 10 10 water was obtained directly from Methionine and Lysine 0,03 0,03 0,03 the sea by passing it through sand Sangrovit® (ppm) 0 50 100 filters in an open system, without the use of any heating apparatus.

Water temperature was between Moisture max 12 12 12 14.3 ±0.18 and 16.49 ±0.170C, Crude ash max 12 12 12 dissolved oxygen was between Crude protein min 44 44 44 7.43±0.02 and 6.37±0.05 mg l-1.

Crude fat min 16 16 16 The fish were fed three times a day at rate of 0.7% - 1.1% of Starch max 10 10 10 total live weight, depending on Metabolic energy Kcal/kg 3470 3470 3470 the water temperature during the Crude fibre max 2,5 2,5 2,5 experiment. *65,5% CP, Peru Three experimental diets were **71% CP, North of Turkey formulated (44% crude protein, ***44% CP, ASA, USA 16% fat, 12% ash, and 3470 Cal/kg aProvided per kg of diet: 15 mg of vitamin A (500,000 IU/g); 15 mg of vitamin D3 (100,000 IU/g); 60 mg diet) (Table 1) to contain different of vitamin E (500 IU/g); 2.5 mg of vitamin K; 7.5 mg levels of Sangrovit® premix (1:10 of thiamin; 15 mg of riboflavin; 7.5 mg of pyridoxine; dilution) (ANC Animal Nutrition 87.5 mg of nicotinic acid; 2.5 mg of folic acid; 25 mg Center, PHYTO BIOTICS) which of vitamin B12 (1,000 mg/kg); .5 g of inositol; 62.5 mg was supplemented at 0.0 (control of biotin (2%); 25 mg of calcium pantothenate; 2 g of choline (50%).

Group A), 50 ppm (Group B)

28 | International AquaFeed | November-December 2012

FEATURE conditions, and imported Sangrovit® was added to the experimental feeds after being dissolved in fish oil. Biometric measurements for growth performance (body weight, total length, fork length) were obtained at the beginning of the study, and this process was repeated every 30 days. Fish body weight was determined using a 0.001 g precision scale, and body length was measured using a 30 cm ruler. Growth performance and feed utilisation were assessed by net weight gain (NWG), Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR), Spezific Growth Rate (SGR) and Condition Factor (CF). Calculations of this formulations were made as follows: FCR= feed intake/ weight gain (Barrias and Oliva-Teles, 2000) SGR= (ln Final Weight/ ln Initial Weight)/ days (Barrias and Oliva-Teles, 2000) CF= Final Weight/( Final Length)3 Fish were anesthetised with a phenoxy-phenolic compound. Also, at the beginning and at the end of the experiment, five fish from each tank were dissected to obtain their internal organs, liver weights were recorded, and the viscerosomatic (VSI) and hepatosomatic (HSI )indexes were then calculated. Calculations were made using the following formulae (Metailler, 1986; Kaushik, 1998; Martinez and Vasquez, 2001; Hoşsu et al., 2003; Cheng et al., 2005; Korkut et al., 2007):

Results and discussion

The water parameters reflected the natural water conditions in the location where the study was conducted. They were characteristic spring semester conditions, and this environment had no negative impact on fish development or behavior, their feeding pattern, and or on the level of stress that they were subjected to.

During the study period, fish average live weight and live weight gain Table 2: Growth Performance Parameters for Experimental Groups for all treatment groups increased Parameters Group A Group B Group C (Control) (50 ppm) (100ppm) incrementally (Table 2). Final average body weights for Initial number of fish 180 180 180 Groups A, B and C Initial Average Live 17.027±0,36 17.037±0,44 17.027±0,49 were 49.907±1.28 Weight (g) g, 55.243±1.03 g, Final Average Live and 62.217±1.35 g, 49.907±1.28a 55.243±1.03a 62.217±1.35b Weight (g) respectively. Group Live Weight Gain (g) 32.88±0.41a 38.21±0.83b 45.19±1.18b A and Group B final Mortality (number of average body weights 36 35 36 dead fish) were not significantly FCR 1.29 1.27 1.26 different (p>0.05), but the final average SGR 0.67a 0.71b 0.74b body weight of the VSI 6.84 6.81 6.69 fish in Group C was HSI 1.79 1.73 1.67 significantly greater CF 0.92 1.01 1.14 (p<0.05) than was Values expressed as means±standard deviation the final average body weight of fish in abSignificant differences between groups are indicated by difference in superscript letters.

Group A. Mortality during the experiment was 20 percent, 19.4 percent and HSI= Liver Weight/Body Weight x 100 20 percent for Groups A, B and C, respectively VSI= Viscera Weight/ Body Weight x 100 ANOVA was used to assess variance within (Table 2). The values for FCR, SGR, VSI, HSI and and among treatment groups and repetitions, CF are listed in Table 2, and although incremental and differences between initial and final measured trends are evident for each parameter based on values were assessed using the t-test. Due to a Sangrovit® content, there were no significant lack of homogeneity among groups, data were differences (p>0.05) among treatment groups, analysed using the Kruskal-Willis test. Statistical except for the SGR in Group C (SGR 0.74), analysis was conducted using SPSS 09.01 for which was elevated relative to Group A (control) Windows.

(SGR 0.67) (p<0.05).

There have been few Sangrovit® studies conducted using aquatic species, but Rawling et al, 2009 reported on the effect of Sangrovit® in red tilapia (O. niloticus). Fish were fed equal amounts of diets containing various proportions of Sangrovit® for 60 days: 25 mg/kg (Diet 25S), 50 mg/kg (Diet 50S) 75 mg/kg (Diet 75S) and 100 mg/kg (Diet 100S), and growth, performance and health status were subsequently monitored.

The Sangrovit®-fed fish gained significantly more weight (71.85±8.98, 67.85±3.32, 66.80±1.98, 67.70±8.06 respectively) than control fish (51.00±1.84). SGR was significantly improved in Sangrovit®-fed fish (4.05±0.20, 3.98±0.08, 3.94±0.05, 3.96±0.18 respectively) versus control fish (3.54±0.06).

Similarly, we have shown here that sea bass, when fed 100 ppm Sangrovit® for 90 days, exhibit a significant improvement in body weight gain over fish that receive no Sangrovit in the diet. The values for FCR for all groups were similar, but fish growth, body weight gain and SGR for fish in Group C (100 ppm) were significantly different from the control group. These data suggest that the application of Sangrovit® to the diet of sea bass from the fry stage through to harvest can contribute to low mortality, a good FCR, and improved growth and performance relative to fish that do not consume Sangrovit®. However, studies on commercial farms (soil pools, net cages, etc.) may provide different results, due to the varying environmental and feeding conditions that would be encountered.

In conclusion, recent increases in raw material prices have made it necessary to find alternative feed ingredients and feed additives that will help to reduce the overall cost of the rations.

Sangrovit® has been shown here to have a positive impact on the growth and performance of sea bass, warranting its inclusion in the feeding program of this economically important species.

References Available from the publisher on request

November-December 2012 | International AquaFeed | 29

EXPERT Tâ&#x2014;?PIC

EXPERT TOPIC

SALMON Welcome to Expert Topic, a new feature for International Aquafeed. Each issue will take an in-depth look at a particular species and how its feed is managed.

30 | International AquaFeed | November-December 2012

EXPERT T●PIC

13

4

5 2

1

Atlantic Canada

by Pamela Parker, Executive Director, Atlantic Canada Fish Farmers Association, Canada

A

tlantic Canada is the birthplace of Canada’s salmon farming industry.

Canada’s first commercial harvest of farmed Atlantic salmon in took place in Lord’s Cove, Deer Island in 1979.

Today, aquaculture is a $2.1 billion industry in Canada, employing over 15,000 workers.

Atlantic Canada produces approximately 55,000 metric tonnes of salmon annually, 30 per cent of Canada’s farmed salmon production. The sector is one of the region’s biggest economic drivers generating over $435 million in revenue and employing over 3,500 people. In many rural coastal communities, salmon farming is the major employer and further growth potential exists.

Both production and employment are poised to grow significantly in the near future with the launch of Nova Scotia’s aquaculture development strategy and with continued focus on development in Newfoundland. Salmon is already the largest agri-food export in New Brunswick.

Although the vast majority of finfish farmers grow salmon, many companies are growing other finfish species such as cod, trout, arctic char, sturgeon and halibut as well as mussels and

seaweeds from integrated multi-trophic aquaculture farms. Of the fish farmed in Atlantic Canada, approximately 60 percent is exported to the United States.

Canada has vast and dynamic ecosystems and while some farm management practices vary depending on the environment, no Canadian salmon producer uses hormones, dyes or chemicals in their feed and our farmed salmon is not genetically modified. Less than three percent of salmon feed contains an antibiotic.

Because salmon farming is science-based, our environmental and fish health management practices are continually changing and improving as new research or technology emerges.

Canada leads the development of fishmeal and fish oil replacement in salmon feed. In the 1990s, wild fish based ingredients in feeds were as high as 80 per cent. Today, it’s as low as 20 per cent.

Atlantic Canadian feed producers work with top researchers to develop their own feed using local ingredients whenever possible. The fish waste from our processing facilities is now being used to produce other animal feeds (pets, poultry) so that we are a net protein producer.

All the salmon farming companies operating in eastern Canada are privately owned and operated by Atlantic Canadians. Our salmon farmers are passionate and hardworking people who are committed to building a locally based, globally competitive and environmentally sustainable industry that will continue to bring prosperity to our coastal communities.

The Atlantic Canada Fish Farmers Association (ACFFA) is an industry-fund-

ed association that has been working on behalf of the salmon farming industry in the maritime region since 1987. The ACFFA represents over 95 percent of salmon production in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia in addition to a wide range of businesses and organization in the supply and service, technological and research sectors.

The ACFFA takes a leadership role in the development and implementation of strategies that are focused on fish health and welfare, environmental stewardship, innovation and social responsibility within our communities.

More Information: Website: www.atlanticfishfarmers.com

November-December 2012 | International AquaFeed | 31

EXPERT T●PIC

2

New Zealand

by Adam Hicks, Aquaculture New Zealand, New Zealand

S

ince its beginnings in the 1970s, New Zealand’s salmon farming industry has evolved from a group of innovative pioneers, to a professional, specialised and quality food production sector focused on environmental sustainability, food safety and value added marketing.

We are the world’s largest producer of the premium Chinook (King) Salmon, with our 2011 harvest of 14,000 tonnes accounting for roughly 84 percent of total global production.

Last year the New Zealand salmon industry generated $128 million in revenue and provided employment for hundreds of Kiwis.

Roughly half of all salmon farmed in New Zealand, is consumed in New Zealand. It is readily available at local supermarkets and restaurants – much of it served in family kitchens and backyard barbecues. The remainder is exported to over 30 countries including Japan, US, Australia, Hong Kong and Canada.

The premium species of salmon, King Salmon is prized for its characteristic rich flavour, delicate soft texture and high Omega-3 content.

King Salmon is much harder to grow than Atlantic salmon, but yields a much higher quality product.

Our farmed King Salmon are grown in the pristine, colder waters off the South Island with the majority in sea pens in Marlborough, Canterbury and Southland regions. The farms are

located in areas selected for their isolation, water quality and flow. After being placed within a seawater farm, a salmon generally takes 19 - 31 months to grow to an optimum market size of around 3.5 – 4 kg. There are also a number of small fresh water farms operating in the McKenzie Country hydroelectric- canals.

New Zealand producers (New Zealand King Salmon, Sanford, Akaroa Salmon, Mt Cook Alpine Salmon, Benmore Salmon and High Country Salmon) are focused on nurturing the salmon throughout their natural growth cycle to ensure fish welfare and guarantee high quality and safe salmon for the consumer.

International feed production companies Skretting, Ridley, Biomar and Reliance supply the majority of New Zealand’s salmon feed. The food is specially blended for King Salmon with fishmeal and fish oil, with some producers also incorporating plant proteins and oils and by-products from the poultry and meat industries, from animals raised for human consumption.

The New Zealand salmon farming industry now produces more fish protein than it consumes – with some producers achieving conversion rates better than 1:1.19. Information supplied by feed producers show the wild fish protein used in feed production is sourced primarily from the well-managed and sustainable Peruvian anchovy fishery (www.fishsource.org).

Core to the industry, is an uncompromising commitment to the responsible management of our resources.

Our Environmental Codes of Practise are independently recognised as world leading, and our farming operations are highly regulated and closely monitored to meet the strict environmental conditions of the New Zealand Resource Management Act. Salmon farming is an industry that New Zealand can be proud of and at the same time be excited about for our future.

More Information: Website: www.salmon.org.nz or www. aquaculture.org.nz The history of New Zealand salmon farming history has been captured in Swimming Upstream, and is available by emailing contact@kingsalmon.co.nz

32 | International AquaFeed | November-December 2012

3

British Columbia, Canada

by Mary Ellen Walling, Executive Director, BC Salmon Farmers Association, Canada

S

almon farming is the largest agricultural business in British Columbia.

It produces around 80,000 metric tonnes annually with a value of US $450 million. The industry employs 6,000

B I O S U S TA I N

EXPERT Tâ&#x2014;?PIC people, of which 2,000 are employed directly by farming companies. The domestic demand for BC salmon is strong but the fish also exported to the USA and some specialty markets in Japan, Asia and India.

The BC Salmon Farmers Association works in various ways to look after the needs of its members.

For example, regulatory responsibility for the industry has recently been transferred from the provincial to the federal government. However, there is no specific aquaculture legislation in Canadian law. This means farmers have to work within existing, older acts which are not always relevant to the industry. The association is working with the Canadian Aquaculture Industry Alliance to advocate for national regulation for aquaculture.

Bringing the industry together to effectively manage fish health is also a priority for the association.

Following the 2002-03

IHN outbreak, the association developed a viral management plan designed to respond to future incidents of disease more effectively.

This plan was implemented in May 2012, when IHN was detected at a farm in north of Tofino. There were culls at three farms and weekly farm tours were postponed but the spread of the disease was halted.

There is a strong environmental movement in BC. The association is committed to providing good information and engaging with questions from the public. It has also worked with the WWF on its Salmon Aquaculture Dialogue.

More Information Website: www.salmonfarmers.org

W O R L D C LA S S F I S H F E E D

A sustainable approach to aquaculture The BioSustain programme targets the need for a sustainable approach in food production, by evaluating and documenting the sustainability profile of different feed types.

For further information please visit www.biosustain.no www.biomar.com

November-December 2012 | International AquaFeed | 33

EXPERT T●PIC

4

needed to give a suite of approaches to disease control to farm managers.

This article will focus on one such approach, involving the optimisation of the mineral component of the diet. Knowledge of the impact of mineral nutrition on immunological function and health status of fish, together with our greater understanding of the salmonid genome and a new suite of molecular tools, may offer a new perspective enabling better prophylactic control of stress and disease.

Fish immunology

Immunonutrition in fish farming:

A natural and sustainable solution

by D. Pacitti, S. A. M. Martin, C.J. Secombes , Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom

T

he rise of aquaculture has been one of the most profound developments in global food production over the past 100 years, with production approximately doubling each decade.

Aquaculture now delivers 39 percent of aquatic food products with the FAO recording 310 species under culture in 2010.

Among these, salmonid fish (primarily rainbow trout and Atlantic salmon) are the most intensively farmed fish in more than 30 countries representing 90 percent of global marine aquaculture production. Salmonid production, particularly Atlantic salmon, increased from 299,000 tonnes in 1990 to 1.9 million tonnes in 2010, at an average annual rate exceeding 10 percent. Salmon is one of the food categories that is growing at a significantly higher rate than the world’s human population (FAO, 2012).

However, the salmon farming industry is vulnerable to the adverse impacts of disease.

For example, in 2007 an outbreak of infectious salmon anaemia (ISA) in Chile caused more than $2 billion in losses and reduced by half the Chilean production of Atlantic salmon (Godoy et al, 2008). The common causative agents of infectious diseases in aquaculture include a range of bacteria, viruses, parasites and oomycetes.

Whilst vaccines exist for some of these diseases, it is clear that additional measures are

The immune system protects an organism against disease and participates in the maintenance of stable conditions during development and growth, inflammatory reactions and tissue injury. As in the human immune system, the fish immune system is divided into innate and adaptive components.

The innate system is an ‘ancient’ system that is based on a non-specific recognition of a pathogen, that gives an instant reaction but has a short duration. The innate immune system is of prime importance in the immune defence of fish and is commonly divided into three compartments: the epithelial/mucosal barrier, secreted soluble mediators (e.g. complement system, interferons, antimicrobial peptides) and the cellular components (e.g. phagocytic cells such as macrophages and granulocytes).

The epithelial and mucosal barrier of the skin, gills and alimentary tract is an extremely important barrier in fish, being constantly immersed in

media containing potentially harmful agents.

The humoral and cellular defences represent the first response of the organism once subject to pathogen attack. However, a second encounter with the same pathogen will not result in an enhanced response.

In contrast, the adaptive arm is character-

ised by specific activity, which is not a heritable trait but reflects the immune experience of each individual. The response of the adaptive immune system is relatively slow initially but is long lasting and has a memory component, giving faster and larger responses on a second encounter. The main effector cells are a different white blood cell type called lymphocytes.

During infection, the fast but generally shortlived innate immune response precedes the longer lasting more specific adaptive immune response. In fish this lag period can be as much as 10-12 weeks, which has to be kept in mind when considering prophylactic immunological control of fish disease (Magnadottir, 2010).

Immunonutrition Traditionally the use of antimicrobials and vaccination has been used to fight disease in fish farms. Today, farmed Atlantic salmon are routinely vaccinated against a

number of bacterial and viral diseases before seawater transfer.

However, fish vaccinology is still a young and maturing science, and vaccines for many pathogens have not yet been developed.

It is a well-accepted concept that appropriate feed and feeding regimes support optimum health. However the sustainability of fishmeal and fish oil stocks has brought about changes in aquafeed formulations that are demanding a greater understanding of the role that alternative ingredients, feed additives, macro- and micro-nutrients and their balance plays as they can directly or indirectly influence fish health and immune function (Figure 1).

34 | International AquaFeed | November-December 2012

EXPERT T●PIC In terms of macronutrients, the protein (and amino acids), carbohydrate and lipid/ fatty acid components can all impact on health status. Dietary proteins provide essential and non-essential amino acids, which have a central role in defence mechanisms, as they are required for the synthesis of an array of proteins involved in immune functions. The use of alternative plant proteins has still to be optimised for growth and immune function.

Lipids provide energy and meet the

metabolism. However in certain circumstances, when the fish is exposed to certain kinds of stress, the required amount may be two to three times higher.

Vitamin A has essential roles in vision, growth, bone development, reproduction and normal maintenance of epithelial tissue. Some important functions of vitamin A include regulation of cellular differentiation and proliferation,

can be given during aquaculture operations that are stressful and potentially immunosuppressive. They are essential for a variety of biological and physiological functions including increased disease resistance and wound healing. A study conducted in rainbow trout fed diets supplemented with vitamin C, showed that this molecule increased complement activity and lymphocyte proliferation. Other studies have revealed that ascorbic acid supplementation is able to alleviate the adverse effects due to hypoxic conditions and temperature fluctuations (Oliva-Teles, 2012).

Carotenoids Carotenoids (tetraterpenoid organic pigments) are naturally occurring in plants and some other photosynthetic organisms (some types of bacteria and fungi). They protect cells against oxidative injury and ensure optimal cellular functions, including apoptosis, cell signalling and gene regulation. The immunoprotective functions of the carotenoids depend very much on the equilibrium between the intra- and extracellular milieu and on the type and concentration of the carotenoid.

Despite the role of carotenoids have in the nutrition of several fish and crustacean species, only few studies have considered them in relation to the health of the organism. In rainbow trout, activities of lysozyme, complement,

essential fatty acid requirements of the animal. It is known that several polyunsaturated or monounsaturated fatty acids are involved in different immune functions, exerting their influence through changes in membrane fluidity, eicosanoid synthesis, formation of lipid peroxides, regulation of gene expression, apoptosis, alteration of antigen presentation, or modulation of intestinal microbiota. All of these processes and pathways have significant roles in inflammation and disease resistance.

The micronutrients also represent a fundamental component of fish diets. Micronutrients comprise of vitamins (e.g. A, C and E), carotenoids (e.g. β-carotene, α-carotene and γ-carotene) and minerals (e.g. calcium, magnesium, iron, copper, zinc and selenium). Since many micronutrients are involved in several biological pathways, an inadequate intake can lead to adverse effects on fish health due to deficiency.

Vitamins Vitamins are organic compounds required in small amounts in the diet, because they play major roles in growth, physiology, and

resistance to infection as well as embryonic development and growth.

Vitamin C (or ascorbic acid) is a co-factor for several enzymatic reactions, including collagen synthesis and the production of stress hormones by interrenal and chromaffin cells.

Vitamin C itself is also a reductive compound that acts as an antioxidant during oxidative With the most convincing health feed stress. products in the market EWOS offers: Vitamin E - Solid documentation compounds are - Proven performance in the water the major chain- Compelling cost/benefit analysis breaking antioxidant; they have an important role in maintaining the homeostasis of labile metabolites (such as vitamins and unsaturated fatty acids) and in protecting the cell membranes from oxidative Contact your local EWOS representative damage. for details. Visit ewos.com Vitamin supplemented diets

Healthy Fish

November-December 2012 | International AquaFeed | 35

EXPERT T●PIC immunity. Among the wide range of minerals essential for organism welfare, zinc and selenium have received particular attention. They are a required component for more than 300 different enzymes, which makes them fundamental for the proper functioning of many metabolic processes in the organism, including the immune response (Ferenčík and Ebringer, 2003).

Zinc is essential due to its vital structural and/ or catalytic importance in several proteins that play important roles in fish growth, reproducMinerals Minerals are another important component tion, development, vision and immune function. in the fish diet. In many cases their importance Consequently for fish, of the essential metals, is under-estimated and as a consequence their zinc is second in quantitative importance only amount in fish diets can be below the required level. to iron. Dietary zinc minimum requirements Moreover, several studies have shown that certain range between 15–60 mg kg–1 dry mass of diet minerals, when provided to fish at doses marginally (it varies slightly amongst different fish species), above essential levels can effectively boost immune with the maximum level that is permitted in fish responses and increase stress resistance. diets by the European Union being 250 mg kg-1.

However, it is important not to exceed Previous studies have shown a toxic effect in the tolerated level with mineral augmenta- rainbow trout fed zinc at concentrations ranging tion, because toxic effects may occur (Figure between 500-1000 mg kg–1. It may exert its toxicity 2). In higher vertebrates minerals are known by interfering with intracellular calcium homeostasis, to impact general organism homeostasis and and affecting hepatic copper and haemoglobin levels.

In contrast, zinc supports a healthy immune system and is needed for wound healing. Indeed, zinc deficiency has been shown to compromise antibody production, leading to reduced titres postimmunisation. Adequate zinc status is essential for proliferation, maturation and differentiation of cells of the adaptive immune response.

Studies conducted on dietary zinc supplementation have shown an increased level of circulating lymphocytes in the blood and chemoFigure 1: The concept of immunonutrition taxis of macrophages, leading to an in health maintenance (modified from overall improved disease resistance.

Kiron, 2012) Selenium (Se) is another important trace element for fish because it is a constituent of more than 30 selenoproteins with fundamental structural and enzymatic roles in the cell. Se is primarily involved in antioxidant defences, reproduction, synthesis of thyroid hormones and the immune response. The Se requirement is estimated to be 0.15-0.38 mg kg–1 (it also slightly varies amongst different fish species), with the maximum level in fish diets permitted by the European Union being 0.5 mg kg-1.

Selenium toxicity occurs in rainbow trout when the dietary intake Figure 2: Schematic representation of the exceeds 13 mg kg-1. Se-deficient diets relationship between element intake, tissue can profoundly affect the antioxielement concentration and health indices.

The curve represents an essential trace dant defences, metabolism and the element which may produce adverse health immune response in fish. In Se defieffects in conditions of deficiency or excessive ciency, cell/tissue integrity can more exposure. Intake A & B represent intakes easily be compromised by oxidative which produce minimal statistical significant stress and inflammatory disorders changes from normal value of one or more health indices due to deficiency or toxicity can occur. respectively (Modified from Spivey et al, 1982) Different studies, conducted

phagocytes and non-specific cytotoxicity can be elevated upon β-carotene and astaxanthin supplementation. These effects can be further enhanced when using diets enriched for vitamins A, C and E. In a subsequent investigation, the same researchers validated the benefits of carotenoids derived from marine algae, which improved humoral as well as cellular responses (Kiron, 2012).

both in mammalian and fish models, have shown that Se augmentation is able to alleviate inflammatory reactions, boost the phagocytic and killing capacity of the cell mediated immune response, and increase the expression of cellular components responsible for efficient antiviraldefences.

Typically the dose range between levels giving deficiency and those giving toxicity for different minerals is quite narrow, and does not leave a big margin for their supplementation. Apart from concentration level, another important aspect is the bioavailability of these micronutrients in the diet.

Factors influencing bioavailability include the level and form of the nutrient, particle size and digestibility of the diet, nutrient interactions which may be either synergistic or antagonistic, stress and pathological conditions of the fish, waterborne mineral concentration and the species under consideration. Of these factors, those related to the chemical state are particularly important. If the mineral is present in the diet in insoluble and indigestible form, uptake can be affected.

Moreover, the element can form insoluble and non-absorbable substances in the gastrointestinal tract of the animal that may either prevent or reduce its uptake, transport and metabolism. Commonly, minerals can be provided to the fish either as inorganic salts or as chelated or organic forms.

In recent years, there has been considerable interest in the use of organic trace minerals rather than salts, on the grounds that they are more bioavailable or more similar, than inorganic sources, to forms that occur in the organism. If the metal chelate or complex is stable in the digestive tract, the metal would be protected from forming complexes with other dietary components that can inhibit absorption, allowing greater assimilation.

Moreover, the ingestion of metals in the inorganic form might facilitate the formation of reactive ions which can promote oxidative stress in the gastro-intestinal tract. The use of organic chelated minerals is regarded as a more natural method of trace element supplementation and may give a larger safe range for supplementation (Watanabe et al., 1997).

In the case of zinc and selenium, two products called Bio-Plex® and Sel-Plex® have been produced by Alltech, to provide respectively zinc and selenium augmentation into the animal diet.

Both contain a relatively higher amount of these two metals complexed into organic compounds derived from yeast. Numerous studies have already been conducted in different models (mice, poultry, pigs and fish) showing the benefits of mineral-yeast enriched diets on animal welfare. The mineralenriched diets can provide a relatively inexpensive, sustainable and consumer friendly approach to improve fish production, with a negligible impact on the environment.

Moreover, a better tolerance of higher concentrations of these two metals as yeast-derived ingredients in animal feed has been found. This combined with an increased activity of cellular

36 | International AquaFeed | November-December 2012

EXPERT Tâ&#x2014;?PIC components involved in stress resistance and immune responses in animals fed such diets, leads to the conclusion that farmed animal feeds enriched with organic metal compounds are safe at higher Se/ Zn doses. However, more investigations are needed to better elucidate to what extent these compounds can improve the fish immune response and resistance to stressors.

Conclusions It is important to ensure that diet composition meets the fish required level of essential nutrients.

This has been done to a large extent with growth in mind but it is also a possible strategy that could effectively increase fish health status. Micronutrient augmentation in particular may represent a sustainable and environmental/consumer friendly approach to improve fish responses to many kinds of stress (farm operations and disease outbreaks).

The concentration and the form in which these micronutrients are delivered to fish must be taken into account and be optimised. New ingredients and additives are emerging on the market, and give an opportunity to produce new formulations to ensure a higher assimilation of these components and reduce the potential for adverse affects of micronutrient augmentation.

References Available on request

A

5

Managing AGD (Amoebic Gill Disease) in Atlantic salmon: Still a long way to go

by SmartAqua, Australia

moebic gill disease (AGD) first emerged as a problem in the 1980s in Tasmania; it is now a disease of international significance. AGD has now been identified on the west coast of USA, Chile, New Zealand, Japan, South Africa, Ireland, Scotland, France, Spain and Norway.

Current methodologies of controlling this disease involve bathing the fish in either freshwater for an extended period of time; or in hydrogen peroxide for a short period of time.

Despite the fact that AGD has been around for several decades, there are still significant gaps in our knowledge about this disease. The causative agent was only identified relatively recently. In

November-December 2012 | International AquaFeed | 37

order for us to develop more effective control strategies for AGD, we need to improve our knowledge of the organism itself and the epidemiology of the disease.

As examples â&#x20AC;&#x201C; where does the amoeba live when a site is fallowed? Does it have a reservoir in wild populations of fish?

Can it live independent of a host, for how long? What depths does it prefer?

Is it phototactic? What environmental conditions favour amoeba proliferation?

Does AGD have a link with biofouling or harmful algae? Under normal culture situations, Chinook salmon are immune to AGD, why? Will ingredient substitution in the feed have any influence on AGD? Despite the disease being around for almost 30 years, we have still a long way to go before we have total understanding of the disease we are trying to defeat.

2 12/13

INDUSTRY PR●FILES

The industry tell us what they think about the year that has gone by and what the future may hold

Bühler Aqua feed - Whether for fish or crustaceans, whether sinking or floating feeds – for every aqua feed product Bühler offers the perfect solution from raw material processing, mixing and extruding to drying. Process expertise combined with cutting edge technology solutions guarantees a cost- and energy-efficient process solution from stand-alone machines to complete plants.

Fatten up your bottom line. Bühler high-performance animal and aqua feed production

Innovation - Our innovation is based on the art of engineering. Yet innovation can occur in every job, everywhere around the world. In this connection, the issue of job rotation is very important to Bühler. Exchanging ideas and experiences among different cultures and work styles is a must today.

systems are used by leading companies around the world. These producers know they can rely not just on the technology itself, but also on the support that accompanies it. A service combining local presence with global expertise both lowers feed mill operating costs and increases capacity utilization. To find out more, visit www.buhlergroup.com

Global reach - Bühler has been a global player for many decades, with a multicultural team and a local presence extending across all the major markets of the world. Our service organizations have more than 1,000 people on the road everyday in the different markets.

Bühler reacted early to the need of offering local adapted solutions, especially for the emerging countries. We have built new plants and expertise in China, in India, in South America and in South Africa to engineer and produce solutions adapted to local needs and requirements.

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www.buhlergroup.com Innovations for a better world.

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NutriAd Global consumption of seafood and fish is increasing world-wide. This increasing consumption cannot be met by fisheries which are stagnating since decades. Aquaculture is filling the gap and today already 50% of the fish and shellfish consumed worldwide is farmed. Global aquafeed volume reached 29 million mt in 2010 and is expected to grow to 70 million mt in 2020. Aquaculture is a young industry and many aspects are still under development, including feed formulation and disease prevention strategies. Therefore, the aquafeed market offers great opportunities for the development of novel feed additives to improve feed efficiency and health prevention. This is exactly where Nutriad sees its potential !

Nutriad has further increased its focus on aquaculture by setting up a specific Business Unit with a clear mission to make Nutriad a global leader in specialty additives for aquafeed. The Aquafeed industry is highly specialized and Nutriad’s Business Unit Aquaculture counts with dedicated teams for product innovation, product registration, production, and customer service. Customers are supported by experienced aqua experts located in the main aquaculture regions.

Nutriad’s Business Unit Aquaculture emerged in 2009 from joining know-how and expertise from two core business units of the INVE group: INVE Aquaculture and Nutriad. The current product portfolio is focused on specialty additives developed through years of research under lab trials and field verification under production conditions in the field. Key products include species specific digestibility enhancers to reduce feed cost and improve performance (AQUAGEST®), RESOLVING THE BOTTLENECKS palatability enhancers and attractants (AQUABITE®), specialized IN AQUAFEED additives reducing the impact on productivity of diseases and parasitic through innovation and expertise infestations (SANACORE®, AQUASTIM®, APEX® AQUA), smart aqua additives mycotoxin inactivators (TOXY-NIL® AQUA), additives to preserve for sustainable and cost-efficient aquafeed aqua feeds and marine ingredients (OXY-NIL®, SALMO-NIL®, AQUAGEST AQUASTIM MOLD-NIL®), and low inclusion pellet binders (NUTRI-BIND).

AQUABITE SANACORE ®

®

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Immune-modulators ®

Attractants and palatability enhancers

Natural growth promoters

APEX AQUA

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Low inclusion binders

®

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Wenger Always Changing To Meet Customer Needs Back in 1935, when Wenger was established as a local manufacturer of mixers and feed milling machinery, the company’s main objective was to add value and palatability to low-quality feed. Today, as the world’s leading supplier of aquatic and pet food processing systems, Wenger is helping customers meet a new, more-timely list of objectives, like increasing production rates, lowering energy costs and expanding viable recipe options. In 2010 alone, Wenger introduced 23 new innovations and was issued 11 new patents in response to rapidly changing needs in the industry.

Innovative designs - Available in both single screw and twin screw configurations, Wenger extruders boast capacities as high as 22 tonne/hour. Two new innovations - Wenger diverging cone screws and oblique die technologies - make extrusion the superior choice for production of even high capacity micro aquatic feeds.

Knowledge, research, training and support - Wenger customers have access to the 2,500-square-meter Wenger Technical Center for testing ideas and formulas. Wenger technical support also includes preand post-installation engineering assistance, operator training and on-site attention to quality control and operational needs. Extensive inventories of replacement parts are maintained for prompt shipment to customers. Service after the sale is standard with Wenger products.

Operating around the globe - Wenger engineering, manufacturing, research and administrative facilities are located at the company’s Sabetha, Kansas, USA headquarters. Plus, Wenger extension research sites are available at a number of universities and research centers around the world. Sales and service is available through Wenger offices in the USA, Belgium, Taiwan, Brasil, China, Turkey, and India, as well as independent agents in strategic locations around the world. In fact, Wenger serves producers of hundreds of different agri-food products in more than 90 countries.

THE BEST WAY TO PREDICT THE FUTURE IS TO CREATE IT. —Peter F. Drucker

Why retire a workhorse that’s still doing the job?

Simply put, your old dryer may be costing you a bundle. In fact, today’s Wenger dryer could save you enough in operating efficiency alone to cover the replacement of your old dryer. Additionally, our new advanced dryer designs give you less potential for cross-contamination and bacteria build-up; feature new direct drive spreaders for level product bed and uniformity of final product moisture; and afford quicker, easier inspection and cleaning.

Contact us now. With new concepts and fresh initiatives, we’re ready to help you develop the product possibilities of the future.

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Turning ideas into opportunities.

PROGRESSIVE AQUAFEED PROCESSING

What will tomorrow bring wenger.com BElGIUm

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Wynveen International BV is a Dutch based producer of a high professional range of machines for production of fish feed, pet food and animal feed. Our versatility in feed processing allows us to advise and recommend the correct solution for your applications.

From raw material processing, mixing and extruding/pelleting to drying.

Our dual approach of being both a machine manufacturer and/or a turn key supplier, enables us to provide our customers with a wide product range and the solution(s) they need. We deliver hammer mills, cryloc sifters, mixers, coaters, dosing systems (micro, midi and intake), all kinds of conveying equipment and complete pellet/cooling/drying lines. Beside delivery of our equipment we also install it on site making use of a broad team of highly skilled and experienced supervisors.

Within our organisation we facilitate our projects with an experienced engineering staff, working with both 2D and 3D designs. Whether it is a sole engineering job or a complete feed mill design, our expertise will serve you to the best. Our production facilities make use of latest technologies to ensure high quality finish, to suit the demands in aqua feed industry.

These are a.o. dust tightness, pellet friendly and yet high capacity.

Your partner in technology, equipment and plants for animal- and aqua feed and petfood.

Reflection of 2012: Wynveen International BV. managed to continue her growth by obtaining major contracts for building complete field mills. Next to that the developments around her scope of machines has continued, this resulted in a growth of sales of individual machines as well. With this approach, we look forward to present to you our possibilities on a word wide level. Of course you are also most welcome to visit us or have a look at our renewed website.

Wynveen for: • Dosing and weighing of

Thoughts for 2013: Wynveen International BV is looking forward to launch new innovative and cost effective products for the aquaculture and livestock industry. Hereby we focus on upgrades of the machines to meet higher capacities. Special attentions will also be given to fine grinding and to find new solutions for the vacuum coating principles in the Pet food and Aqua feed industry. suitable to stand vacuum without making use of an under hopper.

raw materials • Grinding and mixing • Pelleting lines • Extrusion lines • Finished product handling Wynveen International b.v.

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Tel : +31 (0)26 479 06 99 Fax : +31 (0)26 479 06 98 info@wynveen.com www.wynveen.com

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November-December 2012 | International AquaFeed | 39

Supporting sustainable aquaculture, enabling growth Aquaculture is the fastest growing food production system in the world and it places high demands on sustainability and safety. Meet these challenges and capitalize on growth opportunities with our BOLIFOR® products for sustainable aquaculture.

• Our BOLIFOR® AQUA, BOLIFOR® MSP and BOLIFOR® MCP feed phosphates ensure the highest available phosphate sources for aquaculture diets with the highest biological digestibility. This lets you accurately meet, without exceeding, the requirements of fish and shrimp – minimizing excretion of excess phosphorous into the water environment, and reducing feed supplement cost and environmental impact.

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Yara international ASA is the world´s leading chemical company in converting energy, natural minerals and nitrogen from air into essential products for farmers and industrial customers.

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www.yara.com

Aqua Nor 2013 Over the past 40 years, the Norwegian aquaculture industry has developed into one of the most modern and advanced in the world. Norwegian production of farmed fish has grown from just 100 tonnes in 1970 to over 1.1 million tonnes in 2011.

Science and technology have been important contributors to this success, and at Aqua Nor, modern aquaculture technology is presented to the world.

The exhibition, which is held every other year, alternating with the Nor-Fishing exhibition, is organized by the non-profit Nor-Fishing Foundation.

AQUA NOR 2013

It was the desire to exhibit aquaculture technology that was one of the main forces behind establishing the Aqua Nor exhibition over 30 years ago. In 1979, a conference on aquaculture was held in Trondheim, Norway, and some of the equipment suppliers were given permission to show their products outside the conference hall. This became very popular, and it was soon decided to organize an aquaculture exhibition every other year in Trondheim, alternating with the Nor-Fishing exhibition.

Since then, Aqua Nor has developed into the largest aquaculture exhibition in the world, attracting some 450 exhibitors and 15,000 – 20,000 visitors from about 60 countries.

INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION 13-16 AUGUST TRONDHEIM, NORWAY

www.nor-fishing.no

During four days in August, the exhibition halls are busy with visitors from all over, and the visitors have a chance to get up-dated on all the latest technology and knowledge in modern fish farming.

Aqua Nor is more than just an exhibition. Numerous seminars, presentations and miniconferences are held during the exhibition, and technical as well as commercial topics are discussed. Just a few days before the exhibition itself, the European Aquaculture Society (EAS) will hold their annual conference, Aquaculture Europe in Trondheim, from the 9th until the 12th of August.In addition, Aqua Nor offers a unique opportunity to enlarge your network in the aquaculture industry.

www.nor-fishing.no

40 | International AquaFeed | November-December 2012

YSI - International Aquafeed Contributor Profile (300 Words) Overview Increased environmental regulations, decreasing clean water availability, and increasing costs (to name just a few) are impacting the sustainability of the aquaculture industry. YSI can help you solve these challenges by providing the innovative, cost-effective products and services that make your job easier and improve the efficiency of your facilities.

Solutions - The brand you trust for world-class water quality sampling instrumentation and customer service has expanded and improved its Aquaculture Monitoring & Control product line. Our 5200A, 5400, and 5500D monitors are designed just for aquaculture systems — from RAS, raceways and ponds, to cages, tanks, live hauls, aquariums and research.

Dependability - Monitoring and controlling is managed locally by the instrument, not at a central PC or device — assurance that the entire system won't fail.

Scalability - Unlike typical PLCs or DCPs, our monitors are user-scalable as your facility needs change. No engineers or programmers are needed to make changes to your system.

Multiparameter and Multilocation You can design a total facility solution with the ability to measure multiple probes, virtually any parameter, and multiple locations.

Feed Management - Feed Smart™ conditional feed timer software is included with every monitor. Powerful feeding capabilities interface with most powered feeders.

Improved Management Tools - With AquaManager®, you'll have access to quality data, allowing you to better manage your operation and improve efficiency. SMS and email alarms will quickly notify you if parameters exceed user-defined limits. And your data can be accessed remotely using AquaManager or the new iPod app. We encourage you to contact us and learn more from our world-class employees — friendly, knowledgeable, customer-focused technical advisers who are here to help you find new and better ways to do your job.

www.ysi.com/aquaculture

Sonac: Improvement by nature Sonac is a leading producer of reliable ingredients of animal origin. Thanks to an active R&D programme, reliable processes and sustainable products, Sonac continuously responds to the changing market needs. By helping in improving recipes, techniques and processes, Sonac adds value in every case. A good geographical spread in locations and a wide range of fats, proteins, minerals and specialties make Sonac a partner for many international producers of medicines, food, pet food, compound feed and fertilizers, worldwide.

Natural ingredients for aqua feed

Natural ingredients for aqua feed

Whether you’re looking for a natural EU and USDA approved pellet binder for your production of stable pellets or nature’s best alternatives for fish meal, you can contact Sonac.

Sonac produces valuable and essential ingredients for the production of aqua feed.

Improvement by nature

• Pro-Bind Plus a nutritional, gelatin based pellet binder, especially for pelleted (shrimp) feed.

• Blood meal a fish meal alternative, especially for carnivorous fish species.

• Muco-Pro® high contents of natural proteins, amino acids and peptides.

• Hemoglobin Powder high protein content and good digestibility, for better feed conversion.

Whether you’re looking for a natural EU and USDA approved pellet binder for your production of stable pellets or nature’s best alternatives for fish meal, you can contact Sonac. Sonac produces valuable and essential ingredients for the production of aqua feed.

• Pro-Bind Plus a nutritional, gelatin based pellet binder, especially for pelleted (shrimp) feed.

• Blood meal a fish meal alternative, especially for carnivorous fish species.

• Muco-Pro® high contents of natural proteins, amino acids and peptides.

• Hemoglobin Powder high protein content and good digestibility, for better feed conversion.

www.sonac.biz

November-December 2012 | International AquaFeed | 41

INDUSTRY Events 6th - 8th November 12

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GLOBALG.A.P. SUMMIT 2012, Madrid, Spain Contact: Nina Kretschmer, GLOBALG.A.P. c/o FoodPLUS GmbH, Spichernstr. 55, 50672 Koeln, Germany Tel: +49 2215 7993693 Fax: +49 2215 799389 Email: kretschmer@globalgap.org Web: www.summit2012.org

7th - 9th November 12

*

Tel: + 65 63469113 Fax: +65 6345 5928 Email: huiyan@cmtsp.com.sg Web: www.cmtevents.com/main. aspx?ev=121141&pu=215128

*

INDUSTRY Events

EuroTier 2012 including BioEnergy, Hannover / Germany Contact: DLG Service GmbH, DLG, Eschborner Landstrasse 122, 60489 Frankfurt/Main, Germany Tel: +49 6924 788265 Fax: +49 6924 788113 Email: expo@dlg.org Web: www.dlg.org

*

XII International Symposium on Aquaculture Nutrition, Villahermosa, Tabasco, México Contact: Dr. Alfonso Alvarez and M.C. Otilio Méndez Marín, Av, Universidad s/n, Zona Cultura, Col. Magisterial, Vhsa. Centro, Tabasco, Mex. C.P. 86040, Mexico Tel: +52 993 358 1500 Email: sinaxii@ujat.mx Web: www.ujat.mx

5th Algae World Asia, Novotel Singapore Clarke Quay, Singapore Contact: Ms Fu Huiyan, 80 Parway Parade, Singapore

13th - 16th November 12

20th - 23rd November 12

3rd - 4th December 12 Aquafeed Platform Europe - 12th Practical Short Course Trends and Markets in Aquaculture Feed Ingredients, Nutrition, Formulation and Optimized Production and Product Quality, NH Hotel, Ghent, Belgium Contact: Ignace Debruyne, Smart Short Courses, Haverhuisstraat 28, B-8870 Izegem (Belgium)

4th - 5th December 12

Tel: +31 348 484002 Fax: +31 348 484009 Email: Tessa.deboer@dlg-benelux.com Web: www.algaecongress.com

5th - 7th December 12 *

Tel: +32 51 311274 Fax: +32 51 315675 Email: aquafeed@smartshortcourses.com Web: www.smartshortcourses.com

Events Key: * = See our magazine at this show • = More information available

*

6th International Algae Congress, Rotterdam, The Netherlands Contact: Tessa de Boer, Stationsplein Noord 4, 3445 AD WOERDEN, The Netherlands

*

Algae Technology Platform Europe Day 1: Investors meet Developers Day 2-3: 3rd Practical Short Course on Algae Harvesting and Processing for Value Added Applications, NH Hotel, Ghent, Belgium Contact: Ignace Debruyne, Smart Short Courses, Haverhuisstraat 28, B-8870 Izegem, Belgium Tel: +32 51 311274 Fax: +32 51 315675 Email: algaeprocessing

@smartshortcourses.com Web: www.smartshortcourses.com

7th - 9th December 12

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Shanghai International Fisheries & Seafood Exposition 2012, Shanghai Everbright Convention& Exhibition Center, No.88 Caobao Rd, Shanghai, China Contact: Shelly Zhou, 11F,Xiuseng Building, No.129 South Laiting Rd, Jiuting Town, Songjiang District, Shanghai, 201615, China Tel: +86 2134 140187 Fax: +86 2164 516467 Email: shelly.zhou@gehuaexpo.com Web: www.sifse.com/en

13th - 15th December 12

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IAI Expo and ISRMAX Expo, IARI Ground, PUSA, New Delhi, India Contact: Prachi Arora, # 923, Sector 9, U.E. Karnal, Haryana, 132001, India Tel: +91 9991 705621 Fax: +91 1842 231050 Email: marketing@pixie.co.in Web: www.isrmaxriceandgrainexpo.co.in

International Aquafeed events go mobile!

Review all of our industry's key events for 2012/13 on our new Events section on the Perendale Publishers App.

21st - 25th February 13

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Aquaculture 2013, Nashville Tennessee, USA Contact: Mario Stael, Begijnengracht 40, 9000 Gent, Belgium Tel: +32 92 334912 Email: mario@marevent.com Web: www.was.org

13th - 15th March 13

*

Aquatic Asia 2013, BITEC, Bangkok International Trade & Exhibition Centre, Bangkok, Thailand Contact: Guus van Ham, P.O. Box 8800, 3503 RV Utrecht,The Netherlands Tel: +31 302 952302 Fax: +31 302 952809 Email: aquatic.asia@vnuexhibitions.com Web: www.aquatic-asia.net

13th - 15th March 13

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VIV Asia 2013, BITEC, Bangkok International Trade & Exhibition Centre, 88 Bangna-trad Road, Bangna, Prakanong, Bangkok 10260, Thailand Contact: Anneke van Rooijen, P.O. Box 8800, 3503 RV Utrecht, The Netherlands Tel: +31 302 952772 Fax: +31 302 952809 Email: viv.asia@vnuexhibitions.com Web: www.viv.net

26th - 28th March 13

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AGRA Middle East, Dubai International Exhibition Centre, Dubai, UAE Contact: Rizwan Mustafa, PO Box 28943, Dubai – United Arab Emirates Tel: +971 44 072424 Fax: +971 44 072485 Email: agramiddleeast@informa.com Web: www.agramiddleeast.com

22nd - 24th May 13

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VIV Russia 2013, International Crocus Exhibition Center, Moscow, Russia Contact: Guus van Ham, P.O. Box 8800, 3503 RV Utrecht, The Netherlands Tel: +31 302 952302 Fax: +31 302 952809 Email: viv.russia@vnuexhibitions.com Web: www.viv.net

Making Sense of Science Knowledge management to support technological development and innovation EAS Premium Sponsors

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Trondheim, Norway August 9-12, 2013 Organised by the European Aquaculture Society in cooperation with the Nor Fishing Foundation

just before Aqua Nor 2013

INDUSTRY Events

Professor Davies reports on the

BIOMIN WORLD NUTRITION FORUM 2012

I

INDUSTRY Events

was privileged to make a six day visit to Singapore as the guest of Biomin for their prestigious 5th World Nutrition Forum (10th13th October) which is the first time it was held outside Europe.

Asia was an excellent location given the massive requirement for animal production in this region and Singapore being a hub for business and commerce. This Austrian based company is certainly making waves in aquaculture as well as many other areas of animal nutrition with interesting products and innovative science.

The conference was held at the famous Marina Bay Sands complex incorporating the iconic hotel and convention centre. The conference attracted over 800 delegates from over 70 different countries ensuring a healthy international mix of businessmen and women, academia, scientists, technical personnel, government officials, executives and those involved in legislation, governance and socio-economics. The theme was sustainability and introduced a new term ‘Nutri-Economics’ to embrace the concept of providing ‘balanced’ global nutrition and productivity as people, performance, profit and planet.

Eric Erber, founder of Biomin and Director of the Executive

Board opened the meeting with his unique vision and formula to connect our current generation and future trends with the economy and geopolitical changes.

His ‘age of scarcity’ scenario can be addressed with stronger integration and better supply chain management offering optimistic prospects ahead, he said with his deep knowledge of the industry with a great sense of commitment and purpose.

The best selling author John Naisbitt, a former advisor to both Presidents Kennedy and Johnson gave an expert insight into China’s economic, cultural and political transformations and how the West can accommodate these into a new global model with an emphasis on agriculture and food supply. Doris Naisbitt, Director of the Naisbitt China Institute in Tianjin offered her analysis of the political scene and the growing influence of the Chinese economy and how we might respond and accommodate such changes within the agro-food sector in the next decades.

Biomin produces a range of products that can enhance the nutritional value of commodities in safer and more efficient animal feeds for both terrestrial and aquatic species. These can raise

production and improve animal health and disease resistance whilst securing profit. There were many eminent core speakers providing a substantial scientific overview of the many facets of animal production and the need to address the nutrient requirements of animals in relation to modern industry demands and more importantly consumer expectations for quality and transparency of the food chain.

For the aquaculture (AQUA) breakout session a selection of speakers from around the globe gave detailed analyses of key areas of aquaculture: helping to define various issues, potential problems and solutions based on innovations mainly with respect to feed technology and the nutritional sciences of the various species now being raised.

Dr Patrick Sorgeloos from Ghent, Belgium started the proceedings with an expert overview of global aquaculture production status and the different systems employed with an outlook for future developments. He discussed the scope for planning and managing aquaculture and how contemporary scientific knowledge can be made more applicable to the production stages of fish and shrimp.

Dr Jorge Dias of the Aquaculture Research Group based in Faro, Portugal spoke about the next breakthrough in fish nutrition by using ‘metabolic programming’ techniques based on genomics and molecular biochemistry to better understand the role of nutrition in meeting the specific requirements within changing culture conditions and for different fish species.

The modelling of the bioenegetics of fish and other nutritional requirements for protein and amino acids was presented by Dr Brett Glencross of CSIRO, Brisbane, Australia. His view was that we can generate more accurate and predictive models for fish growth and nutrient requirements for maintenance, growth and production for varying temperatures and fish size.

This he said, would enable more refined expression of absolute nutritional requirements and optimized feed formulations leading to improved overall efficiency.

Taking this theme fur ther, Dr A. Victor Suresh, of Integrated Aquaculture International based in Brunei, developed the principles of feed formulation employing the latest software and feed ingredient analysis approach towards more effective diets for farmed aquatic animals. Liner Least Cost

INDUSTRY Events

International best-selling author, John Naisbitt, and the Director of the Naisbitt China Institute in Tianjin, Doris Naisbitt with Simon Davies

programming is critical for the feed industry as commodity prices vary and can allow for rapid flexibility in meeting the targets within diets for balanced nutrition, selection of ingredients and cost.

Finally my former student Shane Hunter critically evaluated the current aquaculture systems in use globally, but cast his expert eye on the future offering a tantalising perspective of new emerging technologies for raising fish and shrimp in hi-tec recirculation aquaculture systems (RAS). He also spoke about a range of new equipment for the remote sensing of fish in tanks, cages and pens including 3D camera profiling of fish to determine their size and mass. Noninvasive approaches such as these can greatly minimize stress and also help monitor feed delivery and optimize feed conversion efficiencies especially if we move into deep water off-shore aquaculture pens.

I was impressed by the enthusiasm of these speakers and the depth of questions from the audience which included many from Asia with representation from Thailand, Vietnam and China.

Biomin recognises and appreciates talented scientists and presented their 2012 BRAIN award to David J Caldwell of Texas A&M University in the USA for his pioneering work on probiotics and mycotoxin deactivators in poultry.

Indeed there is no doubting Biomin’s deserved expertise in the field of mycotoxins and these have equally important adverse effects in fish and shrimp and are a growing concern. A whole day was devoted to this subject with keynote speakers defining the nature and complexity of these compounds, their effects in animal livestock such as poultry, swine and ruminants. Biomin are investing into sophisticated methods of analysis to increase the sensitivity of detection in grains and concentrates.

Interestingly, global climate change may dramatically shift the current profile of mycotoxins in various regions, making some less common but others becoming more pronounced at different temperatures in the future. Biomin offers novel feed additives to greatly reduce or

November-December 2012 | International AquaFeed | 45

eliminate these problems and the conference also addressed new avenues of research with enzymes that can potentially degrade mycotoxins. The application of specific biomarkers as indications of early signs of toxicity in animals is also being developed and this was noted as advances in early diagnosis.

All these ideas could be applied to aquaculture in the future with promising results for aquafeeds and management of stock.

Many of the oral presentations were supported by posters and documentation reflecting Biomin’s agenda and R&D initiatives. Each delegate was presented with a hard-bound book featuring the Forum speaker’s presentations and major review articles. I found this a very useful reference for me as an academic and for my students to appreciate in Plymouth.

Like with most conferences there was an excellent social aspect with Biomin graciously hosting two wonderful dinners. The Asian dinner emphasised the vibrant Asian culture and we experience some beautiful musical displays and lively entertainment whilst enjoying the great food in the famous ‘Shangri-La’ hotel.

On the final night we attended the main international gala dinner held at the convention centre where we experienced fine dining and a range of entertainment. This was a great opportunity to network and although I met up with many old friends I was able make many new acquaintances that have interests in aquaculture, fish and shrimp nutrition sciences.

The location of Singapore provided a breathtaking background to the event and despite the hectic schedules and the busy meetings, I managed to enjoy a few hours on the sky park of the Marina Bay Sands Hotel at 200 metres high with its classic infinity pool, bars and restaurants. It was an excellent way to ‘charge the batteries’ before the long flight back to the UK and the ominous gloomy winter days lying ahead.

Innovations & Products Review - from key industry events

AQUA 2012 Prague, Czech Republic (1-5 September, 2012) Aliphos Blue Line is a range of high quality feed ingredients specially developed for use in concentrated aquaculture feeds.

The range includes trace metals, microencapsulated products and highly digestible inorganic feed phosphates, such as Windmill MonamphosÂŽ.

Aliphos Blue Line reduces the need for wild species in the production of aquaculture feeds and ensures healthy, productive ďŹ sh and seafood.

Be sure to include Blue Line in your feeds.

www.aliphos.com

animalnutrition@aliphos.com

There was a happy buzz around the Sonac exhibition stand at Aqua 2012 as company representatives explained to conference delegates that some animal proteins had been cleared for use in aqua feeds from June 1, 2013.

T

his 'Innovation and Products Review' focuses on the Aqua 2012 event, and highlights the products and developments that visitors to the event had an opportunity to discuss with exhibitors. Joint events between The European Aquaculture and World Aquaculture society occur once every six years. Here, International Aquafeed gives companies who exhibited an opportunity to remind our readers of what they might of missed in our end-of-year show and event round-up.

While member states voted for the reintroduction of non-ruminant processed animal proteins (PAPs) in aqua feeds in mid-July this year, Geert van der Velden of Sonac explained that changing rules and regulations to accommodate the change would take some time and then the year long wait.

At Aqua 2012 in Prague the Dutch company LGem presented the innovative GemTube photobioreactor. The easy-to-operate GemTube system makes it possible for hatcheries and nurseries to produce large volumes of high quality algae at low cost. It uses a revolutionary patented technology with waves to create stable culture conditions and to prevent fouling. GemTube photo-bioreactors are suited for fragile algal species and are available at culture volumes from 500 to more than 20 thousand litres.

www.sonac.biz

www.lgem.nl 46 | International AquaFeed | November-December 2012

AQUAGEST® reducing feed cost in fi sh and shrimp • reduce feed cost by maximizing the effi ciency of digestive and metabolic processes • taylored to fi t the digestive physiology of each species

Shellfish Diet 1800® is a mix of four marine microalgae that all have demonstrated success with a variety of bivalve shellfish including oysters, clams, mussels, and scallops.

A mixed diet provides a much better nutritional profile, increasing both growth rates and survival across all life stages.

www.reed-mariculture.com

AQUAGEST® S for shrimp, improving hepatopancreas function and effi ciency of lipid digestion, reducing cholesterol requirements AQUAGEST® OMF for tilapia and catfi sh, improving growth, feed conversion and fi lleting yield AQUAGEST® CAF for marine fi sh and salmonids, enhancing the digestive effi ciency in carnivorous fi sh fed reduced levels of fi shmeal

www.nutriad.com

gets fish into shape

Reduce deformities in larvae and fry LARVIVA ProStart™ is the first early weaning diet with a unique probiotic approved by the European Food Safety Authorities for its documented effect in reducing the occurrence of vertebral deformities in fish larvae and fry.

www.larviva.com

November-December 2012 | International AquaFeed | 47

INDUSTRY Events

INDUSTRY Events It is an exhibition and c o n f e rDecember 13-15, 2012 e n c e IARI Ground, PUSA, New Delhi, India on the aquaculhis December the IARI ture and fishing industries with Grounds, PUSA, New a global emphasis. Exhibitors Delhi will play host to from all over the world will eight concurrent trade shows launch, exhibit and promote new products and services from over three days.

Perendale Publisher s Ltd, both industries. Visitors will be the publisher of International able to get the lowdown on the Aquafeed magazine, is working in latest developments from the association with Pixie Consulting fields of aquaculture technology, Solution Limited to put on what fish feed, fish health and equippromises to be an action-packed ment. series of events. The shows will focus on the Indian agriculture Why India? industries providing visitors with India has an impresplenty of oppor tunities learn s i ve i n t e r n a t i o n a l r a n k i n g . amore about agriculture, aqua- I t i s s e c o n d i n t h e wo r l d culture and rice and grain pro- f o r f a r m o u t p u t a n d a l s o duction. the wor ld’s second lar gest One of the trade shows, the producer of wheat and r ice .

IAI AquaCulture Expo 2012, In addition, the countr y is is dedicated to all things fishy. w i t h i n t h e t o p f i v e p r o -

ISRMAX India

T

ducer s of over 80 agr icultur al products.

At 1.2 billion, India is home to 16 percent of the world’s population and boasts the world’s fourth largest economy.

Annual growth is eight percent so the demand for and opportunities within agriculture and aquaculture are growing every day.

Indian aquaculture With a coastline of 8,129 km, 2 million sq km of exclusive economic zone and 1.2 million hectares of brackish bodies of water, India offers a vast potential for development of seafood production.

I n d i a n s e a fo o d e x p o r t s account for around 10 percent of total production, more than 80 percent of which is made up of shrimp, cuttlefish and squid.

Fresh water fish farming is booming at the moment and is

expected to grow annually at 8 percent.

Other events at ISRMAX The ISRMAX Rice & Grain Expo 2012 looks at the complete value chain, providing a space for interested par ties across the industry to meet.

The IAI Expo Poultry & Meat Expo 2012 focuses on the Indian meat and poultry industry. The country has potential to increase the consumption of meat and meat products in domestic and international markets. Despite this, there is a lack of advanced technology, par ticularly at the farm level, which is a constraint in enabling this sector to take a quantum jump in production and productivity. The event aims to provide a platform for all stakeholders to share knowledge and technology.

More Information: www.iaiaquacultureexpo.co.in

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November-December 2012 | International AquaFeed | 49

The aquafeed interview

The aquafeed interview A

quaculture without Frontiers (AwF) is a registered charity whose mission is to promote and support responsible and sustainable aquaculture to alleviate poverty and enhance food security for disadvantaged people. It is an organisation of global volunteer aquaculture professionals who network; who are passionate about aquaculture and its ability to engage, train and feed the disadvantaged; and who create initiatives, projects and programmes. Executive Director Dave Conley speaks to International Aquafeed about AwF and the challenges it faces.

How does AwF define responsible and sustainable aquaculture?

Responsible and sustainable aquaculture is using appropriate technology for the given situation so that it enhances fish production without negative effects or impacts on the resources used. Because AwF teaches basic aquaculture principles for very challenging situations, we encourage using the KIS principle – Keep it Simple.

How does AwF operate on a practical level?

To date, AwF has been a project sponsor, directing donations received to supporting projects reviewed and approved by our Technical Advisory Group. We normally provide project funding in the range of US$ 10,000-15,000 for multi-year projects. We collaborate with other NGOs to leverage their resources when possible. For example, we collaborated with the Marine Biological Lab in Woods Hole, MA to help develop an Aquaculture Learning Center (ALC) in Marigot, Haiti. Novus International provided significant help with this project via AwF.

What do you consider AwF’s greatest achievements or successes?

Dave Conley, Executive Director, Aquaculture without Frontiers, Canada

AwF’s greatest achievement to date has been its ability to survive. What I mean by this is that we have been able to keep going in the face of funding challenges resulting from the global economic meltdown beginning in 2008. Donations have dropped off significantly while project submissions have increased. This has forced us to look at how we operate and try to come up with a better solution.

If anyone was to look at our list of current and completed projects on our website they would find that we have managed to do a lot with very little. Imagine what we could do if we could attract significantly more funding.

What are the biggest challenges aquaculture faces?

In the developed world, it is definitely public education and acceptance as a significant component of the food production industry. The lack of knowledge about aquaculture by the general public is contributing to a dysfunctional regulatory environment in many developed countries. Government regulatory agencies appear to be challenged when it comes to leading or enabling the development of the industry. There are many groups with perspectives and interests that are opposed to the rational growth and development of aquaculture.

In the developing world, it is transferring knowledge and appropriate technology to people so that they can apply it to feeding themselves and their families and communities.

Governments of developing world countries do not have the resources to do this directly, but by collaborating with

organisations such as AwF, it may be possible to enable the responsible and sustainable development of aquaculture.

How is AwF responding to these challenges?

AwF has been going through a re-think of how we operate.

The original vision of Michael New was to use volunteers to train the world’s poor and disadvantaged but in recent years we have gone off course in that we have become a funding organisation rather than a working organisation putting our volunteers directly into the field.

AwF has over 300 volunteers representing a wide range and depth of aquaculture expertise, knowledge and wisdom. To date, we have not been able to utilise this tremendous fund of intellectual capital in any significant manner.

I think we have found a solution – Aquaculture Learning Centers (ALCs). These will be demonstration farms where appropriate aquaculture technologies will be displayed. Courses will be given by our volunteers who will also mentor the local staff. ALCs will sell fish to graduates and provide ongoing tech support and knowledge transfer. The objective is to get the ALCs to become financially self-supporting and run by the local people whose welfare is most improved by the success of the enterprise.

From my observations and discussions with people who work in international development I have learned that when the funding stops the projects die; there is no incentive to continue because the people have not taken ownership of the project.

The ALC model is meant to change that. Right from the get go, the people that will benefit from our help will be directly involved in constructing and staffing the ALCs. It will function as a business and we will train them in business skills as well as aquaculture skills. The end goal is to have the ALCs become financially self-sustaining within two to three years.

In the larger picture, we see linking the ALCs via modern technologies so that they can share experiences, lessons learned, and best practices so that they leverage the knowledge they have collectively to do more. Given the advances in mobile wireless communication in developing countries, the ALCs will become hubs for knowledge and technology transfer to surrounding communities. Think of them as broadcasting centres that can also be used by other NGOs to educate people about all sorts of topics from nutrition and food preparation using solar or biogas stoves to water filtration and public hygiene. The possibilities are endless.

What do you think the future of the organisation is?

The future of AwF, as we are now envisioning it, is to become an enabler to teach people in developing countries how to improve their lives using aquaculture technologies but also collaborating with other NGO groups and local governments to provide a suite of complementary skills to significantly improve quality of life and food security.

An extended version of this interview can be found on the Aquaculturist blog.

50 | International AquaFeed | November-December 2012

November-December 2012 | International AquaFeed | 51

AQUACULTURE IN 2012

INDUSTRY FACES

Global Aquaculture Alliance selects Jeff Fort as CFO

T

he Global Aquaculture Alliance, the standards-setting organisation for aquaculture seafood, has chosen GAA board member Jeff Fort to serve as its new chief financial officer.

Effective immediately, Fort will coordinate financial processes, administrative procedures and policies, and technology development for the international non-profit.

"GAA and its Best Aquaculture Practices certification program have been important to me on a personal and business level for many years," Fort says. "I am a large proponent of expanding aquaculture production worldwide, and it must be accomplished using responsible and sustainable methods. Since this is -- and has always been -- GAA's core position, I am happy to help guide its activities going forward. www.gaalliance.org

AgriMarine appoints new president and CEO

T

he clean aquaculture technology company,AgriMarine Holdings Inc. has been appointed Sean Wilton to succeed Richard Buchanan as president and chief executive officer of the company. Wilton is already a director of AgriMarine and has been responsible for overseeing the company’s technology sales and licensing initiatives. Buchanan will remain a director of AgriMarine Holdings Inc. and remains managing director for the company’s Chinese subsidiaries, pending a formal transition.

“We are extremely pleased that Mr. Wilton has been named as President and CEO of AgriMarine,” says Harry Knutson, AgriMarine’s chairman. “Mr. Wilton has been instrumental in the development and the commercialisation of AgriMarine’s unique solid-wall closed containment technology.”

Wilton has worked with AgriMarine since 2004, designing hatchery and solid-wall containment rearing environments.

He has served as President of AgriMarine Industries and most recently was responsible for Licensing and Project Joint Ventures. His engineering experience encompasses a multitude of designs, from complex municipal water systems to the most advanced fish hatchery systems in the world and the largest cold-water fish hatchery in North America. www.agrimarine.com

Cermaq awarded the IR-Stockman-prize 2012

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ermaq won this year’s IR-Stockman-prize in the category of small and medium sized listed companies in Norway. In its assessment, the jury highlighted Cermaq’s equal treatment of market participants, transparency and credibility in its information, and the environmental and social responsibility.

Cermaq won the award in competition with a number of other listed companies. The jury also highlighted the availability of Cermaq’s key personnel, and corporate governance as areas where the company received high scores.

“We aim to be accessible and to have an open dialogue with the financial market. This award shows that we are on the right path, and inspires us to further focus on the areas we believe are important; our core values, prudence and transparency,” says CFO Tore Valderhaug.

The Stockman IR-Prize, which is awarded by the Norwegian Society of Financial Analysts, goes to the listed companies in Norway best to inform the financial community, shareholders and other market participants about their ongoing activities as well as to publish the best annual and quarterly reports based on financial analysis principles.

Photo is courtesy of NFF (The Norwegian society of financial analysts), and shows (from the right): Lise Bergan, Corporate affairs director at Cermaq ASA, Tore Valderhaug, Chief financial officer at Cermaq ASA, and representative from NFF.

52 | International AquaFeed | November-December 2012

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