Jan | Feb 2015 International Aquafeed magazine by Perendale Publishers Ltd

I N C O R P O R AT I N G F I S H FA R M I N G T E C H N O L O G Y

Microalgae as an ingredient in aquafeeds

Soluble phosphorus in salmon feed Suitable as a measure of available phosphorus?

The rise of the aquatic ‘chicken’ The global demand for Tilapia

Phytogenics Can they address the challenges in aquaculture?

Fish Farming Technology supplement - Defining RAS - Open water nets and cages Volume 18 Issue 1 - JANUARY | FEBRUARY 2015

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Editor Professor Simon Davies Email: simond@aquafeed.co.uk

EXPERT TOPIC - SHRIMP Photo from the International Aquafeed photo competition photographer: ©Mati Nitibhon

Associate Editors Dr Albert Tacon Email: albertt@perendale.co.uk Dr Yu Yu Email: yuy@perendale.co.uk Dr Kangsen Mai (Chinese edition) Email: mai@perendale.co.uk Editorial Advisory Panel • Abdel-Fattah M. El-Sayed (Egypt) • Dr Albert Tacon (USA) • Professor António Gouveia (Portugal) • Professor Charles Bai (Korea) • Colin Mair (UK) • Dr Daniel Merrifield (UK) • Dr Dominique Bureau (Canada) • Dr Elizabeth Sweetman (Greece) • Dr Kim Jauncey (UK) • Eric De Muylder (Belgium) • Dr Pedro Encarnação (Singapore) • Dr Mohammad R Hasan (Italy)

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Editorial executive Olivia Holden Email: oliviah@perendale.co.uk Editorial assistance Malachi Stone Email: malachis@perendale.co.uk Editor - Asia Pacific Roy Palmer Email: royp@perendale.com Circulation & Events Manager Tuti Tan Email: tutit@aquafeed.co.uk Design Manager James Taylor Email: jamest@perendale.co.uk International marketing team (UK) Darren Parris Email: darrenp@aquafeed.co.uk Tom Blacker Email: tomb@perendale.co.uk Tilly Geoghegan Email: tillyg@perendale.co.uk Latin America Ivàn Marquetti Email: ivanm@perendale.com Pablo Porcel de Peralta Email: pablop@perendale.com India Raj Kapoor Email: rajk@perendale.com Africa Nathan Nwosu Email: nathann@perendale.com More information: International Aquafeed 7 St George's Terrace, St James' Square Cheltenham, GL50 3PT, United Kingdom Tel: +44 1242 267706 Website: www.aquafeed.co.uk

REGULAR ITEMS 3-9 INDUSTRY NEWS 4 THE AQUACULTURISTS 26 PHOTOSHOOT 36 EXPERT TOPIC - SHRIMP 44 INDUSTRY EVENTS 50 THE MARKET PLACE 52 THE AQUAFEED INTERVIEW 54 INDUSTRY FACES

FISH FARMING TECHNOLOGY 004 Defining RAS - safeguarding the future of the industry 006 Innovation and service to the global aquaculture sector

FEATURES 10 Microalgae as an ingredient in aquafeeds 14 Soluble phosphorus in salmon feed - Suitable as a measure of available phosphorus? 16 Innovation in aquafeed processing technology 20 The rise (and rise) of the aquatic ‘chicken’ 24 Can phytogenics address aquaculture challenges? 32 Australia - a complex aquaculture industry

International Aquafeed is published six times a year by Perendale Publishers Ltd of the United Kingdom. All data is published in good faith, based on information received, and while every care is taken to prevent inaccuracies, the publishers accept no liability for any errors or omissions or for the consequences of action taken on the basis of information published. ©Copyright 2015 Perendale Publishers Ltd. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means without prior permission of the copyright owner. Printed by Perendale Publishers Ltd. ISSN: 1464-0058

Professor Simon Davies

Creoso - welcome

write this editorial from a new vantage point in Brixham, Devon. Brixham is a principal fishing port in England steeped in history and I intend to write a feature sometime in the New Year.

Plymouth University has been gifted the old Astra Zeneca laboratories for development and the agenda will be environmental research, commercial engagement and educational use. My new office overlooks the waterâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s edge and will hopefully inspire me to think more deeply of the various issues affecting the global fishing industry and aquaculture. Indeed it is important to note the interplay between the established sea fishing industry with its quotas and legislative constraints, diminishing stocks of specific species and the emergence of aquaculture to provide some 47% or more of sea food production globally. I am like others, passionately concerned about the sustainability of our natural fish populations and advocate policies directed towards protective zones and conservation. Aquaculture from the perspective of marine fish farming and shellfish farming can augment the sea fish industry and such activities as the use of hatcheries and on-growing of stock for release offer hope for endangered species. Already

the National Lobster Hatchery in Cornwall, UK has made invaluable contributions to this end and there are many other examples throughout the world where aquaculture contributes to biodiversity through breeding programmes. After all many of the so called wild Pacific salmon start their complex life in a hatchery fed artificial feeds. We need to consider these in a future article. A controversial area that has attracted comment lately is the question of GMO and products in aquaculture and our policy within International Aquafeed to such technology. Well, our policy is not to have an official policy, but to allow freedom of expression based on factually based scientific evidence and clear governance that is reliably sourced and available for discussion. It is certainly not the case that I would impede on a personal level anyoneâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s thoughts and opinions but it is wise to ask if an opinion reflects a consensus view in future articles. I personally, as a scientist, must see things based on sound data and do respect the tremendous advances in the GMO field with respect to genomics and applications in animal and plant production. There is obviously great potential in this rapidly advancing science, but real issues such as safety, costs and consumer protection and acceptance are important drivers that will dictate the longer term outcomes and deliverables. However I have refrained from a direct opinion in my editorial as I am also acutely aware of strong views in either direction and to maintain the impartiality and integrity of the magazine. No doubt there will be many other areas evoking similar passion and controversy in the future. In this issue we concern ourselves with Shrimp as our regional focus, taking a look at the issues surrounding secure shrimp farming and using seaweed to prevent Vibrio. We take a look at new innovations in aquafeed processing technology with Clextral and address whether phytogenics can address challenges in aquafeed. A very vibrant issue to start to the new year with indeed! All that remains is to wish our readers a prosperous and successful 2015. I look forward to welcoming you to our next edition in March!

Aquaculture America 2015

- International Aquafeed will be exhibiting again! Come along to stand 242 and meet Darren and Tom from the team at this important aquaculture conference and exhibition from the 19th to the 22nd of February.

NEWS

Local apprentice leads new wave of young blood into burgeoning Scottish aquaculture sector

imon MacLellan, the talented 24-year-old aquaculture trainee working for Marine Harvest in Lochaber and winner of the Lantra Scotland Aquaculture Learner of the Year Award 2013, is leading a new wave of Modern Apprentices into an expanding fisheries and aquaculture management sector. With new Government targets for marine production set to increase to 210,000 tonnes and shellfish to 13,000 tonnes by 2020, there are significant and growing career oppor tunities for school leavers and college graduates looking for a challenging and highly skilled occupation. The aquaculture industry is currently worth at least UK£800m per year across the UK, with over 560 aquaculture businesses employing nearly 6000 people. According to Lantra Scotland, the sector skills council for the land-based, environmental and aquaculture industries, about 50 percent of these are based in Scotland, with Scottish businesses employing about a third of the entire UK workforce. The introduction of new talent into the sector has been spearheaded by the success of the Scottish Government’s Modern Apprenticeship programme, which provides a very successful route into work for young people and access to new talent for employers. The programme offers a unique mix of college-based learning and practical on-the-job training which gives young people all the theoretical and practical skill sets that they need to succeed in their chosen careers. Aquaculture trainee Simon MacLellan is cutting his teeth at the sharp end of fisheries management, working with one of Scotland’s leading producer s, Marine Harvest. He is employed in the salmon hatcher y side of the business, whilst undertaking the theoretical part of his Modern Apprenticeship Level 3 at Inverness College. Simon explains: “I chose aquaculture because I can see this is

an industry that is only going to grow. Thankfully, as a society we have come to realise that commercial fishing is unsustainable, and with only 2 percent of the world’s oceans farmed, this represents a big opportunity for us all. It is very satisfying to be part of an industry that is geared towards sustainable fish production and I believe being part of the Modern Apprenticeship programme has given me the ideal star t to my career.” Lynn MacFar lane , Tr aining and Human Resources Officer, Marine Harvest, comments: “As a company we are keen to support our staff with their learning, and we have found that doing the SVQ (Scottish Vocational Qualification) alongside working on the farm is an effective combination for gaining knowledge and learning skills. Simon’s success as the Aquaculture Learner of the Year 2013 is a great inspiration for all our SVQ students. We have another employee, Jake Handley, who won Student of the Year for SVQ Aquaculture at Inverness College UHI earlier this year. So we are extremely pleased with how well staff are doing.” Kevin Patrick, Interim Director of Lantra Scotland adds: “The aquaculture sector in Scotland has grown steadily over the last few years, and we have seen a rise in demand for skilled personnel. The Aquaculture Moder n Apprenticeship programme is a very effective route into work for young people and provides employers with access to new talent. The framework is unique in that it provides a mix of college-based learning with practical, on-thejob training. This provides all the necessary theoretical and practical skill sets that young people need to succeed in their chosen careers. We’re also grateful to Marine Har vest for helping sponsor our land-based and aquaculture learner of the year awards, and to our main sponsor, the Scottish Salmon Company.”

Towards eggy fish oils Ioannis Zabetakis, assistant professor of food chemistry, university of Athens, Greece

iven the increasing need for fish oil in the aquafeed industry, scientists and formulators around the globe are in a constant quest for alternative sources of fish lipids. Wild fish stocks are decreasing fast and sardine oil may soon be too dear. Therefore many believe that krill oil is the next big thing. But is it? Because krill oil delivers omega-3 fatty acids in phospholipid form, krill experts maintain that krill oil is a more effective, betterabsorbed delivery system for omega-3 fatty acids than fish oils, which contain these fatty acids mostly in a triglyceride form. But Nordic Naturals just released ‘Omega-3 Phospholipids’, a fish oil product combining standard fish oil with phospholipid-bound omega-3 fatty acids from herring roe (fish eggs). The result is, according to the company, the highest omega-3 DHA and EPA content (thanks to the fish oil) as well as the highest phospholipid content and a broader range of phospholipids compared to krill oil. (It is especially high in phospholipid-bound DHA.) The product features 520mg of EPA and DHA, 143mg of which are phospholipid-bound. Company CEO and founder Joar Opheim calls these levels “more meaningful amounts of EPA and DHA” that meet the minimum 500-mg EPA/DHA dose per serving that experts recommend. Nordic Naturals is marketing Omega-3 Phospholipids as “the potent alternative to krill,” contending that it offers more than twice the level of omega-3s compared to all leading krill products on the market. “All leading krill oil products provide significantly less than 500mg EPA+DHA per day,” says Scott Minton PhD, Nordic Naturals’ scientific advisor. “Because Omega-3 Phospholipids provides more omega-3 EPA and DHA in both triglyceride and phospholipid-bound forms compared to any krill product, the opportunities for absorption are increased.” The choice of herring roe (from wild, sustainable Norwegian herring) was due to roe’s high content of phospholipid-bound EPA and DHA, the company says. “Gram for gram, krill oil and herring roe oil have a similar amount of phospholipid content,” says Minton. “However, the herring roe oil has a broader spectrum of phospholipids and a higher amount of phospholipid-bound omega-3 DHA.” Not all fish eggs are high-phospholipid candidates, though. “In general, the percentage of phospholipids present in a fish egg will vary with many factors, including the fish species, the developmental stage of the egg, water temperature and lifehistory features of the adult fish,” Minton says. “Using special laboratory equipment, the amount of phospholipids in different fish roe can be measured.” Taking this story a step further, at the University in Athens we are carrying out research (e.g. http://www.researchgate. net/publication/235981254_asj1067_nasopoulou_et_al_egg_ paper ) on the cardioprotective properties of hen’s egg polar lipids. The future could be eggy indeed by valorising egg lipids into aquafeeds. izabet@chem.uoa.gr @yanzabet

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NEWS

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The Aquaculturists

A regular look inside the aquaculture industry Repairs to ancient English fish pass now complete The Environment Agency has carried out the work at the Roman Steps near Skinningrove, east Cleveland, which is the largest in North-East England. bit.ly/1yq6cDE

Marine Harvest ASA to merge Marine Harvest Chile with AquaChile The Board of Directors of Marine Harvest ASA is pleased to announce that it has entered into a Conditional Transaction Agreement (CTA) with Empresas AquaChile SA (hereinafter AquaChile) to merge Marine Harvest Chile SA with AquaChile. The surviving entity will be AquaChile and AquaChile will continue to be listed on the Santiago Stock Exchange on a stand-alone basis. bit.ly/1sXNSkz

Scientists raise alarm on China's fishy aqua farms Fish farmers in China have been increasingly harvesting wild stocks in order to feed their caged varieties, putting new strains on the world's oceans, said new research from scientists at Stanford University, Reuters reports. bit.ly/1AM5ZI2

Mid East’s First Aquaculture Exhibition Launches As Industry Investment Surpasses US$12 Billion AquaME, formally a vertical of the AgraME exhibition, will become the regions first standalone platform dedicated to the burgeoning aquaculture and fishing industry. bit.ly/1J7cTOk

www.theaquaculturists .blogspot.com

Sir Bob Geldof: Responsible aquaculture important in feeding the world

he complex challenge of feeding the world's growing population can only be properly addressed when all stakeholders - commercial operations, governments and NGOs - find genuinely fair and practical ways of working together, Sir Bob Geldof told delegates at AquaVision 2014. In his keynote address, the rock star turned poverty and environmental campaigner said he believes that aquaculture can play its part by bridging the gap between sustainable fisheries and the global demand for seafood but that the industry can only hope to achieve this when systems are responsibly implemented and managed. "We need to get to the point whereby aquaculture is not only a viable business but also a viable methodology for keeping so many of us alive," said Sir Bob. Stating that 20 percent of the world's population uses 80 percent of the earth's resources, he urged the aquaculture industry to strike the right balance between consumer and business demands together with the broader social and environmental needs of the planet. "When you do this, and you will, you will have

helped deal with the signature issue of our time, which is inequality and disequilibrium. That is worth fighting for and it is worth getting right. All of this is achievable; we just need the will, commitment and absolute understanding that we will implement that change," he said. www.aquavision.org

Kasetsart University honours Erich Erber

n a dignified ceremony, graced by the presence of HRH Princess Chulabhorn and 2450 students at Kasetsart University (Bangkok), Erich Erber, the founder of Biomin and Erber Group, was the sole recipient of the prestigious PhD hc from 2014. The university council had already decided in June 2014 to award Dr Erber the degree 'Doctor of Philosophy in Animal Nutrition and Food Technology Honoris Causa'. Dr Erich Erber's overall contribution to the field of Thai agriculture and animal nutrition development led the university council to bestow the honorary degree. 4 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | January-February 2015

Professor Dr Her Royal Highness Princess Chulabhorn Mahidol handing over the PhD certificate to Erich Erber (Chairman, Erber Group)

NEWS

Traditional small boat Icelandic lumpfish fishery is MSC certified

celand’s lumpfish fishery has been MSC certified as a sustainable and well-managed fishery. The 330 small boats are the first MSC certified lumpfish fishery in the world. Lumpfish has been harvested for centuries inside the Icelandic Exclusive Economic Zone. Male and female lumpfish are easily distinguished both in colour and size, where females are larger. The big mesh size gillnets fishery mainly targets the females for their roe, which is exported as a luxury caviar mainly to European countries. There is also a growing Chinese market for the female fish while male lumpfish is less frequently caught, mostly for traditional local consumption.

Stable stocks

The lumpfish distr ibuted between Iceland and Norway is one of three genetically distinct stocks of lumpfish in the Nor th Atlantic. Although some other lumpfish stocks have faced challenges, the Icelandic lumpfish fisheries have been relatively stable since 1990. The lumpfish fishery is controlled by various measures that include restrictions regarding the number of licenses and nets, a fishing season of three months only as well as limitations on vessel and mesh sizes.

Delicate ecosystems

Icelandic waters contain a wide range of delicate ecosystems, mostly in deep water. The static bottom-set gillnets used in the lumpfish fisher y have minimal contact with these ecosystems as the fishery mainly takes place on a rocky sea bed in shallow waters. The fishery’s main bycatch is the MSC certified cod (Gadus morhua), representing around

five per cent of the total catch. All bycatches are landed as discarding is prohibited in Iceland.

A world first

The client, Vignir G. Jónsson hf., was a family run business founded in 1970 but is now a subsidiar y of the seafood company HBGrandi. The headquarters and main processing site of Vignir are in the town of Akranes, with a staff of about 40, but they also operate in east coast of Iceland. Vignir CEO, Mr. Eíríkur Vignisson says: “I’m happy that this assessment is now completed. All lumpfish fisheries in N-Atlantic were last year listed as red by many of the eNGO traffic light systems. That was a huge disappointment for the industry but I hope this certification will contribute to the Icelandic lumpfish products falling under the green category. It is important for the industry to be able to demonstrate to overseas buyers that our products originate from a truly sustainable fishery.” Gisli Gislason, MSC Manager for the Nor th Atlantic said: “Lumpfish roe is an important product for European markets and this is the first lumpfish fishery in the world to get MSC cer tified. This is the only traditional fishery in Iceland exclusively performed by small vessels. Close cooperation between the authorities and the small boats association is vital to protect the marine environment and ensure lumpfish stocks are stable for the future. MSC cer tification provides independent reassurance for consumers around the world that the lumpfish roe comes from a sustainable fishery. We hope that this certification will in return incentivise other lumpfish fisheries to enter the MSC program.”

University news Plymouth University, UK, has a rich history of fish biology and aquaculture research dating back over 30 years. These research themes are an integral part of the University’s world renowned marine science base. In this inaugural monthly newsletter from the aquaculture and fish health research group at Plymouth, Dr Daniel Merrifield tells us about the recent participation of Plymouth’s students at Aquaculture Europe 2014 at San Sebastian. Presenting your research at an international conference is a rite of passage for PhD students, and our aquaculture and fish health researchers at Plymouth University travel the world each year presenting their cutting edge research at a range of conferences and symposia. Recently, our PhD

students Peter Bowyer, Alex Jaramillo Torres and Gabriella Do Vale Pereira presented their work on fish gut health and nutrition at Aquaculture Europe. Peter, supported by Alltech, Plymouth University and the Technology Strategy Board (Lupins in UK Agriculture and Aquaculture), gave a presentation demonstrating the benefits of a solid-state fermentation product (Synergen) in improving digestive morphology and capacity of rainbow trout fed high-lupin diets. Alex is funded by COLCIENCAS (the Colombian governmental agency of Science, Technology and Innovation) and Lallemand SAS. Alex presented data from his recent Atlantic salmon experiments in collaboration with BioMar and Nofima which demonstrated that the probiotic Bactocell could populate the salmon intestine and promote positive antiviral transcriptional responses in the salmon intestine. Gabriella presented a poster on her CAPES Foundation (Brazilian government) funded project on the gut microecology and health of Pirarucu, which reported the presence of antibiotic resistance genes present in lactic acid bacterial populations in the pirarucu intestine. These presentations were warmly received and stimulated follow-up discussions with academics and industrial stakeholders: “The high scientific quality and direct commercial relevance of the research carried out by the fish health research group at Plymouth is making a huge contribution to our understanding of the importance of gut health in aquaculture and should be acknowledged as world leaders in the field“ Dr John Tinsley, of BioMar’s R&D centre UK. It is becoming increasingly clear that maintaining microbial balance in the intestine is essential to promote fish health. Plymouth University is at the forefront of this field and the first book on this topic - Aquaculture Nutrition: Gut Health, Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISBN: 978-0-470-67271-6), was edited by Daniel Merrifield and Einar Ringø, and published by Wiley Blackwell in October 2014.

January-February 2015 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 5

NEWS

Safe & responsible feed with GMP+ certification

Sandra de Bruin, project coordinator of GMP+ International

ll over the wor ld consumer s are setting str ict requirements on the safety and quality of their food. In order to gain and retain their confidence , supplier s of meat, dairy products and eggs are demanding that feed companies create a perfect basis for this. GMP+ International manages the unique GMP+ Feed Cer tification scheme in a continuous process of innovation to ensure the safety of feed. This makes the GMP+ Feed Cer tification scheme a well accepted cer tification scheme, and it is in many countries and markets even a license to sell. Currently over 13,000 companies in all links in the feed chain are cer tified.

responsibility. Therefore, GMP+ International created a plugin model in which cer tification of various market initiatives can be facilitated. GMP+ International provides a basic GMP+ FRA (Feed Responsibility Assurance) Fr amewor k in which var ious market initiatives can be plugged in. This GMP+ FRA Framework consists of the GMP+ B100 Feed Responsibility Management System standard and a cer tification system. In this GMP+ FRA Framework, various market initiatives can be plugged in to provide cer tification for responsible feed production and/or trade.

One-stop-shop multiple certification

First market initiatives

GMP+ cer tified companies are more and more confronted with questions to demonstrate that feed is not only safe but also responsibly produced and traded. These questions refer, for example, to the use of responsible feed ingredients. Within the GMP+ Feed Cer tification scheme, useful tools are available for the assurance of both feed safety and feed responsibility in the daily operations of a feed company. Therefore, GMP+ International provides the possibility for cer tification of both feed safety and feed responsibility within one cer tification scheme. This creates a so-called ‘one-stopshop multiple cer tification’ opportunity where one auditor can cer tify a company for both aspects in one audit. This saves both time and money and makes it more interesting for companies to be active in responsible feed production and trade. Plugin model GMP+ International doesn’t have the intention to play a leading role in defining feed responsibility, because various mar ket segments or regions have different wishes and opinions about feed

With the publication of the fir st mar ket initiatives documents in November 2014, GMP+ International launched the option to cer tify the production and/ or trade of responsible feed. All current market initiative documents refer to the use of responsible soy, defined as RTRS or equivalent. Both SMK (manager of the Dutch ‘Milieukeur’ cer tification scheme for pork, eggs and poultry meat) and the Dutch dairy industry (via the Responsible Dairy Chain – Duurzame Zuivelketen) requested a certification option for feed companies to demonstrate the use of responsible soy in the feed supplied to pigs, poultry and dair y cows. For the supply chain of RTRS soy, a combined cer tification is provided for the production and trade of RTRS soy. This cer tification is approved by RTRS as equivalent to their RTRS Chain of Custody certification. These first market initiatives are an example on how mar ket par ties in the animal production chain collaborate on providing responsible food to the consumer.

Biomin announces opening of the Erber Research Centre in Thailand

uilt with natural, functional and sustainable mater ials, the Erber Research Center was recently opened on the grounds of Kasetsar t Univer sity at its Khamphaeng Saen Campus in the Nakhon Pathom province of Thailand. 150 distinguished guests attended the r ibbon-cutting ceremony of the Erber Research Center, a joint effort between Biomin and the Faculty of Agriculture at Kasetsar t University’s Kamphaeng Saen Campus in Thailand, which officially opened on 2 December 2014. In line with its R&D slogan, “Turning science into sustainable solutions”, the purpose of the centre with its modern trial facilities is to enable the application and testing of new innovative solutions for the animal feed industry. The Erber Research Center is the sixth investment in a global network of BIOMIN Centers for Applied Nutrition (CAN). According to Franz Waxenecker, Director of Development at BIOMIN, the importance of combined laboratory and applied research in a major poultry producing country such as Thailand cannot be overstated. Specially designed by Austrian architect, Markus Roselieb, the 466-square meter research centre boasts a unique design inspired by the traditional Chinese farmhouse cour tyard with a mixture of Thai and European features. Made entirely of earth and bamboo, it uses only natural materials with energy saving features, keeping it naturally cool in the hot Thai weather. It is adjoined to a state-of-the-art broiler experiment facility by two large glass windows where visitors are able to observe the chickens during trials without compromising biosecurity or causing stress to the animals. At the opening ceremony, Dr Erich Erber, founder of Biomin and the ERBER Group, said

6 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | January-February 2015

“I am very happy, thankful and proud that we have built something for the future of Kasetsart University, for the future of the Thai industry, for the future of our youth, students and future generation to feed this world sustainably, healthily and tastily.” Dr Erber was recently awarded a Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) honoris causa by Kasetsar t Univer sity for his lifetime achievements and contributions to the livestock industry. D r. E r b e r c o n g r a t u lated Professor Dr. Seksom Attamangkune, Dean of the Faculty of Animal Science, for helping to achieve a shared vision. The research center will be run by Assistant Professor Dr.Yuwares Ruangpanit, Deputy Head of the Research and Technical Services Department, under the guidance of Associate Professor Dr Neramit Sookmanee, the Head of the Animal Science Department. According to Dr. Yuwares, “we would like our students to be able to contribute to society in terms of animal research, training and also modern developments in animal science. This is something we are very much looking forward to in the near future.” Dr Apichar t Pongsrihadulchai, the Deputy Minister of Agriculture and Cooperatives of Thailand officiated the opening of the research centre. Among the distinguished guests in attendance was Dr Duong Duy Dong, Dean of the Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine from Nong Lam University in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam and Dr Tun Pheakdey, President of the University of Management and Economics of Cambodia. Piyapa Erber, Chief Operating Officer of Biomin Thailand and Kasetsar t University graduate said, “A big part of who I am today is because of Kasetsart University, and I feel it is time to give back to my alma mater. So at Biomin, we will continue to support the university in any way we can.”

NEWS

International Volunteers Day

quaculture without Frontiers (AwF) relies heavily on people who are prepared to devote time and effort to the cause – without this most generous gift we could never have achieved anything like what we have over the years. We salute all volunteers but we were especially keen to suppor t our own people on 5 December - International Volunteers Day (IVD). On this day our major announcement was that we have been accepted as members of Volunteers for Economic Growth Alliance (VEGA) - an umbrella organisation consisting of economic development organizations that integrate highly skilled volunteers into programs mainly funded through the USAID program. VEGA is involved in many and varied projects that involve one or more of the member organizations and as we engage we believe this will create many oppor tunities. We aim to collaborate with all of the members and to be their ‘aquaculture’ experts. The following actions have been under taken, or are planned, as a result of the energetic suggestions from our volunteers re IVD. We: • have established a Twitter account @AwFVols and invite everyone to communicate through this to

see the latest information and news; • ask our Volunteer s to provide us a single word or phrase that means ‘volunteer’ to them, eg ‘giving’, ‘satisfaction’ or ‘Yeah!’ From all the input we will create a word cloud to add to the website, giving us a combined sense of everyone’s contribution; • are creating a Volunteer noticeboard on the website; • have utilised our affiliation with the Wor ld Aquaculture Society and now have links to their employment infor mation on our website and encour age volunteer s looking for full time work to use that connection; • are planning a newsletter (r un by the Volunteer s Committee and Secretariat) for volunteers to contribute their stories and experiences in the coming year. AwF will be holding a Board Meeting and a Session at Aquaculture America 2015 in New Orleans between 19 and 22 February so we look forward to meeting lots of old and new friends at that event. Our President, Roy Palmer, will be updating ever yone and will hopefully have some news about future projects, which we are working hard to achieve.

Number crunching – Aquaculture in the EU 85,000 - The total number of people directly employed in the aquaculture industry in the EU. 14,000 - The number of aquaculture enterprises in the local EU. 23.1 - The average seafood consumption per person, per year in the EU is 23.1 kg.

Deakin partnership with Aquaculture without Frontiers to support sustainable communities Roy Palmer, director, Aquaculture without Frontiers

eakin Univer sity will partner with aid organisation Aquaculture without Frontier s (AwF) to improve outcomes in disadvantaged communities using sustainable aquaculture farming. The new par tnership between Deakin aquaculture and marine sciences exper ts and AwF will include research programs designed to improve the nutrition and health within communities and to foster social and economic development. “We are excited to partner with Aquaculture without Frontiers, which suppor ts responsible and sustainable aquaculture to alleviate pover ty and malnutrition and to enhance food security for disadvantaged people,” Deakin Associate Head of School of Life and Environmental Sciences Associate Professor Giovanni Turchini said. “The partnership will also provide a platform for aquaculture professionals to come together and volunteer their services to achieve these objectives. “We are keenly anticipating the opportunities this will provide for Deakin students to under take student placements and research projects with the support of AwF centres around the world.” Associate Professor Turchini said the collaboration would enable students to experience hands-on learning in real-world settings, while they contributed to communities by helping to facilitate sustainable aquaculture practices. AwF (Australia) Chair Katherine

Hawes said the organisation’s partnership with Deakin was one of the first actions of the newly established Australian arm of the global organisation. “We believe that by collaborating and working with like-minded organisations such as Deakin University we will be able to make major contributions to the core of our main objectives,” Ms Hawes said “We aim to be a catalyst for change as a means to improve the nutrition and health of people and to foster social and economic development through supporting responsible and sustainable aquaculture. “In the decades to come, aquaculture is likely to underpin the future health of all humans by providing the essential nutrients and vitamins currently missing from many diets, and at an affordable price.” Plans are also in place to look at incoming training or short course workshops at Warrnambool utilising Deakin and AwF networks. There is also the impor tant aspect of utilising the partnership to promote the Deakin brand in the field of aquaculture. Associate Professor Turchini said Deakin’s main aquaculture activities in Warrnambool were very close to the birthplace of aquaculture, by indigenous Australians many thousands of years ago. “We aim to kick off the partnership with an Indigenous Symposium in the first semester of 2015 as it impor tant to know how we can assist Australian indigenous people in today’s environment with aquaculture activities,” he said.

www.theaquaculturists.blogspot.com

Source: European Commission, Maritime affairs and fisheries. January-February 2015 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 7

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Aquaculturists

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5 - the five main EU aquaculture producers are: Spain, France, UK, Italy and Greece.

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7 - the seven most popular aquaculture species produced in the EU are: mussel, trout, salmon, oyster, carp, seabream and seabass.

Get more daily industry news at the

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43 - the total percentage of aquaculture products consumed within the EU originating from the EU.

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24 - The total percentage of food consumption in the EU that comes from aquaculture.

NEWS

AQUACULTURE

by Dominique P Bureau, member of the IAF Editorial Panel

Meaningfully comparing the efficiency of different animal productions?

ack in October 2014, I attended the World Nutrition Forum (WNF) organised by Biomin in Munich, Germany. Several times during this very interesting forum, the different speakers and participants raised the issue of efficiency in animal food production. One of the keynote speakers, Jørgen Randers from BI Norwegian Business School, told the audience that the broiler chicken would most probably emerge as the “global winner” among all other animal productions with the increasing scarcity of global feed/food resources in sight. Other experts at the WNF contended that aquaculture species due to their low feed conversion ratio (FCR, feed: gain) and low energy requirements, should not be discounted and could well win the “efficiency game”, if there was ever one. We, in the field of aquaculture, are not at our first exposure with this type of debate. My favorite debates are those raised by small (and rich) interest groups based in the USA: “Are we farming the tigers of the sea? Shouldn’t we cultivate thriftier herbivorous or omnivorous fish species (tilapia and carps) rather than wasteful carnivorous species, such as Atlantic salmon?” Having received academic training in agronomy and livestock production, taught agriculture and animal nutrition courses and studied quite extensively the bioenergetics, nutrient mass balances and macronutrient nutrition of different aquaculture species for the better part of past three decades, I enjoy watching and occasionally contributing to this debate.

ent productions then? Energy, macronutrients, carbon footprint? Per kg of live weight or kg of edible product? At a common weight? Over the entire life of the animal or just the productive periods (in the case of a laying hen or dairy cow for example)? Only the edible products or all the waste and by-products properly accounted for? A few years ago, Dr. Katheline Hua (Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany) and I carried out an analysis of the efficiency of a few terrestrial animal and aquaculture species. We tried to base our analysis on values from published scientific studies that we deemed credible and fairly representative. We also tried to gather data that were representative of the normal market weight of the animals. Some part of this analysis was already presented in a review paper we wrote with “sustainability” researchers and some industry critics (Reference : Naylor et al., 2009. PNAS, 106, 15103-15110). Our findings were that of the animals we selected, pigs were less efficient. However, their market weight is also considerably greater than of fish and birds species cultivated today. Protein and energy-wise today, the broiler chicken does win the efficiency game today. However, interestingly most aquaculture species are really not far behind. Genetic improvement played a big role in the efficiency of poultry production. Today, a broiler chicken reaches its market weight (2 kg?) in about 6-7 weeks. With a few minor exceptions, we’ve barely started any meaningful genetic selection efforts for aquaculture species. Overall, differences between different aquaculture species were not that large. The great differences in FCR we are seeing between species are often a reflection of different digestible nutrient density of the diet, the energy-yielding nutrients used (lipids vs. protein vs. starch) and difference in harvest weights. However, differences do exist and we need to explore the basis of these differences to make progress. We clearly need to invest more efforts in genetic selection. And I forgot, no Atlantic salmon, rainbow trout are not “less efficient” than “omnivorous” species!

The big scheme of things?

Figure 1

No, efficiency cannot be only boiled down to FCR

How does fish production compare with cattle, pig or chicken production? How do different aquaculture productions compare? We are often tempted to compare things on the basis of feed conversion ratio (FCR), ie. kg of feed used vs. kg of biomass obtained. However, feeds for different species have different nutritional composition. In general, feeds for aquaculture species are of significantly higher nutritional density (e.g., higher digestible protein, higher lipids, higher digestible energy) than feeds for terrestrial livestock species (beef, dairy, swine, poultry, etc.). Animals also have different market weights and efficiency generally changes quite significant with live weight. On what basis should we compare differ-

Figure 2

Figure 3

8 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | January-February 2015

In the big scheme of things, is it at all meaningful to compare efficiency of different animal productions? Do we debate endlessly about the efficiency of traveling to work on foot or by bicycle, motorcycle, smaller or larger car, 4x4 minivan, bus, tramway or train? Our homes and landfills are full of appliances, furniture, clothes, and nick-nacks that all required resources and energy to produce and transport and to operate? We travel hundreds of kilometers for rest and recreation (R&R) on weekends or to visit a single client during the workdays. I do not pretend to know the truth or what’s best. To me this is all much too complicated. However, it does worry me a little when the liveliest debate is which of the broiler chicken, Atlantic salmon, common carp or Nile tilapia is the most efficient! I think we have got bigger things to worry about. Agree or disagree? Always happy to hear from you. dbureau@uoguelph.ca

NEWS

International research puts the dangers of Chinese aquaculture sector under expert gaze

he University of Stirling has contributed to a major inter national research project to investigate the dangerous pressure China’s aquaculture industry is putting on world fish supplies. In a new paper in the journal Science, the researchers offer the clearest picture to date of the enormous impact China is having on wild fisheries and present a more sustainable alternative to the current practice of using wild-caught fish to feed farm-raised fish. China is the world's leading producer, consumer and processor of fish, contributing onethird of the global supply. Its booming aquaculture industry relies increasingly on fishmeal made from wild-caught fish, a practice that depletes wild fish stocks and strains fragile ocean ecosystems. One of the researchers - the University of Stirling’s Wenbo Zhang, who conducted the research whilst completing his PhD at the University’s internationally renowned Institute of Aquaculture, said: “Our research shows that so significant is China’s impact on the world’s seafood supply chain – the future availability of global seafood will be dependent on how China develops its aquaculture and aqua feeds sector.” Fishing in the coastal waters of China is poorly regulated and often indiscriminant. The result is that large volumes of assorted “trash fish” – species that are undesirable for human consumption – end up in animal feeds, including in fishmeal that is fed to farm-raised fish. Many of the species of wild fish used for feeds have been fully exploited or overexploited, and reducing this demand will help protect fragile ocean ecosystems. One promising solution is to recycle the waste by-products from seafood processing plants across China. This waste,

which can be 30-70 percent of the incoming volume of fish, is often discarded or discharged into nearby waters. The team’s analysis shows that these processing wastes could satisfy between half and two-thirds of the current volume of fishmeal used by Chinese fish farmers, replacing much of the wild fish currently used in feeds. Zhang added: “Issues of quality and food safety are two possible obstacles to implementing this fish processing waste alternative because the waste is lower in protein than wild-caught fish and its use also raises concerns about contamination and disease transmission. “However, these concerns could be addressed by adding alternative plant-based protein sources to the fish feed, and through conducting fur ther research on the safety risks and introducing more efficient regulating of using fish processing waste.” Lead author, Ling Cao, a postdoctoral scholar at the Center on Food Security and the Environment at Stanford Univer sity said: "This is a critical juncture for China. If the countr y makes proactive reforms to its aquaculture sector, like using fish processing wastes instead of wild fish, and generally reducing the amount of fishmeal in aquafeeds, it can greatly improve the sustainability of the industry. If not, the consequences for the entire global seafood supply chain are going to be really serious." Led by Stanford University, USA, the research brought together a consortium of scientists from around the world. Zhang worked with colleagues from Leiden University, the Netherlands; the University of Wollongong, Austr alia; Stockholm University, Sweden; The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Sweden; and Shanghai Ocean University, China.

The importance of preserving aquaculture experience and insight

he Aquaculture Communications Group, LLC (ACG) has launched a project to capture the experience of pioneering and veter an aquaculture industry members in their own words while there is still time. Many of this generation are either retiring or have retired/ passed away. The modern global aquaculture industry is almost 50 years old, which means that those who were the early entrepreneurs are now approaching or have reached the end of their working lives. ACG believes it is of great impor tance to preser ve as much of these veter ans´ stories as possible before they are lost to history. It is important for current and future generations practicing aquaculture to be able to go back and learn from history in order to build an even better future. “Aquaculture is full of colorful and spirited, intelligent and persevering individuals that have learned so much from the school of hard knocks; we must capture their experience in their own words before it is too late” said Tor-Eddie Fossbakk, Founding Partner of ACG. To date ACG has interviewed and recorded the stor ies of nineteen pioneer s and industry veterans from around the world using high definition video and posted them on the ACG website. Common for most of the inter viewees is how the industry developed from low tech solutions, often engineered on site, to today´s high tech and sophisticated solutions. The early days of

January-February 2015 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 9

“trial and error” have been replaced by solutions based on science, research and development. “We were interested in finding out how or why these people became interested in an industry most people had never heard of,” Mr. Fossbakk said. “For many of them the answer was shor t, Jacques Cousteau”. Their interest was bor n while watching Cousteau’s television shows while growing up. The project should also have a wider audience than just the global fish farming community. The general public will find many of the inter views and the stories being told of great interest to understand where the industr y star ted, how it has developed, and all the hard work that has been put into building it to what it is today. Mr. Fossbakk said that this first round of interviews was self-funded by ACG because the company strongly believe in the impor tance of the project. However, in order to continue recording interviews and bringing them not only to the aquaculture community but also to the general public, ACG needs financial assistance from corporations, institutions, organisations and individuals who share the vision. Learning from the people that helped build the modern aquaculture industr y will enable current and future generations to be better equipped to succeed. Please contact Mr. Fossbakk (tor-eddie@aquacomgroup. com) should you want to contribute to this very interesting and important project.

Microalgae as an ingredient in aquafeeds Inclusion of microalgae in diets for gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata L.) juveniles and the effect on intestinal functionality by Antonio Vizcaíno, María Isabel Sáez, Tomás Martínez and Javier Alarcón, LifeBioencapsulation SL Almería, Spain

ishmeal is currently the main source of protein utilised in carnivorous fish feeding but overexploitation of fisheries combined with growing demand has caused its price to rise continuously. Consequently, future expansion of aquaculture production based on the use of fishmeal as a major ingredient for aquafeeds will be unsustainable. Plant protein sources such as soybean meal, rapeseed meal, corn gluten meal or wheat gluten are commonly used as ingredients in commercial aquafeeds. However such protein ingredients often contain anti-nutritional factors that can have negative effects on the digestive tract of fish (Santigosa et al., 2008; Merrifield et al., 2009).

Microalgae as an ingredient in aquafeeds

In this regard, and owing to their chemical composition, microalgae appear as a promising alternative for enhancing the nutritive value of conventional feeds and for use, at least partially, as a substitute for fishmeal (Lupatch, 2009). In general microalgae contain a protein level ranging from 30-55 percent DM; about 13-33 percent DM total lipids, with considerable amounts of highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) which are indispensable in fish nutrition; and high vitamin content. They are also rich in pigments such as chlorophylls, carotenoids and phycobiliproteins (Vizcaino et al., 2014). Microalgae therefore stand out as a promising protein source for aquaculture and thus might well reduce the ecological impacts associated with current fishmealbased intensive fish farming if sufficient quantities of algal biomass become available at a suitable price (Shields and Lupatch, 2012).

Uses of Scenedesmus almeriensis microalgae in fish

In a recent study we evaluated the effect of inclusion of Scenedesmus almeriensis microalgae as a dietary ingredient on intestinal proteolytic activity of juvenile sea bream. Scenedesmus is a native microalga and it was chosen in the present study owing to its high protein content, fatty acid profile with substantial amounts of linolenic acid, 18:3(n3), and remarkable productivity. Biomass was obtained from the facilities at the Estación Experimental Las Palmerillas–Fundación Cajamar (Almería, Spain). The Scenedesmus alga was cultivated in a large-scale tubular photobioreactor. The algal biomass was harvested using a RINA continuous centrifuge (Riera Nadeu SA, Spain) then frozen, freeze-dried and finally milled to obtain a homogenised powder (<100 μm) that was stored in the dark at −20 °C until use. Dry algal biomass was incorporated into four experimental diets (40 percent crude protein and 10 percent crude lipid) at increasing levels (12, 20, 25 and 39 percent). A feed without Scenedesmus served as a control diet. Feeds were made at the University of Almeria-CEIA3 facilities (Service of Experimental Diets; http://www.ual.es/ stecnicos_spe). Every experimental feed was randomly assigned to triplicate groups of fifteen sea bream juveniles (8.0 g initial body weight). Fish were fed by hand twice per day (9:00 and 13:00) at a rate of 3 percent of their body weight over 45 days. At the end of the trial, fish were killed according to the requirements of the Directive 2010/63/UE, and the digestive tract was removed and processed to obtain enzymatic extracts. Digestive enzymes’ activity levels were differentiated in two groups: total alkaline protease, trypsin, chymotrypsin and α-amylase activity levels were used as indicators of digestive capacity, while leucine

10 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | January-February 2015

aminopeptidase and alkaline phosphatase activity levels were used as indicators of intestinal absorptive capacity. In order to visualise the active proteases present in intestinal extracts of fish fed on different experimental feeds, substrate-SDS-

Figure 1: Digestive enzyme activities trypsin (A), L-aminopeptidase (B) and alkaline phosphatase (C) measured in intestinal extracts of juvenile sea bream at the end of feeding trial. Dietary codes: control, SC12: 12 percent Scenedesmus meal inclusion, SC20: 20 percent Scenedesmus meal inclusion, SC25: 25 percent Scenedesmus meal inclusion, SC39: 39 percent Scenedesmus meal inclusion. Values are expressed as mean ± SD (n=12). Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among experimental groups (P < 0.05).

FEATURE

Figure 2: Zymograms of alkaline proteolytic activity in intestine extracts of juvenile S. aurata fed on diets with increasing Scenedesmus meal levels. All lanes in zymograms contain the same enzyme activity (2 units of activity per well). Dietary codes: control, SC12: 12 percent Scenedesmus meal inclusion, SC20: 20 percent Scenedesmus meal inclusion, SC25: 25 percent Scenedesmus meal inclusion, SC39: 39 percent Scenedesmus meal inclusion.

lture | 2015 Hatchery Ad Campaign | Theme: Ad-1 True | electron Design: A | Version:Effect 1 studiedConal by transmission microscopy PAGE electrophoresis gels were carried of SA on digestive enzyme (TEM), giving information about the length and out (Alarcón et al., 1998). In addition, the activities of sea bream ernational Aquafeed | Size: Half Page | Dimensions: 190mm X 132mm presence of protease inhibitors in SA was tested according to Alarcón et al. (1999). Possible impacts of the different diets on the ultrastructure of the intestinal mucosa were

diameter of the microvilli. The intestines of three fish from each tank were collected for examination and TEM samples were prepared according to Vizcaino et al. (2014).

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The ability of fish to use the ingested nutrients depends on the presence of an adequate set of digestive enzymes. Hence, knowledge on nutrient hydrolysis in the

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January-February 2015 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 11

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FEATURE LifeBioencapsulation: Customised solutions for unusual aquafeeds

he need to supplement aquafeeds with a wide range of additives including probiotics, prebiotics and nutraceuticals is currently a major issue in aquaculture, owing to the demand for solutions aimed at overcoming the physiological and productive consequences associated with intestinal overload in farmed fish. Noticeable changes have been observed as a result of increasing amounts of vegetable protein added to commercial feeds as an alternative to fishmeal. The quest for solutions to those disorders caused by nutritional factors is nowadays a burgeoning research field, as feed industries are particularly interested in nutritional supplements that could improve the properties of aquafeeds. However, new additives frequently imply a need for new delivery strategies, since many additives of potential interest in fish nutrition cannot finally be added to feeds. Limitations related to additive deterioration during feed processing (extrusion involves high pressure and temperature) or to inactivation during digestive transit or to the impossibility of guaranteeing precise dosage restrict the efficient utilisation of many of such substances. Although oral delivery would be, when possible, the preferred route of administration in aquaculture, the constraints mentioned above are of particular interest in the case of live microorganisms used as probiotics. Given that microbial cells are inactivated during feed processing, they are not normally included in feeds but are rather added later to granules as a coating layer. The consequences are imprecise dosage and erratic delivery. In this regard LifeBioencapsulation SL has obtained excellent results in the delivery and dosage of live microorganisms through a patented preparation intended for oral administration in fish, based on the use of inert capsules. This product clearly improves oral delivery of live microbes compared to the usual methods. The capsules were created to deliver probiotic microorganisms (although they can also include prebiotic and nutraceutical substances) which are protected from both the chemical and enzymatic digestive physiological barriers during their transit through the stomach and intestine of the fish. Thus, the protected microorganisms maintain their integrity and viability and they can exert their biological effects after being released in later sections of the digestive tract. Capsules might be administered on their own, apart from feed, provided that their size can be specifically adapted to each stage of development. However, and depending on the nature of the substances added, capsules can also be further introduced into fish feeds, providing resistance to processing as well as a precise dosage without interfering in the feeding routine of the fish farm and consequently minimizing fish stress. LifeBioencapsulation SL is a Universidad de Almería spin-off recently awarded with prizes for the best project company and for the best business idea in AgriFood research by Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario (ceiA3, Spain). The company was created with the aim of meeting the specific requirements of aquaculture nutrition. LifeBioencapsulation SL is made up of a group of researchers with extensive experience in animal nutrition and oral delivery of bioactive molecules of interest in aquaculture. The company has developed different encapsulation methods that offer quite unique solutions to specific problems. Through the utilisation of different polymers and protocols, LifeBioencapsulation SL manages to adapt the formulation of each capsule to each specific substance to be delivered, and to each growth stage of the animal. Consequently, the company offers encapsulation ‘à la carte’, providing services designed to specific requirements in aquaculture. The needs of each client are unique and therefore our products are also. In addition to this versatility in developing innovative products our company can manufacture small quantities on an experimental scale. Consequently, limited amounts of several experimental diets, including multiple factors at different concentrations for small-scale studies can be prepared. After determining the most suitable formulation, the feed can be produced on a medium scale to satisfy greater experimental needs. lifebioencapsulation@gmail.com

digestive tract is an important factor in optimising fish feeds (Deguara et al., 2003). Intestinal enzymes are correlated with the nutritional status of fish, and their activities have been used as indicators of the digestive capacity of farmed fish (Alarcón et al., 1998). In fact fish are capable of modulating their digestive enzyme pattern in response to the feed source, quality and concentration of dietary nutrients (Santigosa et al., 2008). The use of Scenedesmus meal to replace fishmeal protein did not decrease the enzyme activities secreted into the intestinal lumen at any of the inclusion levels tested, albeit increased activities attributable to algae inclusion have been observed. For trypsin activity, which plays a decisive role in dietary protein hydrolysis and zymogen activation, fish fed on SC12 showed significantly higher activity than those animals fed on a microalgae-free diet. In addition, alkaline phosphatase and L-aminopeptidase activities increased significantly in the SC20 group compared to the Control and SC39 groups (Fig 1). Nevertheless, total alkaline protease, chymotrypsin and α-amylase activities remained unaffected by Scenedesmus inclusion. Zymograms carried out on intestinal extracts obtained

12 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | January-February 2015

FEATURE

Figure 3: Comparative TEM micrographs from the anterior (A) and posterior (B) intestinal regions of juvenile S. aurata at the end of the feeding trial. Scenedesmusfed fish (SC20 and SC39) showed longer microvilli than control-fed fish. Dietary codes: CT: control, SC12: 12 percent Scenedesmus meal inclusion, SC20: 20 percent Scenedesmus meal inclusion, SC25: 25 percent Scenedesmus meal inclusion, C39: 39 percent Scenedesmus meal inclusion (TEM bar: 2 μm). after electrophoretic separation of proteins are shown in Fig 2. The profile of the intestinal proteases seems not to be influenced by the inclusion of Scenedesmus biomass, given that all the animals showed the same number and distribution of active fractions as control-fed fish, characterised by five groups of active bands. Another important aspect to consider when using ingredients alternative to fishmeal is the presence of anti-nutritive factors that might interfere with nutrient digestion and absorption (Alarcón et al., 1999). Among the wide range of such factors, protease inhibitors are well known

as substances that can affect dietary protein utilisation. In this study, neither Scenedesmus meal (unlikely other protein sources) nor experimental feeds contained substances able to inhibit the digestive proteases of gilthead sea bream juveniles, given that inhibition never reached more than 5 percent (data not shown).

Checking effects by histological study of the intestine

In addition to digestive enzyme activities, the structure and morphology of the intestinal mucosa play a key role in nutrient absorption. TEM analysis of anterior

and posterior intestine (Fig. 3a and 3b, respectively) revealed that the inclusion of microalgae reduced microvilli length (ML), except for the SC20 group (with higher and similar ML values compared to those of the CT group in the anterior and posterior intestine, respectively) and the SC39 group (with similar and higher ML values compared to those of control fish in the anterior and posterior intestine, respectively), and that microvilli diameter in the anterior intestine was greater in Scenedesmus-fed fish. Thus, the overall effects of both results were increased absorptive surface and improved contribution of the intestinal mucosa as a physical barrier.

Conclusions

The inclusion of S. almeriensis increased the level of intestinal enzyme activities as well as the intestinal absorptive surface. Therefore, the combination of these effects, together with the lack of anti-nutritional factors, confirms that Scenedesmus biomass can be used as a dietary ingredient for juvenile sea bream diets, and furthermore, that an inclusion level of 20 percent is recommended according to the positive effects observed on gut functionality at such a ratio.

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FEATURE

Soluble phosphorus in salmon feed by Sissel Albrektsen, senior scientist Nofima

hosphorus (P) is an essential mineral that has to be added to salmon feed to achieve normal growth and skeletal development. P from marine ingredients, plant protein and crystalline P salts provide respectively 46, 30 and 24 percent of dietary P in Norwegian salmon feeds. Hence, fishmeal is an important P-source, even though the level of fishmeal in the feed has dropped significantly from 64 percent in 1990 to 20 percent in 2012 (Ytrestoyl et al., 2014). About 40 percent of P in the fishmeal originates from the bones, and is present as calcium (Ca)-phosphate salts in hydroxyapatite. P in hydroxyapatite has low solubility and is poorly available to salmon. The digestibility of P in different fishmeal reflects this and further shows great variation (20 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 60 percent), depending on the fish raw material and seasonal variations. No reliable direct measure of available P exists, and this makes it difficult to know how much available P is present in any given fish feed. In this article we will focus on the possibility of using a new method on soluble P as a measure of available P in ingredients and feeds, and what opportunity this gives to ensure better control of available P in the feeds. Industrial fish that traditionally has been used as raw material for fishmeal production, such as herring in the Nordic countries, is today used for consumption. As a consequence, an increasing amount of fishery byproducts is used as raw material for fishmeal production. The global by-product material used for fishmeal and fish-oil production has been rising by 1â&#x20AC;&#x201C;2 percent yearâ&#x2C6;&#x2019;1, and represented 25 percent of world production in 2010 (Shepherd and Jackson, 2013). In Norway, fishery byproducts accounted for 30 percent of the raw material in fishmeal in 2013 (Ytrestoyl et al., 2014). Fishery byproducts contribute with high content of total P from the fish bones, while at the same time, the percentage of P that is available for the salmon is actually reduced compared with a traditional fish meal produced without trimmings. Fig. 1 shows total P and soluble P in herring meal produced with different levels of trimmings from herring, and other fish meals produced from blue whiting and capelin and also from Antarctic krill. High inclusion levels of trimmings reduce the proportion of soluble P

Figure 1: Total P and soluble P in herring meal produced with 0, 41 and 62 % herring offal, in fish meal produced from blue whiting and capelin, and in Antarctic krill. Soluble P is also given as % of total P on top of each respective bars

from 61 to 35 percent of total P, which means that the level of soluble P is reduced despite an increase in total P. The analysis of total P tells little about the proportion of P that is available for the salmon, i.e. how much of P that is present as free phosphates, and thereby available for digestion. The amount of trimmings used in global fishmeal production varies greatly, from 0 to 100 percent, which increases the unpredictability with respect to how much of dietary P that is available. In some commercial smolt feeds, total P ranged from 0.7 to 1.77 percent, soluble P from 0.36 to 0.7 percent and the proportion of soluble P from 31 to 70 percent of total P. The plant ingredients used in fish feed today contain 60-80 percent phytic acid. Phytic acid contains P (phytate-P) but many fish species, including salmon, has no or little phytase activity and cannot utilise this P source. Phytic acid also acts as an anti-nutrient by inhibiting the absorption of available P and other minerals by forming poorly soluble mineral complex in the intestine. Nofima has analysed total P and soluble P in many plant proteins (Fig. 2), and the main finding is that most of the total P in plant proteins will be analysed as soluble P. The analytical method for soluble P apparently cannot distinguish between phytate-P and other soluble forms of P in plant proteins. Total P and the proportion of phytate P and other P-components are known and quite stable for most plant ingredients. By analysing soluble P in the plant ingredient, it is easy to correct for the proportion of P that is present as phytate-P, an approach that is also applied in the aquafeed industry today. Overall, the method will give much more reliable measures of available P in salmon feeds and feed ingredients compared to the current total P analysis. The P requirement is affected by a variety of biological and environmental factors, and it can vary with life stage and growth rate of fish, diet composition and temperature. When available P in the diet is low, the fish will regulate this by increasing the P uptake in the intestine, reduce the excretion of P in the kidney, and mobilise P from the skeleton to cover vital functions in other body compartments. Sustained demineralisation of the bones over a long period will weaken the skeleton and eventually cause deformity. In fast-growing Atlantic salmon fed 0.3, 0.5 and 0.7 percent soluble P in the diet

Figure 3: Digestibility of total P (A) and soluble P (B) in Atlantic salmon decrease with increased dietary P levels, and the utilization of dietary P is most effective in fish fed low dietary P levels

14 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | January-February 2015

FEATURE following seawater transfer, the fish developed 30, 15 and 0 percent deformity in the lower jaw bone concomitant with increased mineral content of the spinal bones within a feeding period of only 12 weeks. In another smolt trial with similar size fish, reduced mineralisation was found in fish fed 0.5 percent soluble P in the diet compared to fish fed 0.7 percent soluble P, while no sign of external deformity was observed. This illustrates the risk of feeding slightly sub-optimal P (0.5 perFigure 2: Total P and soluble P in plant protein ingredients. Soluble P is also given as % cent soluble P in the diet), it is cost effective of total P on top of each respective bars and environmentally friendly, but may occasionally affect fish welfare due to variation in the fish material, growth not only distinguish between the P in hydroxyapatite and other P-forms, rate, feed or the environmental conditions which is not easy to control. but can also be used to distinguish between P from inorganic salts with The digestibility of P depends on dietary P level, irrespective of different solubility, which is the main criterion for P absorption. Monomeasuring total P or soluble P in the feeds. In salmon fed diets with Ca-P salt was found to contain about 65 percent soluble P, while monodifferent P contents, the digestibility of total P varied between 30 and Na-P salt contained more, about 94 percent soluble P, demonstrating 50 percent (Fig. 3a), while the digestibility of soluble P in the same that the mono Na-P salt contain higher levels of available P than mono feeds were higher and varied between 60 and 80 percent (Fig. 3b). Ca-P despite similar levels of total P. Inorganic mono-salts of P will also Other trials have shown that the digestibility of soluble P in the feed be more soluble than di-salts of P and this will contribute to different P can be as high as 90 percent in salmon, indicating a very efficient diges- digestibility and thus different availability of P from the feed. Nofima has tion of soluble P. The amount of dietary P that is retained (deposited) conducted experiments that indicate that feed that contain 0.7 percent in the body is about 30 percent, which means that about 70 percent soluble P provide adequate P in salmon at the smolt stage, while a higher of dietary P will be released to the environment. As this is a major dietary P content of 0.8 percent soluble P is required in Atlantic salmon global concern, dietary P is usually added close to or slightly below the fry during early start feeding. More research is needed to understand requirement in order to obtain maximum P utilisation and minimum P the potential for using dietary soluble P when analysing commercial high load to the environment, as well as to keep the cost as low as possible. plant protein diets with variable phytate levels, although it is possible to This is a reasonable strategy, but requires better feed control with correct for this. The soluble P method has been developed and validated available P than is realistic to achieve today by analysing dietary total P. by Nofima and found to have high accuracy, resembling the analytical The new method distinguishes between insoluble and soluble P, method for total P (Hovde, 2013). References available on request which is to be seen as indigestible P and digestible P, respectively. It does

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January-February 2015 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 15

EXTRUSION

INNOVATION IN AQUAFEED PROCESSING TECHNOLOGY

Clextral new Preconditioner + and twin screw extruder EVOLUM+

by Clextral

orld leading aquafeed technology expert Clextral has played a pioneering role in the innovation and development of twin-screw extrusion for aquafeed since the 1970s. To respond to new challenges and increase the capacity of existing systems, Clextral is introducing two innovations this year: a new preconditioner and a new range of twinscrew extruders with advanced control.

Process flexibility and improved efficiency

In twin-screw extrusion of fishfeed pellets, preconditioners are recognised by industry experts for their production benefits. The new Clextral Preconditioner+ integrates two horizontal, intermeshing, counter-rotating shafts that provide tangible production benefits: improving the overall process and the quality of the finished food products and enabling energy savings, while providing greater flexibility and more precise control over the operating parameters, whatever the recipe. The key innovation of Clextral’s Preconditioner that improves heat and mass transfer to the product is the

Advanced Filling Control device (AFC) which interacts directly with the material inside the mixing chamber and enables the filling ratio to be adjusted. The AFC system uses an exclusive conveying screw inside the tank and adjusts the flow by enabling a partial and controlled recycling of the material being processed, from the outlet to the entry point, thus intensifying the specific preconditioning functions. In addition to increasing the filling ratio, the AFC system also generates better product distribution, in particular in the first third of the mixing chamber which is the preferential zone for steam injection. The adjustable water and steam injection ports have been optimally positioned to enhance absorption and product exposure time during the mixing stage. Extensive experimental trials have been carried out on the Preconditioner+ to verify the processing improvements generated by its AFC system on the twin-screw extrusion process. In this case a standard fish-feed recipe (basic salmon feed) was used, not to gauge optimal performance but to set an objective benchmark compared to traditional preconditioning systems. The first significant observation was a lowering of the SME (Specific Mechanical

Advanced Filling Control (AFC) system: key innovation of Clextral new preconditioning system

16 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | January-February 2015

Energy) required in the extruder – an average of 3 percent with equal extrusion parameters – mainly due to the increase in preconditioning time, and largely compensating for the additional consumption of the Preconditioner+. As mentioned previously, this efficient pre-cooking reduces the shear and the torque requirements in the extruder, which results in less wear of the screws and barrels. By focusing exclusively on the Preconditioner+, the experiment also demonstrated that the new filling ratio (up to 75 percent) achieved with AFC made it possible to increase residence time by 60 percent for an equivalent fish-feed flow and therefore to exceed the average of three minutes. At the same time, the combination filling/steam distribution made it possible to increase the product temperature by 3-4°C at the outlet of the Preconditioner+, using comparable steam injection. It is even possible to achieve a product temperature of over 96°C with optimised steam injection, while limiting energy loss due to the new design. Following the improvements on the pre-cooking stage, a significant increase in starch gelatinisation before product feed into the extruder was witnessed and measured. Finally, on the finished product after extrusion, granulation and drying, these upstream modifications resulted in an increased hardness of the pellets of at least 10 to 15 percent, an essential quality criterion required for their use in fish farms. Beyond the process benefits on product quality, it is important to note that this equipment is designed to facilitate

EXTRUSION industrial applications, in particular because of the increased flexibility provided by the AFC. This variable speed device enables adjustments of the residence time as required to adapt the equipment to different types of recipes and to respond to the needs of multi-product extrusion lines. Moreover, this convenient design allows the system to start up when fully charged, even after prolonged downtime with a full tank, thanks to the new kinematic feature. In terms of hygiene and food safety, the Preconditioner+ is designed with minimal retention areas to facilitate cleaning. This feature is further enhanced by an integrated ‘quick recipe changeover’ function through the reversible AFC system, used here as a conveying screw that enables the entire tank to be emptied. These improvements in equipment cleaning capabilities and hygienic design are important advantages for food processing applications. Finally, the intensification of Clextral’s Preconditioner + offers improvement in the overall process, energy savings and enhanced quality of finished products, as well as greater flexibility and better control of operating parameters, whatever the recipe.

New range of twinscrew extruders

A daily task of aquafeed processors is ensuring the perfectly stable quality of the finished product despite daily variation in the characteristics of the raw materials. Clextral’s new EVOLUM + twin-screw extruders offer advanced technology that gives processors new levels of throughput, flexibility, and control while ensuring maximum product quality and process stability. A major innovation, the Advanced Thermal Control (ATC) is a self-learning, proprietary software solution to ensure absolute precision in temperature control. ATC continuously monitors production and adjusts to changes in parameters (characteristics of raw materials, recipes, throughput, etc.) to ensure process and product consistency. ATC is proven to enhance process stability up to 70 percent, with energy savings averaging 20 percent by eliminating excess heating/ cooling to maintain process temperature set points in any circumstances. The EVOLUM+ range has also been specifically built for more hygienic processing and food safety with ergonomic designs and open profiles that allow full machine access.

Improved response time and stability thanks to Advanced Thermal Control (ATC) proprietary innovation. Clextral continues to innovate with twin-screw extrusion systems that produce aquatic feed with a precise balance of proteins, oils and carbohydrates, processed for optimum digestibility with reduced waste. Clextral’s systems process a wide selection of recipes and raw materials and accurately control pellet density for specific product attributes, such as sinking and floating properties. With these innovations in preconditioner and extruder technologies, Clextral is helping aquafeed processors meet the process challenges of today and the future.

Your global technology process supplier for the aqua feed industry ANDRITZ is one of the world’s leading suppliers of techno logies, systems, and services relating to advanced indu strial equipment for the aqua feed industry. With an in-depth knowledge of each key process, we can supply a compatible and homogeneous solution from raw material intake to finis hed feed bagging.

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January-February 2015 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 17

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EXTRUSION

Extruded feed for warm water finfish and shrimp by Prof Mohammed Y Al-Saiady

Extrusion

is a cooking process that typically uses high temperature and high pressure for a short period of time. The first extruder was developed in the 1930s for pasta; extrusion was later modified for the production of pet food and fish feeds as well as human foods like snacks, breakfast cereals and sweets. The extrusion process begins with preconditioning the meal using steam and water to form a hot, moist mash. The process has the flexibility to produce diets with a wide range of fat levels, densities, shapes and sizes. It also has the capability to produce floating, semi-sinking and sinking pellets for shrimp and pelagic fish. Extrusion has been used to manufacture shrimp feed since the early 1970s, but not widely adopted due to a persistent tendency for expansion in extruded feeds, which leads to undesirable flotation.

Expansion is exacerbated by the use of smaller die open-

ings. To minimise flotation, feed manufacturers were forced to limit inclusion levels of starch, which tended to increase raw material costs. These constraints have been virtually eliminated through recent advances in extrusion technology, such as adjustments in screw design and speed, changes in die configuration and vacuum venting of the extruder barrel. It is now possible to produce 100 percent sinking extruded shrimp feeds with densities equivalent to those of pelleted feeds.

xtruded feed has the advantage of reducing raw material expenses, achieved by the substitution of high levels of wheat flour with lower levels of less expensive starch. This is possible due to the high moisture, temperature and pressure within extruders, which lead to nearly complete gelatinisation of a wide range of starches. Extruded feeds utilise relatively high levels of moisture, which can be added in the form of flavors and palatability enhancers such as fish, dried solubles and flavorful enzymatic digests of seafood waste. This offers the potential to produce a new generation of highly palatable shrimp feeds without reliance on expensive marine protein such as

squid meal and krill meal. The rate of swelling of extruded feeds can also be manipulated to deliver feeds of varying ‘softness’. The swelling is a function of starch fragmentation, also known as dextrinisaton, which can be controlled by the degree of shear exerted by the extruder screw. The 1995 study Physiochemical properties of extruded pelleted shrimp feeds with various wheat flours conducted by GH Ryu and coauthors at Kansas state university in Kansas, USA showed an 89 percent correlation between the extent of starch gelatinisation and the water stability of 10 Asian shrimp feeds. Other studies on conventional single-pelleted feeds for terrestrial animals reported that only about 20 percent of the starch is gelatinised. This explains why typical poultry feed disintegrates in water within minutes of immersion. In addition, pelleting systems for shrimp feed use advanced manufacturing techniques such as fine grinding of raw materials, multiple steam conditioners, higher moisture levels, pelleting dies with higher compression ratios, post-pelleted conditioning and drying. These techniques increase the starch gelatinisation levels of extruded shrimp feeds to 80 – 95 percent compared with conventional pelleted shrimp feeds. In a 12-week study in 2000, Albert Tacon and co-workers at the Oceanic Institute in Hawaii, USA compared single feed formulation in pelleted or extruded forms and two different sizes; results reported in February 2003 showed higher shrimp survival and weight gain and greater feed efficiency from extruded feed. These results are being validated on a commercial scale in Korea, Malaysia and Brazil. Compensation for the vitamin losses thought to be slightly higher in extrusion than in pelleting can be easily accomplished by slight fortification of premixes. Finally, recent developments in extrusion processing allow the production of sophisticated 100 percent sinking diets with lower cost and better performance than conventional pelleted feeds. Its advantages are expected to become more apparent, since the additional benefits of higher liquid addition, greater control of swelling and greater pasteurisation further contribute to higher performance.

18 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | January-February 2015

EXTRUSION

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January-February 2015 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 19

FEATURE

THE RISE (AND RISE)

of the aquatic ‘chicken’ by Lian Heinhuis, Analyst Seafood, Food & Agribusiness Research and Advisory, Rabobank International, The Netherlands and Gorjan Nikolik, Rabobank International, Singapore

orldwide demand for seafood is growing and wild catch production cannot grow at the same pace, meaning that aquaculture is becoming key for the supply of aquatic protein. As the farming of fish—especially freshwater species—rapidly gains popularity around the world, opportunities increase for both farmers and players active in auxiliary industries. Farmed freshwater fish species, consisting of different types of carp, catfish and tilapia, accounted for over half of the 66 million tonnes of fish produced in aquaculture in 2012 (see Figure 1). Although carp is by far the largest subgroup (38 percent of total aquaculture production), it is predominantly consumed locally around the world. Like tilapia, pangasius has an export market and is popular among western consumers; yet its market share is still relatively small. Unlike the other species, tilapia has seen the greatest growth in production and widespread appeal in global markets. Tilapia is easy to farm and feed and has a neutral flavour that appeals to many, hence it is often compared to chicken. Global tilapia production volumes have increased from just over 100,000 tonnes in 1980 to 4.5 million tonnes in 2012, and the industry has an estimated total value of US$6.7 billion.1 The export market is currently dominated by China, while the United States (US) is the biggest importer. In the coming years, we expect China to focus more on its domestic market, which will create opportunities for other producers to emerge and increasingly supply growing markets, including the US. Latin American producers are in a strong position to benefit due to their location, access to feed and natural resources. Having already doubled output between 2007 and 2012, the region is expected to see further growth.

Tilapia is thriving thanks to biology and technology

The whitefish sector has seen incredible growth rates in past years. Tilapia is one of the main drivers of this growth, with farming having expanded to more than 80 countries and global production volumes having grown by an average of 11 percent per year. Tilapia is farmed in small backyard farms as well as industrial compounds managed by multinational companies. Production methods range from simple cage systems to complex indoor recirculation facilities. Technology has played an important role in the development of the tilapia industry, and innovations such as the sex-reversal technology that allows farmers to grow only the faster-growing male fish have greatly contributed to better farming practices and output. In addition, tilapia’s biological characteristics provide further advantages to farmers worldwide: the fish is relatively resilient, has a low-cost

Tilapia

Global production of tilapia has increased by eleven percent annually over the past decade, making it the world’s second most farmed fish. The US is the world’s largest importer, with imports valued at approximately US$1 billion per year, and China the leading exporter. But rising costs and a change in government policy will make Chinese producers less competitive over time, levelling growth and turning producer focus more towards the domestic market. This will likely create opportunities for other tilapia producers to enter the global market. Rabobank expects Latin America to step up its supply in the coming decade, with production volumes projected to rise to two million tonnes by 2025. diet, needs little dissolved oxygen in the water and reaches marketable size quickly. The main tilapia-producing country is China, which accounts for a third of all production (1.5 million tonnes annually). Chinese government programmes on farming—along with support subsidies and programmes focused on advancing technology and genetics—have resulted in a growing tilapia industry. Family-owned farms account for the largest share of production. Although volumes from China are larger than volumes from any other country, profit margins have been very low, and the industry as a whole has been making a loss. Subsidies have created competitive prices for the Chinese product, which is sold as frozen fillets in the US (almost half of total Chinese tilapia exports). However, they also pose a risk, as discontinuity could mean rising costs. Volumes in the global tilapia industry have seen strong growth, and—assuming no major disease outbreak or other negative event occurs—there is potential to double output again to nine million tonnes (live weight equivalent) by 2025 (see Figure 2).

Tilapia is America’s next top seafood item

The US is the most important market for tilapia. With import volumes of more than 228,000 tonnes (over 600,000 tonnes in live weight equivalent), Americans consume more than other major tilapia-eating countries such as Egypt or China (see Figure 3). Tilapia has risen fast on the charts of seafood popularity and now only trails salmon, shrimp and tuna as the most favoured seafood item in the US.2

20 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | January-February 2015

FEATURE

ADVANCED FEATURE COOLING

Figure 1: Development of farmed whitefish continues to rise

Advanced Feature Vertical Cooler Dramatically reduce downtime and cost while maintaining petfood safety

The new “Advanced Feature” Vertical Cooler maintains cooling technology for pet foods, aquaculture feeds and feed. Advanced Features include: • Easy access sanitary design for quick, complete clean-out

Figure 2: Strong growth in tilapia production, with more to come While originally presented as a low-cost alternative for wild-caught whitefish, the product is now consumed more than cod or pollock, and it dominates the broader whitefish category (see Figure 4). As tilapia is still priced considerably higher than chicken (on average double the price of chicken breast fillet), it is more relevant to compare it with other seafood products. However, in the longer term, this can also have an impact on the consumption of species in the broader animal protein segment—particularly on chicken—because of its similar neutral taste. Tilapia is not as popular in Europe as in the US. With frozen tilapia fillet imports of only 19,000 tonnes in 2013 - barely 12 percent of US frozen fillet imports - the fish has not taken off anywhere near like it has across the Atlantic. Pangasius has established a much stronger position than tilapia in Europe, with frozen fillet imports of 142,000 tonnes in 2013. This can be explained by lower prices and tilapia producers focusing less on this region - so far. In the years to come, freshwater whitefish consumption will continue to rise in the US. The focus on healthier diets will increase demand of both tilapia and pangasius. However, these characteristics are currently not exploited in marketing campaigns, with low price remaining the key selling point. European consumption growth will be more challenging, as farmed fish production has received some very negative media attention lately. Since 2011, the popularity of pangasius has declined somewhat, after bad publicity surrounding alleged poor farming standards in Vietnam.

China’s position faces challenges

Asian producers - particularly China - have dominated the global tilapia industry in the past decades. With a share of nearly 74 percent in the US frozen fillet market and continuing growth (five percent CAGR between 2008 and 2013), China is in a strong position. However, there are reasons to expect the Chinese product to become less competitive over time, including rising input costs, currency, climate, limited resources and food safety. Input costs are driven up by rising feed and labour costs. This means that the product will become more expensive to produce. Average labour costs in China more than doubled in the period between 2007 and 2012.3

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ET-249A.indd 1AQUAFEED | 21 January-February 2015 | INTERNATIONAL

www.extru-techinc.com

6/10/14 2:49 PM

FEATURE

Figure 3: US imports of tilapia remain high, 2008-2013

country a difficult market to develop. Tilapia in China has the most potential as a fillet, predominantly sold through retailers, especially in the countryâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s south where people live close to the farms. The live/fresh market is more difficult to enter, as people will first choose to purchase traditional fish. The other major challenge to Chinese dominance of the farmed whitefish export market is pangasius. Imports of Vietnamese pangasius - at a lower price per kilogramme (about 25 percent less) - are growing faster than those of Chinese tilapia and pangasius exports to the US between 2008 and 2012 were much higher than tilapia volumes from Latin America, showing increasing demand for pangasius. Vietnam currently produces around one million tonnes of pangasius per year, and the government is supporting the sector and has set a goal to expand it by 20 percent, to 1.2 million tonnes in 2015. Furthermore, there is a good possibility that other countries, such as Indonesia and India, will start large-scale production of pangasius. The fish is perceived to be very similar to tilapia, although its fillet colour is much whiter. Low prices and increased marketing efforts could lead American consumers to increasingly choose pangasius, although tilapia still has a distinct first-mover advantage and much wider recognition among consumers.

Opportunities lie in other parts of the world

Figure 4: Tilapia dominates US consumption, 2000-2012

Figure 5: US tilapia imports show the position of different exporting countries, 2013 In past years, average retail prices of pellet feed increased from RMB3260/tonne in 2006 to RMB4140/tonne in 2012.4 The currency will not benefit Chinese competitiveness, with the yuan having appreciated by 24 percent since 2005, to CNY6.14 per US$ in 2014.5 China has limited resources of fresh and clean water. Pollution is an important problem, and there is increased competition for water space from other agricultural and aquacultural products such as rice and shrimp. Food safety issues surrounding the Chinese product have resulted in more negative market perception in the US, allowing non-Chinese products to be sold for US$1/pound more. If this image problem continues, Chinese frozen fillets could also become less popular. These issues present a scenario of increasingly challenged competitiveness. Moreover, climate is an issue as tilapia need water temperatures of at least 27Â°C, and the consistent conditions found in more tropical areas of the world do not exist in China. As the Chinese industry now heavily relies on subsidies to produce at low cost, changes in policy could have another negative impact. Combined, this could result in China exporting less tilapia and being forced to develop its domestic market. Tilapia sales in China are now mainly concentrated in the provinces where it is produced and where it competes with traditional food fish such as carp. Strong regional cultural traditions in the Chinese diet make the

The challenges create room for other producers to become both exporters and more self-sufficient. Mexico, for instance, is now a big importer of tilapia, as it produces 70,000 tonnes, while consuming 130,000 tonnes. The remaining 60,000 tonnes are imported from China. Mexico has good production facilities and capabilities of its own, but farmers there have found it difficult to compete with Chinese prices, which have been about 30 percent lower than Mexican tilapia prices.6 In Africa, we can also expect further investment in fish farming industries in order to meet local demand. Ghana is a good example of this: the country has witnessed growth rates that have averaged 39 percent annually over the past five years. This comes from a very low base, with production volumes of 26,000 tonnes in 2012. Local demand has been increasing, and there are many initiatives to use small-scale fish farming of tilapia as a way to alleviate poverty. The key consumer and producer in Africa is Egypt, which is the second-largest producer worldwide, with 768,000 tonnes in 2012, and growing rapidly by 15 percent per year (based on the CAGR between 2008 and 2012). Other Asian producers such as India, Thailand and Malaysia are also growing (albeit from a low base) and have export potential. Indonesia is already a sizable exporter to the US, with 11,000 tonnes of exports in 2013 (from 717,000 tonnes total production) and the unique position of being the only Asian country that sells a highvalue product, produced at high-quality standards (see Figure 5). The country is also home to the largest production facility of the worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s leading tilapia-producing company, Regal Springs.

Latin America is poised to take a bite out of the market

There are several factors putting Latin American producers in a good position to obtain a bigger share of the international tilapia market: the region has lower feed costs (soymeal prices in Brazil are below prices in China, with an average difference of 11 percent since 2010); labour costs are increasingly competitive compared to China; the region is close to the current key consumer market; the climate is right; and both freshwater and brackish water resources are sufficient. In 2012, Latin America produced only 453,000 tonnes of tilapia, which makes up about 10 percent of global production. Although this is only a fraction of Asian production, there is good potential for growth. In recent years, the tilapia industry in Latin America has already shown strong growth rates, doubling in size from 2007 to 2012 - and

22 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | January-February 2015

FEATURE exports to the US are increasing. The Latin American tilapia product is sold fresh in the US, for a premium price (about US$1/pound higher than frozen). To grow the industry, Latin American auxiliary businesses such as processing, feed and logistics will need further development. Rabobank projects Latin American tilapia volumes could rise to at least two million tonnes by 2025, with more than half of future production in this region expected to come from Brazil. The country is already the largest Latin American producer and is especially resource-rich. Countries such as Mexico and Colombia are also expected to strongly increase production. However, in some countries tilapia is facing competition from other species, as is the case in Ecuador. Due to high prices in the shrimp sector (due to a disease in Asia and Mexico), many Ecuadorian farmers have left the tilapia business to pursue shrimp farming, resulting in a decline of exports.

In conclusion

The tilapia industry has shown incredible growth rates. In all production regions, volumes at least doubled in the period from 2007 to 2012. Of course, biological risks are always present in any type of farming, and climate change or disease outbreaks could seriously harm the industry, setting back production volumes. Nevertheless, the characteristics of the industry provide cause for optimism. Tilapia is amongst the easiest fish to farm, and - at least to date - no global disease outbreaks have occurred. Moreover, tilapia requires a relatively low investment in the farm structure. Due to low-cost feed, it has a competitive price point in both developed and developing markets. Tilapia are resilient, they grow fast and are increasingly popular among consumers. The current leading consumer market in the US is far from saturated, and consumption in local markets is also expected to increase. While China will remain a key producer in the foreseeable future, Latin American producers like Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador and Mexico are well positioned to produce high volumes that could supply both domestic and international markets. Other Asian producers such as Thailand, Indonesia, India and Malaysia are also expected to strongly increase tilapia output in the coming decades. Although no fish-farming business is risk-free, the future for tilapia looks bright. As a source of affordable animal protein, tilapia could (continue to) feed the masses and become a key commodity in the animal protein market. What chicken has been for the poultry industry, tilapia can be for aquaculture. Low-cost feed, simple farming structures and fast growth contribute to its popularity among farmers, while its neutral taste makes it popular among consumers - characteristics that make it much like its terrestrial equivalent, the chicken. The aquatic chicken industry will continue to rise, which will bring some interesting new business opportunities for farmers, but also for companies in secondary industries such as feed and processing.

References: 1

Based on estimated whole prices at the farm level Based on per capita consumption in 2012. Source: National Marine Fisheries Service, 2014 3 According to a report by EY in 2012: Chinaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s productivity imperative, p.13 4 Presentation Grobest at Groundfish Forum 2013 5 Average exchange rate against the dollar in September for each of the two years 6 Source: Alfredo Aranda, Aquamar expo Veracruz 2014 2

January-February 2015 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 23

phytogenics

Can address aquaculture challenges? by Rui Gonçalves, Technical Manager – Aquaculture, Biomin

ver the last decade, the aquaculture industry experienced consistent growth mainly in developing countries. Global aquaculture production will clearly continue to grow mainly due to improvements in production technology and increased demand for fish and shrimp products. However, aquaculture faces several important challenges in terms of efficient use of the raw materials, health management and environmental impact.

Challenges in aquafeeds

Reliance upon scarce and costly raw materials, such as fishmeal, and the optimal use of alternative ingredients, likely constitute one of the main concerns in aquaculture. Consumer awareness about environmental sustainability also encourages producers to improve the production performance through sustainable aquaculture practices. However, the use of less costly protein sources and low-nutrient dense diets will most likely lead to lower protein digestibility, higher amino acid imbalance, higher carbohydrate and fibre content. This can lead to inefficient nutrient use, resulting in increased feed usage and consequently higher production costs. In addition, sub-optimal animal performance leads to greater susceptibility to disease and higher ammonia emissions that increase the ecological footprint. Phytogenic feed additives — consisting of herbs, spices, extracts or other plant-derived compounds — have gained considerable attention as an answer to these challenges. The active ingredients (e.g. phenols and flavonoids) can exert multiple effects in animals, including improvement of feed conversion ratio (FCR), digestibility, growth rate,

reduction of nitrogen excretion and improvement of the gut flora and health status.

Reduced dependence on fishmeal verses feed efficiency

The replacement of fishmeal by plant protein, whether for economic or sustainable reasons, can decrease feed efficiency. Plant raw materials are less digestible and negatively impact the gastrointestinal tract. The presence of undigested nitrogenous compounds in the intestine favours the formation of ammonia and biogenic amines by the intestinal microbiota. These toxic compounds cause an imbalance of the intestinal microbiota, resulting in inflammatory processes and accelerated turnover of the intestinal tissue, leading to poor performance. Phytogenics stimulate the digestive secretions, increase villi length

24 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | January-February 2015

and density and increase mucous production through an increase in the number of globlet cells. Through different strategies phytogenics can improve feed digestibility, especially for proteins and amino acids.

Make money with sustainable solutions

Beyond the clear positive effects on improving feed efficiency, nutrient sparing could be a powerful solution to limit the nitrogen discharge to the environment. Phytogenic feed additives can decrease ammonia emissions through improved protein use, hence decreasing the discharge of nitrogen. The reduction of nutrient excretion also means less available nutrients in the water for opportunistic pathogens to grow. Figure 1 displays a basic example on Figure 1: Impact of digestibility improvement on feed costs and environment.

FEATURE Figure 2: Phytogenics mode of action on aquatic species.

how digestibility can improve production. Phytogenics can be used as a tool to comply certain sustainability targets, e.g. sustainability certification, than can offer a premium price and allow exports to command higher value markets.

Meanwhile, get rid of AGPs

Low levels of antibiotics in animal feeds, known as antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs), results in antibiotic resistance and the emergence of so-called ‘superbugs.’ In recent years antibiotic growth promoters have been banned from aquaculture produc-

tion in nearly all countries. Farmers who still use AGPs have limited or no access to high value markets. Phytogenics can act as natural growth promoters improving palatability of diets, stimulating appetite, increasing feed consumption and growth performance. It also induces the transcription rate (increasing the RNA) that leads to an increase in total amino acid available and therefore enhancing the production of proteins in the cells.

Making sustainability profitable

With the current record-high raw feed prices, the pressure to optimise the use

of alternative ingredients, and consumer awareness about sustainability, it is imperative to improve the digestibility of commercial diets, to optimise feed utilisation and to reduce nitrogen discharges. Recent research confirms that phytogenic feed additives can improve feed digestibility, especially of proteins and amino acids, thus reducing feed costs and nitrogen output. Therefore, phytogenic feed additives are considered a valuable tool to secure better feed efficiency and maintain a profitable aquaculture business following sustainable guiding principles.

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January-February 2015 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 25

PHOTOSHOOT Fish and more at EuroTier 2014

ish, mussels and algae were not only the subject of discussion – they could be seen and almost touched at the Marketplace for Aquaculture in Hall 17 at the Hanover Fairgrounds, Germany. From 11 to 14 November 2014, altogether 2500 exhibitors gathered at the leading international trade fair for animal husbandry and management covering an exhibition floor space of 240 000 m² to present new and established exhibits to 156 000 visitors.

Growth in water

In Hall 17 everything revolved around life and growth in water. A DLG showcase “Growth in Water” was set up for the first time. As a blue planet, the earth is largely covered with water and this should be reason enough to demonstrate the potential of the organisms that grow in water. Mussels, shrimps and crustaceans were on show, as were African catfish (Clarias ssp), cichlids (Tilapia) and all kinds of freshwater fish. The sturgeon which was “Fish of the year 2014” in Germany naturally also played a role. Nine companies joined DLG (Deutsche Landwirtschafts-Gesellschaft – German Agricultural Society) in arranging the showcase and attracted large numbers of visitors. The fish were constantly surrounded, as was the green shimmering photo-bioreactor for producing microalgae. Biomass in combination with water cleaning, known as aquaponics, also drew crowds, and the plant-based purifying systems for water cleaning were also new topics in the Marketplace and at EuroTier.

The Marketplace for Aquaculture remained true to its concept again this year too, showing innovations presented by exhibitors, but also providing professional information in the Forum Aquaculture and impartial advice at the Aquaculture Advisory Centre. Leading outfitters for fish keeping and feed suppliers were represented, as well as specialists in wastewater treatment and net production. Above all national and international fish farm providers for closed freshwater and saltwater systems came to Hanover – from Germany, Denmark, Austria, the Netherlands, the Czech Republic, and this year also from the People’s Republic of China, the pioneers in aquaculture. Altogether the marketplace in Hall 17 played host to 40 aquaculture exhibitors.

Knowledge, trends and discussion

There was a full house at Forum Aquaculture 2014 when it was opened by Dr Birgit Schmidt-Puckhaber, DLG Project Manager for Aquaculture and the Lower Saxony Fisheries Director, Dr Olaf Prawitt, who welcomed the audience. The interest in topical, practice-driven and controversial facts and trends in fish keeping and water treatment was very high. New aquaculture candidates and production sequences were introduced and reports on practical experience gained with new farming systems were presented. At the twelve sessions fifty national and international speakers had their say and joined in discussions with the audience. The first day was devoted to Aquaculture & Cost Efficiency, Rearing and Innovations. The sessions on Aquaculture & Growth in Water, Feed, and New Ways for Practice followed on Wednesday, 12 November. Aquaculture & Law, Sturgeon – Fish of the Year 2014, and Market and International Developments were the subject of discussions on Thursday, 13 November. On Friday, 14 November, the

26 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | January-February 2015

TECHNOLOGY

SUPPLEMENT

FISH FARMING

Innovation and service to the global aquaculture sector Fusion Marine

Defining RAS safeguarding the future of the industry

SUPPLEMENT

FISH FARMING TECHNOLOGY

Defining RAS

safeguarding the future of the industry by Ivan Tankovski, Research Consultant, Pontus Aqua Ltd and Dr Jack M James, Principal Consultant, Pontus Aqua; Director, Pontus Research Ltd

ith concerns being raised about the impacts and safety of open water cage and pond farming, the spotlight has begun to fall upon more sustainable and environmentally friendly methods for raising fish. Recirculating Aquaculture Systems (RAS), provide clean, sustainable and environmentally friendly products due to their closed nature, high degree of control and detachment from the surrounding environment. In order to assist the industry to develop and create its own identity, it is necessary to properly define the technology and the production methods. This is necessary in order to ensure that the integrity of the industry and the sustainability claims of RAS are safeguarded and not undermined by systems with different environmental, economical, quality and welfare limits. Engineers and biologists have been working hard for the past 20 years, and continue to do so, in order to improve and optimise the design and operations of such systems, in turn making them more profitable and more popular as a method for large scale production of high quality fish.

What is RAS?

A RAS usually consists of different compartmentalised units where the waste water from the fish tanks is treated biologically and mechanically, allowing it to be reused and maintained within the optimum ranges for the species grown. As the name suggests, the water in such systems circulates in a loop with minimum discharge, and a RAS can be defined as such if the water exchange is limited to 15 or even 10 percent of the total volume per day. In order to achieve such low exchange rates (compared to flow through and partial exchange water systems, where the exchange rate is much higher) the water treatment systems must be correctly designed and sized so as to effectively deal with the waste produced. A system where the treatment processes, for purposes of economy, practicality or something else, are not sized to be able to fully process the waste produced, and therefore have exchange rates

of anything above 10 to 15 percent, should therefore be considered partial reuse. Secondly, the circulation of the water is crucial to the definition – while some extensive static ponds may have close to zero discharge, the water is not circulated and therefore cannot be termed as RAS. The reason for this defining and demarcation is to be able to help to protect the quality of the industry and improve confidence in the sector. Chris Clayburn, Director of the RAS design and engineering company Aqua EcoSystems says: ‘It would eliminate those systems being classified as RAS that are not and that may be "white elephants" for the rest of us who understand the difference and the distinct advantages, the complex work and considerable experience involved in developing RAS and help clients/customers/investors to discriminate and invest in viable operations’. Crucial to the effective running of any RAS are the treatment processes employed, such as mechanical filtration and biofiltration, while effective denitrification, degassing, aeration, pH control are also essential in ensuring the optimal functioning of the system and maintaining excellent fish health. Several technologies are available to remove solids originating from fish waste or uneaten feed including: drum filters, belt filters, parabolic filters, sand filters, and bead filters among others. The selection of the proper mechanical filtration system during the design phase of RAS is the first step to ensuring a system functions as planned, with the main parameters of interest being particle sizes, solids loading and water flows. The next stage in efficient water treatment is nitrification of ammonia, produced as a by-product of the animals’ metabolism. Bacteria living in the biofilter oxidise ammonia to nitrite followed by a second oxidation of nitrite to nitrate. While ammonia and nitrite are highly toxic to fish and could be lethal if allowed to build up in the water, nitrate can be tolerated in higher concentrations before welfare of the fish becomes compromised. In terms of the biofilter design, again there are many possibilities including moving bed bioreactors, trickle filters, submerged and upwelling bioreactors, and again different types of biofilter are more

002 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | Fish farming Technology

FISH FARMING TECHNOLOGY suited to different types of system and should be properly sized and designed. While nitrate has low toxicity, chronically high levels can retard the growth of the animals, reducing production potential, and is one of the main reasons for water exchange in RAS. Recently, denitrification reactors have been designed to facilitate the removal of nitrate from RAS, thus minimising water exchange or facilitating the reduction in water exchange rates. Other factors which will affect the exchange rate are dissolved gas build up, which in the case of carbon dioxide can cause low oxygen absorption even under high oxygen conditions, and nitrogen which can lead to gas bubble disease. It is therefore essential to design a suitable degassing system into a RAS to prevent these issues. In reducing the loading of very fine solids in the system, technology such as protein skimming or foam fractionation is utilised, which can assist in particle bound phosphorus removal and reduction in ammonia due to removal of organics. Finally, the use of effective systems to monitor and control parameters such as oxygen concentration, temperature, pH, water flows and levels can also prove to be key to running a successful RAS as it allows the farmer to be aware of all essential parameters at all times, and to react quickly should a problem arise. Adoption of any of the design factors mentioned will depend on a range of prevailing environmental and economic factors, such as cost/benefit of technologies, location of the operation, cultured species, water availability, local discharge regulations and environmental conditions, among others.

Why use RAS technology at all?

RAS provides a unique opportunity to grow fish practically anywhere and provides a great opportunity to expand aquaculture into areas where it might previously have been impossible, thereby getting produce physically closer to markets, reducing food miles and carbon footprints. All environmental parameters can be monitored and strictly controlled: temperature, oxygen saturation, pH, CO2 concentration, suspended solids and photoperiod, allowing the commercial production of virtually any species regardless of environmental preferences, even in geographical locations which normally would be wholly unsuitable for a certain species. For example The Fresh Shrimp Company produces tropical shrimp in England while the Abu Dhabi company Asmak produces cold water salmon in their 500,000 square metre onshore site. The main benefits of RAS farming are: • Feeding is constantly observed and can be controlled by robots so that overfeeding is easily avoided. Feed conversion in RAS is therefore much higher compared to other systems, reducing the amount of feed necessary to grow the fish to market size, thus reducing expenses and maximising profit. • Growing fish in RAS allows the farmer to maintain uniformity in his stock through size-grading and the adjustment of feeding rates. • Exposure to disease is reduced as contact with the outside environment is minimised through strict biosecurity protocols and incoming water can be sourced from known clean sources or can be treated before being introduced to the system. Additionally, many RAS designs include the use of ultraviolet light and ozone for water sterilisation. As well as ensuring high welfare standards, this reduces the use of antibiotics and other pharmaceutical products, highly undesirable in aquaculture when considering environmental impacts of such chemicals, and the perception of the consumer. • Fish are not exposed to extreme weather conditions, and any unusual behaviour can be recognised and reacted to accordingly, and any dead fish can be promptly removed. • Many concerns have been voiced over the mixing of wild populations with fish escaping from nets in sea and lakes reducing the genetic variability in nature, and this risk is removed in RAS operations. • Crucially, RAS allows the collection, treatment and potential uti-

lisation or treatment of waste products, including heat and CO2 as well as biological waste, reducing the impact of farming on the environment. For example, with proper design waste heat energy from equipment such as pumps or chillers can be harvested and used to heat other parts of the farm or other operations.

Identifying the potential pitfalls, and avoiding them

As with any novel undertaking or technology, RAS can and does come up against challenges. Chris Clayburn states that: ‘There will be some genuine RAS that fail even when operating within certain defined limits, which may be down to margins because RAS is an inherently expensive way to produce fish [which] should be mitigated by thorough feasibility study.’ Indeed research by CEFAS highlighted several cases of RAS operation failings for a variety of reasons, including poor understanding and planning, high costs, lower than expected sales values, poor design, market challenges, environmental concerns and more. Initially, building a RAS requires high capital investment and as such must be well funded through the initial stages of growth through to full production, which may be in the range of 12 to 18 months. This can be off-putting to investors, but RAS must be seen as a long- term investment, with potentially significant returns having. In addition to this, high operational costs when using traditional energy sources can be a barrier to development. However, through careful planning, proper feasibility analysis and forward thinking, incorporating renewable energy generation through solar, wind, gasification of waste or biomass generators and, in the case of exotic species in temperate climes, siting nearby sources of waste heat such as power stations can make operations significantly more viable. Even under standard energy conditions it is possible to significantly reduce energy consumption through proper design, bringing it in line with flow through systems. When considered in tandem with reduced feed conversions, limited risks of stock failure, reduced impact on local environment, the economic and environmental balance of RAS then become much more favourable. In terms of the systems themselves, it is essential that the design is fit-for-purpose for the very start, and as such each farm should be treated as a unique project, ensuring all local variables are catered for. Having a system with a poor or unsuitable design, or utilising a generic system under special circumstances, could have disastrous consequences. Furthermore, an in depth knowledge of the target market and species demand is also very important. It is not unheard of for farms to go bankrupt because of poor market research. Once operational, several factors must be considered for a system to be successful. One of them is organic matter and nutrient loading in the effluent water, particularly phosphorus and nitrogen which, if discharged, can contribute to the eutrophication of the receiving water bodies. Therefore the design must take account of this and have sufficient denitrification capabilities to ensure discharges are as clean as possible, and at least comply with local environmental guidelines. While denitrification reactors can make operations economically unfeasible, less intensive methods are becoming increasingly popular, such as stabilisation ponds and wetlands, which can also provide additional income to the farmer. In addition to nitrate removal, the removal or limitation of phosphorus discharge should also be considered such as optimising phosphorus retention in the fish, rapid removal of solids from the water preventing phosphorous leaching or dephosphonation techniques. Of course a farm will also produce significant quantities of solid waste, which would need to be dealt with. Firstly, it is important to treat this sludge and remove as much water as possible through the use of dewatering belts, flocculation tanks, or other available technologies, the resulting water entering denitrification processes outlined above. The resulting dewatered waste can then either be removed by municipal services, be used in energy generation, or can be used as fertiliser or compost; however, in this instance other regulations should be adhered to. There are also biological methods for dealing with both dissolved

Fish farming Technology | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 003

FISH FARMING TECHNOLOGY ing a balanced system with constant recycling and utilisation of by-products and developing multiple income streams. Finally, technologies such as the up flow sludge bed manure denitrification reactor (USB-MDR) which allows for the reduction of make-up water supply for nitrate control; reduction of nitrate-nitrogen discharge; reduction of energy consumption due to a low make up water supply flow and heat production by the bacteria biomass in the USBMDR, concentration of the drum filter solids flow; reduction of the size/volume of the post treatment of the sludges and increased alkalinity production and allows a pH neutral fish culture operation, can provide the farmer with the opportunity to reduce exchange rates to just 0.15 percent in some cases.

The future of RAS

RAS is a set to become a very important part of global aquaculture, just as long as the potential pitfalls are avoided from the beginning of the thought process – it can be considered the ‘clean and green future of aquaculture’. In improving the efficiency and reducing the impact of RAS, research continues to seek to optimise feeds to reduce waste production and produce faeces with high water stability and optimal particle sizes, facilitating the cleaning process. Additionally, new technologies are being developed to optimise the nitrogen removal from the systems. One of them, ANNAMOX – a trademark for an anaerobic ammonium oxidation process owned by Paques - allows the direct conversion of total ammonia nitrogen into nitrogen gas under anaerobic conditions, helping to achieve 99 percent recycling in sea water systems. Moreover, as highlighted previously, energy reuse, optimising and developing energy saving equipment and using alternative energy sources are also helping in developing RAS into more sustainable and environmental friendly practice, governed by standards of best practice as well as economical drivers. The state of the art as it stands, coupled with the improvements which are happening and will occur, will undoubtedly see RAS, with its defining 10 percent or less water exchange and circulated water, develop considerably in the coming years.

"With concerns being raised about the impacts and safety of open water cage and pond farming, the spotlight has begun to fall upon more sustainable and environmentally friendly methods for raising fish" and solid waste, where the waste of one species is used as an input for another. For instance, aquaponics, itself in its commercial infancy, utilises dissolved waste products for growing plant crops, while Integrated MultiTrophic Aquaculture (IMTA) can utilise dissolved wastes in growing algae, while solids can be utilised by detritivores or filter feeders, creat-

www.pontusresearch.com www.pontusaqua.com References available on request

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004 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | Fish farming Technology

FISH FARMING TECHNOLOGY

I N C O R P O R AT I N G F I S H FA R M I N G T E C H N O L O G Y

– a source of key molecules in aquaculture feeds

Fine particle filtration in aquaculture

– in compound feeds for aquaculture

Prevalence of mycotoxins in aquafeed ingredients:

Understanding ammonia in aquaculture ponds

– an update

New functional fish feeds to reduce cardiovascular disease

EXPERT TOPIC – Salmon

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Profitable aquafeed moisture control

– in European aquafeeds

– one of the key B vitamins for sustaining healthy fish growth and production

EXPERT TOPIC

Ultraviolet water disinfection for fish farms and hatcheries

J U LY | A U G U S T

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24/07/2013 14:33

Chicken viscera for fish feed formulation

Nutritional benefits of processed animal proteins

Niacin

– as growth promoter for adult Nile tilapia

– channel catfish

N OV E M B E R | D E C E M B E R

I N C O R P O R AT I N G F I S H FA R M I N G T E C H N O L O G Y

Transforming aquaculture production using oxygenation systems

Controlling mycotoxins with binders

Effect of probiotic, Hydroyeast Aquaculture

AquaNor event review

– a tool for improved feed delivery in sea cages

I N C O R P O R AT I N G F I S H FA R M I N G T E C H N O L O G Y

They are what they eat Enhancing the nutritional value of live feeds with microalgae

The potential of microalgae meals

Pellet distribution modelling:

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I N C O R P O R AT I N G F I S H FA R M I N G T E C H N O L O G Y

Maintaining ingredient quality in extruded feeds

Animal co-product hydrolysates:

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Spray-dried plasma

Bioenergetics – application in aquaculture nutrition

– from porcine blood in diets for Atlantic salmon parrs

Towards aquafeeds with increased food security

The shrimp feed industry in China – an overview

MARCH | APRIL

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Fish farming Technology | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 005

FISH FARMING TECHNOLOGY

Fusion Marine

Innovation and service to the global aquaculture sector

usion Marine Ltd is a leading supplier of equipment for the aquaculture sector, with a particular focus on robust and versatile fish farm pens manufactured from tough polyethylene and available in a variety of different formats and specifications. The company’s range of fish farm pens have been successfully installed in some of the harshest marine environments in the world and are suitable for a wide range of species including salmon, bream, bass, tuna, trout and many others.

friendly solution by using the material from old pens to manufacture new systems incorporating the latest designs and technologies. Fusion Marine is continually investing in new technology to ensure it stays ahead of the field. Their expertise in plastics technology has enabled the diversification of its product and service range to include pontoons and support expertise for hatchery installations and upgrades.

With almost 25 years’ experience within the aquaculture sector, Fusion Marine has forged strong relationships with customers based on a reputation for service and support, combined with excellent product quality. For example, the company works closely with customers to ‘future-proof’ their fish farm operations by providing new equipment and upgrading existing infrastructure. This upgrade and refurbishment work is proving particular popular among aquaculture companies and provides an environmentally

Fusion Marine circular fish pens are renowned around the work for their toughness, versatility and overall excellence of design. Manufactured from tough polyethylene (PE), cutting-edge technology is used in their manufacture to ensure the highest quality and most modern equipment. Available in two or three-ring formats, innovative Electrofusion and butt-fusion jointing techniques are utilised in the manufacturing processes to ensure optimum strength and integrity.

Fish pen overview

006 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | Fish farming Technology

FISH FARMING TECHNOLOGY

Recently, Fusion Marine teamed up with PE jointing specialist ControlPoint to utilise its suite of technologies, enabling Fusion engineers to be supported by two new advanced information and inspection systems. The adoption of these advanced technologies is an integral part of Fusion Marineâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s commitment to deliver the best possible customer service by continually innovating and enhancing its manufacture and installation standards.

Aquaflex pens

The proven and highly successful Aquaflex aquaculture system covers fish farming pen sizes from 35-80m circumference and utilises 250mm diameter flotation pipes. Incredibly robust and featuring a modular design, Aquaflex fish farm pens have been engineered to give fish farmers peace of mind so they can concentrate on rearing quality farmed fish. Aquaflex is the ideal fish farming system for inshore sea farms, fresh water fish farms, pilot fish farms and for rearing juvenile fish stock.

Oceanflex pens

Oceanflex is the fish farm pen of choice for aquaculture companies operating over a wide variety of marine sites. These heavy duty, all polyethylene fish farm pens are built on the security and safety of Fusion Marineâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s proven three ring flotation fish farm system. The Oceanflex aquaculture system is used around the world for a large range of marine species. This versatile system features 315mm diameter flotation pipes for pen sizes ranging from 60-150m.

Triton pens

The Triton 400 and 450 fish pens have been developed to meet the demanding conditions found in open sea fish farming sites. With the future trend of fish farming moving further offshore, these incredibly strong large diameter aquaculture pens provide the perfect solution. Triton is the fish farm pen of the future, with its incredible strength

Fish farming Technology | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 007

FISH FARMING TECHNOLOGY

ment, coupled with their strong track record in the aquaculture market enables the highest level of support for hatchery operations. The fabrication, supply and bespoke installation of pipes, manifolds, valves, PE sheets and other specialised parts can be utilised in both small and large-scale hatcheries. As well as supplying a full turnkey package from design and installation to after sales service, the company also carry out repairs and alterations to existing systems. This expertise can be applied to other operations that utilise pipe-work and associated fittings such as shellfish depuration units.

Pontoons

combined with large diameter making it ideal for exposed offshore locations. The extra -large three-ring Triton 450 cage has already proved extremely successful for the offshore farming of tuna and salmon. The new Triton 400 version has been developed to provide an alternative specification that can be used in either three or two ring formats. The excellent buoyancy and strength of the Triton range provides a safe and stable working platform aided by heavy gauge handrails. All Triton cages feature anti-slip safety decking, with the handrails and all other fittings constructed from tough and corrosion resistant PE.

Square pens

Ideal for freshwater and estuarine locations, these pens are excellent for small-scale production and the rearing of juveniles. Widely used around the world, they are manufactured to individual customer specifications.

Hatcheries

Fusion Marineâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s expertise with plastic piping and associated equip-

Fusion Marine pontoons provide convenient and cost effective access for a variety of waterside locations, including remote coastal areas. Constructed from tough polyethylene and recycled plastic, the flexible nature of these custom-sized pontoons enables them to be sited on shelving beaches and other similar areas. As the tide or water level fluctuates, the pontoon follows the contours of the foreshore, providing the perfect answer for individuals, businesses and other organisations looking to gain easy access to the sea or other waterbody. These low maintenance pontoons are ideal for the landing and mooring of small and medium sized vessels. There is the option to increase the available berthing space by utilising a hammerhead arrangement at the end. All pontoons are specifically designed in close consultation with the customer to ensure they meet their specific site and size requirements. For specific aquaculture applications, pontoons are manufactured as landing and service platforms for fish farms, for example as a central pontoon with fish pens arranged on either side. Fish transfer pontoons are also designed and manufactured, enabling wellboats to pump fish ashore, or take fish onboard. www.fusionmarine.com

008 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | Fish farming Technology

Forum addressed Technology & Systems and Aquaculture & Products, as well as the changeover of organic operations. The summaries of the entire Forum are being combined in written form and can be ordered as a pdf file by email.

Party-power and new partners

No Forum without a stand party remained the maxim this year too. Both exhibitors and visitors celebrated in high spirits, enjoying delicious fish dishes, beer and wine following a long exhibition day. The Fish Party was opened by Dr Bernhardt Feneis - the President of the Association of German Inland Fisheries and Aquaculture (VdBA). He is also Vice President of FEAP, the Federation of European Aquaculture Producers. A meeting between international fish breeders and fish traders was organised for the first time in 2012 and at the special request of the participants this was repeated in 2014 (2nd International Fish Discussion). They had lots to say to each other and the international “Fishtalk” lived up to its name, helping many producers to find new customers. For instance there were lively discussions between Turkish and Danish trout producers about prices and import duties. Traders debated the sense and nonsense of certificates, from Biolabel to Global Gap. Eric Bink, Chairman of the new Dutch Aquaculture Experts association, opened the International Fish Discussion. The established maxim of the Fish Talk was a brief opening address, lots of discussions, getting to know each other quickly and building up fruitful contacts in a relaxed setting with food and drink – a kind of “fisheries speed dating“. Aquaculture at EuroTier is a get-together for the industry that is increasingly attracting international interest. Although the aquaculture sector will not fill halls at the leading trade fair for animal husbandry and management, “Growth in Water” makes EuroTier a whole lot more colourful and interesting.

AQUACULTURE & STURGEON (FISH OF THE YEAR 2014)

January-February 2015 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 27

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KSE Process Technology (Bladel, the Netherlands) serves a global customer base in the animal feed, premix, mineral, dry petfood and other industries where powders, granules and pellets products are processed. The company is built on three pillars: equipment (ALFRA); software (PROMAS); and services. We understand your business KSEâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s services include consultancy, design, engineering, project management, service and maintenance. Whether you need a new installation or an upgrade, we strive to optimize performance and quality, increase productivity, reduce costs and extend the economic life. Robust, fast and accurate equipment ALFRA Dosing & Weighing Technology is a leading manufacturer of robust, fast and accurate dosing and weighing equipment. From the intake to outloading, there are ALFRA solutions for all capacities and accuracies, including fixed and moveable weighers, ingredient dosing systems, dosing slide, mixers and transport systems.

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ALFRA Dosing & Weighing Technology

Eliminate hand-tipping with ALFRA’s Flexible Component Dosing solutions Hand tipping of animal feed components is labour intensive and subject to human error. It is also complex to automate because of the need to accurately weigh quantities ranging from a few grams to tens of kilograms. In addition, a wide range of components have to be stored in bags or big bags close to the manual weighing station. Fortunately ALFRA has three proven solutions that enable the complete automation of hand tipping on one compact form factor that often fits in the currently available space. Manual dosing of additives in the form of powders and granulates involves hand weighing a range of different ingredients in widely varying quantities. Although this can be partially integrated into a process automation system using barcodes for batch- and ingredient identification, it remains susceptible to error. The answer lies with the ALFRA Flexible Component Dosing systems that not only eliminate hand tipping but also reduce the risk of contamination, guarantee accurate dosing and provide reliable traceability data. They also contribute to a safer working environment because operators are not exposed to toxic or unpleasant ingredients. Setting the standard with the FCD Accommodating 4 to 48 different ingredients in rigid silos or ALFRA’s unique flexible silos, the original Flexible Component Dosing solution uses a ‘weigher-in-weigher’ system for extremely accurate dosing of amounts ranging from roughly 10 g to 100 kg. Working in combination with an ALFRA dosing slide for each silo and the ALFRA dose&weigh control system, this automated solution is ideal for factories that have sufficient height and space to house the silos. Weigher-in-weigher system The weigher-in-weigher system achieves such a high degree of accuracy over a wide dosing range by combining two weighing scales in one hopper. Large quantities are dosed directly into a 100 kg weigher, while smaller quantities are initially dosed into a 5 kg weigher before being emptied into

the hopper. The combined weighing system is mounted on a movable frame (with X- or X/Y-axis movement) that precisely locates it under each dosing position and above the discharge position to eliminate traditional horizontal transportation. To simplify cleaning, the FCD has an additional cleaning position that provides easy access to the hoppers of the combined weighing system. Introducing the compact FCD-C The all-new FCD-C is a compact execution of the FCD that has been specially developed for applications where floorspace is limited yet the accuracy and flexibility of the weigher-inweigher system are still required. It saves precious space by replacing the cleaning position with fold-out access to the weighing system and hopper. The FCD-C is also available with fewer silo positions than the FCD, and thanks to a re-designed hopper that works in combination with a simplified movable frame for the weighing station (pneumatically driven with X-axis movement only), it is an attractively priced solution. Dosing directly from containers Both the FCD and FCD-C solutions require sufficient height to be available in the factory to accommodate silos.For applications where this headroom is not available, ALFRA has developed a unique system that doses directly from interchangeable containers. Called the FCCD (Flexible Container Component Dosing system), this configuration greatly increases operational flexibility and simplifies switching between recipes. The accurate weigher-in-weigher system is also used on the FCCD. The versatility of Dosingtainers Ingredients are first discharged from bags or big bags into the interchangeable containers (called ‘Dosingtainers’), which are either positioned on the FCCD or stored until needed. Every Dosingtainer has a unique ID and is recognizable both visually and via RFid for the control system. Like a silo, data such as content, possible residue, parameters and track-and-trace information are stored in

30 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | January-February 2015

SPONSORED FEATURE

ALFRA-FCD

Manual addition stations in animal feed, petfood and premix production present specific challenges for process automation. To meet these challenges in existing as well as new production plants, ALFRA Dosing & Weighing Technology offers three Flexible Component Dosing solutions: the original FCD silo-based installation; the innovative container-based FCCD; and the compact new FCD-C silo-based version that offers cost benefits where floor space is limited.

ALFRA-FCCD

the computer and always available. Dosingtainers are easily swapped using a fork-lift truck or overhead hoist and the unused product remains in the Dosingtainer. This rapid interchangeability in combination with the possibility to clean, fill and store wherever it is most convenient reduces the risk of contamination. It also means that materials are not left for too long in silos. The containers are made of durable, flexible material and can be equipped with special activators to prevent non-free flowing products staying in the container. Automated, fast, safe and contamination-free All ALFRA Flexible Component Dosing systems meet todayâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s requirements for accurate, fast and safe dosing with minimal labour costs and a reduced risk of contamination. They make more efficient use of available floor space and the FCCD also fits in factories with a lower roof. To find out more, contact KSE at the address on the back page or visit www.kse.nl. ALFRA-FCD-C

January-February 2015 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 31

FEATURE

AUSTRALIA a complex aquaculture industry From ‘boom or bust’ for key species groups of shrimp, salmon and tilapia!

ustralian aquaculture is in many ways at the crossroads. It clearly has potential but regrettably there are many things holding it back. Much of Australia has been based on the ‘boom or bust’ process and aquaculture is very much in that zone.

Setting the scene

First, we have to understand and accept that Australia is seafood deficient and already relies on imported seafood for around 75 percent of all seafood consumed. This has long been the case despite Australia having the world’s third largest Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) at around 10 million square kilometers. When you compare that with the size of the Australian mainland States and Territories, which is 7.69 million square kilometers, you can appreciate the size.

Australia is surrounded by both tropical and by temperate seas, but these waters are not particularly bountiful as far as wild fish are concerned and there are many scientific and geographic explanations for this. However, we must ask the question “has Australia really made the best uses of its water resources or have they been, so far, wasted by not embracing aquaculture, the world’s fastest growing primary industry?”

Reports that point to optimism

A Report was done on Imported Seafood by the Fisheries Research & Development Corporation (FRDC) and detailed analysis of fisheries statistics, various reports and trade information from around Australia, revealed that: • The 193,000 tonnes of seafood imported in financial year 2008/09, some 250 species/ products from aquaculture and

32 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | January-February 2015

wild-catch fisheries, had a landed cost of Aus$1.3 billion and an estimated final sales value of Aus$4.5 billion • The business activities transacted in importing this seafood, from the landing port to the consumer’s plate added Aus$3.2 billion (4.5 minus 1.3 billion) to the Australian economy • Almost all the imported seafood was used for seafood consumption through the retail and the food service sectors • This quantity provided 72 percent of the fish and shellfish flesh consumed in Australia and underpinned more than two-thirds of Australia’s employment in the seafood post-harvest sector • Canned fish, frozen fillets, frozen whole and processed prawns and frozen squid products were the major imported items Just taking some very rough calculations

FEATURE

you will see Australia’s issue. Consider the dietary recommendations for Australians by the National Health & Medical Research Council (NHMRC) and do a quick computation and you will see that the amount of seafood required would need to be in the region of 750,000 tonnes of whole fish/seafood. If you then consider Australia’s current harvest (both wild-catch and aquaculture) is regularly in the 200-240,000 tonnes you will see the need for imported product. This situation is not expected to improve in the foreseeable future. A few months ago, Rabobank gave a view that the strong thematic drivers, both local and global, are critical to the current growth in the industry advising that these will continue to support further growth in the medium to long term. They went on to give the view that the rate of growth and outlook varies significantly

across sectors, depending on the exposure to the key growth drivers and suggested that in order for Australian seafood sectors to grow and remain competitive, it is important that strategies are developed to the address the following: • Ability to sustainably increase production

• Technological and aquaculture improvements • Market concentration, with high barriers to entry • Brand development and reputation • Improving market access • Opportunities and challenges with meeting Asian demand growth

Evolution of the Middle Class – Millions % (OECD 2010) 2009

2020

2030

North America

338 (18%)

333 (9%)

322 (7%)

Europe

664 (36%)

703 (22%)

680 (14%)

Latin America

181 (10%)

251 (8%)

313 (6%)

Asian & Pacific

525 (28%)

740 (54%)

3228 (66%)

Sub-Saharan Africa

32 (2%)

57 (2%)

107 (2%)

Middle E & N Africa World Total

105 (6%) 1845 (100%)

January-February 2015 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 33

165 (5%) 3249 (100%)

234 (5%) 4484 (100%)

FEATURE • Supply chain partnerships • A competitive value proposition relative to alternate proteins Rabobank concluded that the overall the outlook remains very optimistic across most key Australian sectors. However, there will be challenges, particularly with regard to managing environmental and sustainability issues, biosecurity as well as trade flows.

Import reliance creates its own issues

There is more to this as there are added issues to being import reliant, these include price variances due to market forces and exchange rates. Trained staff are not that easy to come by and what is an enigma is that whilst Australia has an excellent Seafood Training Package it is used sparingly. The aquaculture industry in Tasmania has definitely made the most of this but other states are lacking a training focus. Clearly if you are not training your staff there will be consequences down the track. Most countries in Asia that Australia relies on for seafood are not only large consumers of seafood themselves but are also expecting massive increases in their middle classes. It is understood that as people move to middle class status their food consumption patterns change and they eat more protein, especially proteins which they already enjoy, e.g. seafood. This increase in middle classes is actually a potential double hit for seafood consumers in Australia. As demand rises in those countries they will not only seek to eat more of their own production but will also be keen to import ‘special’ niche products – exactly the area where Australian production could fit. The aim of Australian seafood harvesters and processors generally is always at export markets rather than domestic markets, it has been part of the country’s psyche for generations. This further acerbates the supply position and whilst you would think with the abundance of resources, technology, science and education that Australia has, we would see the country wallowing in opportunities. Alas, Australia seems to be paralysed and has been that way for some time. Politicians rarely understand the dynamic of seafood and regrettably politics has played a large role in Australia’s current position.

Some say that Australia has not moved into the new dynamic of aquaculture as well as it should have, especially in the governance arena.

No cohesive plan for shrimp, salmon or tilapia

There is no ‘one plan’ for Aquaculture and with nothing happening in Commonwealth waters it is the States/Territories that rule the roost. Governance is complicated and tied up in red and green tape. There are no two states with the same legislation/regulations. In most states/territories fishing, a hunter-gather approach to harvest-

with production stable at approximately 20,000 tonnes. When compared to the global supply of over six million tonnes, which is produced in approximately equal amounts by wild-catch and aquaculture, Australia is a minor producer, but this could potentially change in the future. Whether a pipe dream or reality there is currently a project by Australia’s largest prawn farmer Seafarms Group Limited (itself a recently-acquired subsidiary of ASX-listed Commodities Group Limited), to create the world’s largest prawn farm. Based in the remote north of Western Australia and aiming to create a 10,000ha Black Tiger Prawn, P. monodon farm. Whilst it is still early days and many uncertainties remain, if this farm was developed it could become one of Australia’s largest aquaculture sectors, potentially even surpassing salmon aquaculture in value terms. It would also place Australia among the top 10 largest global prawn producers and also making it one of the leading exporters.

Natural biosecurity a key advantage

ing, is still locked with aquaculture, and that would seem to confuse and obstruct opportunities. When you hear stories of no new aquaculture licenses issued in a state for over a decade when the rest of world is embracing aquaculture it sends out bad messages to the industry and potential investors. Australia does have excellent science, research and education. This is highlighted by CSIRO Australia, who, after 10 years of research, have perfected the Novacq™ prawn feed additive. Farmed prawns fed with Novacq grow on average 30 percent faster, are healthier and can be produced with no fish products in their diet, a world-first achievement in sustainability. Having this advantage is a major plus in the market but alas the volumes that are produced in Australia are negligible. The quantity of farmed prawns produced in Australia is only around 4500 tonnes whereas in Indonesia and many other similar countries they are producing over 300,000 tonnes – the quantities all over Asia certainly dwarf Australia’s activities. At the moment for prawn Australia relies more on wild-catch product (and imports),

34 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | January-February 2015

Experts say from a land and feed availability perspective and given the suitable climate in this region, the farm should be feasible. The high level of biosecurity in Australia would be a great advantage, especially as the global prawn sector has been through some crises with the outbreak of Early Morality Syndrome, which decimated key production regions such as China and Thailand and pushed global prices to new highs. Talking of biosecurity. It is important to note that imported prawns in Australia are only allowed if they are approved through Biosecurity Australia. Biosecurity Australia completed the final import risk analysis (IRA) report and strict policy recommendations for the importation of prawns and prawn products from all countries have been in place for over five years. The final IRA report recommended risk management for white spot syndrome virus (WSSV), yellowhead virus (YHV), Taura syndrome virus (TSV) and NHPB (in the case of unfrozen product) to meet Australia’s appropriate level of quarantine protection. The IRA recommends that imported prawns be sourced from a country or zone that is recognised by Australia to be free of WSSV, YHV, TSV and NHPB (the last disease agent, for unfrozen product only); or have the head and shell removed (except for the last shell segment and tail fans) and, if not from

FEATURE a disease free source, have each batch tested on arrival with negative results for WSSV, and YHV; or be ‘highly processed’, that is head and shell-off (except for the last shell segment and tail fans), and coated for human consumption by being breaded or battered, marinated in a wet or dry marinade, marinated and placed on skewers or processed into dumpling, spring roll, samosa, roll, ball or dim sum-type product; or be cooked to a standard where all protein is coagulated and no uncooked meat remains. Of course biosecurity is important but tens of thousands of tonnes of imported green prawns have been imported to Australia over the past 50 years - without any major issue. Strangely with such rules no one seems to take in the costs to consumers,

Salmon - the one bright light

Australia’s bright light in aquaculture is in Atlantic Salmon, clearly not an indigenous fish, but one which has now cemented itself strongly in Tasmania. The volume is heading

towards 60,000 tonnes (Australia’s largest single species harvest) with the majority of the product aimed at the domestic market and with strong environmental credentials being obtained and continually chased. It is clearly an industry sector which stands out above most others in Australia. When you consider that the harvest started in 1986/87 with a harvest of 53 tonnes you can appreciate the growth.

The Huon Valley Trade Training Centre (HVTTC) at Huonville, Tasmania This is one of four TTC's in Tasmania - there is something similar in South Australia but nowhere else in Australia. All states treat education differently. Steve Harrison (pictured), is Education Programs Leader at HVTTC, and will soon take up his appointment as chairman of the AwF Global Schools/Students Network. HVTTC enables school kids to get Certificate l & ll in the National Seafood Training Package - which connects them with industry. Industry now engages and enable kids to have time in the businesses through their schooling. It's a great initiative, but its only a small pocket ...

Tassal Limited is the largest producer of salmon in Tasmania, with almost eight million Atlantic salmon growing in cages that can each hold up to 40,000 fish. Head of sustainability for Tassal, Linda Sams has been reported as saying “The Company needs to expand to keep up with demand. By 2030 we talk about doubling our production, but there's a number of ways we'll do that. “We'll do that through actually growing more fish, but we'll actually do that as well by growing fish more efficiently." But Tassal and the other major Tasmanian Salmon farms of Huon Aquaculture and Petuna, who would jointly be close to being Tasmania’s largest employers, are continually fought on expansion by two groups. Yes, you would expect in Tasmania, where the Green lobby gets most of its strength in Australia, that the environmentalists would be heavy objectors but it is also quite fascinating that another seafood group, the rival abalone industry, are also wanting the expansion stopped. Both accuse salmon farms of polluting Tasmania's waterways and killing off marine life. In Victoria, Pacific Oysters are considered noxious pests and are not allowed yet South Australia, Tasmania and NSW have created viable businesses. Talking of noxious pests Australia has spent millions of dollars trying to find the ‘silver bullet’ for European Carp and Tilapia (the two largest aquaculture species in the world) as against using the research and technical knowhow on how to grow such species and satisfy market demand for cheaper fresh fish. Yet Atlantic Salmon and fish like Rainbow Trout are allowed and even grown by Government hatcheries. We have not broached the money spent on species like Tuna, Murray Cod and Silver Perch or the Seafood CRC, so you can see Australia is a confusing mix. Until there is some political leadership and a national plan which includes engagement with all States/ Territories creating a more investor-friendly environment, then it should expect the boom or bust era to continue and for the reliance on imports to get stronger.

January-February 2015 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 35

Photo from the International Aquafeed photo competition - photographer: ©Mati Nitibhon

EXPERT T●PIC

EXPERT TOPIC

SHRIMP Welcome to Expert Topic. Each issue will take an in-depth look at a particular species and how its feed is managed.

36 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | January-February 2015

EXPERT T●PIC

2 1

The evolution of modern shrimp farming by Malachi Stone, International Aquafeed

lthough marine shrimp farming has been practised in many Asian countries for at least a hundred years, it is only in the past decade or so that it has really become an economically important industry. In the past, shrimp were viewed only as a secondary crop. Generally, fry were accidentally washed by the tide into coastal paddy fields and brackish fishponds. Trapped there, they were simply allowed to grow to a decent size then captured and sold. The supply of fry would depend entirely on fluctuations in the wild population. No efforts were made to control predators or competitors for food and space, and there was no artificial feeding system. The young shrimp were thus left to fend entirely for themselves. Even the water they were living in was usually too shallow to protect them adequately from freak changes in weather conditions. For all these reasons the yields were somewhat haphazard. Even in a good year, a farmer could only expect to harvest between 100 and 300kg per hectare. Then the market changed. Farmers realised that the shrimp in their paddy fields were beginning to sell for more than the rice

itself. So they simply converted their fields and fishponds into shrimp farms. Where used, modern shrimp farming techniques have addressed many of the failings of the traditional system. Wherever possible, the farmer has taken active control of the situation rather than leaving it to chance. There is a greater density of shrimp in the pools, because more seawater – and thus, more fry - has been pumped in. The pools have been dug deeper, providing a more constant microclimate: the more water over the shrimps’ heads, the greater the protection from environmental fluctuations. One problem remains, however.

Expansion of the industry is still constrained by an inconsistent supply of fry, which still depends on captures from wild stocks. So far only one species of shrimp, Penaeus chinensis, is able to complete its entire breeding cycle in captivity. Shrimp in culture start out feeding on the algae and aquatic plants that occur naturally in their pools. However, as they get larger a supplement is usually needed. Like lobsters, they are often fed on trash fish, often mixed with rice bran. Other feeds vary from: crushed snails, mussel and clam meat, household leftovers and even large pieces of cowhide suspended in the water for them to feed on.

January-February 2015 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 37

EXPERT T●PIC

by Tilman Wilke, Susanne Kirwan (Dr. Eckel GmbH, Niederzissen, Germany), and Niti Chuchird, Hataitip Niyamosatha (Aquaculture Business Research Center, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand)

r Eckel, a leading supplier for research-based functional feed additives is about to launch its Shrimp product line in Thailand and South-East Asia in 2015. New research results from Thailand corroborate the strength of these future standards in plant-based health promoters. Early Mortality Syndrome (EMS) is still a big problem in shrimp production in South-East Asia as well as in Latin America. EMS experts know that classical approaches like antibiotics and chemical disinfection are no solution: “Disinfectants are only good for a couple of minutes, so they are not the answer. Antibiotics are not the answer, either. The vibrios are there, and we have to keep them in check with balanced systems,” says Scott Horton. Centrepieces of such balanced systems are farms with strictly managed biosecurity and well-considered genetic resources and breeding practices. Another task is to strengthen the natural defence mechanism of the animals in order to cope with any kind of disease pressure. Functional feed additives are one way to fulfill this task.

Demand for natural solutions

For several years customers and retailers in Europe have become more and more sensitive to the abundance of antibiotic drugs usage in animal production systems. Consumers and policymakers oppose unjustified use of antibiotic drugs either from an individual health perspective or from a global sustainability perspective. Shrimp farming enterprises who want to keep pace with that development have to change their practices and have to look for alternative ways to cope with disease pressure in intensive shrimp farming systems.

R&D efforts come to fruition

Dr Eckel was one of the first European feed additive producers who expanded its business to aquaculture and aquafeed industries. The success stories in livestock feed was encouragement to transfer the natural nutraceutical concepts to aquafeed applications. Hence, the target was to develop a functional feed additive that has positive effects on growth and immune defence of Pacific White Shrimp. After two years of research and development Dr Eckel is proud to reap the fruits of its labours. In 2014, the Dr Eckel research partners of the Aquaculture Business Research Centre at Kasetsart University in Bangkok reported a breakthrough. The tested phytogenic feed additives proved to have positive effects on growth, survival and immune response of shrimp. In a series of tank trial experiments at Kasetsart University the effects of dietary supplementation of phytogenic feed additives was

evaluated at different inclusion rates (400 ppm and 800 ppm) on growth, survival, intestinal bacteria, immune responses and tolerance to Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection in Pacific White Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). Postlarvae 12 (PL12) were kept in 500-litre tanks with seawater of 20-25 ppt salinity and controlled water temperature of 29+ 1°C. PL12 were stocked at a density of 50 PL per tank (100 PL/m2). In the growth experiment shrimp were fed for 60 days, the challenge experiment lasted 30 days, with Vibrio being added before stocking and at day 14 of the experiment. Each feeding group was carried out with four replicates.

Increased body weight gain

The Dr Eckel feed additive enhanced the growth rate of shrimp in laboratory condition in a dose-dependent manner. After 60 days of dietary administration, shrimp with 800 ppm inclusion rate showed the highest average body weight of 3.48 ± 0.18 g, followed by the 400 ppm group with 3.42 ± 0.22 g. Shrimp from the control group showed the lowest average body weight of 2.64 ± 0.43 g. These differences were statistically different at a p-level of five percent. The researchers presume that the feed additive improved digestibility of nutrients leading to higher feed efficiency and faster body weight gain. This hypothesis is underpinned by the improved feed conversion ratio observed in the treatment groups.

Better survival rates after Vibrio challenge

Survival rates did not differ between groups in the growth experiments. However, in the challenge experiment shrimp from the group fed with Dr Eckel feed additives at 800 ppm and at 400 ppm had significantly higher survival rates (78 percent and 67 percent respectively) compared to shrimp in the control group (64 percent) when challenged with a virulent strain of Vibrio parahaemolyticus.

Researchers marvel at immunological effects

During the experiments, special emphasis was put on immunologi-

Figure 1: Protective feed additives are a building block of healthy shrimp farming

38 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | January-February 2015

EXPERT T●PIC

LEIBER® BETA-S EXCELLENT FOR FISH

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With the new shrimp-adapted versions of his natural phytogenic feed additives Dr Eckel delivers powerful tools that assure high production and low mortality in intensive shrimp production. The proven effects on growth, survival rate and immune response will make them building blocks of a sustainable and balanced shrimp farming system. Feed mills’ purchasers will be glad to hear that these feed additives from Dr Eckel are heat-stable and can be ground or even pulverised, what makes them suitable for extrusion and micro diet formulation. And they work in low concentrations – leaving enough space for nutritional ingredients.

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Implications for shrimp farmers and shrimp feed producers

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Although the biological effects are proven with scientific methods, the molecular pathway of these effects is still under investigation. The active ingredients in the feed additives are plant substances and plant extracts that feature highest levels of flavonoids and polyphenols. These substances are highly potent nutraceuticals that act as antioxidant, free radical scavenger, anti-inflammatory agent and immune system modulators.

REAL BREWERS‘Viking Pro YEAST in G e r m a n y• M

Modes of action under investigation

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cal effects as one of the target mechanism of the novel feed additive. The tested feed additive improved shrimp immune response, which led to higher survival rates in the challenge experiment. In the course of their immunological studies the researchers measured the ratio of hemocytes cells that do phagocytosis to the total number of hemocytes. Phagocytosis is the central and terminal mechanism of the BTR immune system to seek and destroy pathogenic bacteria or infected Bierhefe Mannan® Bierhefe® W60 cells. The share of hemocytes that perform phagocytosis was significantly larger in the treatment group (23 percent) than in the control group (17 percent). Additionally shrimp in the treatment group had twice as much hemocytes compared to shrimp of the control group (4.4 x 106 versus 1.9 x 106 cells / ml). When the researchers examined the hepatopancreas of the challenged animals they discovered a spectacular histopathological pattern: Shrimp from the treatment group had less cell necrosis in the hepatopancreas compared to other groups (Figure 2). That means that the phytogenic feed additive from Dr. Eckel took a cell-protective effect in the hepatopancreas of shrimp.

Figure 2: Histology of the hepatopancreas of control shrimps showing 30 percent cell necrosis (left) compared to the hepatopancreas of shrimp of group fed 400ppm of Dr. Eckel phytogenic feed additive showing 5 percent cell necrosis (right). Magnification 500x, Hematoxylin and eosin stain. (Copyright: Niti Churchid, Kasetsart University)

For strong, immunocompetent fish: Improvement of the cellular & humoral defence mechanisms Support of immunological competence in larval and juvenile stages Improvement of feed conversion

VIV ASIA 11–13 Mar 2015, Bangkok, Thailand Meet us: Welcome Hall, Stand A005

Leiber GmbH Hafenstraße 24 49565 Bramsche Germany Tel. +49 (0)5461 9303-0 Fax +49 (0)5461 9303-29 www.leibergmbh.de info@leibergmbh.de

January-February 2015 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 39

2 EXPERT T●PIC

by Jean Peignon, aqua technical service, Olmix, Vietnam

ith unique expertise in the use of clay and algae, Olmix has developed a new product aimed at the improvement of shrimp performance through increased digestive enzyme activity and better digestive balance vital in preventing Vibrio. The solution lies in improving gut health.

bacteria. Another way to prevent Vibrio disease is improved gut health. The gut is one of the most important conduits used by Vibrio to infect shrimp. It is possible to favour the natural defences of the gut by preserving its natural balance to avoid Vibrio development and toxicity. While there is scientific evidence showing the benefits of clays in the prevention or treatment of digestive problems and in the protection of the gut mucosa, much less is known about their capacity to improve feed efficiency. Yet the improvement of the digestibility of feed is an integral property of clays. The mechanisms involved are thought to be multiple (Reichardt, 2008). The dominant hypothesis described in the literature is that clays slow down the transit of feed in the intestine, so the time for digestion is

Though Vibrio bacteria are part of the natural flora and culture environment of shrimp, Vibriosis can occur in a context of imbalanced environment and may cause total mortality of the reared shrimp. During the last two decades, mass mortality incidents in growout ponds and hatcheries due to Vibrio were widely reported. Among the different Vibrio species, Vibrio harveyi is considered one of the most important shrimp pathogens. With very good management practices, it is possible to limit the Vibrio problem. In order to have complete protection against the pathogen, it is important to find ways to prevent shrimp being contaminated by Vibrio. Antibiotics and chemotherapy are often used to manage disease outbreaks. However, these methods have limits, such as environmental hazards or the spread of antibiotic-resistant

Shrimp farming started to develop in the 1970s. In 2012, world shrimp production was over 4 million tonnes and more than 50 percent of the shrimp eaten in the world today comes from aquaculture. South East Asia and China represent the largest and the most productive shrimp production areas, accounting for 80 percent of world production. Although shrimp production has boomed over the last few decades, farmers have to Growth performance face a variety of issues to ensure their production. Average initial weight, g/ind Shrimp are very sensitive animals and many disease Average final weight, g/ind outbreaks have occurred Specific growth rate, percent/d in the past, such as white Total feed consumption, g/ind spot viral disease in 19941995 in south East Asia, Feed Conversion Ratio and some are still ongoing, such as Early Mortality in Shrimp syndrome, hitting stocks across South East Health performance Asia since 2010. One of the most Vibrio at 60 days, x104 CFU/g important of these disIn hepatopancreas eases is Vibriosis, which In the intestine kills shrimp at all stages of the production cycle. Survival rate, percent More than ten Vibrio species have been reported pathogenic for shrimp.

Control

MFeed+ 0.1 percent

Variation over control

MFeed+ 0.2 percent

Variation over control

6.32 ± 0.13

12.4 ± 0.8

13.09 ± 1.1

+5.6%

13.44 ± 0.1

+8.4%

1.22 ± 0.1

1.31 ± 0.1

+7.4%

1.34 ± 0.1

+9.8%

8.66 ± 0.64

8.21 ± 0.92

8.52 ± 0.77

1.42 ± 0.1

1.22* ± 0.09

-14.1%

1.23* ± 0.1

-13.4 percent * p-value < 0.05

Control

MFeed+ 0.1 percent

Variation over control

MFeed+ 0.2 percent

Variation over control

3.07 ± 0.39

2.83 ± 0.31

-7.8%

1.17** ± 0.13

-61.9%

1.67 ± 0.30

1.58 ± 0.25

-5.4%

1.13 ± 0.12

-32.3%

67.2 ± 4.38

78.4** ± 4.56

+16.7%

82.4** ± 3.58

+22.6%

40 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | January-February 2015

** p-value < 0.01

EXPERT Tâ&#x2014;?PIC increased, hence a better digestibility of feed and increased nutrient uptake. Nevertheless, it seems that the action of clays to enhance feed digestion in the intestine also involves other mechanisms. Reichardt (2008) and Habold et al (2009) both report the ability of clays to favor the contact between enzymes and nutrients and therefore to improve the rate of digestion of the feed. Indeed, digestive enzymes need to be in contact with their substrate in order for hydrolysis to occur. The physico-chemical interactions of the enzymes with clay particles seem to enhance the contact between the digestive enzymes and the feed, making clays a good supporting matrix for enzymes and acting as a meeting point for them to be in contact with their substrate. Indeed, Cabezas et al (1991) demonstrated that clay-enzyme complexes are formed at enteric pH values. These active stable complexes are resistant to proteolysis and increase the amount of active digestive enzymes in the intestine, thus improving nutrient digestibility. In the same way, Habold et al (2009) observed higher pancreatic lipase activity in rats supplemented with Kaolinite; Xia et al (2004) showed an increase in small intestinal digestive enzyme activity in broilers supplemented with Montmorillonite; and Paolo et al (1999) observed an increase in protein and energy retention coefficients for growing pigs

supplemented with clay. Some studies also suggest that the increased activity of enzymes in contact with clay comes not only from their stabilisation, but also from the presence of cofactors in the clay (Reichardt, 2008; Habold

et al, 2009). Cofactors are defined as thermostable non-protein compounds that form the active portion of an enzyme system. In other words, cofactors are helper molecules required for enzymes to be active. They can be organic

A specific product to improve productivity of aquaculture After adding VIUSIDÂŽ aqua to each feed intake throughout the production process, the following results were:

www.catalysisagrovet.com January-February 2015 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 41

EXPERT Tâ&#x2014;?PIC or inorganic, most commonly vitamins in the first case and metallic ions in the latter. Clays are layered mineral materials, composed of a succession of aluminum and silicium based sheets, the order of which varies depending on the type of clay. In Montmorillonite, several metallic ions replace some aluminum and silicium ions in the structure. Known as the substitution phenomenon, this event provides montmorillonite with part of its physico-chemical reactivity. Moreover, the presence of metallic ions may contribute to the activation of some enzymes, through their action of cofactors (Niederhoffer, 2000). In this way, copper is known to activate lipase and phospholipase A (Jondreville et al, 2002) and zinc is a required cofactor of carboxypetidase (Williams, 1960), to mention only a couple of examples. The combination of the matrix support provided by the clay and the cofactor effect coming from the metallic ions present in its structure can be referred to as biocatalysis: the improvement of performance of a biochemical reaction through the action of an external compound, a biocatalyst. Due to a large variety of clay minerals, one can imagine that all clays do not have the same potential for biocatalysis depending on their type, their purity, their source or their treatment. As such, clay structure can be modified and asso-

ciated with other materials in order to unlock its biocatalytic properties. Such technology has been developed by Olmix group (France) in the course of its research conducted on seaweeds and clays. The micronized form allows a fine dispersion of the product in the intestine, providing many sites of enzymatic digestive reaction with more easily accessible metal ions. Moreover, it benefits from a synergy between clay and seaweeds in the process of biocatalysis, as seaweeds bring in many diverse metallic ions, sometimes absent in the feed, which are required cofactors for the activation of several enzymes. This unique combination of seaweeds and clay makes it a unique tool to boost enzyme activity through the action of biocatalysis. MFeed+, the only product benefiting from this new technology, has proven its efficacy in several studies. In one, MFeed+ was tested on shrimp by researchers at Kasetsart University (Thailand). The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of MFeed+ feed supplementation on digestive and growth performance of Penaeus vannamei. 375 shrimp (6.3Âą0.2g weight) were distributed in fifteen 500 L glass tanks containing 25 shrimp each. After a 7-day period of acclimatization during which all shrimp were fed the basal diet, tanks were randomly allotted to one of three treatments (5 replicates

42 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | January-February 2015

per treatment): one control, fed the basal diet and two MFeed+ groups, for which the basal diet was supplemented with 0.1 percent or 0.2 percent MFeed+. Growth performance parameters and mortality were recorded during the 60 days of supplementation. Vibrio bacteria were counted in the hepatopancreas and the intestine at 60 days as a marker of digestive health. The shrimp were fed three times a day to satisfaction. The feed amount was adjusted daily based on the feeding ability of the shrimp. Uneaten feed was siphoned out of the tank 2 hours after feeding. Water used in the experiment was seawater, with salinity adjusted to 12-15 ppt. The water in the tanks was aerated with air stone and exchanged every 2-3 days at the rate of 10-30 percent volume depending on its visible quality. Feed Conversion Ratio was greatly improved in groups receiving MFeed+. As a consequence, average final weight and specific growth rate of shrimp supplemented with MFeed+ tended to be higher. Moreover, better digestive performance helped to improve the digestive status of the shrimp, as demonstrated by a lower Vibrio count in the hepatopancreas and the intestine and the improved survival rate of the juveniles. This study highlighted the potential of MFeed+ to improve digestive and zootechnical performance of shrimp.

INDUSTRY EVENTS EVENT LISTINGS 01 - 06 February 2015

25th Annual Feed and Pet Food Extrusion Short Course http://foodprotein.tamu.edu/extrusion

02 - 03 February 2015

15th Practical Short Course: Trends & Markets in Aquaculture Feed Ingredients, Nutrition, Formulation & Optimized Feed Production & Quality Management www.smartshortcourses.com/aquafeed15/ index.html

19 - 22 February 2015

Aquaculture America 2015 www.was.org/meetings/Default. aspx?code=AA2015

11 - 13 March 2015

VIV Asia 2015 www.vivasia.nl/en/Bezoeker.aspx

16 - 18 March 2015

AquaME 2015 www.agramiddleeast.com/en/Aqua

25 - 27 March 2015

Aquafeed Extrusion Technology short course www.foodstream.com.au/events

05 - 07 April 2015

Middle East Aquaculture Forum 2015 www.meaf.ae

21 - 23 April 2015

Seafood Expo www.seafoodexpo.com/global

22 - 23 April 2015

European Algae Biomass http://v11.vuturevx.com/exchange-sites/ Whitmore%20Group/59/events-pdfs-eu/ eal5-mktg-agenda.pdf

22 April 2015

GLOBALG.A.P. at Seafood Global Brussels www.globalgap.org

18 - 21 May 2015

VIV Russia 2015 www.vivrussia.nl/en/Bezoeker.aspx

26 - 30 May 2015

World Aquaculture 2015 www.was.org

09 - 11 June 2015

FIAAP, VICTAM & GRAPAS INTERNATIONAL 2015 www.victam.com

29 - 31 July 2015

Indo Livestock 2015 Expo & Forum Indonesia www.indolivestock.com

24 - 26 June 2015

Livestock Philippines 2015 Expo www.livestockphilippines.com

Aquaculture without frontiers: following Mardi Gras

quaculture without Frontiers is hitting the Directions”. This presentation will bring people up road next month and will be centering its to date with the AwF activities and global strategy activities on New Orleans and the American to promote and support responsible and sustainAquaculture event that follows the famous Mardi able aquaculture to alleviate poverty and malnutrition and to enhance food security for disadvantaged Gras. “I doubt if we will be parading in all the fancy people. Please do not forget If you or your organization would costumes as we have some serious activities like the AwF Board Meeting, a General Meeting for AwF and like to join with us, volunteer or donate please visit our an important session at the Conference but NOLA website (http://www.aquaculturewithoutfrontiers.org/ is full of history and is the home of special music and giving-funding/donations-2/). well known for its seafood and hospitality and is very close to our base in Development, Welfare and Poverty Baton Rouge”, said Executive Director, Alleviation Session (AwF) Roy Palmer. The Session developed by AwF AQUACULTURE AMERICA 2015 “Development, Welfare and Poverty February 19 – February 22, 2015 - New Orleans, LA Alleviation” will see speakers from Session: Sunday, February, 22, 2015 Kenya, Ghana, Bangladesh, Nigeria, 2:00pm – 5:00pm Mexico, Netherlands and Australia Room: TBD covering a range of activities within the Chair/Moderator: Roy Palmer subject area. Gorjan Nikolik from Rabobank 2:00-2:15 Value chain financing International will start the session Gorjan Nikolik – Rabobank with a presentation about Rabobank Foundation, which pursues its objec2:15-2:30 Productivity, diversification and resilience of tives by supporting cooperatives, or saline aquaculture systems in coastal southern member-based organisation’s, which Bangladesh. offer an opportunity to save, borrow Kazi Ahmed Kabir – World Fish Centre or insure. This is directly relevant to 2:30-2:45 Does homestead food production hold another presentation centered on a promise to improved household food survey in the states of Kogi and Niger security? empirical evidence from the southin Nigeria that highlights that the major west coastal zone of Bangladesh. constraints faced by the respondents Manjurul Karim – World Fish Centre were inadequate credit and high cost of input. 2:45-3:00 Effects of socio- economic factors on Gorjan is a senior industry analyst on adoption of new production technolofood and agribusiness for Rabobank gies by fish farmers in kogi and niger states, International. Since joining Rabobank Nigeria. in 2005, he has focused on the global O J Oyero – Federal university of technology, seafood sector, including aquaculture, Nigeria wild catch, seafood trade and processing. In his primary role, Gorjan 3:00-3:15 The impact of aquaculture technology works as an internal consultant to adoption on households IN Kenya Rabobank depar tments such as Akuffo Amankwah – Purdue University Mergers and Acquisitions, Leveraged Finance, Venture Capital and Credit 3:15-3:30 Evaluating the role of aquaculture and fish on Risk Management. He also produces human nutrition in Ghana research articles covering the seafood Akua Akuffo – Purdue University industry. The bulk of the presentations relate 3:30-4:00 coffee break to outcomes from the Aquaculture and Fisheries Collaborative Research 4:00-4:15 Fish farming and household wellbeing: A case Support Program (AquaFish CRSP) study in selected regions in Ghana program in Africa, the CGIAR chal Akuffo Amankwah – Purdue University lenge program on water and food which highlights some good outcomes 4:15-4:30 UTMarT & AwF collaboration on rotational polyculture, and a pres Héctor Hugo Gójon Báez – UTMarT, entation on homestead food producMexico tion. There will be a presentation on AwF’s 4:30-5:00 AwF - Future directions involvement in Mexico and the session Roy Palmer – Aquaculture Without Frontiers will be wrapped up with “AwF – Future

January-February 2015 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 44

INDUSTRY EVENTS Global Initiative for life and leadership through seafood at Aquaculture America

ILLS will be r unning the popular Seafood and Health Session at Aquaculture America (AA15) as the event returns to New Orleans, one of the favourite tourist spots in the world for the only major national aquaculture conference and exposition held in the U.S. At AA15 the U.S. Aquaculture Society (formerly U.S. Chapter of WAS) joins with National Aquaculture Association and the U.S. Aquaculture Suppliers Association to produce what promises to be one of the best seafood events on the calendar. At a critical point in American seafood history with seafood consumption on the wane and knowing that 75 percent of the health care dollars in USA goes to treatment of chronic diseases isn’t it about time that people started to understand the link. Commentators do say ‘people know that seafood is healthy’ yet clearly that is not linking to sales of seafood and the health of the nation. We need to be questioning ‘why are we not promoting good nutrition at all levels of healthcare?’ Pills and drugs are not necessarily the solution - education on good nutrition (especially fish & seafood) would have much greater impact on the prevention of chronic disease. These persistent conditions, the nations’ leading causes of death and disability leave in their wake deaths that could have been pre-

vented, lifelong disability, compromised quality of life, and burgeoning health care costs. Prevention has to be better than cure! The GILLS Session will be taking place at the Marriott Hotel Conference Centre on Friday 20 February between 3 and 5.30pm. Opening the session with a special keynote on ‘Quantum Health’ will be Neurosurgeon and Optimal Health Educator Dr. Jack Kruse.Those of us who attended Nashville AA2013 will recall Jack’s lively talk that both praised and challenged the industry. Jack is CEO of Optimised life; a health and wellness company dedicated to helping patients avoid the healthcare burdens we typically encounter as we age. His popular blog, www.JackKruse.com, gets over 150,000 unique worldwide visitors per month. Other impor tant speakers in the session are world renowned exper t in aquaculture Claude E. Boyd (Auburn University); Brett Koonse (U.S. Food and Drug Administration); Sherr y Wise (U.S. Department of Agriculture); Peter J. Bechtel (USDA-ARS); David C . Love (Johns Hopkins Bloomber g School of Public Health); Md. Motaher Hossain (Sylhet Agricultural University, Bangladesh); Chidumeje Ndidi Patience Okonkwo (University of New England, Australia) and the Association of International Seafood Professionals Executive Director, Roy Palmer. The full program and times for the talks can be seen below. “Seafood harvested from aquaculture is a complete nutrient package being the major source of animal proteins and micronutrients for many coastal populations and is a renewable and sustainable source of polyunsaturated fatty acids (DHA, EPA) for optimal brain development and the prevention of coronary heart disease. Additionally it is a unique

Seafood & Health (Gills) – full programme Friday 20th February 2015, 3:00pm – 5:30pm 3:00-3:30 KEYNOTE Dr Jack Kruse – Quantum Health 3:30-3:45

Global Perspectives On Sustainable Food Security And Nutrition (Fsn) For Fisheries And Aquaculture Roy Palmer – Association of International Seafood Professionals

3:45-4:00

Public health perspectives on aquaculture David C. Love - Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health

4:00-4:15

Aquaculutre products must be perceived as safe…how it’s done Brett Koonse - US Food and Drug Administration

4:15-4:30

Shrimp products of Bangladesh and its safety measures in respect of microbiological and chemical issues Md Motaher Hossain, Sylhet Agricultural University, Bangladesh

4:30-4:45

Fishing for information: economic data resources for the aquaculture industry at the US department of agriculture Sherry Wise, US Department of Agriculture

4:45-5:00

Is copper sulfate application to aquaculture ponds a food safety concern? Claude E. Boyd, Auburn University

5:00-5:15

5:15-5:30

Heavy metal concentration in tissues of periwinkles tympanotonus fuscatus (linnaeus, 1758), water and sediments from the mangrove swamps of Warri River, Delta State, Nigeria Chidumeje Ndidi Patience Okonkwo, University of New England, Australia Chemical and nutritional properties of channel and hybrid catfish by-products Peter J. Bechtel, USDA-ARS

and complete source of micronutrients (calcium, iodine, zinc, iron, selenium, etc.) and an important source of Vitamins (A, D, B group) generally scarce in rural diets. These

are essential benefits which families should consume weekly to ensure a happy, healthy life and comply with dietary guidelines,” said Executive Director, Roy Palmer.

NEWS • FEATURES • EVENTS Get up to date event information with our app visit www.perendale.com on your smart phone for more information January-February 2015 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 45

INDUSTRY EVENTS

REVIEW Biomarine Business Convention

by Simon J Davies, Professor of Marine Biosciences and Aquaculture Nutrition, Brixham Blue Hub, University of Plymouth

was delighted to attend the 5th Biomarine Business Convention held in the Estoril centre near Cascais, Portugal on 29th -31st October representing Plymouth University and its new Brixham Blue Hub in Devon, England at the heart of the SW fishing and processing industry. As usual, this was an excellent and well-organised meeting across the marine biosciences sector. People from all over the world gathered in once place to share ideas and a passion for marine conservation and oppor tunities for wealth creation and business der ived from our precious ocean resources. The conference brought together CEOs, top execIDL milling grain utives and start-ups fromandaround

CMY

the world to discuss the importance of marine bio-resources and the importance of the blue economy. Under the experienced stewardship of Pierre and Veronique Erwes, (and assistance of his talented sons’ Antione and Nicolas) new ground was broken and innovative approaches launched to widen dissemination through media. This included for the first time the advent of Biomarine TV with live on-streaming and daily interviews with expert leaders in each discipline. His Serene Highness Prince Albert II of Monaco was present delivering a balanced view on global food security from the seas and consideration for the environment with emphasis on pragmatism with the need for sustain15 able portrait cetak.pdf in 1technology 12/24/14 development

and the business sector with respect to our growing energy needs and diminishing fish stocks with concerns for any irresponsible aquaculture practices. His passionate views relating to global climate change and issues such as ocean acidification are a prime area for his Foundation to help resolve. His Monaco Foundation provides inspiration and generous funding for these topical problems to be scientifically addressed by leading universities and agencies. This 5th edition of BioMarine was a deemed to be special since the Por tuguese Government is deploying its new Blue Growth Strategy. This maritime country is re-discovering its unique heritage and we witnessed the entire national industr y united in the forum to project its stated aims of achieving the ‘Blue Economy’ initiative as a national policy driver. I spoke briefly to The President of the Republic of Portugal, His Excellency, Aníbal Cavaco Silva who told me that this convention had his full support and was a great 3:52 PM for Portugal to embrace platform new science and technologies in a very important and strategic sector that was impor tant for Europe and the world. It was also the case of full speed ahead for BICA,The1st General Assembly of BICA (Biomarine International Clusters Association) was held on October 29th at the Estoril Congress Center, Por tugal opening new avenues for business collaboration and new venture capital investment engagement. HSH Prince Albert II has been actively championing its creation. Besides current Founding Members, several entities attended the meeting. The Board welcomed new associate member s: Nofima Norway, European Marine Science Park Cluster-Scotland Highlands and Islands Enterprise, Shoalhaven Blue Tech Australia, Plymouth University – Marine Institute a n d P ly m o u t h M a r i n e Laborator y. Pedro Nunes,

January-February 2015 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 46

Head of Eureka Secretariat gave a presentation on the mechanism initiate the Eureka Biomarine Cluster. 2015 will be a busy year for BICA as this will become embedded in forming synergies and alliances that will attract new funding routes and the incubation of new business interests with robust international underpinning. Key issues spanned over 20 themes such as: • Biotechnology and Genetics in Aquaculture • Micro algae: the key to improving Nutrition worldwide • Marine compounds as natural ingredients for the nutraceuticals and the cosmetic industry. Another area was, how can Norway, as a leading maritime country, help develop and boost marine research and innovations in other parts of the world? Developing use of marine byproducts and discards from agriculture for nutraceutical uses as an untapped potential of biomolecules extracted from marine organisms was a most important topic for many companies. Is a vegetal diet in the next generation of aquafeed? Marine Biotech: novel strategies for marine microbe cultivation, Marine Biotechnology: Start-ups’ strategy to attract the right investors opened wide possibilities. From the per spective of International Aquafeed and my own specialisation in fish nutrition, I par ticipated briefly in the live Biomarine TV event with my own experience of work on suitable plant based ingredients for use in complete aquafeeds. This is a good topic and formed a basis for lively debate. There was clearly a strong focus on micro and macro-algae with many examples of products on hand to demonstrate the wide applications in food and beverages on the grounds of taste and health. We were treated with a variety of ice creams, yogurts and chocolate delights tinged with chlorella and other strains of algae giving an interesting twist of flavours and tangs. Even algae enriched olive

INDUSTRY EVENTS

Jeju

steering committee signs off

t t h e fi n a l S t e e r i n g Committee meeting for the organisation of the World Aquaculture 2015 held at the venue for the event, the International Convention Centre (ICC) Jeju, Korea the Jeju Special Self-Governing Province Maritime & Fisheries Bureau Director General, Tae-Hee Park, invited Conference Co-Chairs Jay Parsons and Kwang-Sik (Albert) Choi with the committee and selected guests to a dinner to congratulate the group on the work to date and wish the Conference success. Mr. Park recognised the impor tance of the work to date and said “Jeju is a very important and historical venue for the World Aquaculture 2015 conference and represents a significant oppor tunity for the ongoing development of aquaculture in Jeju.” International conference co-chair Dr. Jay Parsons noted “the conference organisation is well underway, with an exciting and diverse program for both industry and researchers”. Jeju, the largest island in the Korea Strait and contains the natural UNESCO World Heritage Site Jeju Volcanic Island and Lava Tubes, will be the centre of the world’s fastest growing primary industry, aquaculture, when the event is held 26-30 May 2015. According to a recently published report by joint report by FAO and the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) fish farming (aquaculture) will likely grow more than expected in the coming decade, offering a chance for improved nutrition for millions of people, especially in Asia and Africa and clearly events like World Aquaculture 2015 enable people to come together and share information and network. That joint report also highlighted that increased investment in the aquaculture sector - particularly in productivity-enhancing technologies including in the areas of water use, breeding, hatchery practices and feedstuff innovation - should

boost farmed-fish production by as much as 4.14 percent per year through 2022, notably faster than the 2.54 percent growth forecast made last year. Jeju is unique in many ways so it combines modern aquaculture with other important and relevant seafood histor y, education and entertainment. Impor tantly Jeju is well known as a centre in Korea for the flatfish species of Olive Flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) and Turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) and the histor y with Abalone with the infamous wild fish diving women through to current aquaculture farms. Jeju is actually much F/Vaqua(A4):2015

19/9/14

09:15

more than that as far as aquaculture is concerned with some two thousand plus people engaged in the industry on the island involved in all sectors including research, hatcheries, farms, feed mills, etc and covering a multitude of species covering eels, sea cucumbers, fish from parrot fish to rainbow trout and tuna and shellfish from shrimp to clams and oysters. The famous island is home to a Future Aquaculture Research Centre and besides having its own provincial government research activities also houses impor tant National Fisheries Research & Development Institute (NFRDI) activities as well as Jeju National

University and home to ‘Aqua Planet Jeju’ which is the largest aquarium in all of Asia (Total Floor Area: 25,600m², 10,800 tons) reportedly approx. 11 times that of 63 Sea World. With approx. 48,000 animals and plants of around 500 species in exhibition. Whilst the program for the Conference is filling fast it has been agreed to extend the deadline until 15 February and exhibitors should note there are just a few booth spaces left for the Trade Show event. The World Aquaculture Society will be holding its board meetings pre and post the event as well as the annual meeting for the society.

Page 1

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January-February 2015 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 47

INDUSTRY EVENTS

NEWS SERVICE www.theaquaculturists.blogspot.com

January-February 2015 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 48

i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i

Aquaculturists

i i i i i i i i i

Find more event stories at the

i i i i i i i i i

theme of this first edition, which will focus on vital industry issues affecting the key Middle Eastern aquaculture producing countries. The forum will beheld at the Dubai World Trade Centre, Dubai on April 5-6, 2015. Plenary speaker Ahmad Al Ballaa (MD, National Aquaculture Group and Chairman, Saudi Aquaculture Society) has stated: "Aquaculture has a pivotal role to play in global food future. Conser vative estimates indicate that output from aquaculture must at least double to meet the demand for aquatic protein by 2050. With a current population of more than 400 million, the

i i i i i i i i i

he Middle East Aquaculture Forum (MEAF) has been created to bring together aquaculture exper ts from the Middle East, to showcase the latest products and offer industry professionals a state-of-the-art platform to interact. The MEAF will focus on vital industry issues affecting the key Middle East aquaculture producing countries. Activities will include specific topical industr y sessions, technical sessions, facilitated workshops and panel discussions. Industry professionals will be able to interact and network in designated meeting space. “Towards Sustainable Aquaculture in the Middle East” will be the

i i i i i i i i i i

Ahmad Al Ballaa (MD, National Aquaculture Group and Chairman, Saudi Aquaculture Society)

• Outlook of Aquaculture in the Region: latest updates will be provided by Dr Haydar Alsahtout. • Dr Far shad Shischensian (President, Asia Pacific Chapter of the World Aquaculture Society) will talk about: “The status of shrimp farming and new advance systems in Asia”. • Dr Sherif Sadek will deliver a talk on “The concept of integration of aquaculture and agriculture in the Middle East”. This presentation will focus on the culture of various species using fresh ground water (tilapia/catfish/ carp/freshwater prawn) and/ or brackishwater (red tilapia/ blue tilapia/seabream/seabass/ shrimp). The Middle East Aquaculture Forum, Dubai, 5-6 April 2015 will be hosting workshops, industry presentations and an exhibition for aquaculture suppliers and producers. It is sponsored by the European Aquaculture Society (EAS) and the World Aquaculture Society (WAS), with the Arab Aquaculture Society (AAS), the Pakistani Aquaculture Society (PAS) and the Saudi Arab Aquaculture Society (SAAS) as affiliate sponsors. All these societies are welcome to hold their annual meeting at MEAF15 and invite all their members to Dubai to join this unique forum. Abstract submission is open until 15 February 2015: www.meaf.ae. Advanced online registration is recommended. There are just a few booths left now. Industry partners can contact us by e-mail to find out about sponsorship opportunities: mario@marevent.com. For regular programme updates please visit www.meaf.ae Looking forward to seeing you in Dubai at this exciting Forum. Middle East Aquaculture Forum Secretariat

i i i i i i i i i i

The Middle East aquaculture forum April 5-6 2015, Dubai World Trade Centre

Middle East region has an increasingly important role to play in this future, on both the demand and the supply side. In order to meet that future opportunity, we must however develop aquaculture responsibly. Contributions at MEAF from world renowned experts and local farmers on their hard earned lessons in issues such as rearing practices, disease management, diversification and markets will provide valuable information which will dramatically shorten the costly learning curve for new ventures in the region. This forum will be the first of many such meetings that will offer important and timely opportunity for researchers, governments and investors to jointly develop a roadmap for sustainable aquaculture in the region. " MEAF15, the forum where Middle East Aquaculture Experts will discuss the future of sustainable aquaculture in the Middle East, includes: • Biosecurity: Dr Melba Reantaso (FAO) will deliver the keynote in the health session chaired by Dr Victoria Alday. All Middle East Aquaculture Experts and government delegates are invited to participate in the round table discussion: “Biosecurity: developing a regional aquatic initiative”. • Nutrition: Dr Alber t Tacon will give a plenary presentation on ‘'Future feeds for a growing aquaculture sector in a hungry world”, with Dr Muhammed Alsaiady from Arasco feed company delivering the keynote presentation of the nutrition session. • Industry: Eng. Ahmad Al Ballaa will give a plenary presentation on the first day of the event. • Synbiotics and probiotics: Prof. Einar Ringo will give the keynote presentation showing the latest results in this field.

INDUSTRY EVENTS Under the patronage of H.E. Dr. Rashid Ahmad Bin Fahad, Minister of Environment & Water

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WA2015 - Jeju Island Korea May 26-30, 2015

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+39 054 2361423

www.brabender.com

Bin dischargers Denis +33 2 37 97 66 11 www.denis.fr

www.seasort.com

Coolers & driers Consergra s.l

Buhler AG +41 71 955 11 11 www.buhlergroup.com

+34 938 772207

Coperion GmbH

www.consergra.com

+49 711 897 0

Bentall Rowlands

FrigorTec GmbH

www.coperion.com

+44 1724 282828

+49 7520 91482-0

www.bentallrowlands.com

www.frigortec.com

Chief Industries UK Ltd

Geelen Counterflow

+44 1621 868944

+31 475 592315

www.chief.co.uk

www.geelencounterflow.com

Insta-Pro International

Croston Engineering

Muyang Group

+44 1829 741119

+86 514 87848880

www.insta-pro.com

www.croston-engineering.co.uk

www.muyang.com

Silo Construction Engineers

Wenger Manufacturing

+32 51723128

+1 785-284-2133

www.sce.be

www.wenger.com

Bulk storage

Silos Cordoba +34 957 325 165 www.siloscordoba.com Symaga +34 91 726 43 04 www.symaga.com

Elevator buckets Alapala +90 212 465 60 40 www.alapala.com Tapco Inc +1 314 739 9191 www.tapcoinc.com 50 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | January-February 2015

Dinnissen BV +31 77 467 3555 www.dinnissen.nl

+1 515 254 1260

Ottevanger +31 79 593 22 21 www.ottevanger.com Zheng Chang +86 21 64188282 www.zhengchang.com

Palletisers

Feed Aller Aqua +45 70 22 19 10 www.aller-aqua.com

+55 11 4873-0300

www.ehcolo.com

www.kepler.com.br Obial

+34 973 21 60 40

Tel.: +351 249 435 145

Wynveen International B.V.

Kepler Weber Group

+45 75 398411 PAYPER, S.A.

SPAROS Website: www.sparos.pt

Silos Ehcolo A/S

+90 382 2662120

www.payper.com

www.obial.com.tr

Pellet binders

MYSILO

Akzo Nobel

+31 26 47 90 699

+90 382 266 2245

+46 303 850 00

www.wynveen.com

www.mysilo.com

www.bredol.com

Hatchery products

Symaga

Borregaard LignoTech

Reed Mariculture

+34 91 726 43 04

+47 69 11 80 00

www.symaga.com

+1 877 732 3276

www.lignotechfeed.com

www.reed-mariculture.com

PellTech

Tornum AB

+47 69 11 80 00

+46 512 29100

www.pelltech.org

www.tornum.com

Laboratory equipment Bastak +90 312 395 67 87

Pest control

www.bastak.com.tr

+1 402 434 9102

Aqualabo

+44 0800 917 1987

Level measurement BinMaster Level Controls

Sensors

Rentokil Pest Control

+33 2 97 89 25 30

www.rentokil.co.uk

www.aqualabo.fr

Pipe systems

Agromatic

Jacob Sohne

www.binmaster.com

+41 55 2562100

+49 571 9580 FineTek Co., Ltd +886 2226 96789 www.fine-tek.com

www.agromatic.com

www.jacob-pipesystems.eu

Dol Sensors

Used around all industrial Plants sectors.

+45 721 755 55 www.dol-sensors.com

Andritz

Vega

Fr. Jacob Sรถhne GmbH & Co. KG, Germany Tel. + 49 (0) 571 95580 | www. jacob-pipesystems.eu

Visit us! www.pipe-systems.eu+45

+44 1444 870055

72 160300

www.andritz.com

www.vega.com/uk

Moisture analyzers

+31 318 545 754

+41 71 955 11 11

www.dishman-netherlands.com

+33 14 1475045

FAMSUN

www.chopin.fr

+86 514 87848880

Doescher & Doescher GmbH +49 4087976770

Probiotics

www.nir-online.de

Vacines

Recruitment JCB Consulting

www.seedburo.com

+49 6227 732668

CB Packaging +44 7805 092067 www.cbpackaging.com

Ridgeway Biologicals +44 1635 579516 www.ridgewaybiologicals.co.uk

Vacuum

+44 161 427 2402

Wynveen International B.V.

www.jcb-consulting.com

+31 26 47 90 699 www.wynveen.com

Rolls Leonhard Brietenbach +49 271 3758 0 www.breitenbach.de OJ Hojtryk

Packaging

www.nabim.org.uk

www.biomin.net

+1 312 738 3700

NIR-Online

+44 2074 932521

+43 2782 803 0

Seedburo

NIR systems

nabim

Biomin

Hydronix www.hydronix.com

Training

www.muyang.com

www.doescher.com

+44 1483 468900

Dishman

Buhler AG www.buhlergroup.com

CHOPIN Technologies

Shrimp feed additives

+45 7514 2255 www.oj-hojtryk.dk

Safety equipment

Weighing equipment Parkerfarm Weighing Systems +44 1246 456729 www.parkerfarm.com

Yeast products Leiber GmbH +49 5461 93030

Mondi Group

Rembe

www.leibergmbh.de

+43 1 79013 4917

+49 2961 740 50 www.rembe.com

Lesaffre Feed Additives

www.mondigroup.com Ugur Makina +90 (364) 235 00 26 www.ugurmakina.com

Second hand equipment Sanderson Weatherall +44 161 259 7054 www.sw.co.uk

+33 3 20 81 61 00 www.lesaffre.fr

To include your company in the International Aquafeed market place in print, and a company page on our website contact Tom Blacker. +44 1242 267700 โ ข tomb@perendale.co.uk

January-February 2015 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 51

The aquafeed

interview

Wally Stevens is acting director of the Global Aquaculture Alliance as well as the executive director of the Responsible Aquaculture Foundation. A 35-year veteran of the seafood industry, Wally Stevens continues to help expand the Best Aquaculture Practices certification program and related educational efforts on responsible aquaculture. Previously, Stevens was president of Ocean Products and U.S. based Slade Gorton & Co. He also helped establish the National Fisheries Institute Future Leaders program. The Global Aquaculture Alliance is an international, non-profit trade association dedicated to advancing environmentally and socially responsible aquaculture. Through the development of its Best Aquaculture Practices certification standards, GAA has become the leading standardssetting organisation for aquaculture seafood. existed. So health and disease management is clearly the No. 1 challenge affecting aquaculture’s growth.

What is the mission behind Global Aquaculture Alliance?

GAA is a non-profit organisation that seeks to promote education and training in support of responsible aquaculture. GAA further recognises that aquaculture is the only sustainable means of increasing seafood supply to meet the needs of the world population. Our mission is to promote our best aquaculture practices programme. GAA encourages the use of responsible production systems that are sustainable regarding environmental and community needs. There is much exciting work to be undertaken in this growing industry.

However, 13 percent of the audience selected “consumer education” as the No. 1 challenge facing aquaculture, outscoring environmental and social responsibility at 11 percent, feed and investment capital at 9 percent each, leadership at 6 percent and market support at 4 percent. What’s surprising is that just moments before I posed the question I added “consumer education” as the seventh major challenge facing aquaculture. Yet the audience’s response to such a poignant question is proof that the industry still has a lot of work to do to familiarise consumers with farmed seafood.

What are the main challenges facing the aquaculture industry?

How does GAA's Best Aquaculture Practices Programme Certification help to promote 'responsible practices' across the aquaculture industry?

Firstly it is clear that we are going to have to be in a position to provide food sustainably for a growing population. The main challenges are currently disease management, feed supply, and investor support, ensuring that no harm is done to the environment and that we are socially responsible. Secondly, that the marketplace appreciates and expects that the aquaculture industry will develop and perform in light of these challenges. The marketplace will need to ensure that their expectations are in line with such problems that we need to address.

Regarding feed ingredients, what are the challenges that need to be addressed?

The demand for feed ingredients has doubled in the last two decades. With regards to fishmeal, we cannot continue to keep using the same ingredients going forward at this point in time. We must look for a substitute for fishmeal or look for ways to extend the current supply. Currently the demand for fishmeal from certified fisheries around the world means that we do not have enough to support growth in aquaculture.

What were the main challenges and issues in aquaculture addressed at this year’s GOAL conference in Vietnam?

Six major issues emerged at GOAL 2014 — Disease risk management (including early mortality syndrome in shrimp), the potential of zone management, aqua feed sustainability, leadership and innovation, marketplace accessibility, and consumer education.

Currently, what is the number one challenge affecting aquaculture's growth?

In my opening remarks at GOAL 2014 I asked an audience of more than 400 seafood professionals, via the conference’s audience response system, “What’s the No. 1 challenge limiting aquaculture’s growth?” To no surprise, given early mortality syndrome’s devastating effect on global shrimp production, health and disease management garnered nearly half of the audience’s vote. One speaker projected global shrimp production to total around 4 million metric tons in 2016. It would have totaled close to 4.5 million tons had EMS not

Best Aquaculture Practices is an international certification program based on achievable, science-based and continuously improved global performance standards for the entire aquaculture supply chain — farms, hatcheries, processing plants and feed mills. What sets BAP apart from the competition is 1) the concept of continual improvement (BAP standards are constantly strengthened and expended) and 2) the comprehensiveness of the program (the program covers environmental responsibility, social responsibility, food safety, animal welfare and health and traceability, and BAP standards for zone management are in the very early stages of development). Here’s a summary of the five elements of the BAP program: Environmental responsibility - At the hatchery, farm, feed and processing levels, BAP-certified facilities must comply with standards that address such issues as habitat conservation, water quality and effluents. Social Responsibility - BAP-certified facilities must comply with local laws for worker safety, child labor and community rights at the hatchery, farm, feed and processing levels. Food Safety - Standards for food safety help ensure that no banned antibiotics or other chemicals are used during production and that all approved chemical treatments are carried out in a responsible fashion. Random samples of finished product are analysed by certified laboratories for bacterial contamination and antibiotic residues to verify that control processes are effective. The BAP seafood processing plant standards are benchmarked against the latest Global Food Safety Initiative (GFSI) food-safety requirements. Animal health and welfare - Standards for animal welfare cover a wide spectrum of best practices in animal husbandry, including health and welfare from cultivation to harvest (such as disease control, growing conditions and transportation). BAP standards emphasise humane treatment throughout the life cycle. Traceability - Supply chain traceability from the source to the marketplace is mandated by the BAP program before a facility can apply the BAP mark.

52 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | January-February 2015

An extended version of this interview can be found on the Aquaculturists blog.

January-February 2015 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 53

AQUACULTURE

INDUSTRY FACES New UK sales assistant appointed at Azelis

zelis is pleased to announce the appointment of Elizabeth Tomlinson as UK Sales Assistant, Animal Nutrition. In this new role, Ms Tomlinson will provide commercial and technical support to the Animal Nutrition sales function and work closely with Antony Wildon, Azelis UK Sales Manager. Elizabeth Tomlinson joins Azelis from Lloyds Animal Feeds where she has worked for the last three years. She holds a BSc degree in Agriculture and Marketing from Harper Adams University and has gained a number of years of experience in the UK animal feed industry. “We are delighted that Elizabeth has joined our team. Her appointment will further enhance the level of communication and support we provide to customers and assist in developing our future business strategy for Azelis Animal Nutrition,” says Antony Wildon announcing her appointment.

Neil Manchester appointed as Managing Director of Hendrix Genetics

eil Manchester, General Manager of Landcatch, based in Argyll and Stirling, has been appointed as Managing Director of the newly-formed aquaculture business unit of Hendrix Genetics, the multispecies breeding company. He will be based at the Hendrix Genetics headquarters in Boxmeer, Netherlands, and will be in charge of Atlantic salmon, coho salmon and trout breeding operations, as well as cutting-edge genetics services, in Scotland, the US, Chile and the Isle of Man. The move follows a landmark deal signed in October between Landcatch, which supplies Atlantic salmon eggs and smolts and genetics technology to the international aquaculture industry, and Seattle-based Troutlodge Inc, the world’s largest rainbow trout egg producer. The deal included Landcatch taking a 45 percent shareholding in Troutlodge and the setting up of a new joint venture to establish an independent Atlantic salmon breeding programme, backed by genetics research, in Chile. Neil Manchester said: “I am excited about taking up this important role in the newly-created aquaculture unit within Hendrix Genetics as we seek to develop existing operations and explore opportunities in new species and new market areas. “The recent agreement brings together three world-leading companies with the goal of becoming one of the main global players in aquaculture breeding. Creating this unit is another step towards that goal. It represents an experienced and talented management team and we look forward to working together to ensure the success and on-going development of the aquaculture business unit.” Neil Manchester has nearly 30 years’ experience in aquaculture, primarily in Scotland but also Chile, South Africa and the Mediterranean industries. Coming from an agricultural background, he achieved a BSc degree in Agricultural Technology at Harper Adams University in Shropshire, and started his aquaculture career in 1985 on a trout farm in Argyll. He joined Landcatch in 1998 as an area manager, progressing to director level and then to general manager. He specialises in the breeding and production of juvenile Atlantic salmon for the domestic and export markets.

Marine Stewardship Council appoints Brian Perkins as Regional Director for the Americas

he Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) has appointed Brian Perkins, a former commercial fisherman and international seafood trade show executive, as Regional Director Americas. This appointment is part of a new strategy to continue to expand the MSC’s presence in the Americas and increase availability of MSC certified sustainable seafood across the region. Mr Perkins joined the MSC’s senior management team on January 5th. He will work alongside the organisation’s Chief Executive, Rupert Howes and Global Commercial Director, Nicolas Guichoux. Mr Perkins will also work closely with industry and the conservation community to recognise and encourage sustainable fishing practices that support healthy marine ecosystems. Mr Perkins will be based in Washington D.C. at a new office location that will serve as the MSC’s Americas region headquarters. The MSC’s Seattle office will be retained as its USA headquarters. Mr Perkins has worked within the seafood industry for more than 40 years. He started at a salt fish factory in Iceland and went on to become Executive Vice President and COO of Diversified Business Communications, organiser of Seafood Expo North America/ Seafood Processing North America and Seafood Expo Global/Seafood Processing Global. During his 16-year career at Diversified Mr Perkins oversaw 18 seafood trade shows focusing on areas including seafood processing, commercial fishing, ethnic food and organic products. He was instrumental in launching and managing new expositions in Europe, Singapore and San Francisco and provided counsel on strategic direction for the company. He was also responsible for industry publications, National Fisherman, Seafood Business and WorkBoat. Brian added: “Working for the MSC is a great opportunity to make a difference within an industry which has been such a big part of my life. I join the team at an exciting time and look forward to working with fisheries, commercial partners and conservation organisations. The MSC team has established the gold standard for third party certification of wild fisheries and I believe that continued growth of the program will bring both environmental and socio-economic benefits to the Americas.” 54 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | January-February 2015

DIRECTORY & BUYERSâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; GUIDE 2015/16 The International Aquafeed Directory was launched in 1997 as an easy-to-use publication for manufacturers of fish feed to source suppliers. It evolved to become a practical guide to plant and materials available throughout the world. The International Aquafeed Directory continues to maintain its unique position. It is one of the most comprehensive directories specifically designed to identify all aquafeed ingredients, raw material feedstuffs, feed additive micro-ingredients, production machinery, plant and equipment available on the world market.

Make sure your company is listed in the 2015/16 edition If you have not already received your listing renewal via email, then contact Barbara Williams on Tel: +44 (0) 1923 437616 or email b.williams@turretgroup.com. Alternatively you can visit www.turretgroup.com to download the entry form. For details on display advertising contact Julie Saridakis Tel: +44 (0) 1923 437620 j.saridakis@turretgroup.com. Published by:

Turret Group Ltd Cardinal Point, Park Road, Rickmansworth, Herts WD3 1RE. UK Tel: +44 (0)1923 432705 â&#x20AC;˘ Fax: +44 (0)1923 432770 ww.turretgroup.com

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