Nov | Dec 2015 International Aquafeed by Perendale Publishers Ltd

I N C O R P O R AT I N G F I S H FA R M I N G T E C H N O L O G Y

Acidifier concepts in aquafeed - high quality feed additives

The Ginger Shrimp - a promising species for shrimp aquaculture in coastal Gujarat State

Nutraceutics - for the control of bacterial coldwater disease

Extrusion, essential oils and fish feed optimisation Aquaculture Europe 2015 review Volume 18 Issue 6 - NOVEMBER | DECEMBER 2015

Editor Professor Simon Davies Email: simond@aquafeed.co.uk Associate Editors Dr Albert Tacon Email: albertt@perendale.co.uk Dr Yu Yu Email: yuy@perendale.co.uk Dr Kangsen Mai (Chinese edition) Email: mai@perendale.co.uk Editorial Advisory Panel • Abdel-Fattah M. El-Sayed (Egypt) • Dr Albert Tacon (USA) • Professor António Gouveia (Portugal) • Professor Charles Bai (Korea) • Colin Mair (UK) • Dr Daniel Merrifield (UK) • Dr Dominique Bureau (Canada) • Dr Elizabeth Sweetman (Greece) • Dr Kim Jauncey (UK) • Eric De Muylder (Belgium) • Dr Pedro Encarnação (Singapore) • Dr Mohammad R Hasan (Italy) Editorial team Olivia Holden Email: oliviah@perendale.co.uk Malachi Stone Email: malachis@perendale.co.uk Peter Parker Email: peterp@perendale.co.uk Andrew Wilkinson Email: andreww@perendale.co.uk Editor - Asia Pacific Roy Palmer Email: royp@perendale.com Publisher Roger Gilbert Email: rogerg@perendale.co.uk Circulation & Events Manager Tuti Tan Email: tutit@aquafeed.co.uk Design Manager James Taylor Email: jamest@perendale.co.uk International marketing team (UK) Darren Parris Email: darrenp@aquafeed.co.uk Tom Blacker Email: tomb@perendale.co.uk Latin America Ivàn Marquetti Email: ivanm@perendale.com Pablo Porcel de Peralta Email: pablop@perendale.com India Ritu Kala Email: rituk@perendale.com Africa Nathan Nwosu Email: nathann@perendale.com More information: International Aquafeed 7 St George's Terrace, St James' Square Cheltenham, GL50 3PT, United Kingdom Tel: +44 1242 267706 Website: www.aquafeed.co.uk

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3-10 INDUSTRY NEWS 6 THE AQUACULTURISTS 28 PHOTOSHOOT 34 EXPERT TOPIC - CARP 40 INDUSTRY EVENTS 52 THE MARKET PLACE 54 THE AQUAFEED INTERVIEW 56 INDUSTRY FACES

The Ginger Shrimp - Metapenaeus kutchensis: a promising species for shrimp aquaculture in coastal Gujarat State, India

Nutraceutics for the control of bacterial coldwater disease

Extrusion, essential oils and fish feed optimisation

Putting it all together

Acidifier concepts in aquafeed – high quality feed additives

More than a mycotoxin binder

FISH FARMING TECHNOLOGY SUPPLEMENT 002 Aquaculture sustainability and tourism 006 Urban Aquaponics at Grow Bristol

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2015/16 INDUSTRY PROFILES

International Aquafeed is published six times a year by Perendale Publishers Ltd of the United Kingdom. All data is published in good faith, based on information received, and while every care is taken to prevent inaccuracies, the publishers accept no liability for any errors or omissions or for the consequences of action taken on the basis of information published. ©Copyright 2015 Perendale Publishers Ltd. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means without prior permission of the copyright owner. Printed by Perendale Publishers Ltd. ISSN: 1464-0058

Professor Simon Davies

Creoso - welcome

eason’s Greetings and ‘Hwyl Fawr’ (Welsh for Great Health!). Last month was a most interesting period for me with a number of engagements in continental Europe, a short visit by military transport to Greenland, and of course the attendance of the European Aquaculture 2015 event in Rotterdam. It was so nice to be back in Holland again with so many close friends and acquaintances over my three decades in academia. So many past student successes now some with PhD’s and working for the industry at large. Their loyalty and support for me makes the job I have so worthwhile and I appreciated their good company. A few now work for AquaBioTech group in Malta under Shane Hunter and undertaking excellent R&D work including fish feeding trials and innovative aquaculture technology and consultancy where it is needed. The group had a strong presence in Rotterdam attracting much deserved attention. In my new role at Harper Adams University in central England I would hope to venture more widely and see new places in the future and extend my horizons. This UK University is dedicated to making investments in aquaculture with new

Meet the Aquafeed team at upcoming international events

appointments under my direction. I will present a feature concerning my new role in a future issue of IAF. Aquaculture Europe was well attended and a good number of trade stands were present with a sound representation of the Aquafeed industry including this magazine. I finally met our own Peter Parker without his spider man costume, but I suppose must congratulate both Roger Gilbert and Peter on the ‘All Blacks’ win as two resident Kiwi’s. Well done! (However, I did see the All Blacks get beaten by Llanelli Scarlets in 1972!!) One major breaking news is the FDA approval for GMO salmon and I have actually met with the AquaBounty team on several occasions and followed their progression. We last spoke about the potential of transgenic Atlantic salmon at the Biomarine event in Halifax, Nova Scotia in 2013 and I do wish them well. Whatever ones view and I am positive, the scientific breakthrough is outstanding and will likely change the animal production industry forever. The possibilities are enormous but will certainly impact on the Aquafeed sector since faster growing fish will require feeding and higher yields will place further demands on formulated feeds and the associated dependency on high quality raw materials and feed ingredients. The quest for novel protein and oils for Aquafeeds continues and I am personally involved in developing patented technologies towards that aim. I am now appreciating the amount of developmental work and patience required to deal with lawyers and their language that is quite different from my type of science ‘speak’. My step into the commercial world and maintaining my academic role has been challenging but rewarding and has given me a new mandate for learning. It’s never too late to feed your brain with EPA & DHA. In this issue we have a feature on Ginger shrimp from India by S. I. Yusufzai, S. R. Lende and P. J. Mahida from the Department of Aquaculture College of Fisheries Science, Junagadh Agricultural University, Gujarat, India. The action of specific types of Nutraceutics for the control of bacterial cold water disease by representatives from both Spain and Argentina are reviewed. We report on Extrusion, Essential Oils and Fish Feed Optimisation using advanced microencapsulation improving delivery of phytogenic feed additives by Rui Gonçalves and Gonçalo A. Santos, Biomin Holding GmbH, Austria. Our extensive news platform, regular features and interviews with key stake-holders from the industry complements our content. I am mindful that this issue is the last for 2015 and I wish you all the best for the Christmas season, and a prosperous New Year!! 2016 will list some important events with the Olympic Games in Brazil (we will try to feature some timely aspect of Brazilian aquaculture), the influence of the American Presidential election (Aquaculture Bill) and the future of US fish farming industry may feature in a later editorial. Nadolig LLawen a Blwyddyn Newydd Dda (Welsh for Happy Christmas and Happy New Year!!) Professor Simon Davies

Meet the IAF team at booth 437

NEWS

The role of lipids Ioannis Zabetakis, assistant professor of food chemistry, University of Athens, Greece

International Aquafeed Executive Editor Oliva Holden returning to legal career

t is with a heavy heart we say a farewell to our very own Executive Editor, Olivia Holden. Having passed the English Bar exam before joining us, Olivia was always destined to return to the legal sector. Going back to law school, Olivia reflects on her time with Milling and Grain, "I have had a wonderful time overseeing and helping to implement many fantastic changes to Milling and Grain magazine, meeting many great people involved in the feed and flour milling industries. A particular highlight was attending the World Expo in Milan where the topic of ‘feeding the planet, energy for life’ really instilled the fundamental importance of this industry”. Olivia leaves us in December having edited the last 12 editions, we wish her all the best and I am no doubt we will stay in touch.

Seasons greetings

he whole team at International Aquafeed would like to take a moment to thank our writers, advertisers - and most importantly, you, our readers for your continued support in 2015. The magazine has had a fantastic 2015, and we have some exciting content coming up in the new year. We hope to see even more of you on our travels around the globe and at the many diverse trade events that we will be attending throughout 2016.

We would like to wish you all a prosperous, happy and healthy New Year. Roger Gilbert & the team at International Aquafeed magazine

n aquaculture, some of us focus on the nutrition of fish and how to increase the specific growth rate of fish, digestibility of the feeds for example. Some others of us focus on the nutritional value of fish, their content of specific fatty acids, if these acids are saturated, unsaturated or polyunsaturated or whether the fish lipids have antiinflammatory activities. There is no doubt that these two distinctive groups of scientists work for the same goal but are they really talking to each other? In other words, do the fish nutritionists and the human nutritionists have strong communication channels for the simultaneous development of aquafeeds and fish nutritional value? The link of these two scientific communities is (or could be) a class of compounds called “lipids”. The term lipids is originated from the greek word «λίπος» (fat as a noun) and it includes all the organic compounds that are greasy to the touch, insoluble in water but soluble in alcohol and ether. Although, lipid compounds are clustered as lipids because of their solubility properties, the lipid class includes an amazing variety of molecules ranging from “tiny” (in terms of molecular weight and size) free fatty acids with either short or long carbon chain till rather “big” and “bulky” molecules with simple or complex biochemistry (wax, and glycerolipids/phospholipids, respectively). There is a wealth of evidence that lipids are essential for the development of larvae and the growth of fish at later stages. Fish oil and fishmeal are used as main ingredients in carnivorous and lately also omnivorous fish species culture. Fish oil has high levels of n-3HUFA (n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids) whereas fishmeal has relatively stable lipid content (8-9 percent) and the percentage of EPA, DPA and DHA is often higher compared to fish oil. On the other hand, the fatty acids that are essential for fish growth might not have so strong positive nutritional value as previously thought. For instance, PUFA have been recently shown not to have an effect on inhibiting atherosclerosis and the onset of cardiovascular diseases. Some other lipid compounds (e.g. phospholipids such as derivatives of phosphocholine, phosphoserine and phosphoethanolamine) have been found to have strong anti-inflammatory properties. The ambitious challenge for the coming year and beyond is a rather demanding one: how we can create more all-inclusive studies in aquaculture? How can we design novel aquafeeds that are functional into two levels, for example, for the growth of the fish species but also for the enrichment of the nutritional value of the final produce? Lipid molecules might hold some important biochemical secrets for us. Let’s try to discover their value in a holistic way bearing in mind that lipids is the keyword for both commercial and nutritional success. izabet@chem.uoa.gr @yanzabet

November-December 2015 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 3

NEWS The eight finalists of the 2015 Alltech Young Scientist programme were honoured by Alltech at the company’s international conference attended by nearly 3000 people from 63 countries. On the left is Dr Aoife Lyons, the director of educational initiatives at Alltech, and on the far right is Dr Inge Russell, scientific advisor to the Alltech Young Scientist programme. Registration for the 2016 Alltech Young Scientist programme is open until December 31

2016 Alltech Young Scientist programme registration extended

or some young scientists, Alltech has an early Christmas gift. The opportunity to register for the 2016 Alltech Young Scientist programme, the world’s largest university-level competition in agriscience, has been extended until December 31. Earlier this year it was announced that 2016’s programme would become the first edition to offer fully funded PhD and post-doctorate positions to the global undergraduate and graduate winners who also receive international recognition, trophies and cash awards. Students must be nominated by a professor in order to participate and may submit scientific papers on topics such as animal health and nutrition, crop science, agriculture analytical methods, food chain safety and traceability, human health and nutrition and other agriscience related sectors. Paper submission must be completed online by December 31, 2015. Each student’s paper will first compete within their home region of North America, Latin America, Asia Pacific, Europe or Africa. Finalists from all four regions will be invited to attend an all-expense-paid Alltech Young Scientist Discovery Week in Lexington, Kentucky, USA, where they will compete in the global competition. Each finalist will present his or her paper to a panel of international judges and a live audience during ONE: The Alltech Ideas Conference, May 22-25, 2016. “The Alltech Young Scientist programme has uncovered some of the best and brightest emerging research talent in agriscience and Alltech wants these leaders to join our team,” said Dr Pearse Lyons, president and founder of Alltech. The Alltech Young Scientist programme, now in its 11th year, received more than 8800 student registrations for the 2015 term. For a look at last year’s eight finalists, view this clip.

First MSC certified whole lobster for Christmas in the UK at Lidl

he £5 Christmas lobster has been a Christmas favourite for the past few years but, until now, it’s been difficult to know if it is sustainable. This year, Lidl has joined forces with the Marine Stewardship Council to introduce the first whole lobster that is MSC certified as sustainable. And this year, it costs less than a fiver.

make sure the lobsters are in the best possible condition. The fishermen use small boats and baited traps to catch the lobsters and any that are too small get returned to the sea. All of the fishermen live in small towns around the coast of New Brunswick where lobsters are at the heart of the local economy.

Cold, clean Canadian waters

Like many crustaceans (including the prawns and shrimps used for sushi), lobster freezes incredibly well and the New Brunswick lobsters are cooked and frozen locally before being shipped to the UK, providing a low impact treat for Lidl customers.

The MSC certified lobsters come from the cold, clear waters of New Brunswick, Canada. The sea is a defining part of New Brunswick life. Nearly two thirds of the population life within 30 miles of the sea and local residents describe it as ‘the best lobster in the world.’ Lobster fishing is only a very short season, just two months, to protect the stock and

Getting to the UK

Long-term commitment

Alexandra Scholes, Fish and Seafood Buyer for Lidl said, “We first introduced Marine

Stewardship Council (MSC) products into our stores in 2006 and have continually expanded this range ever since. We are proud to be the first British supermarket to sell MSC assured whole lobster, and in addition to this 100 percent of our fresh ongoing (wild caught) fish is MSC certified and labelled and this range is available in stores all year round.” Toby Middleton, Programme Director North East Atlantic for the MSC said, “Lidl have worked closely with the MSC over the past year to build up their range of MSC certified fish and shellfish. That hard work is really paying off with 41 of their wild seafood products now MSC labelled, a 24 percent increase on 2014. It’s a real commitment to demonstrably sustainable sourcing that is providing a benefit to their customers. This lobster is a perfect example, a great value, sustainable product from the cold, pristine waters of Canada. A perfect Christmas treat.”

4 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | November-December 2015

NEWS

Lesaffre signs agreement to acquire majority share in Guangxi Sungain Yeast and Guangxi Sungain Biological Technology

ursuing its expansion strategy on the Chinese market, Lesaffre, a key global company in the field of yeast and fermentation, has signed an agreement with the Chinese group Guangxi Sungain Sugar. As François Hollande, the President of the French Republic, was in China, Antoine Baule, Lesaffre’s Chief Executive Officer, signed an agreement to acquire a majority shareholding in Guangxi Sungain Yeast Co Ltd and Guangxi Sungain Biological Co Ltd. Having star ted production in December 2009 and September 2014 respectively, these yeast and yeast extract companies are based at Chongzuo, Guangxi region, 150 km from Nanning, the most important region for the production of sugar cane in China. As subsidiaries of the Sungain group, one of the 8 most important sugar producers in Guangxi, China, they employ 275 people and have high standard industrial units. Lesaffre has been present on the Chinese

West Australia commits to aquaculture certification

he Aquaculture Stewardship Council (ASC) has been chosen by the West Australian Government as the standard of choice for the performance of aquaculture producers in the State, to be assessed as responsible against both environmental and social requirements. Fisheries Minister Ken Baston said the Seafood Directions 2015 conference, being held in Perth this week, would clearly demonstrate growing consumer expectations that the fish they eat has been sourced from sustainably managed fisheries or fish farms.

Retailer Yata promotes ASC certified seafood in Hong Kong

o mark its commitment to responsible seafood sourcing, retailer Yata in collaboration with KLG Fine Food ran a promotional campaign in Hong Kong from 6 October to 2 November 2015. The campaign promoted the ASC labelled products Fish Monk frozen pangasius fillets and Fish Monk frozen vannamei shrimp in the Yata Tuen Mun Store and Yata Kwun Tong Store in Hong Kong. “We are happy to be able to provide respon-

market since the 80s with its premium SafInstant brand. In 1999, the group acquired a yeast plant at Ming Guang, near Nankin, 300 km from Shanghai. In 2010, two new plants - one for yeast and one for yeast extracts - were commissioned at Laibin, Guangxi, in par tnership with the sugar producer Donta. Lesaffre also uses four Baking Centre™ in Shanghai, HongKong, Beijing and Canton to offer technical suppor t to its customers for mantou (Chinese steamed bun) and bread making. It employs 950 people in China. With this operation, Lesaffre will strengthen its presence and its offering to Chinese customers, not only in baking but also in the field of food taste and pleasure, in animal nutrition and health, and in nutriments for biotechnologies. Antoine Baule, Lesaffre’s Chief Executive Officer: “China is a promising market in the fields in which we operate. Lesaffre welcomes

this new operation, which will enable us to strengthen our position in this country, where we have been present for many years and where we want to work long term. We have decided to invest in a significant way in the development of Sungain, as much in sales as in operations planning, in answer to the increasing market demand, especially for yeast for mantou, animal nutrition and biotechnologies. With our investments in China, we are establishing our will to be close to our customers, to offer them our products and services and fulfill their specific requirements.” Lao Jian Ming, Chairman of Guangxi Sungain Sugar: “We are very pleased to join forces with Lesaffre, a family company internationally known and recognised for its industrial expertise and the quality of its services and products. We share with this French company a common vision of development and respecting the environment and the health of the end consumer.”

“Sustainability in our seafood sector is a key priority for us,” Minister Baston said. “The ASC applies a third-party certification system, meaning that certification of fish farms and fish product suppliers will be done by independent certifiers. “For our wild-capture fisheries, WA has embraced independent sustainability certification through the Marine Stewardship Council and has been suppor ting our commercial fisheries to undertake the necessary assessments. “We have also been moving to expand aquaculture opportunities in the State and the ASC has a metrics based and transparent assessment program.

“Third party seafood certification plays a vital role in global seafood trade, it’s important that we get this right.” Chris Ninnes, ASC’s chief executive officer, said the Western Australian Government had shown great leadership in its commitment to a sustainable seafood industry. He said he was delighted the ASC certification program was chosen as independent verification of the responsible management of the State’s aquaculture. In August, the WA Government announced its Statement of Commitment to Aquaculture, recognising it as a legitimate user of the State’s land and aquatic resources.

sibly farmed seafood in our stores. At Yata we want to inform our customers that they can make responsible choices when they shop. The ASC logo makes choosing responsibly farmed fish easy. Consumers can be sure of the source of their seafood,” said Paul Leung, Deputy Department Manager, merchandising of Yata Ltd. KLG Fine Food earned ASC certification in August 2014. The company has supplied ASC certified seafood to Yata since June 2015. “We have committed to the ASC programme because sourcing and providing sustainable food is one of our core values. Consumers are increasingly concerned about

overfishing and environmental and social impacts of aquaculture. They want healthy and responsibly farmed fish in their grocery shops,” said Leung Ka Shing, KLG Sales Director. “ASC Chain of Custody is a tool for seafood supply chain companies that want to become more transparent. It is important to have such a great support from retailers, which Yata is demonstrating through its campaign. I am sure the collaboration between KLG and Yata will help raise awareness about the importance and benefits of choosing responsibly farmed seafood in Hong Kong,” said Esther Luiten, ASC Senior Commercial Marketing Manager.

November-December 2015 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 5

Certainty at last:

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NEWS

i i i i i i i i i i

The Aquaculturists

A regular look inside the aquaculture industry GSSI: Global Benchmark Tool successfully launched GSSI Partners say thank you to all participants making the Global Benchmark Tool launch on 8 October in Vigo a success. http://bit.ly/1HbweLX

Yara acquires Pilbara ammonia and nitrate assets from Apache Corporation Yara International has acquired 100 percent of the shares in Apache Fertilisers Pty Ltd, which holds Apache's 49 percent ownership position in Yara Pilbara Holdings Pty Ltd (YPHL), for USD 391 million. http://bit.ly/1kpB7vV

Gilmore Fish smokehouse recalling all canned sturgeon and salmon products due to possible health risk Gilmore Fish of Dallespor t, Washington, USA is voluntarily recalling ALL canned (Gourmet smoked Columbia sturgeon, fresh packed Pacific salmon, gourmet smoked Chinook salmon), Gilmore Fish brand, with any codes starting with "OC" because it has the potential to be contaminated with Clostridium botulinum, a bacterium that can cause life-threatening illness or death. http://bit.ly/1MZlmZz

Breizh Algae Tour 2015 Report You can view a range of videos of the conference and individual presentations on the website http://bit.ly/20P3rc9

www.theaquaculturists .blogspot.com

Storage stability of flavonoids confirmed by long-term study

he Dr Eckel health product line uses highly effective and unique plant compounds. The raw materials undergo an extremely careful selection process because the quality of value-adding ingredients is crucial to the later effectiveness of the products. The differences in quality between phytogenic products available on the market are immense. The decisive factor in the selection of raw materials is the certainty that the greatest care has been taken during harvesting or pre-processing.

Figure 1: Flavonoid content in hops according to storage location and time

Excellent quality as a prerequisite for the desired effect

Flavonoids that come from inferior quality sources do not always live up to their promises. After being stored for several months or after being processed in a feed mill, their effectiveness can often no longer be guaranteed to be stable. The user is disappointed because the plant-based active substances do not achieve the desired effect. The claim and promise to users make it necessary not only to record the initial contents of value-adding plant substances, but also to carry out more detailed investigations into their durability under different influences during storage.

Flavonoids are stable in phytogenic products by Dr Eckel

Figure 2: Flavonoid content in green tea extract according to storage location and time

As part of a comprehensive long-term study, Dr Eckel has provided impressive evidence of the storage stability of the secondary plant compounds used based on the example of flavonoids in hops and green tea. These specifically selected raw materials, along with other components, are also key components in the Anta速Phyt and Anta速Ox products. To guarantee reliable effectiveness and product quality, extensive studies were carried out to investigate and rule out possible negative factors that affect their stability. Research focused on the effects of storage time, light and packaging type on the stability of flavonoids in hops and green tea extract. To do this, relevant product samples were stored in different ways. The samples were stored in differently sealed bags under varied lighting conditions. The respective samples were analysed at intervals of three months for a total period of 13 months. During storage of hop-based products an increase in the value-adding flavonoid content was detected. This increase in the flavonoid level

compared with the initial reading is due to the fact that some of the flavonoids are present in bound form. Only after a certain period of storage they are released and can now be measured. The results are much higher than the values guaranteed in the product specification and therefore ensure an extremely high level of effectiveness (figure 1). The flavonoids in the selected green tea extract used by Dr Eckel (figure 2) demonstrated only a slight decrease during the observation period of 13 months. In all trials and during the whole storage period, active ingredients were determined that are above the values guaranteed by Dr Eckel GmbH. As the quality and effectiveness of raw plant materials can var y enormously according to variety, origin, post-harvest treatment and processing, components from other suppliers require separate investigation. In summary, the product quality of the raw materials used in the Dr Eckel health product line is outstanding even after a 13-month storage period with exposure to light and in different types of packaging. The studies that produced the results presented here were funded by the German Federal Agency for Agriculture and Food (BLE) as part of a programme to promote innovation.

6 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | November-December 2015

NEWS Recognition for special Filipina during IWSP Roy Palmer, director, Aquaculture without Frontiers

ast week the world celebrated International Week of Science and Peace (IWSP) – it is when we acknowledge activities related to the study and dissemination of information on the links between progress in science and technology and maintenance of peace and security; and promote international co-operation among scientists. Aquaculture without Frontiers (AwF) is therefore very excited to introduce Belinda Miranda-Garrido, the Management Coordinator of Roxas City Coastal Resource Management office in the Philippines, who has been awarded the Aquaculture without Frontiers Woman of the Month for November 2015! Ms Garrido has spent almost 30 years in public service at the local level which has impacted provincial and regional levels on aquaculture and fisheries management including social and economic empowerment of men and women involved. In addition, her projects with the local communities on ecotourism have been given, not only local recognition, but also recently national recognition by the Association of Tourism Officers in the Philippines. The project she spearheaded, the Cadimahan River Tour, was awarded Grand Winner for Best Practice in Community-Based Responsible Tourism AwardTourism Enterprise 2015. This is a project of the Roxas City Government for Lawis Baybay Small Fisherfolk Association in partnership with schools, NGAs, NGOs and private sector. This initiative helped feed the fisher folk families and helped rehabilitate Cadimahan River advancing food security for disadvantaged people. Their Diwal (also known as Angel Wings) Rehabilitation Project won First Place in the Best Public Sector Project RDC-NEDA 6 in 2005. Two decades ago, Roxas City in Capiz almost lost its prized shellfish diwal due to overharvesting. Overharvesting resulted in the rapid decline of volume in 1987 and the bivalve had since remained scarce for almost a decade. Garrido and the city government implemented a rehabilitation and regulation program to save the diwal from extinction. Only the thorough comprehensive rehabilitation program in 1997 saved the bivalve from near extinction. Now diwal is one of the tourist-drawers of the city and the much sought-after delicacy is partly responsible for its recognition as the country’s ‘seafood capital.’ Belinda is now conducting river profiling towards the development of a sewerage treatment facility to ensure safe seafoods which are being cultured in rivers like oysters and mussels. She also works with communities on mangrove reforestation of river banks, clearing and clean-up. Her other projects for communities transferring knowledge and technology increasing capability and capacity are vermiculture and vermicomposting and organic medicinal / herbal growing and utilisation. With her leadership and compassionate but firm approach, she has become a model to the women and men in the communities. With her determination and willpower, faith in God, and ability to work within a team of multidisciplinary backgrounds, she has given motivation to them that they can change for the better and improve their wellbeing through helping themselves. Ms Garrido facilitated a way to make local government support practical and participatory to involve partnerships with communities who need help alleviating poverty and malnutrition. She is an inspiration and positive role model to both men and women throughout aquaculture and fisheries communities. AwF is delighted to honour her, especially during the time of IWSP. If you would like to nominate a woman to be the next Woman of the Month, please check the Criteria and complete the Nomination Form at http://www.aquaculturewithoutfrontiers.org/

VIV MEA 2016 FEBRUARY 15-17, ABU DHABI, U.A.E.

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November-December 2015 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 7

NEWS

Australian supermarket Coles makes wave of change in sustainable seafood

oles have created a wave of change becoming the first major supermarket in Australia to offer its customers certified sustainable and traceable seafood in their delis. Australian seafood lovers can now buy Aquaculture Stewardship Council (ASC), and Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) eco-labelled seafood in the deli at their local Coles supermarket. Across the country Coles’ fresh salmon will be ASC certified as responsibly farmed and their Queensland wild-caught prawns will be MSC certified as sustainably caught. MSC Asia Pacific Director Patr ick Caleo is extremely pleased with Coles’ leadership and pioneering move into sustainable seafood. “Coles is the first major supermarket in Australia to offer, certified sustainable seafood at their deli counters. Not only are Coles’

providing Australians with certified sustainable seafood options, they’ve done an enormous amount of work through the supply chain to ensure their seafood is traceable from ocean all the way to the deli counter. As Aussies love our seafood and want to safeguard our oceans for generations to come, choosing certified sustainable seafood from Coles is an easy and delicious way to contribute to the health of the ocean.” Chris Ninnes, ASC’s CEO, said: “As one of Australia’s largest retailers, Coles is leading the way with responsibly farmed seafood sourcing in Australia. By offering ASC certified and labeled salmon in their delis, Coles’ customers don’t have to worry about where their fish comes from and can enjoy their salmon knowing that it is sourced from a farm that treats the environment with care and

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respect. All they need to do is look for the ASC logo.” Coles now offers customers sustainably caught or responsibly farmed Coles Brand seafood. This month Coles launches its seafood campaign highlighting its range of Coles Brand responsibly sourced seafood to help its customers make better choices to protect the oceans, environment and local communities. Char lotte Rhodes, Coles Gener al Manager Deli and Seafood said Coles’ responsible sourcing program is providing greater transparency, traceability and labeling making it easier for customers to choose sustainable seafood. “With more customers looking for responsibly sourced seafood and keen to know where their food comes from, Coles is proud to ensure our Coles Brand seafood is responsibly sourced and introduce MSC and ASC certified products in our Delis.” “Coles’ sourcing program means seafood lovers can now be confident when buying from our Coles Brand seafood range that it is responsibly sourced which gives them the choice to help make a difference for the environment and contribute towards a more sustainable future.” Protecting our future through credible and independent seafood certification “Seafood is the most consumed animal protein in the world, and the most traded food commodity, with one in 10 people in the world depending on fishing for their livelihood, by choosing certified sustainable and responsible seafood you’re helping to create a positive impact in our oceans,” said Mr Caleo. About a billion people rely on seafood as a fundamental part of their diet. With more than half of the fish consumed globally coming from fish farming it’s important to recognise and reward farms that operate responsibly with minimal impact on the environment through the work of programs like the ASC.

8 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | November-December 2015

ASC and MSC cer tification rewards seafood producers who operate sustainable fisheries or responsibly managed farms. The programs provide credible, independent third-party validation for practices which reduce impacts on the marine environment, protect local surroundings and wildlife, and support local communities. MSC and ASC standards were developed in line with ISEAL’s Codes of Good Practice, meeting the requirements for inclusive and transparent standard setting. The MSC also offers the only wild capture seafood certification and ecolabelling program consistent with the UN FAO Code of Conduct for Responsible Fishing and Guidelines for the Ecolabelling of Fish and Fishery Products from Marine Capture Fisheries. Coles ASC cer tified salmon comes from Tassal, which earned ASC certification across all of its sites in November 2014.Tassal was the first salmon farm in Australia to achieve this certification.

Traceability assurance

All ASC and MSC labelled seafood can be traced back through the supply chain to a responsibly managed fish farm or certified sustainable fishery. In order to achieve chain of custody certification each company in the supply chain must meet strict requirements, be completely transparent and have in place traceability systems that ensure no product mixing or substitutions can occur. MSC cer tified fisheries and ASC cer tified far ms must complete annual sur veillance audits to ensure that they continue to operate at the high standards required to remain certified. MSC certified fisheries are reassessed ever y 5 years and ASC cer tified farms every 3 years. More than 570 improvements to fishing practices and environmental management have been identified with fisheries in the MSC program.

NEWS

Planet Ocean provide Deep Trekker ROV for the Norwegian High Arctic

survey of the underside of the ice. A combination of slight positive buoyancy and the mounting of the optional crawler wheels on the top of the unit enabled stable driving along the underside of the ice in the frozen fjord. The small self-contained, selfpowered system was ideal for the intended operations. Since the team were operating close to the -5C minimum, the DTG-2 was kept ‘warm’ in the water between deployments, as the air temperature dropped to -26C. A grabber arm was also taken for recovery operations but fortunately not required. See the video at https://youtu.be/4NEEq3xv_WM

n March 2015, Dr Alex Nimmo Smith and Mr Peter Ganderton from the Plymouth University Marine Physics Research Group included a Deep Trekker DTG2 ‘Wor ker’ supplied by Planet Ocean Ltd in the equipment that they took on a research trip to the Arctic. The Deep Trekker was successfully operated through ice holes in water of -2C, performing tasks including the inspection of other instruments and providing a visual

Canadian yellowtail flounder re-certification proof that fishery rebuilding works

emonstrating a continuous commitment to sustainable fishing practices, the Ocean Choice International (OCI) Grand Bank Yellowtail Flounder Fishery has been re-certified to the Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) Fishery Standard as being sustainable and well managed. Over its first five-year period of certification, to continue to meet the MSC’s robust Standard, the fishery worked to meet nine conditions for improvement, including reducing bycatch and minimising damage to marine habitats. Their success in achieving these conditions demonstrates that MSC certification helps to provide an effective path to continued positive change on our oceans. “We take great pr ide in ensuring all our fisheries operate

in a responsible and sustainable manner and we are pleased with the re-certification of yellowtail flounder,” said Blaine Sullivan, Chief Operating Officer of OCI. “As a global leader in responsible management and sustainable fisheries we continue our efforts and commitment as stewards of our oceans and marine environment.” Harvested on Newfoundland’s historic Grand Banks, the yellowtail flounder fishery was previously a mixed fishery combining yellowtail flounder, American plaice and cod. The fishery has been solidly re-building since a low resource period in the 1990s and achieved MSC certification as a sustainable fishery in 2010. Since then the fishery has maintained the yellowtail flounder stock well above sustainable bio-

logical levels, and also implemented new measures to further reduce impacts on American plaice and cod, which remain under moratorium. Bycatch of these two species has consistently remained well below allowable levels, which enables these stocks to continue on a positive path to regrowth. The yellowtail flounder fishery has also implemented technological improvements to its otter trawling gear adding new ‘flying doors’ and using elevated sweeps designed to minimise bottom contact. The estimates of the seafloor area contacted by the new gear have dropped by over one-half from previous years – a clear benefit to benthic habitats and organisms.The fishery also continues to observe a six-week closure from mid-June to early August to respect peak spawning season and maintain product quality. “We are extremely pleased that

November-December 2015 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 9

OCI has renewed its commitment to the MSC program for another five years,” said Jay Lugar, Program Director for MSC in Canada. “The improvements made in the yellowtail flounder fishery are exemplary and are an expression of OCI’s commitment to a sustainable future for the entire Grand Banks ecosystem. We applaud their efforts and look forward to their continued engagement in the program for many more years to come.” The yellowtail flounder fishery operates on the Grand Banks off the coast of Newfoundland, in Nor thwest Atlantic Fisheries Organisation (NAFO) Divisions 3L, 3N and 3O. Total allowable catch is currently 17,000 tonnes, 97.5 percent of which is held by Canada with OCI owing 91.07 percent of the Canadian quotas. This species is sold globally and is recognised as a versatile consumer favourite in both retail and foodservice markets.

NEWS

Swiss institute of feed technology awards diplomas to 17 feed technologists

7 students from 13 countries were recently awarded the coveted diploma of the prestigious Swiss Institute of Feed Technology (SFT) in Uzwil, Switzerland. The 33rd specialist course in feed manufacturing technology was held in English. This year’s best in class came from Brazil. SFT Director Ernst Nef is now handing over responsibilities for the SFT to Daniel Müller and retiring early. From a total of 20 male and one female participants who had started the 33rd Diploma course of the SFT in spring 2015, 17 successfully completed their training as Feed Production Engineers. The road to success was not easy. It led the students “up a steep and arduous path”, as the institute’s director Ernst Nef said at the Diploma awarding ceremony. Mr Nef was very happy to see the ninth woman in the SFT’s histor y successfully completing the course – the Norwegian Aina-Elin Karlsen (Ewos AS): “This proves that animal feed production is no longer purely a men’s domain.”

Reaching the summit

Following intensive ten-month training, the graduates of this year’s cour se received the Diploma awarding them as Feed Production Engineer or a confirmation of course attendance from the SFT’s director Ernst Nef in the Hotel Uzwil. In his speech, which as usual was full of humor, Mr Nef stressed the significance of lifelong continuing education and praised the graduates for their decision to go back to school once more: “With this decision, you took up a big challenge, which you have now successfully mastered. Today you have reached the summit. With the acquired knowledge and your great dedication, you are now equipped with the tools you need to meet the high requirements for a safe and economical production of formulated feeds.” He said that on the one hand the goal is to satisfy consumer’s needs for hygienic feeds that are safe for humans and animals

alike. On the other hand, he continued, feed manufacturers were increasingly being forced by regulations and legislation to produce and market animal feeds more efficiently and, especially, more responsibly.

A Brazilian as best in class

Ernst Nef personally handed over the Diploma or the confirmation of attendance to each student, adding some amusing personal anecdotes from the class to his congratulations. In line with a long-standing Diploma ceremony tradition, the SFT always distinguishes the student who has achieved the best final score. This year’s distinction went to the Brazilian Leonardo Miyata, employee at Bühler AG in Joinville, Brazil. Peter Hofer, Vice President of the SFT Board, congratulated the best in class for his outstanding average grade of 5.53 out of 6, by handing over the traditional commemorative plate. Leonardo Miyata outperformed the Canadian John Smillie by one percent and Aina-Elin Karlsen by four percent, who ranked second and third, respectively.

Ernst Nef honoured

SFT Director Ernst Nef will retire at the end of 2015. He is handing over the SFT responsibilities to Daniel Müller. Marcel Scherrer, the new President of the SFT Board, and his deputy Peter Hofer took advantage of the 33rd diploma ceremony to acknowledge Ernst Nef’s accomplishments and to thank him for his immense dedication and efforts. As a farewell gift, they handed the visibly stirred fresh retiree a large engraved original cowbell from Appenzell. Mr Nef successfully completed the SFT Diploma course in 1992. Only two years later, he took charge as Director of the Swiss Institute of Feed Technology, holding a total of 20 Diploma courses to date together with his lecturer colleagues.

New concept

The 2015 ‘Feed Production Engineer’ Diploma course was based for the third time on the

The 21 students of the 33rd Specialist Course in Feed Manufacturing Technology with their instructors and the Board of the Swiss Institute of Feed Technology (SFT).

Ernst Nef, School Director of the SFT (rear, left); Marcel Scherrer, President of the SFT Board and Head of the Bühler Business Unit Feed (right); SFT Board members Urs Wuest (rear, right) and Peter Hofer (left); and the new SFT Director Daniel Müller (rear, centre) congratulate the best in class of the 33rd specialist course, Leonardo Miyata from Brazil (centre). new concept. The course starts in spring with a 15-week preparatory correspondence course. This is followed by a four-week intensive course in Uzwil. In autumn, the second block is then held with a preparatory correspondence course of the same length and the final intensive training in Uzwil. In the two preparatory courses, students had to work through 21 subject areas. During the two intensive courses, they must pass a total of 14 written examinations. The highlight and finale of each block are the two oral examinations in the core subjects in front of a panel of experts. The new concept reduces the students’ absence from their jobs. The 34th Specialist Course in Feed Manufacturing Technology will start in January 2016 and will be held in German.

10 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | November-December 2015

Focus on practice

The SFT is a non-profit association that is recognized by the Association of Swiss Feed Manufacturers (VSF) as an institution of training and continuing education. The SFT imparts practice-oriented specialist knowledge of feed production processes to professionals from the feed manufacturing industry and related industries. A successful completion of the specialist course provides the basis for graduates to understand state-of-the-art process technologies and to apply this expertise to practice. The international Technology Group Bühler AG is the partner of the SFT. To date, over 520 men and women from 69 countries have successfully completed the Specialist Course in Feed Manufacturing Technology.

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FEATURE

The Ginger Shrimp Metapenaeus kutchensis: a promising species for shrimp aquaculture in coastal Gujarat State, India by S. I. Yusufzai, S. R. Lende and P. J. Mahida, Department of Aquaculture College of Fisheries Science, Junagadh Agricultural University, Gujarat, India

ndia earned US$ 2.67 billion through the export of marine products in 2010-11. About 60 percent of it came from shrimp production. The annual estimated average landing of shrimps from the fishery in India during 2008-10 was 0.4 million tonnes of which 60 percent were contributed by penaeid shrimps. An additional 0.15 million tonnes was produced from aquaculture. For decades, brackishwater aquaculture has been dominated by a single species, the black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon in India, contributing to the bulk of the coastal aquaculture production in the country. However, severe economic losses due to diseases lowering the shrimp production have necessitated the search for alternative species such as Litopenaeus vannamei, Fenneropenaeus indicus, F. merguiensis, Marsupenaeus japonicus etc. Under these circumstances, the introduction of specific pathogen free (SPF) Litopenaeus vannamei was allowed by the Government of India during 2010-11 to revitalise the brackishwater shrimp farming in the country. Nevertheless, due to vannamei, a lot of changes are taking place in the Indian shrimp

industry; more intensification, more shrimp produced in different pockets in peak season, price crashes and a shortage of infrastructure facilities are currently being experienced. Among the major maritime states of India, Gujarat is the western most state of India, with the longest coastline of 1600 kilometres. There are vast stretches of marshy and saline areas all along the coast. The state has 0.38 million hectares of coastal fallow lands, where about 89,341 hectares of land is found suitable for brackishwater aquaculture. Most of this land is under government control. Till now only 5,179 hectares of land is allotted by the government for brackishwater shrimp farming. As of March-2011, 522 shrimp farms had been registered under Coastal Aquaculture Authority, including 10 farms with water spread area of 175 hectares for L. vannamei farming. In 2010-11, farmed shrimp production of the state was 4,531 tons, mainly comprising P. monodon. Most of the brackishwater aquaculture farms are developed in the South Gujarat region, mainly in Valsad, Navsari, Surat and Bharuch districts. On the other side, although 28 percent (19,757 hectares) of total suitable land for brackishwater aquaculture is available in

the coastal Saurashtra and Kutch region of Gujarat, not much development has yet taken place in this area in terms of brackishwater shrimp farming. This is mainly due to absence of perennial rivers and comparatively low rainfall in the region, causing high salinities mainly during summer months. The coastline of Saurashtra and Kutch has broad continental shelf and hence supports healthy biodiversity compared to the other regions of the state. Many important shrimp species such as Fenneropenaeus merguiensis, Metapenaeus affinis, P. monodon, M. brevicornis, M. kutchensis, M. monoceros, P. japonicus, P. semisulcatus are found in these coastal waters. Metapenaeus kuchensis, the ginger shrimp, is a commercially important penaeid shrimp endemic to the Gulf of Kutch region of Gujarat and is popular for its contribution to the Surajbari fishery from the Kutch area during the monsoon season (July-August). The juveniles of the species are called â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Surajbariâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; shrimps, as they are procured in good quantities from Surajbari in the Kutch. They are locally known as soniya, kutchi jinga or medium jinga. Apart from Kutch, the juveniles are also found in various creeks of Saurashtra in places such as Okha, Porbandar, Veraval,

12 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | November-December 2015

FEATURE

Taxonomic Hierarchy

Kingdom Animalia Phylum Arthropoda Subphylum Crustacea Class Malacostraca Subclass Eumalacostraca Superorder Eucarida Order Decapoda Suborder Dendrobranchiata Superfamily Penaeoidea Family Penaeidae Genus Metapenaeus Species kutchensis Common Names Ginger Shrimp (English) Kutch Prawn (English) Kutchi Jinga (Gujarati) Medium Jinga (Gujarati) Soniya (Gujarati)

Mahuva, Jafrabad etc. The adult shrimps, especially the females, are pinkish and exported as ‘red’ or ‘pink’ medium, which command a price comparable to Penaeus spp. in local and overseas markets. During and immediately after the monsoon, a considerable fall in salinity occurs in general and near-fresh water conditions in

certain creeks of coastal Saurashtra. These creeks are immensely loaded with post larvae of the ginger shrimp during monsoon when they enter upstream at the opening of the barmouth, and get trapped due to poor drainage of the creeks during the lean season. They are then easily caught by the fishermen through fixed stake nets, bag nets or drag-nets. This species can tolerate extreme fluctuations in salinity levels (0 to 55 ppt on chronic exposure) and can survive in very high densities in comparatively turbid and low oxygen conditions. The temperature levels and the nutrient load in the isolated creek habitats indicate the high potential and amenability of this species for aquaculture. The maximum size (total length) reported for male is 148 millimetres (mm) and female is 164 mm. The size groups found in the fishery from the sea coast is predominantly 80-200 mm TL and the size groups found in Surajbari and other creeks is 45-110 mm TL. Adult shrimp of 150 mm TL and 200 mm TL weigh about 23 g and 60 g, respectively. Its feeding habit is omnivorous, preferring polychaetes, Acetes spp., benthic crustaceans, and algae and detritus. The breeding season is November – December and February – March and the fecundity and biology is similar to that of other penaeid shrimps. A female attaining 180-195 mm

length (about a year old) produces about 0.38-0.57 million eggs from May to August. For M. kutchensis of 37.27 mm length, the mean growth rate of 0.33 mm and 0.037 gm/day has been reported. The chemical and biological parameters of water quality at Kutch have been found to be optimum for shrimp culture and hence the post-larvae of ginger shrimp grow to juveniles within a couple of month’s time. Since this species thrives well in natural water bodies under extreme environmental conditions and is as valuable as other penaeid shrimps, its prospects for aquaculture are very high. The preliminary studies with regard to its stocking density and feed protein requirements under captive conditions at College of Fisheries Science, JAU, Veraval indicates that M. kutchensis has a potential to become a candidate species for shrimp aquaculture in the coastal Saurashtra and Kutch region. Further research in this regard is necessary to ascertain its suitability in monoculture or mixed culture with other shrimp species such as F. merguiensis, P. monodon and F. indicus, and fishes such as tilapia and gray mullets. Efforts are also needed to confirm the possibility of M. kutchensis farming during winter months, where most of the farmers usually abandon the shrimp farming due to low temperatures in the region.

November-December 2015 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 13

FEATURE

Nutraceutics for the control of bacterial coldwater disease by C. Fernández-Álvarez, Facultad de Biología (CIBUS), Y. Torres-Corral, Facultad de Biología (CIBUS), G. Coscelli, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Argentina, A. R. Sánchez-Arévalo, Lípidos Toledo S.A; Madrid, Spain, A. Martínez, Lípidos Toledo S.A; Madrid, Spain, M.I. Quiroga, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Spain, Y. Santos, Facultad de Biología (CIBUS)

he aquaculture industry has developed significantly over recent decades and is, today, one of the fastest-growing food production sectors in the world. One of the most important problems that affect aquaculture is the appearance of infectious diseases. Among bacterial diseases affecting cultured salmonid fish, Bacterial Cold-Water Disease, caused by Flavobacterium psychrophilum, produces high mortality and morbidity and consequently, economical losses worldwide. Attempts to control this situation through the use of antimicrobials have been limited due to the rapid appearance of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Moreover, the determinants of antibiotic resistance that have emerged and selected in this aquatic environment have the potential of being transmitted by horizontal gene transfer to bacteria of the terrestrial environment, including human and animal pathogens. Evidence indicating that antibiotic-resistant bacteria and antibiotic resistance determinants pass from the

aquatic to the terrestrial environment has resulted in a drastic restriction of the use of antibiotics in aquaculture in many countries. For this reason, it is important to find new products with antimicrobial activity without the aforementioned undesirable effects of antibiotics. In this sense, natural food additives or phytobiotics, which combined different mechanisms of action against pathogenic bacterial species (bactericidal/ bacteriostatic activities, Quorum Sensing inhibition), are potential candidates for the development of prevention strategies in aquaculture. This work describes

the effect of the dietary administration to rainbow trout of the phytobiotic Liptofry (Liptosa S.A, Spain) in the improvement of disease resistance against Flavobacterium psychrophilum. In this study 4000 healthy rainbow trout, distributed in two experimental groups (2000 individuals/each) were maintained in an aquaculture facility of the north of Spain, until its transfer to the aquarium of the Faculty of Biology of the University of Santiago de Compostela. Rate of food supply of both groups was established based on the requirements of the fish, taking as a reference the parameters of size and weight of the specimens and the temperature of the water. • Group 1: Fish fed with feed supplemented with the phytobiotic Liptofry manufactured by Lípidos Toledo SA (Liptosa SA, Spain). • Group 2: Fish fed with no supplemented feed (control fish). The usefulness of feeding the fish with diet supplemented with phytobiotics in the prevention of Bacterial cold-water disease (BCWD) in rainbow trout was determined by

14 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | November-December 2015

FEATURE

of both experimental groups showed similar lesions, characterised by a moderate inflammatory response at the coelomic cavity, necrotic areas affecting the spleen, liver, and pancreatic lobes, and degenerative lesions of renal tubules, showing pyknosis and dequamation of epitelial cells (Figure 2), Results of this study, suggest that the use of feed supplemented with the phytobiotic thickness, and stained with hematoxylin-eosin experimental infection, using a virulent strain RBT4.1.04 of the species F. psychrophilum. (H-E), Phosphotungstic acid-haematoxylin Liptofry in the diet of rainbow trout may conWith this aim, 120 fish of each experimental stain (PTAH) and Periodic acid–Schiff stain tribute to the prevention of diseases caused by the bacterial pathogen Flavobacterium group (group 1 and group 2) were anaesthe- (PAS) for light microscopy observation. In our study, fish fed with the Liptofry sup- psychrophilum. Thus, these diet supplements tised by immersion in tricaine methane sulfonate (MS-222, Sigma) (60mg/L) and infected plemented diet (group 1) showed an average could be used as an alternative to antibiotics by intra-peritoneal injection of a bacterial sus- cumulative mortality of 27 following challenge or vaccines in the control and/or prevention of pension containing 109 CFU/mL. Differences experiment, compared to 62 percent mortal- infectious diseases. Although distribution of the in survival between fish fed with phytobiotics ity observed in control fish (group 2) (Table inflammatory response in fish of groups 1 and (Group 1) and control fish (Group 2) after 1). The survival of fish fed with the phytobiotic 2 infected with Flavobacterium psychrophilum challenge with Flavobacterium psychrophilum Liptofry was significantly higher than those of was similar, the severity and extent of lesions, and the number of animals affected were were analysed by Chi-square test (P<0.05) the control group (p<0.05). Histopathological analysis showed that fish higher in the control group. These findings (Figure 1). might correlate with significant Histopathological analydifferences of mortality in groups sis was performed in order Table 1. Experimental infection with F. psychrophilum to evaluate the one and two. to evaluate the effect of the effect of the Liptofry supplemented diet in the prevention of BCWD administration of the phytoInoculated dose Nº death fish/ biotic Liptofry in fish tissues. Acknowledgements Experimental group % Mortality (CFU/fish) Nº inoculatedAfish| Version: 1 ulture | 2015 Adcontrol Campaign | Theme: Ad-3 Barley Dunne | Design: TissueHatchery samples from and This work was supported by Liptofry-feeded fish were taken Grant CDTI-IDI-20140147 from F | Size: Half Page | Dimensions: 190mm X 132mmGroup 1 Fish treated with the 4.2 x 108 32/120 27 at 24, 48, 72 y 96 h after experithe Centro para el Desarrollo phytobiotic Lyptofry mental infection. Bouin’s fixed Tecnológico e Industrial (CDTI), Group 2 4.2 x 108 74/120 62 samples were embedded in parMinisterio de Economía y Control fish affin wax, sectioned at 3 μm in Competitividad, Spain

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November-December 2015 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 15

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FEATURE

Extrusion, essential oils and fish feed optimisation Advanced microencapsulation improves delivery of phytogenic feed additives by Rui Gonçalves and Gonçalo A. Santos, Biomin Holding GmbH, Austria

anufactured feeds are an essential part of modern commercial aquaculture, providing the balanced nutrition needed by farmed species. Much of aquaculture’s recent growth can be attributed to improved formulations, resulting in superior physical and nutritional feed properties. As more intensified culture systems are developed, greater emphasis has been placed on critical optimisation of the properties of aquaculture feeds, all of which contribute to a more economically sound feed conversion ratio.

is microencapsulation. Microencapsulation is a technology that coats tiny particles of various substances in a sealed capsule. A benefit of microencapsulation of essential oils is that can considerably limit any strong odors or flavors, therefore avoiding potential palatability issues for some sensitive species such as shrimp. Traditional microencapsulation consists of a filled core surrounded by a wax or fat shell that, once it bursts, discharges its contents. In contrast to mononuclear, or single core, capsules, matrix encap-

Phytogenic feed additives

In farmed aquatic species, the benefits of phytogenic feed additives, or botanicals, have been reported in several scientific studies. Their plant-derived active ingredients (e.g. phenols and flavonoids) can exert multiple effects in animals, including improvement of feeding conversion ratio (FCR), digestibility, growth rate, reduction of nitrogen and phosphorous excretion, improvement of the gut microbiota and health status.

The extrusion process

During extrusion, ground, blended ingredients are processed at high temperatures, moisture and pressure levels compared to conventional steam pelleting. Normally, the process begins by steam treating ingredients, raising the moisture by 20 percent to 30 percent and reaching temperatures of 65˚ to 95˚C. The mixture is then conveyed into a pressurised extrusion barrel (extruder) where it is cooked to a temperature of 130˚ to 180˚C for anywhere from 10 seconds to one minute. In these conditions, starch present in the mixture readily gelatinizes. The cooked mixture is then extruded through a die plate. When the mixture emerges from the pressurised chamber, some of the superheated water mixture vaporises, causing a rapid expansion in the volume of the pellets, which are then cooled and dried. Extrusion has proven key to producing fish feeds with desired characteristics in terms of floatability, durability, and water stability. While most fish feeds rely on extrusion, the heat, moisture and pressure that this introduces can render essential oils, which are volatile substances contained in phytogenic feed additives, less effective.

Encapsulation of phytogenics

One of the most frequent conventional encapsulation techniques

Figure 1: Conventional coating (Micro-encapsulation) vs. matrixencapsulation (Digestarom® P.E.P. MGE) of essential oils

Figure 2: Improved recovery rates for of Digestarom® P.E.P. MGE compared to non-encapsulated essential oils

16 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | November-December 2015

FEATURE

Figure 3: Feed conversion ratio during experiment, for different treatments

Table 1. Growth performance parameters Treatment Control

Digestarom® P.E.P. MGE Non-encapsulated phytogenic

SGR (%/day)

WG (%bw/day)

1.76

3.17

1.82

3.40

1.80

3.25

sulation homogeneously distributes active compounds into a carrier (Figure 1). As a vehicle for delivering phytogenic compounds, matrix capsules offer a number of advantages over conventional single core capsules. First, they are more robust and therefore better able to protect phytogenic ingredients during feed processing (pelletization or extrusion) and storage, avoiding ingredient losses. Second, botanical substances are evenly distributed throughout the matrix, allowing for continuous release in animals’ digestive tracts. Third, matrix capsules provide better technological properties: they are dust-free, have excellent flow ability and are easy to dose.

Proven results

In one trial the thermal stability of Digestarom® P.E.P. MGE a matrix-encapsulated phytogenic feed additive was tested in controlled extrusion conditions for a commercial sea bream diet. A batch of 30kg of the diet was then extruded reaching temperatures of 110 ˚C. A non-encapsulated phytogenic, containing exactly the same essential oils (EO), was used as a control. Samples were taken after mixing and extrusion process for both treatments. Results showed Digestarom® P.E.P. MGE had a superior thermal stability (+14.6%), when compared with the non-encapsulated phytogenic (Figure 2). The second trial evaluated the efficacy of the matrix-encapsulated phytogenic (Digestarom® P.E.P. MGE) supplemented feed, comparing control (non-supplemented) feed and feed supplemented with nonencapsulated essential oils. In the 12-week trial with gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) at the University of Algarve in Portugal, fish were fed a low fishmeal diet (14%), supplemented with a Digestarom® P.E.P. MGE or the non-encapsulated essential oils, or without supplementation (negative control). Dietary supplementation with Digestarom® P.E.P. MGE showed an FCR improvement of 12.5% when compared with negative control, while non-encapsulated essential oils showed an improvement of only 8.5% (Figure 3). Specific growth rates (SGR) and weight gain (WG) were also improved by Digestarom® P.E.P. MGE when compared to control or to non-encapsulated phytogenic (Table 1). The aquaculture industry’s continued pursuit of more efficient and sustainable production means that phytogenic feed additives will have a more prominent role in fish diets in the coming years. In light of the widespread use of extrusion to produce fish feed, matrix encapsulation offers a way to effectively deliver phytogenic compounds and improve animal performance, as demonstrated by trial results. November-December 2015 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 17

FEATURE

Putting it all together by Roy Palmer, Association of International Seafood Professionals

ack in the 13th century, maybe even earlier, it has been recorded that when people travelled in Europe they were often given dried seaweed on arrival at their destination to nourish them after their tiring efforts.

Whilst western society ignored that, history countries like China, Japan and Korea did not. In those countries you can browse the multitude of supermarkets and food shops and see all the different preparations, processes, species and packaging of seaweed - this is an increasing and expanding business. It has been known for a long time that algae are one of the keys to excellent nutrition of fish/seafood and why species have vital essential fats and vitamins which are not only good for them but also for multiple benefits to human health when we eat fish/seafood. We know that land animals cannot get close to the level of crucial omega-3 content of even the smallest levels in fish/seafood and as the world moves to healthier nutrition it is expected that seafood will be the food of choice. At present, algae is mainly used as an ingredient in functional food, that is, food that bring health benefits greater than the simple provision of basic nutrients. There are some moves by ‘fashion trend’ chefs to include salads containing seaweed and this may filter through to main outlets in western world. In Japan the Ulva species of algae is well known and highly regarded as a flavoring agent and as a part of a healthful diet. One aquaculture company has done many years of research and planning and is now getting ready for its next phase and putting it all together.

Aonori Aquafarms, Inc. is a land-based aquaculture operation producing Ulva (a species of seaweed named Ulva clathrata) and shrimp (Farfantepenaeus californiensis – Pacific Brown) for protein and food production in Mexico, although the headquarters are located in San Diego, California, US. The Company had a research farm in Sinaloa Mexico from 1998 to 2008 and, in a second phase, the Company operated a small-scale farm and hatchery based in Mexico at San Quintin, Baja California with an infrastructure consisting of 16 ponds operating a total pond area of 3.0 hectares, located only 180 miles from San Diego, California. During this time, the Company achieved two years of successful sales to Safeway and other buyers. Ponds are set back from the shore and built on flat, salinized land so that no harm is done to sensitive habitats such as mangroves or estuaries, where traditional farms are located. The facility produced 6 tons of shrimp each year (head-off) and Ulva meal samples, having made its first shrimp sale on December 2012. The Company has now developed a proprietary biomimetic technology that reproduces the natural marine habitat of shrimp, which goes by the name of NatureFarming™, creating a shrimp/Ulva co-culture environment. The shrimp are fed with Ulva, leaving approximately 60 percent of the Ulva in each pond to be commercialised in various forms such a salt substitute, high value food or feed ingredient, nutraceutical or as a roasted seaweed snack. Aonori claims to be the first successfully integrated multi-species aquaculture company to produce brown shrimp and algae with a new and unique patented process. The Company has developed a method

18 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | November-December 2015

FEATURE

regular aquaculture producers, and even more so compared to conventional sustainable farms, making it a model for the future. Traditional farms, it says, are likely to be forced to move further inland to avoid environmental damage (especially in mangrove areas), but will face high water consumption, remediation and discharge costs. The cost

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of shrimp culture that rapidly recycles mineral nutrients, eliminating the need to pump large quantities of water and providing the shrimp with a source of fresh feed rich in protein, carotenoids and other compounds essential to good shrimp health, which is seen as a major breakthrough. It seems that Aonori’s technology almost eliminates the possibility of shrimp being affected by diseases, which have devastated many producers in the industry worldwide. Reduced feed costs and reduced water pumping costs more than compensate for the slower growth rate of the Brown shrimp species, and better feed quality results in the highest possible quality shrimp. Aonori claims their seaweed process is almost 10 times more productive than the systems used in Japan, and Aonori’s PrimeShrimp®, grown in a cooler climatic zone, seem not to be exposed to the disease risks generated by conventional shrimp farming methods. Armando A. Leon, President and CEO, has been the driving force behind the organisation, and he is ecstatic regarding the fact that Aonori’s shrimp qualify for a green label – the first and only imported green label shrimp using standards from the Seafood Watch program of the Monterey Bay Aquarium. Armando said, “Our shrimp have the sweet flavor, deep red color and firm texture consumers want – quality unmatched even by wild-caught shrimp and far superior to conventional farmed shrimp. Brown shrimp are the highest priced shrimp on the market in North America, and Aonori shrimp are the best of the Browns.” Price of shrimp has been trending up over the last 20 years, peaking in disease-plagued years, and U.S. shrimp consumption continues historical rise, where it is the most consumed seafood. Added to that, shrimp demand and distribution systems are well established. The problem is that the cost of feed, water, biosecurity and electricity is increasing for traditional and highly intensive shrimp operations. Aonori says it has substantially reduced its feed costs compared to

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FEATURE

of meeting responsible sustainable standards is potentially even higher. President Leon says “Research & development work has been going on for 20 years (with an approximate cost of USD $16 million) in order to create this new approach to aquaculture, producing a high value crop using only seawater and desert coastal (non–arable) land. We have five patents (two PCTs related to Ulva crop development and sustainable prophylactic health promoting ecosystem) and an array of trade secrets. Additionally, we have successfully operated a ‘proof of concept’ 1-hectare farm and a pre-commercial farm, the latter of which consisted in 16 ponds with a total pond area of 3 hectares. This integrated shrimp-Ulva operation, which included a shrimp hatchery for post-larvae production and an Ulva nursery to grow planting stock had all the parts of a commercial farm, but at a below break-even scale. At this point, we took the product to the market and secured shrimp sales.” He added, “Production systems have been fully tested at the precommercial farm and the Company is ready for commercial expansion upon funding, which will enable it to fulfill existing potential shrimp sales to companies that have manifested strong interest, such as Safeway. We are now looking for funds to carry out our expansion project, for which the business plan contemplates funding of USD $ 6.2 million, with which we will: • Have a full market launch. • Increase production to 25 hectares in the first 2 years. • Build shrimp processing facilities. • Produce and sell AonoriTM (Ulva) • Be the first company to achieve a high yield culture of the premium quality macro algae, Ulva clathrata (known as “Aonori” in Japan). The plan, as has been proven before, is for the Company’s shrimp to consume 40 percent of the Ulva, while the remaining 60 percent will

be available for the consumer market. Ulva can be a healthy alternative seasoning (low sodium salt substitute), a healthy ingredient for food or feed and an incredible seaweed-based snack. The product could also be available as bulk for wholesale distribution. Aonori’s Umami* flavor enhances the taste properties of many foods. The team behind the Aonori Aquafarms is bi-national (Mexico – US) and has a solid experience in the shrimp & algae businesses, which has made innovative advancements in aquaculture and developed a clear path to commercialise the company’s products. Its scientific and technical team has an expertise in algal physiology, shrimp nutrition and shrimp domestication. Additionally, the board of directors and management team has experience in all key areas, such as operations (growing and processing) and commercial areas (marketing and distribution). They truly believe that they have put it all together with a production cost around 40 percent less than other shrimp farms. Aonori’s culture system, they say, keeps the water in the ponds clean the same way a natural wetland does, so pollution and other environmental impacts are fully eliminated. Armando says, “The company is the only entity in the world that is successfully growing the Pacific Brown (F. californiensis) shrimp, found from Washington State to Peru, which has a history as one of the top-priced wild caught shrimp because of its deep red color, full ocean sweet flavor and firm texture. We have so many advantages from both commercial and operational standpoints: a tasty and scrumptious flavor, as well as a firm, full bodied texture, on one hand; and, on the other, our shrimp are raised in a disease-free, high immunity, nature-like environment, which results in the appropriate conditions for our healthy shrimp to meet the highest standards required for environmental stewardship. We cannot wait to be fulfilling our potential and be a leader in the aquaculture industry.”

20 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | November-December 2015

November-December 2015 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 21

FEATURE

Acidifier concepts in aquafeed – high quality feed additives by Tilman Wilke, Product developer and Daniela Martin, Product management, Dr Eckel GmbH, Germany

r Eckel has been selling feed additives since 1994. One of our core competencies is the utilisation of organic acids and their salts for animal nutrition – either as silage enhancers, as preservatives or as acidifiers. Acidifiers are well established in pig and poultry nutrition – especially of young animals (piglets and broiler chicks). The concept of acidifiers has been successfully transferred from agriculture feed to aquaculture feed during the last 10 years. Here also, the technical qualities of a feed additive play a crucial role. Technical features such as the fluidity, dust, corrosive, odor and hygroscopicity can be the cause of a whole range of problems and dangers in the compound feed production. The quality of feed additives affects both productivity as well as occupational safety. In this article, we wish to share our experience regarding important technical and functional aspects of this transfer.

be distinguished and classified by a number of properties. Very important for the usage as feed acidifiers are differences regarding: pka-value, because it determines the degree of dissociation in different pH-environments; solubility, because it determines bioavailability. Another important property is the molecular weight, because it determines the number of acid molecules per gram. Finally the nutritional value of organic acid can also be taken into consideration because organic acid salts like propionates are good energy sources.

What distinguishes acidifiers?

In general, acidifiers as functional feed additives are made from organic acids and their salts. Typically organic acids and their salts are included in the feed at a dosage between 1kg/t (0.1%) and 10 kg/t (1%). Some publications report dosages of up to 20kg/t (2%) – but this might have been just for research purposes. Which organic acids are used as acidifiers? A number of different organic acids and salts can be used as acidifiers. The most common acids and salts are: formic acid or calcium formate and potassium formate as their most important salts; • acetic acid or its sodium salt sodium acetate • propionic acid or calcium propionate • butyric acid or sodium butyrate • lactic acid or calcium lactate and – last but not least – • citric acid with different salts. Other organic acids and salts used are fumaric acid / fumarates, malic acid / malates, sorbic acid / sorbates. All these organic acids can

Figure 1 Mode of action of acidifiers in shrimp

22 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | November-December 2015

Figure 2 Mode of action of acidifiers in fish

FEATURE What is the mode of action of acidifiers?

Acidifiers have a several modes of action in the feed and in the animal. The most important modes of action are the antimicrobial effect and the stimulation and activation of digestive enzymes. Other relevant modes of action are an unspecific immune stimulation (e.g. in Shrimp), the chelation of minerals (and enhancing absorption), its nutritional value and its sensoric properties (taste, smell). The antimicrobial action of organic acids is pillared by the ability of organic acids to lower the pH of the feed, to reduce the buffer capacity of feed, to lower the pH-value of the stomach and finally by the ability of organic acids to directly impair pathogen cells. The direct effect on pathogen cells is closely related to the pH-dependant behavior of the acid molecule. Depending on its natural pKa value an organic acid binds or releases H+ ions. If the pH value of the environment is lower that the acid’s pKa value (e.g. in the stomach), the acid will bind the H+ ions and is said to be un-dissociated. In the un-dissociated state the acid molecule are unionized and can therefore easily penetrate the cell walls of pathogen cells. Inside the pathogen cell the pH environment is close to neutral and therefore higher than the pKa value of the organic acid. Under these circumstances, the acid releases (dissociates) its H+ ion and the acid molecule becomes ionized. Now the ionized acid molecules are trapped in the pathogen cell and start to accumulate. This accumulation will lead to a pH-drop and intracellular damage in the pathogen cell. Or the pathogen has to spend a lot of energy to pump out the ionized acid molecules. As all this depends on a number of factors (pH environment, pKa value, pathogen cell membrane, and pathogen cell pH-sensitivity) it is easily understandable that the antimicrobial effect of organic acids is not always easy to predict under all conditions. The stimulation of digestive enzymes is the result of a stimulation of physiological feedback mechanisms in the gut. The lowered pH-value of the stomach increases the amount of pepsin in the stomach and the amount of trypsin and lipase released by the pancreas. From feed to feces acidifiers do their work at different stages of the digestive tract. Starting in the feed, organic acids have a preservative effect in the feed and after ingestion they reduce the buffer capacity of the feed. Lowered buffer capacity is favorable, because a feed with a high buffer capacity can raise pH value in the stomach, which, in turn impairs the antimicrobial barrier function of the stomach. This barrier function is supported by a pH-lowering effect of the acidifier. And the pH lowering effects also leads to increased release of proteolytic enzymes in the stomach and in the small intestine. In the small intestine the acidifiers can modulate gut microflora, act as energy source and can enhance absorption of nutrients (e.g. calcium and phosphor) through formation of chelates. If protected (encapsulated) acidifiers are used, acidifiers can do their job even in more distal parts of the gut. The mode of action depends on the morphological features of the gut. Some aquaculture species might lack a stomach but that does not necessarily mean that they will not benefit from acidic support. But the diversity in fish gut morphology explains the difficulties to transfer acidifier formulas and dosages from one aquaculture application to another. If one takes a look into the large amount of scientific literature about acidifiers in aquafeed he will rediscover a quite confusing pattern of what acidifiers works in which species und what feeding and conditions.

What are the main effects of acidifiers in aqua feed?

As a result of the modes of actions described before, acidifiers in aquafeed have the following effects at farm level: • Higher growth rates (growth promoter) • Increased protein digestibility • Better feed conversion • Improved immune response • Reduced mortality That means that acidifiers in aquafeed contribute to animal performance, farm profit animal health, antibiotic reduction and resource efficiency.

Processing considerations

If acidifiers shall be used in aquafeed, one has to take into consideration some technical aspects. On the one hand the organic acids need to reach the animal’s intestine. Therefore leaching from the feed particle into the surrounding water must be avoided. The solubility of the acidifier in the feed must not be too high. To achieve this, it is recommended that acidifiers be mixed into the feed manufacturing before the pelleting step. On the other hand, the organic acids must be bioavailable to the animal. Hence, particle size should fit to species requirements and size. And although leaching must be avoided, the acidifier must be soluble in the animals gut to be effective. Finally, the feed manufacturing process has to guarantee a homogenous mixture of the acidifier in the diet.

Causes of errors and failure costs

In the feed manufacturing process the choice of acidifier can also make a difference. Acidic ingredients like free organic acids

November-December 2015 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 23

FEATURE can cause problems in the feed mill. Free organic acids can lead to corrosive damage of machinery. They can cause chemical burns to workers. And they can lead to unforeseeable chemical reactions with other feed ingredients. All this risks can be avoided if one uses acidifiers that are made from natural salts of organic acids (most common are calcium, potassium, sodium salts). Classic acidifiers consist of a single type of organic acid or a combination of two. In order to further improve the concept of acidifiers Dr Eckel has developed so-called next generation acidifiers. The most important features are: • A combination or at least three organic acids. For example formic acid + citric acid + lactic acid • Usage of calcium salts of the organic acids that are highly bioavailable and have high nutritional value • Microencapsulation of a part of the organic acids • Microencapsulation in combination with essential oils • But also the technical qualities of a feed additive, which affect the production, are crucial for the choice of acidifiers. Technical characteristics of feed additives (such as flowability, dust, corrosive, odor, Hygroscopy) can be the cause of a number of errors and risks in the compound feed production. Some of these errors are very common, for example, Blockages. From a business perspective, any error is associated with failure costs. The failure cost of increased cleaning effort, increased system wear and reduced belt speed can be summarised under the heading of productivity. A second group of failure cost includes costs resulting from accidents at work, the work and organisational effort for the handling of hazardous substances and the cost of labour protective equipment. This failure costs can be avoided if care is taken when selecting a feed additive by their technical quality characteristics.

It is worth paying attention to flowability and dust formation

The use of raw materials with good flow properties and little dust formation directly affects the operating speed in the compound feed production and thus has a direct impact on the profitability of the company. In addition, the dust fraction has an effect on the work-security at the production plant. The formation of large dust clouds during production means higher product losses, risk of segregation or bonding of silos and augers. The tendency to form scale is closely related to the flowability. The particle size distribution has - together with the particle shape and the moisture content of a commodity - influence on its flowability (Schüttgutrheologie). This applies to the fluidity of the following rule of thumb: the smaller the particles, the flatter the particles are formed, and the more residual moisture contained in the product, the worse the flowability of a feed additive.

Buffered acids protect man and machine

Organic acids are widespread feed additives and have been tried themselves in practice conditions as preservatives and as feed acids. In its liquid form, these acids have the disadvantage to be irritating and corrosive (figure 3). They degrade biological tissue such as skin and mucous membranes, as well as materials made of metal, concrete and stone. Dealing with diluted formic acid is dangerous for the employees, and it can cause considerable damages such as corrosion to storage areas and machines. With respect to storage areas and equipment companies are faced with the choice between investing in corrosion-resistant facilities and the regular replacement of corroded parts. A solution to these problems are buffered acids. Formic acid buffered with ammonia,

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FEATURE yields a blend of formic acid and ammonium formate, which has only a corrosion rate of 40 mpy (mm / year) - in contrast to the corrosion rate of 180 mpy in pure formic acid. In addition to the corrosive action of some acid products also have a very strong odor. Using the salts of the organic acids is very beneficial. They have the same good antimicrobial effects and are contrary to the acids odorless. When mixing feed additives, it can also lead to undesirable chemical reactions. Reactions in which much heat is generated are particular critical. Because the temperatures may damage the machine and change the ingredients of the feed. Due to the variety of raw materials and additives, chemical reactions can hardly be predicted with the use of reactive additives in production plants. Figure 4 shows that a highly exothermic reaction leads to a sudden heating of the mixture when using normal formic acid (left picture). When using a specially formulated, reacted acid mixture, however, there is no heating in the mixer observed (right picture).

Microencapsulation of organic acids

The encapsulation leads to a slow release of the encapsulated ingredients (organic acids and essential oils) alongside the gastro-intestinal tract. Endogenous lipase enzymes digest the fat capsule material. The spectrum of particle sizes ensures that the release happens at all different parts of the gut. The encapsulation of a part of the organic acid is beneficial because it is a method to prevent leaching. This is especially important in animals that do not swallow whole feed particles but masticate their feed (like Shrimp). Furthermore, the encapsulation leads

Figure 3: Aqueous solutions of formic acid form highly corrosive solutions. The figure shows an incipient corrosion damage to an acid collecting basin. The storage unbuffered solutions requires acid-resistant containers and pipes.

to a slow release effect of free organic acids throughout the gut. Finally, when organic acids are released in the most distal part of the gut they can build an antimicrobial barrier against ascending infections. The essential oils are protected by microencapsulation in order to transport them to the target site (small and large intestine). Here, they can unfold their antimicrobial potential. Some essential oils have the ability to increase the permeability of the cell wall of pathogenic bacteria. Hence, they have an own antimicrobial effect and they make organic acids more effective. In laboratory tests we compared the antibiotic effect of an essential oil, an organic acid and a combination of both against common food-borne pathogens. It came out, that the combination was way more effective than

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November-December 2015 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 25

FEATURE the single substances. From a technical point of view the encapsulation has some pitfalls. One has to ensure that the encapsulation material is degradable by the target species. Further the particle size of the capsules has to be adapted to the size of the animals. When encapsulated acidifiers are to be added to the pelleting process one has to ensure that the capsules survive the pelleting process.

Feeding trials

Although there is a large body of evidence about the effectiveness of acidifiers in aquafeed, Dr Eckel conducted studies and trials to develop and advance our acidifier products. A few of them shall be described here. In a laboratory study at Kasetsart University (Bangkok, Thailand) we investigated the immunological effects of our next generation acidifier on antimicrobial genes (AMPs: C-type lectin and penaeidin) of Pacific White Shrimp in different culture periods. It came out that during harvest perdiod, C-type lectin and penaeidin and prophenoloxidase gene expression of treated shrimp were significantly increased. The researchers concluded that the acidifier up-regulated the expression of AMP genes, which is seen as extremely positive to cultured shrimp especially when there are challenges from pathogens, bacterial or viral (e.g. Vibrio spp, White spot virus, IMNV, EMS, etc.). This implies a strong health promoting effect from our next generation acidifier. Indeed, in another feeding trial this health promoting effect could be verified. In this trial – also conducted at Kasetsart University – different dosages of the acidifier (0% control, 0.3%, 0.6%, 0.9%, 1,2%) had been compared in a 60 days trial. The health related measurement variables (survival rate, total bacteria count in hemolymph at day 60, Vibrio count in hemolymph at day 60) were significantly improved in the 0.3% group compared to the control group. In addition, the results indicate a dose-effect relationship from 0.3% to 1.2%. Although there was a trend so increased body weight

gain with higher inclusion rates, this was not statistically significant. But protein digestibility was measured as well and significantly improved from 75% up to 84%. In another tank trial study with Pacific White Shrimp at nursery stage the growth promoting effect was prominent. After 21 days of feeding with a next generation acidifier at 0.3% weight gain was significantly improved from about 0.2g to 0.5g in all three replicates. In a commercial scale trial with Tilapia (178 tons of fish biomass) the growth promoting effect and the health promoting of next generation acidifiers were observed again: Survival rate in the treatment group was 20% higher than in the control group without acidifier. At the same time feed conversion was improved from 1.17 to 1.08. Similar results were reported to us from a Tilapia nursery farm where the ponds with acidifier in the feed produced bigger fingerlings (size 22) than the control group without acidifier (size 24) in the same amount of time. Obviously, the concept of acidifiers had been successfully transferred from agriculture to aquaculture. Acidifiers have a strong antimicrobial effect, they can enhance protein digestion and they are able stimulate the immune system of Shrimp. The numerous combinations of species, feeding practices and husbandry systems make it difficult to compare the success or failure of different acidifiers under different settings. From our research and development efforts and the feedback from our customers we conclude, that next generation acidifiers with microencapsulated organic acids and essential oils are advantageous compared to classic acidifiers because of their stronger antimicrobial power. At farm level, next generation acidifiers as additives for aquafeed lead to increased growth performance, better feed conversion and reduced mortality and less need for antibiotics. This contributes to the farms profit and to sustainability of the production.

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FEATURE

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November-December 2015 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 27

PHOTOSHOOT

2015 highlights

Photo courtesy of ©Kjell Rune Venaas

28 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | November-December 2015

TECHNOLOGY

SUPPLEMENT

FISH FARMING

AQUACULTURE

sustainability and tourism

URBAN AQUAPONICS SUPPLEMENT

FISH FARMING TECHNOLOGY

Aquaculture, sustainability and tourism Bibury Trout Farm is one of Britain’s oldest, and certainly most attractive Trout Farms. Founded in 1902, by the famous naturalist Arthur Severn, to stock the local rivers and streams with the native Brown Trout it now covers 15 acres in one of the most beautiful valleys in the Cotswolds, the Coln Valley. The crystal clear waters of the Bibury Spring provide the essential pure water required to run the hatchery which spawns up to 6 million trout ova every year. The village of Bibury itself has been referred to as the ‘most beautiful village in England’ by William Morris and is well worth a visit, with the historic Arlington Mill, Arlington Row and the beautiful St Mary’s Church. Visitors can learn about the Rainbow and Brown Trout while you wander in the beautiful surroundings. You may well see grading in progress when the fish are selected for size and quality before being transported to new homes in oxygenated water in specially made fibre glass tanks. Feeding is done daily by staff and the water comes to life as the fish vie for the last morsel. Information boards give an insight to what goes on in the hatchery and fryary areas and staff will be delighted to answer any question you may have. For more information: www.biburytroutfarm.co.uk by Peter Parker, International Aquafeed Magazine

ibury trout farm is one of Britain’s oldest and most attractive trout farms, originally founded in 1902 by naturalist Arthur Severn to stock the local rivers and streams with native Brown Trout. The main focus of the trout farm today remains the same, 90 percent of fish go towards restocking and only a mere 10 percent are sold for direct consumption.

farm certified in the future. The hatchery complex was made up of three buildings and multiple atmosphere control marquees. Each of these components is necessary to produce eggs, and raise them into triploid females of a size where they can safely be introduced to the farm.

Hatchery Manger, Martin Smith provided us with a comprehensive tour of the farm; a very knowledgeable aquaculture practitioner, he is enthusiastic about his role as a fish farmer as well as his many ongoing projects on the farm. There was not a question he could not give us a precise answer to throughout the tour. We all came away feeling privileged to have been shown around the premises and to have been given such an insight into the careful husbandry and precisely measured processes that are undertaken to produce the beautiful rainbow trout of Bibury.

The place where science and skill play the largest part is the fertilisation room. This is where Martin collects the eggs and the sperm from female only fish. These are the requirements to produce a female only population. A female population is preferred for the rainbow trout species as males sexually mature while they are quite small and by time they reach market size the meat is grey and watery. Fertilisation and triploiding is a very time specific task.

The hatchery

Triploiding is a process involving the manipulation of an egg by applying pressure at a specific time during the fertilisation process that causes an extra set of chromosomes to develop. The resulting fish will not grow any reproductive organs, after triploiding these fish could be summarised as female but genetically sterile. This is an important process as it ensures that the farmed fish will not interact with any native fish. Additionally, a nice bi-product of triploiding is that fish will expend no energy into reproduction and instead use that energy for growth. “Triploiding is all about timing”, says Martin. “Everything is recorded, time zero is when I add the sperm to the eggs, and at minute three is when I deem the eggs as fertilised. At exactly 40 minutes after fertilisation (when factoring in machine start up time) I will turn the machine on, that will pressurise up to 10,000 PSI, the eggs will sit inside for five minutes before the pressure is released”. Martin tells us that spontaneous triploidy in certain species has

Upon arrival at the hatchery area of the farm Martin instructed us to dip the soles of our shoes in a disinfectant solution. He went on to explain that this is to prevent unwanted pathogens entering the hatchery area and also to separate the hatchery from the farm as the hatchery is GlobalGAP certified. The GlobalGAP (good agricultural practice) certification is necessary as some of the customers of the hatchery supply to supermarkets. GlobalGAP is a Global Food Safety Initiative (GFSI) recognised standard that assures buyers that basic food safety and sustainability practices have been upheld. The entire farm complex is not yet GlobalGAP certified due to the difficulty of upholding the standards while the farm functions as a tourist attraction – for example it would be difficult if a tourist showed up in a pair of flip flops! However, they do have plans to have the entire

Fertilisation room

Producing triploids

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FISH FARMING TECHNOLOGY

been observed in the wild. It has been suggested that temperature shock is likely the cause in most instances. Interestingly heat was used on fish farms prior to the use of pressure. The eggs would be brought up to 60 degrees for a specific amount of time to cause the same effects, however the results were not as consistent as those obtained via the pressure method. Checking that the triploiding process has been successful is of vital importance. At Bibury 100 fish that have reached five grams per batch are checked to see if they have developed a reproductive system. “If I went around saying I was selling triploids, but was actually selling regular females, a customer could release them into a river and get into a lot of trouble” says Martin. This is why ensuring accuracy throughout the process is of paramount importance. At the time we visited the farm, we were informed that Bristol water had recently purchased an equal number of rainbow trout eggs from a large scale egg producer and from Bibury trout farm to make comparisons. While there had not yet been any results to share, Martin was eager to discover the results, even if they were negative – this would be motivation for him to find out how to further improve his eggs.

Incubation room

The next room we were shown was the incubation room. Restored a few years ago, there was a wall of sealed glass jars connected by piping. The vessels were full of bore hole water that had passed through a de-gassing unit, just like the rest of the water used for all of the hatchery processes. When we visited there were no eggs currently being incubated, this was probably a good thing considering how fragile the eggs are in this state. Nurturing trout eggs can be very difficult, a lot can go wrong very quickly. From days two through to 19 the fertilised ova are very delicate. A small knock on one of the jars is potentially enough to kill the entire 200,000.

The greatest risk at this stage however is fungus. The issue being that if an egg dies there is a high probability that Saprolegnia will develop on the dead egg. Saprolegnia will not directly ‘attack’ a live egg but as the fungus spreads on the dead egg the water flow to the live eggs surrounding it will be impaired causing them to die as well. Once it has become established it can quickly take over an entire jar. A constant but steady flow of water into the bottom of each tank functions to keep the eggs only just in a state of suspension so that the weight of eggs on top does not affect the rest. The flow of water assists in keeping the water in the tank sustaining good oxygen levels. During the incubation period around 80 percent of fertilised eggs make it to hatching, in winter this figure can reach 95 percent. At the end of the incubation period, all eggs will be subject to a process referred to as ‘shocking’, this involves moving the eggs about to rupture the unfertilised ova, at Bibury they do this by pouring them back and fourth between buckets a few times. This will cause any unfertilised eggs to turn white, making them easier to identify so they can be removed. In the past all of the eggs would be laid out in a tray and the white ones would be removed by hand, a time consuming task indeed. Now days a machine is implemented, using infrared technology the machine can detect the white eggs and remove them, a time saving device appreciated by the hatchery staff.

Hatching room

The hatching room was dark, and contained many fish at various stages of early development in shelved trays of water. Some of these trays contained 5000 fingerlings. The majority of fish in this room had hatched and were now at the swim up stage. Some 21-day-old eyed ova were still incubating, they were not as fragile as the eggs we had encountered earlier. Once an egg has visible eyes they are more resilient to external forces and can then be transported as required. All fish that reach 5 grams at the hatchery are vaccinated against Enteric

Fish Farming Technology | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 003

FISH FARMING TECHNOLOGY

redmouth, Aquavac Relera is used and administered via submersion method. When the fish are large enough they are moved to another area of the hatchery where they are graded. Grading is essential to reduce the risk of cannibalism but also to ensure the different size fish are getting the correct feed size for optimal growth. The hatchery also contains three black poly tunnels used for photoperiod manipulation of brood stock. This process controls the amount of daylight hours effectively fooling the fish into spawning in the middle of summer rather than natural winter spawning.

Farm tour

At the end of our hatchery tour, we were kindly shown around the beautiful outdoor uncovered fish farm that is accessible to visitors of the public. At the farm visitors are able to purchase food to feed the fish. This is of course only a small amount of additional feed, the vast majority is fed to them by staff. The food conversion rate (FCR) at Bibury ranges from 0.7 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 0.8 for the fry, meaning that for every 700 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 800 grams of feed given to a fish, they expect to see one kilogram of growth. The larger fish on the farm

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FISH FARMING TECHNOLOGY

convert at a rate of 1.2:1. Sketting feed is used, and a lot of it! A lorry will deliver a load of feed at least once per month. There is also a fishing experience available to visitors where in one specific part of the farm they can catch, purchase, and take their caught trout away with them, (there are also onsite barbeque facilities available for those wanting to consume immediately).

Final thoughts

As I walked around the grounds I reflected on what Martin had shared with us, the farm produces upto 110 tonnes of live Rainbow Trout per year; an impressive feat considering it is run by just five staff; including a delivery driver, a maintenance manager, two full-time staff on the farm, and Martin who runs the hatchery. We were told that the shop, café, and tourist side of things employs somewhere around 20 staff in the peak season of summer. Bibury trout farm is a beautiful place to be on a fine autumn day, I see it being an excellent day out for families. Behind the scenes hard work and care goes into nurturing the plenty rainbow trout on display. Martin Smith from Bibury Trout Farm showing Malachi Stone, Darren Parris, Olivia Holden and Tom Blacker from the International Aquafeed team around

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Fish Farming Technology | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 005

FISH FARMING TECHNOLOGY

URBAN AQUAPONICS by Pete Whiting, Grow Bristol

row Bristol is a small social enterprise with big plans for farming fish and greens using aquaponics. Set up by myself, with business partner, Dermot O’Reagan, Grow Bristol is transforming a disused space in the centre of the city of Bristol, UK, into a farm for the future. Our aim is to produce great food in the heart of the community where it is eaten, whilst farming in a more sustainable way. We hope to change the way we feed our city, using innovative agricultural methods and by connecting the people of Bristol to their food. At Grow Bristol, we believe in producing truly local, high quality food, close to the people who eat it. Currently, there is a need to explore further ways to grow more quality food, more sustainably, on less land, with fewer resources. Fisheries and farmland are increasingly coming under pressure. A recent report by the University of Sheffield created widespread speculation that there may be only 100 harvests left in UK soils due to intensive agriculture (we have reached Peak Soil as well as Peak Oil!) Water scarcity is also becoming a bigger problem globally and the UK is one of the largest importers of virtual water (other nations’ water used during the production of our imports). The food miles and carbon footprint of what we eat is also contributing significantly to climate change. Clearly, farmers need to continue to consider alternative methods of producing and transporting their food. Can one part of the solution be to produce more in the city for growing urban populations? At Grow Bristol, we initially began farming using a more conventional approach. We started by growing salad leaves in the soil in two large polytunnels, but were disillusioned with the vulnerabilities of the system and lack of suitability to the urban environment. We were producing on average 60kg (or 600 small bags) of mixed leaf salad a week for the local market. However, with a short growing season, a hugely inefficient irrigation system, poor soil and limited effective pest control, we started to consider the need for more resilient solutions. That’s when we turned to commercial urban aquaponics. Having visited Paignton Zoo’s ground breaking Verticrop hydropon-

ics system we were inspired to set up our own urban farm: producing vegetables vertically, without soil and using much, much less water! In this type of system, the water and nutrient solution is pumped around the suspended root zone of the crops on multiple layers, perhaps ten high. The water is then re-circulated rather than running to waste or evaporating. With ‘Controlled Environment Agriculture,’ almost everything can be managed to optimize growing conditions, even the light. Philips, one of the leading commercial producers of LED grow lights, are creating “Light Recipes” (with particular parts of the light spectrum) to manipulate productivity, nutrition, taste, and texture in crops, in the absence of daylight. It sounds futuristic, but such closed growing systems could potentially mean food security in the desert, in our cities, or even the arctic year round. Add to all this, the possibility of farming fish as well as growing greens and you have aquaponics. Integrating RAS aquaculture into

006 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | Fish Farming Technology

FISH FARMING TECHNOLOGY

such a closed loop system provides an alternative source of nitrates and other nutrients. It is then possible to grow vegetables using 95 percent less water when compared to soil-grown vegetables, whilst farming fish! Using fish (or aquafeed) to grow vegetables commercially is on the increase globally and though not new, is still in its infancy. The technology is already there in both aquaculture and horticulture and both industries are waking up to its growing commercial potential. For us, at Grow Bristol, we wanted to start by seeing if we could create an aquaponics project that could produce enough green vegetables to be commercially viable. However, this time achieving it year round and with all the benefits of soilless growing and farming fish. Currently, we are building a unit to farm tilapia, herbs and leafy crops. Following a similar model to the market gardens of the past, we will be supplying directly to the immediate locality, with fresh produce. However, the big difference here is that our aquaponics market garden is housed in con-

verted shipping containers on a brownfield site, close to the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s main railway station. We believe it is the future of urban farming. The project involves a small RAS aquaculture system and vertical LED lit hydroponic system that when completed will produce leafy greens and tilapia for sale to cafes, restaurants and specialist distributors. This will enable us to test the viability of a much larger aquaponics farming business for Bristol. We are realising this early stage project with funding and support from Bristol 2015 Green Capital, and other organisations such as Innovate UK and The School for Social Entrepreneurs. Through Bristol 2015 Green Capital, we have been involved in many public events where communities have come to learn and get involved with urban agriculture. People have shown an increasing level of consumer knowledge, combined with a demand in the market for high quality, local food, with clear provenance. Consumers also voiced

Fish Farming Technology | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 007

FISH FARMING TECHNOLOGY

International Aquafeed had the opportunity to speak to Pete Whiting about Grow Bristol

strong concerns about the impact of agriculture on the environment and the difficulty of buying fish from truly sustainable sources. At a recent event, promoting tilapia to the ‘uninitiated,’ I was asked, “This tilapia is amazing, but where does your fish feed come from?” We, at Grow Bristol, see the issue of true sustainability as one of the big challenges, not only for ourselves, but also for the aquafeed industry to answer. Whilst there is already some research taking place that may help to address this issue, (for example, the report in last month’s edition about the use of pea protein concentrate), as a business with social and environmental aims, we are keen to build partnerships around further research within the industry. Farmed fish for many consumers has the potential to be the only truly sustainable protein (apart from insects perhaps!). However, as smaller producers trading on the sustainability of our methods, we would like to be able to reassure customers that in the future, our tilapia won’t just be fed on other fish or industrial monoculture crops. We hope this is a realistic possibility for the aquaculture and aquaponics industry.

IAF: What limitations do you have regarding the types of plants you can grow using aquaponics? Are you restricted to the nutrients from the waste bi-products of the fish?

GrowBristol business partners Pete Whiting (near) and Dermot O’Reagan (far) at work with urban aquaponics

PW: Aquaponics is most suited to growing leafy vegetable crops. This is primarily due to the main nutrient source being the ammonia from the fish that is converted into nitrates, which plants use in foliar growth. However, some aquaponic farmers do also grow root and fruit crops. Additional nutrients could be added to your growing system without harming the fish if the system is designed with this in mind. IAF: You say that the technology is already available in aquaculture and horticulture, what do you think needs to happen for aquaponics to be more widely adopted? PW: For aquaponics to be adopted more widely both the horticulture and aquaculture industries need to be convinced by a large commercial scale success story in the UK. The benefits of integrating these two farming methods are plain to see and with a growing market for farmed fish and locally produced (not just locally sourced) veg we believe it will happen. IAF: Why have you selected Tilapia as your species to farm, I understand that it is not so common in British supermarkets, how has it been received in the marketplace? PW: We have chosen to farm Tilapia as it ticks all the boxes for us. Tilapia has a very good Food Conversion Ratio and is suited to the conditions of an indoor urban farm. It also has a great taste when farmed to a high standard of welfare and sustainability. It is the second most farmed fish globally and is well known amongst the UK’s ethnic population. Tilapia is already being more widely used by some large restaurant chains, particularly in Asian cuisine. As a “new” niche product for UK consumers who value provenance as much as price it has great potential. IAF: Why do you see an urban setting as the future for farming? PW: The future of farming is certainly not just in an urban setting but thus far we are largely looking to the peri-urban and rural environment to help feed our cities. With growing urban populations planners need to make provision for urban farms. They can help supply the most perishable products directly from within the city reducing waste and transport even without soil! IAF: How do you foresee the future for GrowBristol? Are there larger scale projects on the way? PW: Next year Grow Bristol will start to develop plans for a large indoor aquaponics farm. We aim to create a scaled up version of our current project in a light industrial unit in the city.

008 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | Fish Farming Technology

Image cortesy of ÂŠStian Holmen Lein, Bjoeroya Fiskeoppdrett AS

November-December 2015 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 29

INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED Hatchery Feed Pioneers History of Innovation: Reed Mariculture Inc. is the world’s largest producer of marine microalgae concentrates. Founded in 1995, we are dedicated to constant innovation to ensure the ongoing success of our customers. We are known for providing extraordinary customer service, technical support and expertise in world-wide shipping logistics. Algae When You Need It™: Our Instant Algae® larviculture feeds are used by over 500 hatcheries, universities, and marine ornamental operations in more than 90 countries. We also produce and distribute clean, hatchery-scale rotifer and copepod starter cultures, Otohime and TDO weaning and juvenile feeds, and supplies. Ensuring Stable & Productive Cultures: Our feeds and enrichments are produced using bio-secure, proprietary processes. These long shelf life products provide fish, bivalves and shrimp with clean, convenient feeds that can replace in-house microalgae.

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2015 highlights

• New Aquaculture Center for Applied Nutrition (ACAN) at Nong Lam University in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam opened in June. • New 3,100+ ton production facility in Panama opened in August; reflecting our further commitment to aqua producers in the Western hemisphere. • BIOMIN launches Mycofix® 5.0, the most scientifically-advanced mycotoxin deactivator to date.

Outlook for 2016

• Farm management, pond quality gut health and immune status of farmed species and innovative feed additives will all play a role in controlling EMS. • New shrimp farming systems will emerge in response to challenges posed by diseases. • Sustainability and certification will continue to gain ground. • Problems related to fishmeal replacements (e.g. digestibility or palatability issues) will become more widespread.

About

At BIOMIN we harness the power of science to support animal health and performance. By applying state-of-the-art and proprietary technology we deliver natural, sustainable and profitable solutions to the aquaculture industry. For over 30 years we have pioneered innovative solutions for mycotoxin risk management and gut performance.

aqua.biomin.net 30 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | November-December 2015

2015/16 INDUSTRY PROFILES Always leading to meet evolving customer needs

As the world’s leading supplier of aquatic feed and pet food processing systems, Wenger supports customers in new product development, lowering energy costs and expanding viable recipe options. In the last few years, Wenger introduced more than 30 new innovations and was issued numerous patents in response to rapidly changing needs in the industry.

Innovative designs

Available in both single and twin screw technologies, Wenger extruders boast capacities up to 22 tons/hour in multiple configurations. In addition, Wenger designs and manufactures dryers, coating equipment, and ancillary hardware, which can be computerized, integrated and automated for complete process management. Wenger’s C2 TX Shrimp Feed Extruder features their oblique die technology and high shear conditioning for uniform, high density aquatic feeds down to 0.8 mm in size at capacities up to 5,000 ton/hour. The Wenger TX-3000 High Capacity Aquafeed Extruder can produce the same products as the C2TX – but at capacities up to 12,000 ton/hour. Additionally, many other types, sizes, and densities of aquatic feeds may be processed.

Knowledge, research, training and support

Every Wenger product comes with exceptional personal service. Customers have access to the 27,000-square-foot Wenger Technical Center and laboratory to test ideas and formulas. Technical support includes pre- and post-installation engineering assistance, operator training and on-site attention to quality control and operational needs. An extensive replacement parts inventory keeps customer downtime to a minimum.

Operating around the globe

Wenger engineering, manufacturing, research and administrative facilities are based at their headquarters in Sabetha, Kansas, USA, with additional research sites, sales and service locations around the world. In fact, Wenger serves producers of hundreds of different agri-food products in more than 90 countries.

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GePro Gefluegel-Protein Vertriebsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG is a group company of PHW, one of the largest producers of poultry products in Europe. As a member of PHW, GePro is part of a completely integrated poultry production. GePro headquarter is in Diepholz (Germany) with global sales offices located in Bangkok (Kingdom of Thailand) and Moscow (Russian Federation). GePro transforms poultry by-products from the slaughterhouse into valuable ingredients for animal nutrition and biofuel (SP-Power) With the state of the art production systems, our products are of extremely high quality and are regarded as benchmarks in the industry. The entire process is under strict veterinarian control leading to consistent flawless quality and great value proposition for our customers.

www.ge-pro.de November-December November-December2015 2015| |INTERNATIONAL INTERNATIONALAQUAFEED AQUAFEED| |31 31

FEATURE

More than a mycotoxin binder… Anta®Ferm MT FlavoMax by Monika Korzekwa, Dr Eckel

ycotoxin contamination of feed stuff often involves multiple toxins affecting various aspects of animal health, gut integrity, and animal performance. This is mainly caused by the detrimental effects mycotoxins have on the immune system, the gut barrier or the oxidative status of the animals. Effects that can be seen are, for instance, enlarged or shrunken organs as well as inflamed tissues. Binding components efficacy is essential to prevent the maximum of toxins from entering the digestive tract. But as mycotoxins and their metabolites are so numerous with different chemical structures (polarity, size, conformation, etc), no binder is able to bind efficiently all categories of mycotoxins. In addition to special care to prevent the growth of moulds, detoxification measures, reduction of gastrointestinal absorption with mycotoxin binders, there is a need for prevention of the mycotoxin-induced toxic effects once the toxin is ingested. Nutritional approaches, such as supplementation of nutrients, food components, or additives with protective effects against mycotoxin toxicity are gaining interest. In response, Dr Eckel

has developed a new generation of mycotoxin binder to face the challenges of modern animal production.

Comprehensive solution fights 4 main toxicity mechanisms

Anta®Ferm MT FlavoMax is a comprehensive solution that targets the 4 main toxicity mechanisms to prevent the harmful effects of a wide range of mycotoxins. Anta®Ferm MT FlavoMax impacts directly on the toxins (binding components) and on the animal, activating its own natural defences (fig 1): • Binding of mycotoxins • Reduction of oxidative stress • Protection of the gut barrier function including anti-inflammatory effects along the digestive tract • Modulation of the immune system

Binding of mycotoxins

Anta®Ferm MT Flavomax includes a proven combination of selected mineral clays and yeast cell walls, showing an excellent binding efficacy of different mycotoxins (Lohölter et al. 2013). The selected mineral clays bind mycotoxins in their interlayers by a process called chemisorption. Yeast cell walls are composed of complex polymers of β-(1,3)/(1,6) glucan, mannan-oligosaccharide (MOS) and chitin. MOS is located on the surface of the cell wall and plays an important role in binding mycotoxins and improving the microenvironment of the animal’s digestive tract. The efficacy of glucomannan-containing yeast products as mycotoxin absorbents in feed has been investigated in several studies on animals. As a mycotoxin binder, yeast cell walls have numerous characteristics including: Binding mycotoxins, especially zearalenone (ZEN); unaffected by the pH of the gastrointestinal tract; without changing nutritional value (regarding mineral and vitamin) in feed; no residue in animal.

32 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | November-December 2015

FEATURE the gut lumen and the animal’s blood stream. Several studies have shown that mycotoxins such as DON and OTA reduce the protective function of the gut wall. A meta-analysis published by Grenier and Applegate (2013) reviews how mycotoxins can modulate intestinal functions. In terms of morphology of the intestinal villi, studies show that feeding poultry low or moderate levels of deoxynivalenol (DON) alone or combined with other fusariotoxins leads to a reduction in villi height in both the duodenum and jejunum. Practical implications can range from diarrhoea, inflammation and fever to reduced feed efficiency. In a series of trials, the plant based ingredients in Anta®Ferm MT FlavoMax have shown to act as an anti-inflammatory agent along the digestive tract, having a positive effect on the integrity of the intestinal epithelium resulting in an improved feed conversion ratio (fig 2).

Modulation of the immune system

Reduction of oxidative stress.

Some mycotoxins (ie, OTA, FB1, AFB1, DON, and T2) have been known to produce damages by increasing oxidative stress. The animal has to detoxify mycotoxins, which is called xenobiotic metabolisation. During this detoxification process, free radicals are produced that increase levels of oxidative stress resulting in DNA damage, lipid peroxidation and inflammation or cell death. Practical implications can be reduced health status, increased incidence and severity of inflammations or skin disorders. The flavonoids in Anta®Ferm MT FlavoMax have shown to reduce oxidative stress by deactivating reactive radicals in the body (Gessner et al 2013).

Protection of the gut barrier function including anti-inflammatory effects along the digestive tract

The intestinal epithelium has many different functions. One is the absorption of nutrients. It is also the first protective barrier between

Since not all mycotoxins can be neutralised by binding, it is important to include additional mechanisms that go beyond binding to maintain optimal performance. A well-functioning immune system contributes to high performing animals. Anta®Ferm MT FlavoMax includes B-Glucans, which have been shown to activate macrophages, improve lymphocyte proliferation, reduce pathogen attachment and improve vaccination response – a powerful boost for the immune system. Binding components efficacy is essential to prevent the maximum of toxins from entering the digestive tract. But as mycotoxins and their metabolites are so numerous with so many different chemical structures (polarity, size, conformation, etc), no binder is able to bind efficiently all categories of mycotoxins in a sufficient way. Anta®Ferm MT FlavoMax stimulates an animal’s natural defences in three essential ways: it prevents tissues peroxidation, boosts immune response and reduces inflammation along the digestive tract caused by mycotoxins.

November-December 2015 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 33

EXPERT Tâ&#x2014;?PIC

EXPERT TOPIC

TAMBAQUI Welcome to Expert Topic. Each issue will take an in-depth look at a particular species and how its feed is managed.

34 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | November-December 2015

EXPERT Tâ&#x2014;?PIC

1 2

1 A fish of many names

olossoma macropomum may not exactly roll off the tongue, but it certainly eradicates the confusion caused by the variety of alternative colloquial names this fish goes under: tambaqui, cachama, gamitana and even pacu - a term usually employed for other species. Every dentist should own a tambaqui. Shaped somewhat like a piranha, this South American species has a set of teeth more like those of a human. It is an omnivore, feeding preferentially on planktonic microcrustaceans and fruit fallen from the branches of the flooded forests where the fish also spawns. Algae, larvae, adult insects and some plant material are also consumed. In some countries, for example Panama, tambaqui are raised in polyculture with tilapia. Densities vary from one fish per 10m2 when employing organic fertilisers to one fish per 5 m2 when supplementary feeds or agricultural by-products are used. In eight or ten months the fish will reach a weight of 500 - 1000g, at which point they will often be sold. If the farmer wants the fish for himself, however, he will often let them grow on beyond a year, to over a kilo. In 2004, the only freshwater fish produced

by Panama accounting for a greater tonnage than tambaqui was trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), beating the former by only five tonnes; however, the trout made almost double the tambaqui's monetary value. Why the difference in price? There may be other reasons, but in the past at least, tambaqui certainly had a couple of major drawbacks in the eyes of your average consumer. For one thing, it has a lot of Y-shaped bones distributed through the flesh, unattached to the backbone. These form a nice supporting mesh for the muscles - great news for the fish, but not so great for you when it winds up on your plate. The problem was viewed as being severe enough that the fish would require cutting into 'rounds', like slicing a sausage, rather than the more conventional fillet.

Another problem was considered to be storage. Like in many migratory species, the tambaqui's spine has a large blood supply. The haeme compounds found in the blood speed up oxidation of the tissues, quickly leading to not-so-fresh fish. Nevertheless, the production figures speak for themselves: most Europeans may have never heard of it, but the tambaqui is of great importance to the economy and food security of significant areas of Central and South America. Furthermore, researchers are currently making progress in addressing lessdesirable aspects of the fish. Source: FAO

November-December 2015 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 35

EXPERT T●PIC

2 Tambaqui: is it possible for this species to feed a continental country? by Professor Igo G. Guimarães, (Laboratório de Pesquisa em Aquicultura - LAPAQ Universidade Federal de Goiás - Campus de Jataí), Janaína G. Araújo (Post doctorate) and Graciela P. Martins (PhD), Brazil

Brazilian population still continues, data from The Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics have observed a great increase in fish consumption rates in Brazil reaching 14.5 kg per capita in 2013 (MPA, 2014). This increase in fish consumption has led to the development of the aquaculture industry, which, is now demanding more technology to achieve market demands for good quality products. With the current high growth rate of Brazilian aquaculture, tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) is one species that has been gaining space among a wide variety of aquacultured fish. Tambaqui is the second largest scaled freshwater fish from Latin America with naturally occurring habitats of the Amazonian and Orinoco river basin. It is the second most farmed species in Brazil, just behind tilapia.

Tambaqui has a societal and economic importance, mainly for Amazonian people. It is the main protein source of this population and specific cuts of tambaqui (such as the ribs) are becoming highly appreciated internationally nowadays. It is a fast growing species reaching 1.2 kg in just eight months when farmed in net cages (according to our personal data) and very adaptable to different raising systems. Irrespective of the importance of tambaqui for the aquaculture industry in Brazil, very little information on nutrient requirements is available, with insufficient information on how different diets can affect the characteristics of the final products of tambaqui. This lack of information may be responsible for one problem that has reduced the acceptability of

hen we think about Brazil, the first thing we have in mind is happy people, carnivals and one of the top beef cattle and soybean producers globally. However, it seems that the taste or the way Brazilians perceive fish, one of the healthiest protein sources available, has been changing nowadays. As far as we can date, Brazil has neglected fish as a protein source in almost all regions of the country. For example, in 2009 the average intake of fish by person was only nine kilograms per person annually, and the most consumed protein source was chicken and beef; while fish and fish-products were the least consumed animal protein. Although this figure on the dietary preference of the 36 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | November-December 2015

EXPERT T●PIC

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tambaqui in some regions of Brazil. Consumers usually neglect to buy tambaqui because of the high fat content of the species, this can account for 70 percent of the total visceral content depending on fish size. Based on this problem, our research group has been working intensively to improve tambaqui diets. We are doing this by providing Bierhefe Beta-S W60 nutrient requirementMannan® data to assist the feed industry with formulating species-specific diets for tambaqui. This is achieved by trying to understand how this fish uses different sources of nutrients and what the correct balance between protein/ amino acids, carbohydrates and lipids is, as well as the extent to which we can modulate fat deposition by diet manipulation. What we know, based on the biology of tambaqui is that this species has a very plastic feeding habit, for example, tambaqui in its natural environment can feed on different food sources such as fruits, nuts and zooplankton, the proportion consumed between food items varies according to the raining season. Additionally, a post-doc researcher (Dr Janaína Araújo) from our group has been studying how phosphorus (P) nutrition could effect fat deposition and surprisingly we have observed that this species is able to efficiently use P from plant sources, which is not a very common feature of most fish species. In a series of trials, we have observed that tambaqui and other fish from the same family can grow well in a diet based solely on plant ingredients and without a P source (usually dicalcium phosphate). Now, we are studying the mechanisms used by this species to efficiently use P in plant sources and the P requirement in different life stages. These results will help to develop diets with low environmental impact and reduces feed cost which is one of the characteristics of a sustainable aquaculture production. The question now is: will tambaqui be able to feed a continental country like Brazil with its steadily increasing fish intake? Although we don’t have a definite answer because this involves several links of the production chain, our group believes that tambaqui can contribute a lot. The further increase in aquaculture production throughout the world will have to be on farming of low trophic level fish species (Bené et al. 2015), such as tambaqui, tilapia and carp. This is due to the low production cost and the reduced level of fishmeal and/or marine ingredients required in their diets compared to high trophic level species.

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November-December 2015 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 37

EXPERT T●PIC

Tambaqui can be one of the solutions for the aquaculture in the tropics, provided that correct developments in all production chains take place, from the fish farmer to the fish processing factories and the consumer. This could help the industry to put this species on the table of several families, offering competitive prices and helping assure food security mainly in low-income communities. In fact, one of the programs of the Brazilian government has been to include fish into children’s diet in public schools. We believe that tambaqui can play a special role in Brazilian aquaculture. Due to the economic crisis and the devaluation of Brazil’s currency, the population will probably reduce the intake of high valued imported fish such as Salmon, Tuna and Atlantic Cod. This can act as an opportunity for the Brazilian aquaculture industry, which is based on the farming of low-trophic level species, to insert their products and attract consumers. Because this species can efficiently use plant and animal products,

presents a fast growth rate even without selective breeding, may be able to efficiently use P in a vast range of ingredients and has resistance to management practices in fish farms, it makes it a strong candidate for the production of low cost fish products. However, more information is needed to accurately determine the potential of this species. Which type of system will be more profitable? The impact of nutrition on the production cost and sustainability of tambaqui farming will need to be assessed in order to have a definite answer on the potential of tambaqui as an improvement for Latin American aquaculture. Although the aquaculture industry in Brazil is not well developed compared to countries such as Norway, it has the potential to be one of the world’s leading fish producers. Brazil will probably have a role of assisting in feeding an increased world population of approximately two billion people by 2050, this is due to the vast freshwater reservoirs and a long coast which is barely exploited by aquaculture.

We suspect tambaqui will have a special role on the development of the aquaculture industry. However, this needs to be done in association with the development of new production technologies. It will require a better understanding of the physiology of this fish, aiming to reduce the production cost and increase the efficiency of production.

About the research group

Professor Igo G. Guimarães completed his PhD in Animal Science from Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho and his post-docorate from the National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research. He is currently an associate professor at the Federal University of Goiás and is located at the Jataí campus. As the campus is located in an intensive agricultural region with a dense soybean, corn and sorghum plantation, the animal production business has developed because of the availability of low cost grains. Five years ago they created a research group, of which Professor Guimarães is the leader. This group focuses on the development of tropical fish farming in the Brazlian Savannah. Within the wider group, Igo leads the Nutrition section that is devoted to studying how nutrition can improve the welfare and growth of candidate aquaculture species. His team is composed of two professors, one post-doctorate, three PhD students, two graduate students and a technician. In their laboratory, they mostly develop trials on nutrient requirements, metabolism and conduct feed evaluations for tambaqui and pirapitinga species. Other areas of the group are developed in collaboration with other institutions and in other campuses of the University.

38 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | November-December 2015

Exhibition and conferences for feed ingredients, additives and formulation

Exhibition and conferences for feed processing technology

29 – 31 MARCH 2016 . BITEC EXHIBITION HALLS, BANGKOK, THAILAND

Asia’s premier aquafeed event Symposium and Summit • The second ASEAN Feed and Rice Symposium • The second ASEAN Feed Summit

Contact details For visitor, exhibition stand space and conference information please visit: www.fiaap.com or www.victam.com

Specialist conferences The exhibitions will be supported by their own specialist conferences. They will include: • FIAAP Asia Animal Nutrition Conference 2016 • Aquafeed Horizons Asia 2016

Co-located with GRAPAS Asia 2016 www.grapas.eu Supported by The Thailand Convention and Exhibition Bureau

November-December 2015 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 39

INDUSTRY EVENTS EVENT LISTINGS 5-7 November 2015 Expo Pesca & Acuiperu www.thaiscorp.com

16-19 November 2015 Fenacam & Lacqua 2015 http://marevent.com

19-21 November 2015

Taiwan International Fisheries & Seafood Show www.taiwanfishery.com

01-03 December 2015 Algae Europe 2015 http://algaecongress.com

14-16 December 2015

Middle East & Central Asia Aquaculture 2015 www.meaf.ae

22-26 February 2016 Aquaculture 2016 www.was.org

26-29 February 2016

Asia Pacific Aquaculture 2016 www.was.org

Sixth Offshore Mariculture Conference dates are confirmed

he Offshore Mariculture Conference is an international two-day conference focused on the mariculture fish farming business. The 2016 Conference will take place at the World Trade Centre in Barcelona, Spain from 6-8 April 2016. The conference will benefit fish farmers and is a must-attend event for those looking to grow their offshore farming or high-energy site business or for those looking towards moving their operations to offshore. Topics to be covered this year include: • Supply Chain – Farming, Feed, Technology, • Processing, value added • Unexplained mortality: improving survival rates and increasing profits • High Energy sites versus Offshore sites • Emerging markets and technologies • Knowledge sharing – farming practices in Northern Europe versus Southern Europe Previous events have been held in Malta, Alicante, Dubrovnik, Izmir and Naples. Over the years the Conference has proven to be an invaluable platform for both networking and bringing together the industry, both European and international, to put forward regulatory change including the Statement of Izmir presented to the UN by the FAO requesting an assessment of the access and operational frameworks for open ocean mariculture in the High Seas. The Conference also provides the opportunity to be updated on the latest innovative products and technologies. The 2014 conference, held in Naples attracted, 115 delegates who came from over 28 countries and included 26 fish farmers. We are still currently accepting abstracts on the above list of topics, all interested parties are invited to submit their abstract by 27 November 2015 along with a speaker biography to: conferences@ offshoremariculture.com

15-17 March 2016

Oceanology International www.oceanologyinternational.com

Aqua Fisheries Expo 2016

29-31 March 2016

Middle East Aquaculture Forum www.meaf.ae/meaf16

04-06 June 2016

FutureFish Eurasia 2016 www.future-fish.com

For more industry event information - visit our events register

www.aquafeed.co.uk

NEWS SERVICE

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Aquaculturists

The seafood sector in Myanmar has a large potential to contribute to food security, employment and economic development. Natural resources are widely available and fisheries are an important source of income and animal protein for the domestic population. Many products, like shrimp, mud crab and sea bass have a large commercial potential in high value markets in the EU and other overseas markets. After the grand success of our 2nd Aqua Fisheries Myanmar 2015, with 60 exhibitors from China, India, Vietnam, Thailand, USA, Germany, Denmark, Taiwan... attracting more than 3000 visitors from Germany, Denmark, Canada, USA, China, India, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam, Indonesia, France, Japan and other countries and regions, we, VEAS are organizing the 3rd edition of Aqua Fisheries 2016 which is going to pump in more value additions to the existing aquaculture and fisheries industry.

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Find more event stories at the

Myanmar: 28 – 30 September 2016, Myanmar Convention Centre (MCC), Yangon

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02-04 June 2016

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Aquaculture UK 2016 http://aquacultureuk.com

Cambodia: 8 – 9 August 2016, Phnom Penh Hotel, Phnom Penh Cambodia is home to some of the world’s most intensive freshwater fisheries. The 2.6 million tonnes of fish caught annually in the Mekong basin represent seven times more than the catch of North American inland fisheries and more than 10 times the entire fish catch in Australia. As Cambodia’s population grows, however, the fishing industry is coming increasingly under threat. Moreover, Fish production in Cambodia is three times as big as the country’s pig production and 20 times bigger than its chicken production. Most Cambodians rely on fish as a source of affordable protein.

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25-26 May 2016

Exhibitions & Conferences in Cambodia and Myanmar

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FIAAP, VICTAM & GRAPAS ASIA 2016 www.victam.com

www.theaquaculturists.blogspot.com November-December 2015 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 40

INDUSTRY EVENTS

ALGAE EUROPE 2015 Conference

lgae Europe kicks off on 1-3 December, 2015 in the Sana Lisboa Hotel, Lisbon, Portugal. The yearly joined conference of EABA (European Algae Biomass Association), Directorates General for Energy and Research & Innovation of the European Commission and DLG BENELUX has a new name. The organisation expects to attract 250 participants for this second edition, as it is a unique opportunity for the exchange between academia and industry. The conference features a networking based environment that allows discussion on the evolution of the Algae Biomass sector worldwide and understand the role of the main European players. Delegates meet on a professional platform for finding out tomorrow’s solutions today.

Algae future crop

“Algae are the new crop for the future. Algae contain proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, minerals, vitamins and other elements that can be used as ingredients for a large range of sectors from food & feed to nutraceutical & cosmeceuticals to biofuels. Algo-biorefineries can maximise the potential of algae applications and open new opportunities. The valorisation of added-value products from algae is setting the conditions for the development of small or niche markets, which eventually can grow to larger scale”, says Vítor Verdelho, president of the EABA (European Algae Biomass Association), reacting on the question why algae are so important.

algo-biorefineries operating in the EU. Algae can help address several of the EU’s policy objectives for sustainable biofuels and biochemicals.”

Unique Platform

Algae Europe is a unique opportunity to learn and understand the bottlenecks of algae production and commercialisation and interact with the key players. Algae Europe 2015 offers the opportunity for all stakeholders to be updated on the recent industrial developments in the field, with an overview of European initiatives. Keynote presentations and panel discussion will provide a high quality forum for discussion and information exchange. The poster session and the trade show offer even more possibilities to present innovative products, processes and services.

About Algae Europe

Algae Europe kicks off its second edition this year in Lisbon, Portugal. The conference follows the 1st EABA and EC Algae Contractors’ Conference, and the 8th International Algae Congress held in Florence (Italy) in 2014, which was visited by 188 delegates coming from 34 countries. The Florence conference had 46 speakers in the program, divided into 11 sessions. There were three networking lunches and a welcome reception. For more on ALGAE EUROPE 2015 go to www.algaecongress.com

European Projects

Currently, there are several projects in Europe, from lab scale to demonstration plants and commercial facilities, aiming to accelerate the commercialisation of algal products. The long path from research to pilot plants and production facilities will be shown in several presentations including some of the most relevant projects financed by the EC. “The Commission’s suppor t for both research and large scale demonstration projects has stimulated the algae community in the EU and soon we expect to have the first commercial November-December 2015 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 41

INDUSTRY EVENTS

Increased interest in Aqua Nor 2017

Aqua Nor’s Managing Director Ola Eriksen

here is growing satisfaction with Aqua Nor among both exhibitors and visitors, and more are now saying they will be back. The upcoming expansion of the Trondheim Spektrum exhibition halls will increase the capacity for future exhibitions; in 2017 a large, temporary hall will be erected, and for Aqua Nor 2019 an even larger, permanent hall will be ready. Exhibitors at Aqua Nor 2015 expressed that they “to a great extent, and to a greater extent than before, intend to participate in the next Aqua Nor”. This is the conclusion in a customer survey among exhibitors and visitors that was undertaken after Aqua Nor 2015. Managing Director Ola Eriksen is now very happy that the expansion plans have been approved in time for Aqua Nor 2017. “We are very happy that a larger number of exhibitors and visitors wish to come to our show in 2017 – and we will be ready to welcome them all.”

Identifying possible improvements

Mr Eriksen is also very focused on areas where improvements can be made, and these have been identified through the survey. “We are extremely grateful that so many took the time to respond and give us this feedback. What we believe to be important and good may be quite different from what the exhibitors and visitors think is important and good.The results of the customer survey tell us what we need to improve and what our focus for the next exhibition should be. The participants shall have an even better experience next time they come,” says Mr Eriksen.

Doubling the exhibition area that will be demolished

“We have noticed that some of the respondents in the survey are wondering what the expansion plans for Trondheim Spektrum will mean for Aqua Nor 2017. The exhibition will be held as usual, but with a greater capacity. We will demolish halls A, B, and C, and replace these with a building that will be almost three times their combined size. This means that we will have to erect a temporary hall for Aqua Nor 2017, but even this hall will be twice the size of the halls that we are tearing down,” explains Mr Eriksen.

No more waiting list

At Aqua Nor 2015, the organisers for the first time ever had to set up a waiting list for exhibitors. “In 2017 and later years, we will be able to accommodate all those who were on the waiting list for this year’s exhibition,” says Mr Eriksen.

Relevant exhibitors create growth

Eriksen believes the quality and diversity among exhibitors is the main reason behind the record number of visitors at Aqua Nor 2015, and the increased satisfaction among exhibitors and visitors alike. “We are of course thrilled about the growing number of exhibitors and visitors – but the quality is even more important. We see that participants feel that it is the right people who come to Aqua Nor.” The fact that participants in the last exhibition are satisfied and positive is important to the organisers. However, Aqua Nor 2015 is now history, and the focus is now on Aqua Nor 2017. November-December 2015 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 42

INDUSTRY EVENTS

Paris Hotel and Convention Center Las Vegas, Nevada USA February 22-26, 2016

AquAculture 2016

CO-SPONSORS

ASSOCIATE SPONSORS American Veterinary Medical Association America's Tilapia Alliance Aquacultural Engineering Society Aquaculture Association of Canada Aquaculture Feed Industry Association California Aquaculture Association Catfish Farmers of America Global Aquaculture Alliance

International Association of Aquaculture Economics and Management Latin America & Caribbean Chapter WAS Striped Bass Growers Association US Shrimp Farming Association US Trout Farmers Association World Aquatic Veterinary Medical Association Zebrafish Husbandry Association

In Cooperation with California Aquaculture Association

For More Information Contact:

12/1/15 12:47 PM

GLOBALG.A.P. AQUACULTURE STANDARD VERSION 5 NOW ONLINE

SUSTAINABLE AQUACULTURE SYSTEMS WITH PLYMOUTH UNIVERSITY

Be the future of food security MSc SUSTAINABLE AQUACULTURE SYSTEMS

GLOBALG.A.P. COMPOUND FEED MANUFACTURING STANDARD Safe Feed - Safe Food Check out our website for events happening near you! www.globalgap.org/events

Do you want to understand the challenges of developing aquaculture as a means of sustainable food supply? Do you want to do this in an established and renowned Masters programme within a vibrant and international postgraduate community? You will develop an in-depth understanding

of fish, shellfish and algal production with an emphasis on nutrition, feed management, health, welfare and the need for sustainable technologies. You will gain skills hands-on with a focussed aquaculture research project and undertake technical training from nutritional analyses to microbiome sequencing.

Programme Lead: Dr Daniel Merrifield More info: www.plymouth.ac.uk/courses @plymouthbiol +44 1752 585858

admissions@plymouth.ac.uk School of Biological Sciences, Plymouth University, Drake Circus, Plymouth, PL4 8AA

November-December 2015 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 43

INDUSTRY EVENTS

An event of excellence Roy Palmer and Ivan Marquetti on the International Aquafeed stand

FENACAM/LACQUA 2015

by Ivan Marquetti, Latin American International Aquafeed Regional Director

The 12th edition of FENACAM was held in conjunction with LACQUA 2015 from Monday-toThursday November 16-19, 2015 in Fortaleza, Brazil

he opening ceremony was far from a mere formality. The speeches from national and foreign authorities discussed key points of Brazilian aquaculture. Topics included: tax exemption for production bottlenecks marketing; the model of shrimp production in Brazil and the continuity of institutional management in the industry, which is now under the control of the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Supply. Itamar Rocha, president of the Brazilian Shrimp Farmers Association (ABCC), thanked all the partners of the event, but soon after focused critical attention on the wasted potential of aquaculture in Brazil. “Brazil continues with a deficit of $1.5 billion in the trade of fish and the world needs more aquaculture products. However, we are doing nothing to change the scenario, Brazil does not export anything and we are falling behind,” he says. The previous day at the opening ceremony, Mr Rocha had already criticised use of soybeans as the main feed ingredient in aquaculture, saying, “Soybean meal is exported to 0.30 cents, but as food could be exported $4 per kilo.” Cristiano Peixoto Maia, president of the Association of Shrimp Producers Cearenses (ACCC), confirmed the expectation that the state of Ceará will close the year with 50,000 tonnes of shrimp produced, despite setbacks. “Now our goal is to double this figure in five years. But we need unity between the government and the productive sector, this is something which does not occur in other northeastern states,” says Mr Maia. We should achieve a close relationship between the university and industry, so that “one learns to produce more quality.” On the other hand there was criticism of the taxation of the entire shrimp production chain. “Whoever is in the field does not have to pay taxes to produce food. We exempt the PIS and Cofins of the entire chain, feeding in the post- larva, energy, and so on” says Mr Maia. “Brazilian Shrimp is the most expensive in the world,” says Farshad Shishehchian, CEO of Aqua Blue, a provider of aquacultural services and equipment based in Singapore and Thailand. Mr Shishehchian addressed some points that are sensitive to the Brazilian shrimp industry. “I totally disagree with extensive production. Brazil is now realising that natural resources are limited and we need to improve efficiency and increase production through intensive systems.” There were lectures and conferences of excellent quality and a variety of quality papers presented during the three-day event. The rooms were mostly filled and attendees were treated to superb speakers and industry experts. The topics were current and relevant to the industry in Brazil.

November-December 2015 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 44

INDUSTRY EVENTS

With presentations such as the ‘Effects of climate change on aquaculture production’, by Adalberto Luis Val, from the National Laboratory of Amazonian Research. The second day saw tropical temperatures of 35 degrees celcius. At 8.30am the showrooms were overwhelmed to witness presentations from industry leaders including Philippe Tacon of Phileo Lessafre Animal Care, Peter Couteau Nutriad and Oliver DeCamp of INVE. They discussed pressing issues in aquaculture including diseases in shrimp farming, reducing the impact of diseases in shrimp production and natural solutions for it. Undoubtedly the presentation on fish feed that could not be missed was that from Eduwaldo Jordao of Wenger. He made a detailed lecture on ‘floating feed and selection of ingredients’, that saw all those in attendance listening attentively. Over the course of the event there was a wide range of topics addressed, including but not limited to the cultivation of tilapia, aquaponics, Biofloc , fish immunology, gastrointestinal problems, alternative feed, Larviculture, even the issues related to social and economic policy that affect aquaculture were addressed. Roy Palmer, International Aquafeed’s Australian correspondent and regular Aquaculture without frontiers columnist spoke on ‘Global perspectives of sustainable aquaculture’. A brief summary of this interesting presentation can be viewed via the online platform Aquafeed International in Latin America. Undoubtedly there are many contributors to thank for this year’s event. FENACAM for their alliance with the Latin American and Caribbean Chapter of the World Aquaculture Society (LACC/ERA). Mario Stael and John Cooksey can finally breathe easy after several months of tireless work. There were a number of leading companies present to name a few: in machinery there was Wenger, Andritz, Manzoni; in animal nutrition and health, Alltech, Biorigin, Biomin, Guabi, Epicore, MSD, Nutriad, INVE and technology/laboratories included Prilabsa, Pentair and Catalysis. The entrepreneurship that was observed over the three days was incredible. Many owners of shrimp farms, food factories and students gathered and there was no hesitation to close contracts and investigate new technologies. The show doors would open at 2pm daily and would not close until 10pm, hours uncommon for an industry event. This decision would have made it easier for workers and companies to visit after at the end of their working day and not miss out on the happening at the Ceará Events Centre. Lacqua 2016 will be held in Peru, at the Sheraton Convention Centre from 28 November to 1 December and will have follow the theme, ‘Innovative Aquaculture low Environmental Challenges’. See you in Peru! November-December 2015 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 45

INDUSTRY EVENTS

Aquaculture, nature and society by Peter Parker

The weather was less than favourable in the diverse city of Rotterdam for the week of AE2015, but this did not seem to impair the constant flow of cyclists, trams, motorists, and pedestrians in the city centre – nor the attendance at this key annual event.

quaculture Europe 2015 focused on ‘Aquaculture, Nature and Society,’ when the industry met at De Doelen Centre in the heart of Rotterdam, The Netherlands, for its three day annual event which ran from Wednesday-to-Friday October 21-23, 2015. besides being supported in some way by all of the presentations throughout the event, the theme was directly addressed by three invited speakers. The exhibition’s reception was smooth and professional, seeing exhibitors gather to kick off networking with beverages on the Tuesday evening, prior to the official opening of the event. International Aquafeed was represented by Roger Gilbert (Publisher), Tuti Tan (Events and Circulation Manager) and myself were present. The presentations made following the official opening focused on the theme of ‘Aquaculture, Nature and Society,’ and were supported throughout the the three-day event. For instance, the theme was directly addressed by the three invited speakers: • CEO of the Aquaculture Stewardship Council, Chris Ninnes spoke about the ASC’s strategy to demonstrate improved sustainability • Huw Thomas, the Fisheries and Aquaculture Manager of the UK retailer Morrisons gave a presentation on society and consumer preference • Louise Fresco, the third speaker who is Wageningen University’s CEO, gave a talk titled ‘New approaches to production’ and compared developments in aquaculture to those in agriculture and discussed the importance of enhancing natural capitol whilst balancing the precision farming concept of providing eco-services and conservation in local areas

Opening ceremony

The official opening was held in an auditorium, large BioMar banners framed the podium where speakers took the stage to share on aquaculture issues, solutions and predictions. EAS 2014-2016 President Sachi Kaushik gave an inspiring welcome to the delegates, noting the suitability of Rotterdam for such an event.

November-December 2015 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 46

INDUSTRY EVENTS Alderman of Gemeente Goes, Jo-Annes de Bat spoke about aquaculture in the southwest province of Zeeland and the growing oyster and mussel cultivation industry they have there. Discussing how their key challenge is producing safe, high quality food, in a world where the nature of climate change will inevitably result in crop failure. “The challenge is clearly defined, let us tackle it together,” says Mr de Bat. Henry Kool, the Minister of Economic Affairs, shared his ideas on the secret to the successful aquaculture industry of The Netherlands. Mr Kool spoke about recent developments regarding the promotion of mussel seed collection whilst reducing the practice of mussel trawling. Another innovation they were looking into was attaching aquaculture farms to ocean-located wind turbine farms. John Bell, Director of Bioeconomy at DG Research and Innovation shared the details the European Union’s plan to invest further into Aquaculture, making the point that globally growth in aquaculture has been at around seven percent where as in Europe it has been stagnating at a lower rate. He claimed that Europe is renowned for it’s high standards but also suggested that Europe has its weaknesses too. Namely, that it is difficult to manage space in Europe and that decision-making can be overly bureaucratic. Mr Bell closed with the point that currently 56 percent of land is being used for raising animals and that this is ultimately an unsustainable practice for various reasons. The final speaker for the opening presentation was the CEO of

Gerald Klein Essink with Tuti Tan and Roger Gilbert on the International Aquafeed stand

Sjoerd Driessen, sales support engineer at Dinnissen

November-December 2015 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 47

INDUSTRY EVENTS

the Aquaculture stewardship council (ASC), Chris Ninnes. Mr Ninnes gave us all an overview of what the ASC is about and what they aim to achieve as a market based organization. Themes of his description included transparency for upheld credibility, simplistic and general guidelines and a focus on environmental and social responsibility. The standards for ASC have been high, in fact only 15-20 percent of current producers could meet them at the time of release; when this point was questioned in the closing ‘Q&A.’ Mr Ninnes made the point that these guidelines are something for producers to work towards, in doing so improving the industry. The point that ASC was not trying to re-invent the wheel was reiterated a few times throughout the talk. One quote that stuck with me after his presentation was that, “not all standards are created equal,” a statement that I believe can be perceived with various implications. As the opening ceremony came to an end and the auditorium cleared, it seemed to me that the greatest challenge was going to be working out how to make the most of all of the opportunities identified in just three days as they relate to aquaculture, nature and society.

The venue

As previously mentioned, AE2015 was hosted at De Doelen,

Nick Bridel (left), chief operations engineer at TMC Catharina Nieuwenhuizen, marketing manager, Noba November-December 2015 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 48

INDUSTRY EVENTS

a concert venue and convention centre in Rotterdam, over 45 years have passed since itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s opening in 1966. The magnificent Rotterdam Centraal railway station, which was officially opened in 2014, is located just across the road from De Doelen. Transport around the city is easily catered for via the local tramlines. With the full four floors occupied by the exhibitors, scientific posters and presentations, the venue was more than large enough to house this three day event.

Stats and figures

The AE2015 programme was co-chaired by Catarina Martins of Marine Harvest and Aad Smaal of Waginingen IMARES. I am told the two co-chairs frequently had to make difficult decisions around the selection of abstracts for their sessions. In total there were 30 technical sessions that made up the AE2015 programme, with 357 oral presentations and 205 scientific posters a comprehensive update of the latest research was available for most aquacultural domains. A total of 1057 participants from 65 different countries were attracted to this yearâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s conferences and to glimpse the diverse aquacultural show the European Aquaculture Society (EAS) musters.

The team at Aller Aqua

L-R: Zhenja Antochin, sales manager, VIV Exhibitions; Prof. Simon Davies, Harper Adams University and chief editor of International Aquafeed magazine, Johan den Hartog, managing director, GMP+ International

(L-R) Alexander bei der Hake, Franz Peter Rebafka, Holger Suhrenbrock and Oscar Ezeh at the GePro Aqua stand

November-December 2015 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 49

INDUSTRY EVENTS President’s reception dinner

Aubert Faivre, export manager at FAIVRE

Chelsea Andrews (Product manager) and Pierre-Luc St-Onge (Sales Director) at the XpertSea stand

On the Thursday evening, in what seemed may have been a large cellar but now a revamped underground restaurant was the venue for the President’s reception dinner. A combination of dimly lit brickwork rooms, a lively brass band and delicious buffet style foods on offer made for an excellent opportunity for catching up with old friends and meeting new ones. The rooms were bustling with attendees from the show, I personally had the privilege of meeting Professor Igo Guimarães from Brazil. Igo and his team are responsible providing the expert topic article in this issue on the work they are doing on the Tambaqui species based out of Universidade Federal de Goiás.

Closing reflection

Mario Stael from MarEvent has done an excellent job organising AE2015, and this conclusion was shared with all of those present and whom I spoke to. All aspects of the event were well communicated to visitors and there were ample opportunities for networking in and outside of opening hours. My thoughts were supported when I found that EAS Executive Director Alistair Lane had commented on the level of participation for AE2015. “After a remarkably successful AE2014 event in San Sebastian, Spain that attracted close to 1450 participants, our expectations for Rotterdam were somewhat less and in the region of 750. “I’ve seen many people here that were in San Sebastian and many others that have been present in all recent AE events. That is very encouraging for EAS as it shows that we are seen as being the forum that brings together scientists and other stakeholders from all research disciplines to get a ‘helicopter view’ of the latest developments in the European sector,” he said. The next Aquaculture Europe event is set to be held from September 20-23, 2016 in Scotland. With the title theme of ‘Food for Thought’ and support from Marine Scotland, part of the Scottish Government and The Marin Alliance for Science and Technology for Scotland, we at International AquaFeed magazine look forward to seeing what new innovations it will bring with it.

Sponsorship

Alistair Lane, Executive Director of the European Aquaculture Society

Patrick Lavens visiting the IAF stand

Finally, it is important to recognise the support of sponsors behind such events. AE2015 received gold sponsorship from the high-performance fish feed producing company, BioMar, a silver sponsorship from DSM, a global science-based company that is active in health and nutrition. The Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs and the Province of Zeeland also gave support, while Aquasoja and Sparos sponsored sessions.

November-December 2015 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 50

VAV +31 71 4023701 www.vav.nl

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Elevator buckets Alapala +90 212 465 60 40 www.alapala.com Tapco Inc +1 314 739 9191 www.tapcoinc.com STIF +33 2 41 72 16 80 www.stifnet.com 52 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | November-December 2015

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November-December 2015 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 53

The aquafeed

interview

In the last days of October the European fish farming industry met in Rotterdam, The Netherlands, to discuss nutritional developments. International Aqufeed was keen to ask Alistair Lane, whether fish has now taken the mantel of the world’s most favourite protein foodstuff? Alistair Lane has been Executive Director of the European Aquaculture Society since 2000. Prior to that he had worked for EWOS in Spain and France and has experience in encapsulated products for larval feeds. The Society has 550 members from 50 countries with representation throughout the European Union, wider Europe and other countries. The Society organises an annual event, Aquaculture Europe, which took place in Rotterdam from October 21-23, 2015. The conference had 780 fully registered delegates who together with trade-show visitors and others drew close to 1000 to Rotterdam. They represented 57 countries. There were 64 exhibitors. More than 350 oral presentations in 31 parallel session, 300 poster presentations and five or six events in the form of industry panels.

With your background, which is quite fortuitous to include EWOS, what do you feel the impact will be for the aquaculture industry having such a large organisation like Cargill acquire EWOS?

The world’s leading feed companies in aquaculture have always been three fold: Skretting, BioMar and EWOS. These are not the only aquaculture feed companies of course, but they have been the biggest for some time. The competition is now on. We see European companies looking to penetrate markets outside the European Union and into markets such as Egypt for example. And we have seen Marine Harvest decide to go its own way where feed production is concerned. That, obviously, has an impact of the to top three feed suppliers. However, a big company such as Cargill coming into a company like EWOS has obvious synergies for both sectors of our food production industry and this naturally has global ramifications.

We heard from DG of Research and Innovation in the European Union, John Bell that the EU is offering greater co-ordinated assistance to industry, more than before. Can you sort of put that in perspective, or is it just political rhetoric?

Aquaculture has always been a crosscutting activity in terms of EU involvement. It cuts across four or five Directorates General and all impact aquaculture, MARE, Trade, SANCO, Environment, Research and Innovation. So what the latter is doing is to give impetus to aquaculture growth. I think that at the European level, and certainly in the European Parliament, the issues of food security and the protein gap we have been living with is high on the agenda. I think that aquaculture is being recognised by European parliamentarians and institutions as being something that they must take action on and prioritise. It hasn’t been easy for the Commission since it launched its strategy back in 2002 - to actually see growth in the sector and we know many of the reasons for this; one of those being a restriction on space. Horizon 2020, the on-going framework for research programs has seen an emphasis shift to those projects that can display and demonstrate impact. Only proposals that demonstrate meaningful impact from research will have a chance of having their research funded. That is quite a big change. Research has to underpin five strategies of the EU under its agenda of blue growth: strategies on water; strategies on the environment; strategies on resources and strategies on different sea areas. The EU recognises that although they have some leverage or some impact on the Member States, it is the Member States themselves that need to push that back down and go to regional and local government, because that is where the decision-making is made. So however, “pro aquaculture” the strategies at national government level are, it is the local bodies who are issuing permits - if these two are not in line then we go back to the same issues we had before.

We are told that Europe has allocated over 50 percent of its landmass to growing feed materials for terrestrial animals. Do you think that aquaculture offers Europeans an alternative; in terms of protein supply that moves us away from land-based systems? Is that a realistic alternative? Is it too far away to envision what the impact of such a change might be? I think I some ways that we are approaching a halfway stage on this because we are moving from a period where we exclusively used marine ingredients to feed fish - fishmeal and fish oil effectively – to using land-based ingredients. Way back when I was working in fish feed, we were using raw materials such as blood and bone meal, and they were very good feed ingredients. After BSE that all changed, I think that we are in a phase moving from fully relying on marine ingredients to focusing on plant ingredients and in future a range of nutrient providers, at least partially based on aquatic plants. If this is to be a multi-sourced approach, part of the equation will be responsibly produced fishmeal and fish oil and part of the equation will be protein and oil coming from alternative marine and/or terrestrial plants. Part of the solution will include plants that are modified for higher yielding Omega-3 for example, while part of the equation will be processed animal proteins and GM feed ingredients - although in Europe those two letters still signal ‘no-no’. I see the inclusion of land-based plants as being an intermediary stage before going to a full range of nutrients sources from various alternative components. Feed will be a mix.

Do you think the change in feed proteins used will see farmed fish production as a preferred protein source by consumers?

It will certainly help. The use of land-based plant ingredients is a little bit out of line with the concept of ‘fish-and-water’. As aquaculture tries to position itself with regard to other food items - beef, poultry, pork, etc – it will also have to measure itself in terms of its comparable environmental footprint. If we have a large component of our aqua feeds coming from land-based plants, then the impact or footprint of aquaculture is going to be larger. It’s no longer a case of fish-eat-fish all the time. If we are measuring our performance against other meats, light or dark meats, then our environmental footprint must be compared as well. If we are using a lot more water, which is strange to discuss really when talking about aquaculture, and a lot of land space, then it could be argued that the same land and water could be better used to produce crops for direct human consumption. I think that the sooner we can get back to feeding marine plants to fish, and I don’t mean seaweeds necessarily but micro-algae which have the best potential of marine ingredients, then I think we going in the right direction. I see this period of land-based protein sources as an intermediary phase.

54 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | November-December 2015

An extended version of this interview can be found on the Aquaculturists blog.

November-December 2015 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 55

AQUACULTURE

INDUSTRY FACES

Aller Aqua A/S strengthens its management team ller Aqua A/S has appointed Lars Rahbæk as Group Vice President – Global Sales & Marketing, effective 15 November 2015. Lars will strengthen and develop global commercial strategy, both in cooperation with the existing management team, but also in close collaboration with Aller Aqua Group’s global network of sales and marketing employees. Lars will also be involved in product development. Lars Rahbæk has 25 years of experience in aquaculture; he spent many years as market manager and CEO for fish feed company Biomar A/S, and subsequently as CEO for fish farms FREA A/S and Kærhede Dambrug ApS, as well as the aquaculture- and equipment business FREA Aquaculture Solutions ApS. Concurrently, Lars also held a number of business-related honorary posts. Lars Rahbæk is 47 years old, married to Karen and together they have 4 children aged between 8 and 19. Recently he achieved a Certificate in Business and Leadership (CBL) at Henley Management College.

Bill Herzig honoured with GAA Lifetime Achievement Award he Global Aquaculture Alliance (GAA) is proud to announce that Bill Herzig is the recipient of this year’s GAA Lifetime Achievement Award, presented during GAA’s GOAL 2015 conference at the Four Seasons Hotel in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, on Thursday, October 29. A champion of seafood sustainability, Mr Herzig’s career in seafood spans more than four decades. Along with GAA President George Chamberlain, Mr Herzig was instrumental in the formation of GAA in 1997. At the time, aquaculture, particularly shrimp farming, was under attack from environmental interests, spreading misinformation on mangrove deforestation. As a result, stakeholders from 12 countries established GAA as a non-profit organisation, based upon a shared vision that aquaculture is vital to feed the world, but that it must grow in a coordinated and responsible fashion. That vision led to the creation of the Global Aquaculture Advocate magazine, the GOAL (Global Outlook on Aquaculture Leadership) conference and the Best Aquaculture Practices (BAP) third-party certification program. “This is the most satisfying thing that I have ever been involved in. We did it because it was the right thing to do, and so many have joined the cause,” said Mr Herzig. “As a result, the aquaculture industry now has the fundamentals in place to achieve the vision laid out three decades ago in the Blue Revolution.” Currently, Mr Herzig is president of Sustainable Strategies and Initiatives. In addition to GAA, he has been involved with the National Fisheries Institute.

Biorigin announces new global sales manager for animal nutrition

iorigin now has a new has a new global sales manager for the animal nutrition sector, Claudio Victor Bollati. He has a degree in Veterinary Medicine from the Litoral National University, Argentina. He has an MSc degree in Agribusiness from the Austral University in Argentina and an MBA from the Royal Agricultural College, UK. Mr Bollati has more than 10 years’ experience in the veterinary industry. He was hired by Biorigin for the position of Global Animal Nutrition Sales Manager to strengthen the sales and the business strategy of the Feed business. Mr Bollati will be based in Barcelona, Spain, and will report directly to the Global Feed Business Manager, Roberto Vituzzo. “Hiring [Mr] Bollati is part of our effort to expand our presence in the global animal nutrition market. His experience and knowledge will be essential to concentrate our focus in regional sales, in addition of ensuring Biorigin Animal Nutrition strategic position as a supplier of added-value products,” said Roberto Vituzzo.

IFFO welcomes new Technical Director FFO, the trade association for the global marine ingredients industry, will see the retirement of Technical Director Dr Andy Jackson at the end of 2015 after ten years of great contributions to the organisation. IFFO will be joined in November by Dr Neil Auchterlonie – taking over as Technical Director from 1st January 2016 after a two month handover period with Dr Jackson. Dr Auchterlonie has BSc, MSc and PhD degrees in Marine Biology, Applied Fish Biology and Aquaculture, and has spent time working in technical and production positions in aquaculture companies and government department and research agencies. Neil has a strong track record in managing aquaculture and fisheries science programmes in both public and private sector, specialising in commissioning, managing and reporting on science that addresses policy questions for both government and industry. Dr Auchterlonie said “I am delighted to be offered this opportunity to join the team at IFFO. I have been aware of the excellent work of both IFFO and Andy Jackson over the years, and I am very humbled to be offered this chance to contribute to the organisation’s work at a crucially important and exciting time for the marine ingredients industry and the aquaculture sector.”

56 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | November-December 2015