FEB 2017 - International Aquafeed magazine

I N C O R P O R AT I N G F I S H FA R M I N G T E C H N O L O G Y

MANAGING RISK in aquaculture - Why choose feathermeal?

International Aquafeed - Volume 20 - Issue 2 - February 2017 2017

- Electromagnetic frequency technology - Fundamentals of drying aquafeeds - Why technology transfer is key - Water chillers in aquaculture

February 2017

www.aquafeed.co.uk

CONTENTS February 2017 Volume 20 Issue 2

Perendale Publishers Ltd 7 St George’s Terrace St James’ Square, Cheltenham, Glos, GL50 3PT, United Kingdom Tel: +44 1242 267700 Publisher Roger Gilbert rogerg@perendale.co.uk Editor Prof Simon Davies simond@aquafeed.co.uk Associate Editor Dr Albert Tacon albertt@perendale.co.uk International Editors Dr Kangsen Mai (Chinese edition) mai@perendale.co.uk Prof Antonio Garza (Spanish edition) antoniog@perendale.co.uk Editorial Advisory Panel • Prof Dr Abdel-Fattah M. El-Sayed • Prof António Gouveia • Prof Charles Bai • Dr Colin Mair • Dr Daniel Merrifield • Dr Dominique Bureau • Dr Elizabeth Sweetman • Dr Kim Jauncey • Dr Eric De Muylder • Dr Pedro Encarnação • Dr Mohammad R Hasan Editorial team Rhiannon White rhiannonw@perendale.co.uk Peter Parker peterp@perendale.co.uk Matt Muller mattm@perendale.co.uk Zasha Whiteway-Wilkinson zashaw@perendale.co.uk International Marketing Team Darren Parris darrenp@perendale.co.uk Tom Blacker tomb@perendale.co.uk Latin America Marketing Team Iván Marquetti Tel: +54 2352 427376 ivanm@perendale.co.uk

REGULAR ITEMS 3

28

Photoshoot

30 Expert Topic - Salmon

44 Industry Events

Design Manager James Taylor jamest@perendale.co.uk

14 Why choose feather meal?

16 Electromagnetic frequency technology 20 Managing risk in aquaculture

22 Fundamentals of drying aquafeeds 26 The Extru-Tech vertical cooler

48 The Market Place

50 The Aquafeed Interview

Circulation & Events Manager Tuti Tan tutit@perendale.co.uk

52

COLUMNS 8

©Copyright 2016 Perendale Publishers Ltd. All rights reserved.

No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means without prior permission of the copyright owner. More information can be found at www.perendale. com Perendale Publishers Ltd also publish ‘The International Milling Directory’ and ‘The Global Miller’ news service

Industry News

12 Aquaculture Training

Nigeria Marketing Team Nathan Nwosu nathann@perendale.co.uk

Development Manager Antoine Tanguy antoinet@perendale.co.uk

FEATURES

7

Industry Faces

Ioannis Zabetakis

Alexandros Samartzis 10

Simon Birks

FISH FARMING TECHNOLOGY 36 Why technology transfer is key 40 All you need to know about water chillers in aquaculture

Professor Simon Davies

Croeso - welcome

A very busy year Firstly, let me welcome all of our Chinese friends with a Happy New Chinese Year greeting!

We are already in the second month of 2017 and how time flies! These dark cold months are at last giving away to longer days and next month we begin to look forward to spring again and a period of renewal.

This year is going to be a very busy year for the aquaculture industry with the upcoming meeting of Aquaculture America at the end of this month in San Antonio, Texas, after 10 years and I hope to be in attendance. I am very much looking forward to US hospitality in the big state.

In June, we have the UK aquaculture event in June and also the all-important World Aquaculture WAS meeting in Cape Town in South Africa, and then onwards to the Asian Pacific meeting in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. No doubt a wide spectrum of

different species will be discussed and these conferences will bring numerous talented people together underpinning a vibrant community of scientists, technical specialists, engineers, feed companies and stake holders from all backgrounds to discuss the policy agenda for a sustainable aquaculture future - to meet our growing human population with healthy food from our rich aquatic environment, freshwater to marine and from temperate to tropical.

I continue to believe that despite the well-known criticism from many quarters, fish and shrimp farming is a significant factor in the protein supply chain and we have responsibilities to work hard together to develop new technologies, especially in the aquafeed sector, to meet these challenges. I am now very involved in working with companies with revolutionary strategies for enhancing the quality and nutrient availability, particularly in new stains of algae and insect protein concentrates post processing. It’s nice to be in demand and charting new courses through a balance between academic and industry and in an exploratory mode.

Aquaculture continues to surprise me with all the new species being evaluated for rearing, and I read that in Japan there is significant progress in closing the life cycle of the blue fish tuna, an iconic species under so much pressure in the wild. This is one example where aquaculture can offset the insatiable demand for fish and make an invaluable contribution to the global seafood agenda. Responsible fishing and aquaculture go hand in hand and this is what needs to be supported politically around the planet.

So, in this issue we have an interesting look at the idea of using feather meal as a very real alternative to fishmeal, the French company ‘Soleval’ is now offering a range of poultry proteins looking for products with the highest protein content and good digestibility. We also have AKVA sharing insights into the integral relationship between clean netting and sustainable farming, whilst Ceresco talk about the power of Electromagnetic Frequency with our regular features also, our interview this month is with the chairman of the ‘Aquaculture without Frontiers’ charity, Cliff Spencer. A well-known face in the industry and a regular contributor to both International Aquafeed and our sister publication Milling and Grain. On a similar in house note, if you head to our ‘Industry Faces’ segment towards the back you’ll meet our latest editions to the team, Zasha Whiteway-Wilkinson, Sub-editor and Matthew Muller, Industrial Editor.

In the next issue we will report back on our visit to Aquaculture America and highlight our experiences and meetings with stakeholders. The technical and scientific reports are invaluable to our magazine’s platform of knowledge so please keep articles and reports flowing so we can continue to provide the latest findings and emerging issues at the forefront of your interests.

aQuaTIC aSIa

a ONe-Day CONFereNCe ON aQuaCuLTure TeCHNOLOGy WITH SPeCIaL FOCuS ON SHrIMP FeeDING aND reCIrCuLaTION SySTeMS

14 MarCH 2017 THe NOVOTeL baNGKOK HOTeL SuKHuMVIT 20, baNGKOK PLATINUM SPONSOR

GOLD SPONSORS

SILVER SPONSORS

JOIN Our NeTWOrKING reCePTION

17:00

Jointly organised by VIV and International Aquafeed / Progresses AgriSchool The conference is supported by Aquaculture without Frontiers I N C O R P O R AT I N G F I S H FA R M I N G T E C H N O L O G Y

www.aquafeed.co.uk

FOr MOre INFOrMaTION VISIT: aquafeed.co.uk/aquaticevents reGISTer aT www.viv.net

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www.fisa.com.pe

Ministry urge: “allow importation of crustaceans”

WE KNOW NETTING

Ne�ng of all Fibers

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he Minister of Industry and Trade, Tran Tuan Anh has called upon the Australian Government to re-allow the import of prawns and uncooked shrimps.

In a note sent to the Australian agriculture and water resources department on February 9, 2017, Anh conveyed worries about the negative impact of the suspension of imports on Vietnamese shrimp raisers and exporters. This is a result from motion carried a month before, where on January 9, 2017, the department announced that they were suspending the import of prawns and uncooked shrimps from all Asian networks, including Vietnam.

This was after an outbreak of white spot disease was reported in five aquaculture sites on the Logan River, Southeast Queensland. It was also reported in the river itself, these events occurring in December last year.

Originally, the suspension was supposed to last for six months, and would mean that the batches of prawns sent to Australia as of January 9th would be destroyed or reexported. The batches that arrived before then, or were in transit, would undergo extensive examination before they could be used.

Although, according to the Vietnam Association of Seafood Export and Processing, Australia is not a big shrimp importer for the country, but it is a strong potential market because demand has consistently been on the rise.

Anh has proposed that the previous regulations that were in place before the ban, be reintroduced. They have suggested that this be the case on the batches of prawns already imported to Australia, the batches that were already on route from Vietnam, and the batches that have been produced under contracts between the countries respective firms.

In a meeting in Ha Noi on February 10th, the Deputy Minister of Industry and Trade Tran Quoc Khanh briefed Australian ambassador to Vietnam Craig Chittickhis on the huge losses caused by the suspension to Vietnamese shrimp farmers and exporters. The ministry will continue to work in a middle ground area to work with concerned agencies from both countries to convince the Australian Government to end the suspension as soon as possible.

Khanh summarised by requesting that Australia devise alternative measures and lift the suspension so that the growing trade relations between the nations won’t be affected. Vietnam is among the four largest seafood suppliers for Australia, occupying 11.2 percent of the market share. Its shrimp export values to Australia annually crosses US$100 million.

Nets - Ropes - Twine - Rigged Cages Rigged Purse Seine nets - Trawl nets

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exportsales@fisanet.com.pe phone:+51 (1) 6196500 Av. Materiales 2475, Lima 1, Peru

International Aquafeed - February 2017 | 3

www.fisa.com.pe

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Looking to the future:

A breakdown of the global aquaculture feed and pharmaceutical market growth

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sia-Pacific aquaculture feed and the pharmaceutical market is expected to witness the fastest growth during the forecast period. Regions around the rest of the world however, are still supposed to grow significantly within the forecast period (2016-2024).

This is happening because favourable governmental regulations for aquaculture is increasing demand for the industry, hence expecting to enhance the global market for aquaculture in the near future.

Global aquafeed By regional preference, the global aquaculture feed and pharmaceutical market is segmented into five broad regions, North America, Latin America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, the Middle East and Africa. According to the Fisheries and Aquaculture Department, Asia’s fed aquaculture - excluding China - accounts for about 64.2 percent. This is perhaps unsurprising however, as the Asian region has steadily contributed robustly in the marine sector. In 2012, the global demand for aquafeed accounted by 65 percent from Asia-Pacific.

In 2004, China aquaculture production was roughly 70 percent of the total fisheries production. It is estimated that by 2020, global aquaculture will contribute nearly 120 million tonnes of fish to meet the demand of growing population. Whereas, in 2008, it was estimated that global commercial aquaculture feed was about 29.2 million tonnes. This is a result of the growing focus to increase the production of marine species; this will reflect a trend to increase reliance on aquafeed. In 2006 however, 48 percent of aquaculture feed production in Europe was contributed by Norway, a contribution not to be overlooked.

Aquaculture represents 50 percent of production cost,

International drive to increase aquaculture innovation

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n international partnership met in Reykjavik to scope out a new Aquaculture Innovation Network for the Northern Periphery and Artic (AINNPA) aimed at improving innovation support for remotely located aquaculture businesses, in turn enabling demanddriven products and services.

The meeting marks the start of a six month preparatory phase to map out current aquaculture innovation support across the NPA territory; identify existing and emerging opportunities for SMEs; and building a collaborative network across participating regions.

It is supported by the Interreg NPA programme via the European Regional Development Fund, AINNPA brings

and nowadays the development of a species-specific diet is supporting the aquaculture market.

Global aquaculture feed and the pharmaceutical market is segmented into product type, feed type, animal type and geography. This is then broken down further into subsections within their segments. Feeds are available in different sizes (pellets) because each aqua animal has different feeding rates, frequency and timing.

Based on the product type, it is sub segmented into amino acids, antibiotics, oxygen tablets, probiotic tablets, feed acidifiers and vitamins.

Then based on the feed type, it is separated down into extruded feeds and pressure-pelleted feeds. Finally, based on the animal type, it is put into the subcategories of carp, shrimp, salmon, catfish, crustaceans, molluscs and tilapia.

It is self-explanatory to suggest that continuous advancement in the field of aquaculture has the potential to expand the variety of species for both restoration and commercial drives.

Drug control leads to healthy aquaculture Although spattered with a chequered past, new technological advancements in the field of aquaculture will help to expand the markets, as it has the wide range of applications in food and the pharmaceutical industry.

The Association of American Feed Control Officials is an agency regulated by law for the sale and distribution of animal feed and animal therapeutic drugs. Various oxygen tablets and probiotic tablets are also available in the market. When fish usually stop eating during a bacterial disease progression, then medicated feed is the best option to be used as the therapeutic drug.

Different type of fish require different essential nutrients, for instance in farmed fish cultivation, fishmeal and fish oil is included in the diet as it is the natural source of docosahexaenoic acid, omega-3 fatty acids and eicosapentaenoic acid, a combination of the 40 nutrition’s are essential for healthy fish breeding.

together innovation experts from the Faroe Islands, Iceland, Ireland, Norway and Scotland, and it is lf by the Scottish Aquaculture Innovation Centre (SAIC), located at the University of Stirling.

Heather Jones, CEO at SAIC explains, “SMEs have a key part to play in the sustainable growth of the aquaculture industry, both here in Scotland and across the NPA territory, However for those operating in more remote locations, it can be difficult to access the support and services needed to innovate, AINNPA seeks to address this by recognising the specific challenges and opportunities facing SMEs, by sharing best practice across the participating regions, and by developing innovative new products and services via an integrated support network.”

Robin Shields, Aquaculture Innovation Manager and AINNPA representative at SAIC, expands on 4 | February 2017 - International Aquafeed

this saying, “We know what we want to deliver through the international partnership – namely, to offer SMEs a stronger support network than they would otherwise be able to access, in order that they can innovate solutions to existing and emerging challenges facing the aquaculture sector. Now, we start the process of drilling down into the detail of how best to achieve it.”

As part of this initial work, the project team is seeking to engage with, and appoint, associate partners.

Robin continues, “For the initiative to be a success in the long term, we need the insights of key stakeholders from an early stage.

“For example, regional development agencies, aquaculture producer organisations and other trade associations who can help identify the priorities for innovation and who, ultimately, will be one of the main conduits for encouraging uptake of AINNPA across participating regions.”

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Nutriad joins EAFP

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ultinational feed additives producer Nutriad has become a supporting member of the European Association of Fish Pathologists (EAFP).

Established in 1979, it is an interdisciplinary society, embracing all aspects of aquatic disease in fish and shellfish, and in aquaculture and wild stocks. They recognise the importance of direct contact between research workers and the need for rapid dissemination of information, promoting the exchange of knowledge, and the assistance in the coordination of research related to fish and shellfish pathology.

Through Nutriad’s specialist business unit, Aquaculture, they have recently increased their focus on the development and commercialisation of natural health promoting additives for fish and shrimp.

Dr Peter Coutteau, Business Unit Director Aquaculture comments, “Aquaculture producers are increasingly suffering economic losses from a wide variety of diseases and parasites which affect productivity in all regions and species. There is a growing interest in prevention

strategies based on natural solutions and we are increasing our efforts in developing more specialised feed additives in this area.”

Dr Mercè Isern Subich, Business Development Manager Aquaculture Health continues, “Recent trial results under land and field conditions have shown promising results in critical diseases in aquaculture such as protozoan gut parasites in marine fish and white faeces syndrome in shrimp. Some of the results will be published in the coming months and will be submitted for presentation at the upcoming EAFP meeting in Belfast during September 4-7.”

The biannual conference is one of the most important fish events on fish and shellfish pathology research globally. Gathering specialists from around the world, this event is very popular for both researchers and industrial partners.

Conutteau concluded, “Nutriad is proud to become an official supporter of the EAFP, recognising the work of the Executive Members and Associates.”

International Aquafeed - February 2017 | 5

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Research in Chile to focus on fish nutrition and health BioMar Group has set an agenda in regards to the start up of their feed research activities at ATC Patagonia

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ocus in the Chilean aquaculture research centre is set on innovative R&D projects of interest for the global aquaculture industry. Back in October 2016 the group signed an agreement with Aqualnnovo to purchase and utilise 30 percent of its aquaculture research and the development centre in Lenca, Chile. The initiative has now been formalised and the new name of the centre is ‘Aquaculture Technology Centre Patagonia (ATC Patagonia)’.

Håvard Jørgensen, Global Director of R&D of BioMar says, “We look forward to innovating aquaculture and aquaculture feeds by utilising the research resources that are available, in Chile as well as elsewhere in the world.”

He continues, “We have set up a comprehensive agenda of research projects and our agenda for 2017 is made up of research related to nutrition for fresh water and sea water species, focusing on raw material knowledge, feed model building and health aspects, mainly on Salmon Rickettsial Septicaemia (SRS) which has caused significant losses to the salmon farming sector, and not only in Chile.”

BioMar has a long history of collaboration with external

research partners to achieve their results, and the in-house research and development facilities have steadily been expanding. ATC Patagonia now forms part of their global network of research centres.

Keen to emphasise the value of the centre Mr Jørgensen comments that, “The work that BioMar is going to carry out here, will be transversal and cover diverse requirements for different species and farming conditions where our feed is utilised. We have chosen to invest in this research facility because we are convinced that it is perfectly suited to bring many advances in

solving the challenges faced by the aquaculture industry.

It will reduce the take to market time, making us more flexible and robust- all the best for our customers.”

With both companies sharing the facility, which is the most complete and modern aquaculture research centre in the Southern Hemisphere. The research capacity that is not being used by BioMar will be available for developing trials and research projects through AquaInnovo.

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How consumers choose their fish

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new survey on EU consumer choices regarding fishery and aquaculture products reveals that people in the EU eat seafood quite regularly. However the results show that are a few different things that may affect their decision on what and how much they purchase - such as how far they live from the sea can play a role in how often they eat fish.

The investigation into EU seafood consumers’ attitudes shows that fish consumption is increasing. With an impressive 42 percent of Europeans eating fish or aquaculture products at least once a week at home, the majority of whom saying that they eat fish because it’s healthy.

These results underline the need to ensure a sustainable supply of fish to the EU market.

European Commissioner for the Environment, Maritime Affairs and Fisheries, Karmenu Vella sates, “This survey helps us see how Europeans choose their seafood. This helps inform our policies. We must make sure that consumers continue to have a wide range of high quality seafood to choose from. That is why we are determined to reach targets on sustainable fishing by 2020.”

The Eurobarometer survey showed that there is a strong preference for regional, national and European origin (80 percent), with the majority of consumers indicating that they like to try new products and species, showing the importance and potential of diversified sourcing. Another suggestion made as a result of the survey, is the need to perhaps reduce import dependency by developing sustainable fishing and aquaculture in the EU. 68 percent of consumers indicated that they would eat more fish if the prices were lower. On the whole people said that they would buy their seafood at the supermarket, looking first at its appearance, then its price and origin.

It also shows that Europeans trust the content of labels, especially when the information provided is required by law - with 66 percent thinking that the information on products is clear and easy to understand.

The survey findings are largely confirmed in a new study by the European Market Observatory for fisheries and aquaculture, the study, which looked into retailers’ strategies and national campaigns promoting seafood consumptionnotes the growing importance of farmed seafood products in the EU market, given the need for retailers to ensure a stable supply.

Finally, the analysis also finds that various categories of consumers show common attitudes and behaviours across Member States, highlighting the potential for reinforcing the EU internal market for fishery and aquaculture products.

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Ioannis Zabetakis

New Challenges and Opportunities

n aquafarming industry, as in every other, some of the burning questions we face every day are around cost analysis, supply management and branding. However some of the rather hidden opportunities could be around the nutritional value of products and how these products can be better branded and marketed in a challenging environment where borders are virtually non-existent.

One of the issues that I remind my students often about is the use of hurdle technology in order to maximise shelf-file and therefore increase the size of the potential markets where we can sell our products. Modified Atmosphere Packaging (MAP) is an excellent tool to prolong shelf life.

MAP can give fish fillets an expiry date about 7-9 days from day of production. Therefore, the product can practically travel around the globe!

What’s next?

With this in mind, let’s have a look at some of the new challenges that lie ahead.

Challenge one: Marine Pathogens The aquaculture industry is constantly expanding to meet the needs of the global population and ever growing demand for quality protein.

Economic sustainability of this industry requires an increasing diversification of cultured fish species. A prerequisite of the introduction of new species to aquaculture is the development of larval cultures and assessing their growth and health on exposure to water from the open sea. The semi-intensive “mesocosm” technique can be used to determine the specific biological, ecological and nutritional needs of each species, as rearing methodologies used in other established species may not be applicable. Under the technique, unfiltered seawater is supplied to tanks in order to enhance natural planktonic productivity, providing live feed prey to the fish larvae in addition to supplements of cultured live feeds such as rotifers or Artemia.

Challenge two: Marine Pharmacology Antibiotic overuse and misuse to treat many infectious diseases has resulted in the development of multiple drug-resistant pathogens. This problem is now a major threat to public health and has increased the healthcare costs associated with treating patients with drug-resistant infections. New drugs are therefore urgently needed to help combat this mounting problem. In a review article published in the Lancet, marine natural products (MNPs) that have shown potential against drug-resistant infections of fungal, viral and parasitic origin are discussed.

As suggested by the authors, the marine environment has proven to be a very rich source of diverse natural products with significant antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, anti-parasitic, anti-tumour, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and immunomodulatory activities.

ioannis.zabetakis@ul.ie @yanzabet

After an Academic career spanning 12 years in the Univ. of Athens, Ioannis joined University of Limerick (UL) as a Lecturer on Food Lipids where the ongoing focus of his work will be towards the cardioprotective properties of food lipids with particular emphasis on dairy and aquaculture products.

International Aquafeed - February 2017 | 7

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Dr Alexandros Samartzis

Nutritional solutions for better health and sustainable aquaculture production he global aquaculture industry has undergone several transformations during the last decades, driven not only by health, nutritional and production challenges but also by consumer perceptions and market demands. The two main drivers are the rapidly increasing population and the growing demand for seafood.

As aquaculture gets more intensive in order to cope with the global market demand, exposure and susceptibility to disease challenges are also increasing.

In the particular case of the shrimp industry, since Litopenaeus vannamei was introduced to Asia and gradually replaced Panaeus monodon, the global shrimp production has reached new heights.

Through the years a number of diseases such as; infection myonecrosis virus, acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease and enterocytozoon hepatopenaei have caused a devastating reduction in production in most of the countries. Therefore, the threat of disease is a reality that the farmers have learned to live with.

The global trend to restrict or ban the use of antibiotics in animal production, as well as the demand for more sustainable food production, has created the need for new management solutions and strategies to fight against the pathogens that the fish and shrimp are suffering from. In this context natural growth promoters and health solutions started gaining more interest and a place in the feed formulations.

Probiotic, prebiotics, organic acids and yeasts etc have shown to provide solutions that can improve the health status, the nutrient utilization and consequently the performance of the cultured animals.

More specifically, probiotics are increasingly becoming well accepted not only in animal nutrition but for humans too, as a prophylactic measure.

Probiotics are generally defined as the live microorganisms which when administered

in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit on the host.

These health benefits are achieved via the modulation of the intestinal microbiota as well as the immune system, increasing the resistance to infections and thereby enhancing the survival rates. Probiotics can be supplemented in feeds or directly applied in the water. They can either be used in preventive treatments or to treat pathogen-related disease but with the main focus targeting the gastrointestinal (GI) tract of the host.

With many products available in the market with ranging applications and dose recommendations, it is very important to understand the species of the probiotic used and the characteristics of this bacterial as well as its mode of action against the pathogenic bacteria. For instance, one distinct mechanism of action that can be observed in selected probiotics and gaining more attention of the quorum quenching (disruption of quorum sensing).

Quorum sensing is the microbial cell signalling, which allows microorganisms to sense its own population density and when the autoinducers (external signal) reach a threshold they synchronise processes such as bioluminescence, antibiotic production, conjugative DNA transfer, sporulation, virulence and biofilm formation to name a few.

N-achylhomoserine lactone (AHL) is the best-known autoinducer and widely utilised by Gram-negative bacteria to adapt to changes in the environment.

Selected probiotic strains of the Bacillus genus have shown to block the AHL and consequently the communication among the pathogenic bacteria. The understanding of the mode of action of the species as well as the stability (i.e. heat recovery in the extrusion process) and correct application of the products can elevate probiotics as an effective solution in disease prevention and health enhancement, paving the way for sustainable aquaculture practices.

Dr Alexandros Samartzis is the Senior Technical Service Manager for Evonik (SEA) Pte. Ltd. based in Singapore. He holds an MRes and PhD in fish nutrition from the University of Plymouth, UK. He also has an MBA from the Agricultural University of Athens, GR. 8 | February 2017 - International Aquafeed

Aquaculture growth and the soybean

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quaculture is at the centre of conversations beyond the circle of animal agriculture. As the fastest growing animal protein, the most common circle discussions are on soybean.

The US Soybean Export Council and the Soy Aquaculture Alliance (SAA) have joined forces to host the 2017 Aquaculture Educational Opportunity in Panama City, Panama.

US soybean growers, researchers and aquaculture experts gathered to take in latest and visit the Panama Canal to witness the centre of global trade and the important role US soy play in the international economy.

Bridget Owen, SAA Executive Director, has devoted her career to the soybean community at various levels of the supply chain; she explains what this growth means.

“We have incredible resources, allowing us to be competitive. Number one is our growers who produce high quality, consistent and cost effective products. We have incredible transportation resources and access to overseas markets, making a quick, secure and cost efficient transaction important to our customers.

There are many ways US soy delivers domestically and internationally and our infrastructure is a part of that.”

She added that the demand for seafood as a whole is growing exponentially; it’s the fasting growing food production sector and the fastest growing use of soy.

“We would like to see more fish production, more shrimp production here at home. There are opportunities for that.

Simply she adds, “we need more product and to feed the growth, more soy is needed.”

We care for animals.

And people alike.

NUTRIAD: FEED ADDITIVES WITH AN ADDED HUMAN TOUCH Here at Nutriad, we’re just as concerned about the animals we feed, as about our clients – and their customers.

Thus, we only produce the best feed additives and solutions possible, making sure your animals, in their turn, produce their best performance. And making sure your business thrives just as well.

Interested in how we can help your business thrive better?

Find out more at www.nutriad.com or contact us directly.

Zambian aquaculture project to start

Simon Birks Aquaculture without Frontiers - The Appointed Solicitor Trustee

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s a 16 year old student reading law at “A” Level, I was sure that Law was the vocation from which I would gain the most satisfaction and pleasure. I did not however appreciate just how much this vocation would afford the chance to meet so many kind, generous and benevolent individuals.

Turn the clocks forward by more years than I care to mention and now I find myself and our law practice working with many business owners who, as well as their day to day business operations, wish to use their positions, success and contacts to create long-term legacies that have as their foundation, the purpose of making lives better for those less fortunate than themselves.

Prior to accepting this role I have been fortunate enough to be offered the opportunity to join a trustee board on more than one occasion, particularly in relation to charities that I have assisted in the formation of. On each occasion, I have been incredibly humbled by the invites and simply overwhelmed by the dedication of those who would be my fellow trustees. However I declined each of these as I felt that I could add little to the board other than my legal and regulatory experience.

Accepting the role

So why now accept the role of ‘Solicitor Trustee for Aquaculture without Frontiers Charitable Incorporated Organisation (CIO)’?

The answer is embedded in two of my fellow trustees; Roger Gilbert and Tuti Tan. It was their passion to use aquaculture and the amazing opportunities it brings, to change the lives of those in developing and transition countries. With the position and AwF, I feel there is scope to make a real difference, and I am convinced that whether great or small, AwF will undoubtedly result in saving lives.

Objectives of AwF

Roger and Tuti explained the history of AwF, the former charity that existed in the UK prior to its handover to AwF USA and how they would dearly like to resume the work of AwF in the UK. That was the start of project-renaissance that would ultimately lead to AwF UK (CIO) being ‘reformed’ in February 2016.

As part of that process, the Trustees were required to state what the ‘Objects’ of the CIO would be. We decided that this should not be overly complex and therefore we agreed that the object should be “To Promote Sustainable Aquaculture Development for the benefit of the public by the relief of poverty and the improvement of the conditions of life in developing and Transition Countries”.

We also took the opportunity to clarify that 'sustainable aquaculture development' is 'development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs' and aquaculture, under the CIO objects is 'the farming or aquatic organisms including fish, molluscs, crustaceans and aquatic plants'.

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he Zambian government has announced the start of a fish-farming project aimed at boosting the production of fish both for local consumption and export.

The Aquaculture Productivity and Market Enhancement project aims to achieve the target of producing 50,000 tonnes of fish per year over two years. Currently, the official fish requirement for Zambia stands at 186,000 tonnes, whereas the country has a fish deficit of 74,000 tonnes.

Michael Katambo, the Minister of Fisheries and Livestock reported that the African Development Bank (AfDB) has pumped US$50 million so far into the project. He also added that apart from producing fish for

Building the AwF future

Since the CIO was incorporated in February 2016, Roger, Tuti and I have been joined by three other very gifted Trustees, Clifford Spencer, Janice Spencer and Sven-Olof Malmqvist. As part of a Trustee board, I feel that we are each able to offer a variety of skills, experiences and different perspectives.

The first year has very much been one of formation, establishment and foundation building. So I am really looking forward to the forthcoming year when, with the increased awareness and promotion of the CIO, not to mention with the support of much needed donations, we can seek to make a difference to the lives of those less fortunate than ourselves. simon@sherborneslaw.co.uk

Simon Birks is a Director of Sherbornes Solicitors Limited and specialises in corporate and commercial legal support advice and assistance. Sherbornes Solicitors are no-nonsense, straight talking Business Lawyers based in Gloucestershire, with clients nationwide.

10 | February 2017 - International Aquafeed

local consumption, the project would help the country produce surplus fish for export.

The high demand for fish in neighbouring countries such as the Democratic Republic of Congo, combined with the international market, provides an opportunity for the country to boost its fish production.

The project will target small and medium enterprises that will be given loans to start fish farming projects. This will support the construction of fishponds and the production of fingerlings in three of the country’s provinces.

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Feed additives to support profitable and sustainable aquaculture

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paper has been published by Biomin showing how feed additives are supporting the aquaculture industry in the face of shifting consumer trends, market competition, regulation and environmental factors.

A growth story The study explores key industry trends that will accompany significant growth, as aquaculture is projected to account for nearly two-thirds of global seafood consumption by 2030.

Professor David Hughes of Imperial College London notes, “Fish and seafood are in prime position in terms of the battle for affordable meat protein.” Further into his speech at the 2016 World Nutrition Forum he remarks, “Farmer fish such as tilapia and pangasius are highly efficient in converting fish feed into fish meat.”

Sustainability key However, efficient production alone does not guarantee market success as the recent decision by retailers in France, Spain, Belgium and Italy to stop selling pangasius from Vietnam shows.

Biomin scientist and author of the paper, Rui Goncalves comments saying, “In the white paper we explore a similar scenario in 2013-14 when the pangasius market encountered a similar rough patch.”

He continues, “These events serve as a reminder that sustainable production methods are increasingly becoming a basic requirement for exporters.”

Showing therefore that the sustainability trend is likely to continue, he goes on to explain, “By 2020, the overall quantity

of fishmeal used in aquafeeds is projected to fall to levels last seen two decades ago.

The number of sustainable certifications issued for aquaculture has risen from basically zero in 2004 to more than 1100 last year. At the same time, the use of chemicals and medicines has come under greater scrutiny from consumers, particularly for export to western markets.”

Innovative toolbox Remarking on how additives can make production more efficient, Mr Goncalves says, “Feed additives are a tool in sustainable aquaculture production that can be used to make aquaculture production more efficient, reduce the need for medicated treatments and reduce waste discharges while improving fillet quality.” The company have been at the forefront of research on the impacts of mycotoxins in aquaculture species in recent years.

Edward Manchester, the Global Head of Aquaculture at Biomin explains, “Our efforts to support the aquaculture industry run the full gamut of value creation, starting with pure research and carrying on through innovative product development, on-site customer support, rapid customer service and education.”

Adding, “We partner with clients across the globe in order to achieve genuine improvements in sustainability and profitability.” www.biomin.net

ANIMAL PROTEINS • Hemoglobin • Plasma • FEED ADDITIVES • INGREDIENTS • RAW MATERIALS www.internationalproteinllc.com Tel: +1-201-224-3700 • Email: info@internationalproteinllc.com International Aquafeed - February 2017 | 11

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AQUACULTURE TRAINING Back for its third academic year with up to 25 funded MSc places available, the Scottish Aquaculture Innovation Centre (SAIC) has opened up the application process.

Courses available The places are open to Scottish and EU students for 2017-2018, and as well as the masters opportunities there are also a host of career-orientated activities available. Students can choose from seven MSc programmes at four different Scottish universities: • Heriot-Watt University – Marine Planning for Sustainable Development or Marine Resource Development and Protection • University of Aberdeen – Applied Marine and Fisheries Ecology • University of Dundee – Geotechnical Engineering in Aquaculture • University of Stirling – Sustainable Aquaculture, Aquatic Pathobiology or Aquatic Veterinary Studies • Essential for industry progression SAIC are financed by the Scottish Funding Council, the Scholar system is one of a number of skills-related initiatives underway to encourage new people into the sector and enhance the career progression of those already working within the industry. The key to each programme is the stipulation that students undertake their MSc applied research project on an industry-identified challenge or opportunity.

Heather Jones, CEO at SAIC says, “Independent consultants Ekos have projected that our with the sector

Applications now open for SAIC Scholars 2017/18

will help contribute an additional 1197 jobs by 2025. By giving the students an opportunity to apply their science to a real industry issue, we are helping to equip them with the skills needed, including heightened commercial awarenesssomething that employers have told us would be of real benefit.”

Further benefits In relation to this, the initiative also supports a number of added value activities throughout the academic year.

Including the highly successful Aquaculture Careers Day- organised by the Aquaculture Students’ Association at the University of Stirling, but now open to all students undertaking an aquaculture- related course at a Scottish university- as well as a series of industry perspective workshops.

Cori Critchlow-Watton, Skills Ambassador at SAIC explains, “We invite leading figures from across the sector to give an insight into their particular specialism, be that finfish or shellfish, production or supply chain. All students from each of the seven MSc programmes are welcome, so it’s also a way of forging connections between what, ultimately, will be the aquaculture community of the future.”

Dan Mulqueen, a current Scholar on the University of Sustainable Aquaculture MSc programmes adds to this, “SAIC’s industry perspective workshops are the perfect complement to the core MSc programme, enabling you to see how what you’re learning in the lecture theatre or lab can be applied to meet the aims and aspirations of the sector. It makes for a great mix.”

For full course details, or to check eligibility and apply, contact the postgraduate admissions department for your preferred MSc programme.

12 | February 2017 - International Aquafeed

FEATURE

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by The Poultry Protein and Fat Council

quaculture is becoming one of the most important segments for animal based protein in the world and animal renderers are incessantly working to provide the necessary ingredients to meet the nutritional needs of fish. The Poultry Protein and Fat Council is a group of renderers of poultry that works within the U.S. Poultry and Egg Association and is the leading source of technical resources and an advocate for the poultry rendering industry. PPFC serves its members through research, education and promotional services.

Natural protein

Feather meal has become a good source of natural protein for almost any animal diet. Feather meal can be used to replace a significant portion of other protein sources in livestock and aquaculture diets. It is an excellent source of sulfur containing amino acids. Poultry by-product meal has been historically used for poultry and swine rations, but its protein profile is excellent to replace fishmeal in many diets. Finally, poultry fat contains essential fatty acids that are excellent in meeting the energy needs for aquaculture feeds.

The Poultry Protein & Fat Council grew out of leadership action by the poultry rendering industry. The initial group convened as the By-Products Committee to draft recommendations to the Southeastern Poultry & Egg Association board of directors (now U.S. Poultry & Egg Association). Nineteen representatives of poultry rendering companies met in Atlanta, Ga., on Nov. 14, 1988, to evaluate the existing production and marketing of byproducts and to review research results from cattle feeding.

They also discussed other needs of the rendering industry.

The highlight of that meeting was an “eye-opening” study on feather meal for beef cattle, with data showing protein value

Above: A sample of poultry fat, feather meal, and poultry meal

twice that of soybean meal. The implication was that feather meal would be equally as valuable for dairy cattle. The investment in this research has had a significant impact on the market. Whereas feather meal traded at a discount, on an equal protein basis, to soybean meal, it now trades at a premium due to its superior nutritional value.

Market potentials should be developed

The renderers concluded that new market potentials should be developed and that feeding the products to poultry may not be the most profitable market. Our markets and customers have expanded in the nearly 30 years of PPFC’s existence and it has moved from primarily providing protein sources for poultry and cattle to supply the ever expanding pet food and aquaculture industries. Our members include the principal suppliers of poultry meal, feather meal, and poultry fat.

Today we are redirecting our efforts in order to continue providing the highest quality products to meet aquaculture’s growing need for high quality ingredients for feed. PPFC is investing in research to provide our customers with up to date information on the nutritional levels of our products including digestibility levels. We are also preparing our members to meet the latest food safety standards and setting up research that will make the ingredients safer for animals and people.

We also help our members get the necessary training to help them meet customer needs. PPFC sponsors educational seminars for members and provides speakers for meetings of potential buyers (such as cattle feeder groups, state feed associations, animal nutrition conferences, pet food associations, etc.)

PPFC attends several trade shows year round where more information is provided about products, research, and education.

You are welcome to visit our exhibition booth at Aquaculture America 2017 in San Antonio, Texas from February 19- 22, 2017. www.poultryrenderers.org

One of PPFC members’ rendering plants

14 | February 2017 - International Aquafeed

FEATURE

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If maximum volume is crucial, the Wenger TX-3000 High Capacity Aquafeed Extruder produces the full range of products – at capacities up to 12,000 kg/hour. Complement the TX-3000 with the High Intensity Preconditioner (HIP) and use higher levels of fish oil or slurries.

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FEATURE

by Caroline Decaux, MSc, agr., R&D Manager at Ceresco Nutrition, Canada

ood health status in aquaculture is the result of a subtle balance between water, microorganisms, plants and fish. Natural homeostasis can be easily disturbed by external elements such as stress, antinutritional ingredients, toxic products or toxins emitted by certain micro-organisms, as well as weather and other factors that increase the risk of disease and mortality while also decreasing performance.

In order to eliminate these problems, antibiotics, pesticides and fertilisers have been used for decades. While benefiting from immediate results, there were long-term negative side effects on the environment and the global health status of the fish. Indeed, treating the symptoms remains sometimes crucial but a more deep understanding is needed of why certain diseases appear and how to eliminate their cause if we want to regenerate the natural homeostasis of the system.

In fact, diseases appear when the balance within the organism is broken, reflecting a lack or an excess of something. For example, the use of a large quantity of antibiotics or chlorine in water, while reducing the pathogen bacteria, will contribute to oxidize and acidify the environment providing the perfect conditions for the proliferation of mycosis and viral infection.

On the other hand, when we take into account the interaction between water, microorganisms, animal and human action, we can create harmony between all these elements. This is called synergy effect. Synergy occurs when combined elements or forces have greater impact than the sum of their individual parts; in other words: 1+1=3. In animal nutrition, synergy effect can no longer be ignored and is becoming one of the main goals for the nutritionists and producers in restoring the health of aquaculture.

Indeed, water is the main mediator regulating respiratory, blood, nervous and digestive systems. Water is the main constituent of blood and so it contributes to the transport of nutrients to the cell.

It also increases the volume of blood, which affects blood pressure and heart rate. Water has the capacity to dissolve gases and allow for efficient exchange and transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide.

By enabling better hydrolysis reactions, water participates in the biochemical breakdown of proteins, lipids and carbohydrates.

Water can be excreted, so it carries toxins that have been made water-soluble, out of the body. Furthermore, it helps to regulate body temperature and guaranty stability of the nervous system.

Hence water is able to touch upon the very essence of all the living processes to allow for the homeostasis of the system. The essential role of water to guarantee life is likely found in its polar properties and quazi-crystaline structure, which makes water an excellent resonator of electromagnetic frequencies.

Water’s key role in restoring the balance

For aquatic life, water is fundamental for survival but it also plays a key role in all biochemical reactions responsible for homeostasis both inside the body and in the outside environment.

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BALANCE IS EVERYTHING!

Electromagnetic frequency and water

During the 20th century, scientists such as Luc Montagnier (Nobel prize) have demonstrated that water can be affected by electromagnetic fields (EMF) and is able to transfer electromagnetic signals. Not many know that scientists from various disciplines strived for over 100 years to understand the effect of electromagnetic frequencies on living systems.

The famous electricity pioneer Nikola Tesla, following his invention of the Tesla coil, carried out several experiments demonstrating the harmlessness of alternate currents on the human body. George Lakhovsky further documented the effect of electromagnetic fields on plants, animals and human cells.

Additional significant research continued by Moore et al.

(1979), and F.-A. Popp (1981) discovered that the growth of all microorganisms can be altered by magnetic fields and that the DNA and any biological system for that matter emitted electromagnetic signals.

Finally, in 2014 Luc Montagnier demonstrated that DNA of bacteria emitted electromagnetic fields when exposed to ambient electromagnetic background and that water, being a highly conductive substance, reacted to the signals emitted by living organisms.

These studies and many others show us that electromagnetic fields can influence biological systems through aqueous solutions. By using electromagnetic signals with specific frequencies, it is possible today to act on regulating functions, which is essential to guarantee homeostasis of the system and synergy between all the elements.

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International Aquafeed - February 2017 | 17

FEATURE

Recently, studies done in various world research centers* show that electromagnetic frequencies carried by a crystalline silicon dioxide contribute to improve animal health and performance by transferring specific vibratory information to water molecules. Only a small quantity of 200ppm of the activated silicon dioxide is enough to transfer the electromagnetic frequency to an aqueous solution of the gut.

Activated silicon dioxide and health of aqua species

Figure 1: The effect of Silica+ on Super Oxidase Dismutase and Phenol Oxidase activity in shrimp with 15% and 7.5% of fish meal (FM) in the diet.

According to peer-reviewed publications that have appeared in recent years, applying the activated silicon dioxide (Silica+, Ceresco Nutrition) to animal feed has several beneficial effects on health and aquatic system balance.

When added to the water, the emission of EMF by the silica mineral activates aerobic reactions making the system more efficient and contributing to increase dissolved oxygen in water up to 40 percent in periods of high stress. In a study conducted by Nonglam University and led by Professor Loc, it was established that the addition of activated silicon dioxide increases survival rate of Pacific White Shrimp by up to 18 percent.

Explanations can be found in the action of the supplement on the oxidative stress level, which was demonstrated in the Prince of Songkla University study supervised by Dr. Wutiporn Phromkunthong.

The study has revealed that this particular mineral allows a significantly higher Super Oxidative dismutase activity by +12.8 percent and phenol oxidase activity by +80.6 percent (Figure 1) compared to control. These two enzymes are involved in the neutralisation of free radicals.

"A balanced system where all the Figure 2: The effect of Silica+ on overall shrimp performance with different levels of fish meal (FM). Percentage of difference between control and Silica+ groups.

elements work in synergy allows healthier fishes and thus higher performance, which can be translated in direct economic benefit"

Synergy effect to improve performance

Figure 3: The effect of Silica+ on shrimp feed conversion rate with different levels of fish meal (FM)

Study conducted at Prince of Songkla University

Study conducted at Guangdong Ocean University

In the same study (Prince of Songkla University), data revealed that, in two different diets with 7.5 percent and 15 percent fishmeal, a significant difference was observed between the experiment and control groups in terms of average daily weight gain (12.5% and 14.3% respectively), final body weight (+5.8% and +7.4% respectively), and feed conversion ratio (-9.4% and -14.7% respectively) (Figure 2).

Positive effect was also obtained with tilapia, where the addition of the activated mineral allows a higher gain of weight by 6.5 percent with a better feed conversion (1.06 vs 1.13).

Furthermore, this activated mineral (at an inclusion rate as low as 200 ppm) can help reduce fishmeal from 15 percent to 7.5 percent in a shrimp diet without significant difference in terms of growth performance (Litopenaeus

18 | February 2017 - International Aquafeed

FEATURE

Vannamei, Figure 3). The elevation of the protein utilisation ratio and the protease activity in the gut of the shrimp on diets supplemented with this mineral suggest that this product enhances protein digestion,” explained Dr Phromkunthong. “So adding this mineral to feed will contribute to better growth performance and feed utilisation”.

Another study conducted at the Guangdong Ocean University research facility in Guangdong Province (China) confirms that the activated mineral helps to reduce the quantity of fishmeal in shrimp diet, from 25 to 15 percent, while maintaining the same growth rate (Figure 3). On a 15 percent fishmeal diet, the mineral significantly improved the specific growth rate of shrimp, compared with groups receiving the treatment without the mineral.

It also allowed a better feed conversion rate by 20 pts. Similar positive effect was also obtained on fish production, with tilapia and catfish. In a cost reduction strategy, research has shown that using Silica+ (Ceresco Nutrition) producers are able to replace 40 percent of fishmeal without a decrease in performance.

in the aquaculture industry. Ceresco Nutrition President Luigi Pomponi comments, "We can no longer just say the word ‘sustainability’ because it sounds right; as decision makers we must be wholly and unconditionally committed to finding durable long-term solutions to the aquaculture industry.’’

Conclusion

References

It is safe to say that EMF technology is the future of the aquaculture industry. Due to its synergy effect, activated silicon dioxide provides a healthier pond and increased growth performance of shrimp and fishes. Silica+ is a 100 percent natural product that will be essential in finding sustainable solutions

* Prince of Songkla University (Thailand), Nong Lam University (Vietnam), University of Guelph (Ontario, Canada), Centre de Recherche en Sciences Animales de Deschambault, CRSAD (Quebec, Canada), Schothorst Feed Research (Netherlands), Massey University (New Zealand), University of Beijing (China).

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International Aquafeed - February 2017 | 19

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FEATURE

in aquaculture

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Aquaculture is a high-risk business, and Sunderland Marine has successfully insured the world’s fish farms for 30 years

by Duncan Perrin and James Simison, Sunderland Marine

very year the world’s fish farmers need to ensure that over 75 million tonnes of fish are raised in optimum growing conditions and protected from a wide range of predators and natural perils.

This is no mean feat – and neither is the business of insuring them.

When Sunderland Marine issued its first aquaculture stock policy to Pairc Salmon in northwest Scotland in 1986, we also took the important and unprecedented step of employing specialist aquaculture risk managers. The concept was to offer a free risk management and technical support service to our policyholders but also to provide advice to our underwriters when assessing the risk.

The approach has paid off. Most of the small owner-operated sites we insured are now part of multinational businesses and, while many of our competitors have come and gone in the wake of heavy losses over the past 30 years, Sunderland Marine is now the world’s longest-standing global insurer in the sector.

Sharing global knowledge

Over the past three decades the aquaculture industry has grown and consolidated into the international business it is today.

The increase in production has not only meant larger and more sophisticated farms, but more species and the introduction of new technologies.

Sunderland Marine currently insures many different species, from shellfish to tuna, and with production systems as diverse as state of the art on-shore recirculating aquaculture systems to the more traditional yet extensive artisanal producers. With such a diverse portfolio of risks, it has been important to maintain our original ethos of regular site surveys.

We now employ five risk managers worldwide, each one a former fish farmer, who regularly visit each of our insured sites.

Located in Australia, Canada, Chile, Ireland and the UK, they provide global support to our policyholders, who at any time can discuss their sites, future plans and projects, or any other concerns they may have.

The fully interactive approach has led to our survey team

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FEATURE

building up a wealth of knowledge of different species, production practices and aquaculture systems over the past three decades. This benefits the policyholders by providing access to best practice advice from around the world, practical solutions from other sectors of the industry, opportunities to collaborate with new partners and regular updates on research and developments in the industry.

It has also ensured that Sunderland Marine’s underwriters are fully apprised of the risks at each site and the latest developments in the industry.

Risk management workshops

With the expansion of the industry in recent years coupled with emergent risks, we have also developed a programme of risk management workshops to provide a more targeted and bespoke service to our policyholders. In addition to discussing known threats emerging in a new geographic region, such as amoebic gill disease, these events can also take a fresh look at long-standing issues such as saprolegnia.

As with the risk surveys, Sunderland Marine funds the events, as they are mutually beneficial both to the insured and the insurer. This proactive approach has been well received by our policyholders and has led to improvements in production practices and enhanced performance of sites.

Identification of the need for a risk management event usually starts during a survey visit. In consultation with site staff and company management, we identify risk management issues, which are affecting a number of sites, or a specific knowledge gap. We then facilitate a workshop for our insured’s staff, which is also attended by industry experts and academics, chosen for their professional

record as well as ability to provide practical knowledge.

The benefits of the events to our policyholders include having an opportunity for in-depth technical discussion with colleagues and management, gaining access to technical information outside of their usual contact networks, and receiving practical problemsolving advice on a specific issue.

Continuing ev olution

As the aquaculture industry has increased in size, in terms of tonnage produced and global spread, Sunderland Marine’s approach to risk management has also evolved. This is best illustrated with how we are now investigating global weather events.

We are now cooperating with governmental departments, research centres, universities and large companies around the world to look at significant meteorological events and the impacts they will have for our policyholders. Where possible we facilitate cooperation between our policyholders and researchers to ensure this knowledge is effectively transferred.

Looking to the future and the effort the industry is making to farm further offshore and in more remote locations, our merger in 2014 with North P&I Club – one of the world’s top three mutual marine insurers – is providing us with increasing synergies and expertise relevant to aquaculture.

North’s loss prevention department, a leader in its field, has significant experience of the conditions and potential risks encountered in the offshore environment. This level of extra expertise and input into the risk management process is very pertinent and timely as the aquaculture industry looks to move into increasingly challenging locations. www.sunderlandmarine.com

International Aquafeed - February 2017 | 21

FEATURE

Fundamentals of drying aquafeeds How manufacturers can excel in a competitive market

by Aaron L Norris, President of Norris Thermal Technologies Inc., USA

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s the aquafeed markets grow worldwide, so does competition for manufacturing quality aquafeed.

Regarding quality, the formulation, pelleting, and extrusion of aquafeed receive a great amount of attention. In addition, a good aquafeed dryer has a significant impact on the feed quality and a tremendous effect on the cost to produce.

A well-designed dryer can enhance your production and market presence. This makes the understanding of the drying fundamentals vital to your overall success.

Knowing why it works is basic to understanding how it works.

When you properly deliver the correct amount of energy and time within the dryer, drying of your aquafeed will occur efficiently.

These elements can be broken down into two parts; energy and time.

Energy; Air and BTU’s

Energy within the dryer is also made of two parts, airflow and BTU’s. Air is the vehicle that carries the moisture away from the product and out of the dryer. Without such a vehicle no drying can occur. Most drying problems can be summed up into two words, “poor airflow”.

The amount of airflow through the product will be the determining factor in how much work (drying) is done. It is like pumping water; the size and speed of the stream of water determines how many gallons of water are pumped. Consider how much airflow is needed to remove the necessary amount of water from the product.

The cubic feet per minute (cfm) of air needed depend upon the required BTU (British Thermal Unit). The required BTU depends upon the amount of water to be removed at a given volume of product. A quick rule is the “factor of 18”. For example, 10,000 cfm x .018 = 180. 180 x 170°f (heat rise) = 30,600. 30,600 x 60 minutes = 1,836,000 BTU per hour. If we know that it takes 1,500 BTU to remove one pound of water, 1,836,000 BTU will remove 1,224 pounds of water per hour.

All the air must contact the product to be dried. Since the air is what accomplishes the job, the more air contacting the product, the more work will get done. This is regardless of whether the

job entails drying and/or cooling. However, there is a limitation to the velocity of air that can be used. This will vary in different styles of dryers and different product densities. Too high of an air velocity in conveyor dryers will lift the product off of the conveyor. This will create a hole in the product bed causing no work to be accomplished. Air will always take the path of least resistance. In this case, the air will travel through the hole and the capacity and efficiency of the dryer will suffer.

Airflow is important to product quality. Too low of an air velocity through the product may allow the product to clump and stick.

This is a major cause of inefficiency and moisture variation. This is especially true with wet extrusions. A constant, consistent, and sufficient air velocity should be maintained in all stages of drying.

If insufficient airflow is used, the job will not be accomplished; it takes certain airflow with the correct amount of heat to carry the desired amount of moisture away and produce the best product quality. Each cubic foot of air can only hold so much water. These laws cannot be by-passed. Air is critical, and in fact “poor airflow” is typically the main problem with underperforming dryers. Providing the right amount of air in the right place will accomplish the job.

BTU

BTU’s is the second part of energy. BTU, by definition, is what it takes to raise one pound of water, one degree Fahrenheit. It is the energy that drives the moisture away. Ambient air and the product to be dried always contain some residual BTU. The warmer the ambient air and product the more BTU it contains.

The BTU value in some products is considerable and should be taken into account, while in other products the value may be irrelevant.

In perfect conditions, which are not achievable, it takes roughly 1,020 BTU’s to evaporate one pound of water. When calculating losses, such as combustion and convection, it takes a minimum of 1,300 BTU to evaporate one pound of water. Many processes with efficient dryers budget 1,500 BTU to evaporate one pound of water.

All products release moisture at different rates. Understanding this is basic to understanding the required BTU needed. A product with many internal exposures to airflow releases moisture quicker than product with solid surfaces. The distance the moisture must

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FEATURE

migrate from the center out will also have an effect. These factors will, in part, determine how much BTU is required.

Efficiency is only insured by utilising all of the available BTU’s that has been introduced in the form of heat. Two important measurements are exhaust air temperature and relative humidity.

The Delta T (difference in temperature) between the exhaust air temperature and burner air temperature is a quick reference for efficiency. The air temperature in the exhaust should be less due to evaporative cooling. For example, if the air temperature only drops 20°F in the exhaust when using a 170°F heat rise, then only a small portion of the energy is being used.

Relative humidity (RH) refers to the percent of water in a given volume of air. If the air is 90-95 percent RH, then it is nearly saturated, which means it cannot carry any more water without condensation. If the RH percent of air is too low, then a higher heat rise at a lower air volume is required.

Recycling the air can boost efficiency. Recycling is using the air more than once by allowing more than one contact of the air with the product before exhausting. This will saturate the air with more moisture and will further drop the exhaust air temperature

and increase the RH percent. It is important to note that every case must be addressed individually when selecting the best air temperature, air volume, and airflow pattern to achieve the best efficiency.

Time

It takes a certain amount of time for moisture to transfer from product to air. The time required would depend upon how porous the product, is as well as product size and density. Products that release moisture quickly require less time at a given percent of moisture reduction in the product. These are usually porous products and/ or products with mostly free or external moisture.

The size of the dryer and the depth of the product within the dryer achieve dwell time. Tonnes per hour/density per cubic foot = cubic feet of material per hour.

Inches of depth x inches of width / 12 = cubic feet of product per lineal foot of belt. Cubic feet of material per hour/cubic feet per material per lineal foot of belt = lineal feet per hour. Lineal feet per hour/60 minutes = feet per minute of belt travel. Lineal feet of drying area / feet per minute of belt travel = minutes of dwell time.

A high air temperature is the most effective in reducing dwell

International Aquafeed - February 2017 | 23

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Figure 1: Air flow follows the path of least resistance

Uneven product loading results in airflow passing primarily through the center of the bed

Uneven product loading results in airflow passing primarily along the sides of the bed

time when the product is at its highest moisture. A higher air temperature will speed the drying process. Usually higher heat can be used while maintaining a cooler product due to evaporative cooling.

As the product nears finish moisture levels the air temperature should be reduced in order not to overheat the product. At this point air temperature has less to do with drying and mainly time is needed. Distinguish this point by observing the product. When the products external surface has dried and product temperature is quickly rising then its rate of drying has decreased.

Product depth is critical to time, and time can be increased or decreased based on depth. There is, however, a limit to depth, too much depth will deplete airflow and reduce drying capacity due to higher resistance, causing a wide variation of moisture from top to bottom of the product bed. Each of these scenarios can be corrected by reducing the depth, for example more drying area may be needed to maintain capacity. More product mixing, longer retention time, or reverse airflow direction, may be required lessening moisture variation.

A shallow depth may produce inefficiency, if air is not recycled there is less air to contact the product. When recycling it is important to identify the most useable airflow, this airflow is typically over the driest product. The bottom air chamber design of Beltomatic makes it easy to identify and separate the most usable air for recycling (be sure to mix the recycled air with make-up air and blend it through a fan for consistent heat).

Application

Understanding how to apply these fundamentals will help your business remain competitive. Cereales Precocidos Venezolanos in Venezuela installed a Beltomatic dryer model 320S2 in 2016 for their new aquafeed extrusion plant. According to the owner, Jose Ricardo Cossón,“Quality is always on top when we talk about feed manufacturing, reducing the possibilities to produce feed out of specifications (for re-processing) allows your operation to be more efficient and at the end as a processor what we are looking at is the less cost per ton possible with the higher quality in the feed.” There are a few questions you should consider to be sure your dryer is not preventing you from being competitive: The company name is Cereales Precocidos Venezolanos, C.A. (Ceprevenca), the plant is located in Valencia, Carabobo State – Venezuela. The owner is Jose Ricardo Cossón.

The plant is sized to do 3-4 TPH on fish feed with 2.5 mm collect diameter size. The process incorporates a Beltomatic model 320S2 dryer which was installed in 2016.

How easy is the dryer to install?

A minimal amount of assembly will speed up the installation process and give a high amount of reliability from factory testing to start-up. Be sure you have allocated enough space for proper

Even product distribution produces consistent airflow through the product bed

air ducts. Proper size, minimal turns, and sweeping corners in air ducts can prove critical to good dryer operation.

Beltomatic dryers have been intentionally designed in singlestage modules that come assembled and completely tested before shipping. This will keep installation costs low and speeds start-up to production timing.

How easy is the dryer to operate and maintain?

The type of controls incorporated in today’s dryers systems can vary greatly in level of automation (PLC’s and moisture controllers) and cost. The most critical aspect for dryer controls is whether all functions can be easily controlled and regulated to a sufficient rage. This way you can be sure the dryer can accommodate variable situations as needed and not be wasteful in doing so. Generally, variable frequency drives are incorporated to control all motors.

The best moisture controls will regulate the air temperature in the dryer based on the exhaust air temperature. Set-up is required to fine-tune these types of controls to the varying products and moistures. Also controlling airflow is critical to preventing excessive fines in air ducts and exhaust systems. Sometimes insulating the duct is important to preventing condensation in highly efficient dryers in some northern climates.

Maintenance and cleaning are critical to good dryer operation.

Be sure to have good access to all internal areas of the dryer and corresponding ductwork. Consider minimal internal ledges for catching fines as well as a good fine clean out in the bottom plenum. Manual and or automated belt cleaning devices to help maintain a debris free belt will help maintain good airflow. Finetuning gas fire burner fuel air mixture for proper and efficient flame is also important.

Beltomatic dryers incorporate good operational and maintenance features such as large sidewall access doors for internal inspection and cleaning, VFD’s on all motors, auto fines clean out of bottom air plenum, minimal internal ledges, many belt access and cleaning devices such as brushes, and more.

According to Jose Ricardo Cossón, “This machine (Beltomatic dryer) is a very easy to operate machine and reduces the moisture content on the feed as desired with a high degree of uniformity on the drying process, it’s just a matter to make the right adjustments on the oscillating spreader feeder, conveyor belt speed and adjust the depth gate to get an even feeding into the machine and with the proper depth bed of the product in the belt conveyors.”

How efficient is the dryer?

A lot of money is spent on fuel for heating the air, so it is critical to use all the energy before it is discharged. The exhaust air temperature is the key indicator, an exhaust temperature near ambient conditions has little energy left for more water evaporation. Many times a two-pass dryer will be sufficient for

24 | February 2017 - International Aquafeed

FEATURE

Does the dryer have the proper capacity?

aquafeed dryers when drying to 10-12 percent final moisture. In some cases, recirculation can be used.

In all cases, there should be no short circuits of airflow inside the dryer. All air must be in contact with the product because if the air short circuits then the energy cannot be used for evaporation (check dampers and air baffles for short circuits). Although, it is worth bearing in mind that the biggest cause of short circuits is an unleveled bed depth or holes in the product layer. Spreaders should be adjusted for even depth and airflow adjusted to prevent product blowholes, poor distribution of excessive fines within the layer can also cause short circuit of the air.

According to Cossón, “The drying process on aquafeed manufacturing is the most expensive step on the overall processing, Beltomatic dryer is a high efficiency system that reduces the overall cost of manufacturing, the design allows to take advantage of the best way to handle the air flow and even the low steam consumption per ton to accomplish a perfect drying of the feed.”

Dryers are designed for a certain range of products that include the product size, density, and moisture. It is also sized for the ambient conditions it will operate in and a maximum heat rise. All of these aspects effect capacity and must be correct to achieve the designed capacity. Be sure the dryer design is based on the worst-case scenario so capacity is not diminished. Also be sure the dryer is designed with more energy (airflow and energy) and dwell time (area) than is needed. Use the figures earlier in this article to calculate for yourself. You will then always have enough capacity as circumstance change in the future.

Does your dryer produce consistent and uniform quality?

Keeping manufacturing cost low requires consistent product moisture. It costs to over dry some parts of the layer to achieve sufficient dryness of other parts. A difference is an indication of poor airflow. Also, the variance in dryness from internal to external parts of each particle is critical. A big difference usually indicates too short of dwell time.

Jose Ricardo Cossón concluded, “The only way to compete is basically having the best equipment in the market and besides the expander, the Beltomatic drying system is a very reliable machine to offer the best uniform drying due to the design and the way to handle the heat. Considering the ingredients/raw material in the local market are the same the only difference are the pieces of equipment and the productions parameter. If you have the best equipment, you will be able to produce the best feed.”

Your global technology process supplier for the aqua feed industry ANDRITZ is one of the world’s leading suppliers of techno­ logies, systems, and services relating to advanced indu­ strial equipment for the aqua feed industry. With an in-depth knowledge of each key process, we can supply a compatible and homogeneous solution from raw material intake to finis­ hed feed bagging.

ANDRITZ Feed & Biofuel A/S Europe, Asia, and South America: andritz-fb@andritz.com USA and Canada: andritz-fb.us@andritz.com

International Aquafeed - February 2017 | 25

www.andritz.com

FEATURE

New and improved The Extru-Tech vertical cooler As the aquaculture industry becomes more aware of hygiene and food safety issues, controlling air flow and integrating CIP capabilities to their operations will also increase

C

ooling is a critical step in any extrusion process line. Production of high quality aqufeed is no exception.

Properly dried feeds need to be cooled to eliminate a long list of potential problems.

Feed particles with temperatures higher than ambient conditions are vulnerable to condensate and moisture migration problems. They can also be more fragile. Condensation in finished feeds, process equipment, and final packaging creates substantial threats to product quality and control.

Aquafeed manufacturers are faced with a wide range of challenges and ideal methods for cooling differing product sizes with both floating and sinking densities can be problematic. In addition, variation in the coating requirements of these different types of feed, and the ideal time for this step, can complicate the process further. Cooling equipment is impacted by these issues but can also become an important tool in solving problems.

Effective handling of high fat feeds, large pellets, small pellets, and low energy feeds of all densities are good examples.

Extru-Tech, Inc., has recently improved its already popular vertical cooler design. The inclusion of newly advanced features provides improved airflow – cooling air is now directed through a 360-degree pattern in the cooling cone. This design allows for not only increased airflow but also maintains uniform cooling and offers better options for control of supply air.

It also offers an improved discharge – a re-designed vibratory conveyor not only supports uniform and controlled discharge but also includes detail for sanitation purposes. A new rail system provides excellent accessibility. The optimal discharge height can also be determined for clean-out practices and downstream transport equipment.

Overall sanitation is key and the new cone design allows the elimination of perforations in the patented internal air plenum.

This feature offers cleaner contact surfaces. Final discharge offers exceptional self-clean out. The design also enables fitment for CIP (Clean-In Place) options if necessary or desired.

Easy access for inspection and cleaning have always been important to aquafeed manufacturers but these features are now becoming priorities. Separation and staging of different production runs create downtime. KPI’s and production efficiency goals are never-ending priorities whilst elimination of any comingling of finished products has become a minimum standard.

Therefore, attention given to equipment surfaces that influence “clean-out” and “product change over” procedures are being examined in new ways.

For example, minimising penetrations, moving parts, ledges, seams and dead spaces are key elements of Extru-Tech’s engineering vision. As the aquaculture industry becomes more aware of hygiene and food safety issues, controlling air flow and integrating CIP capabilities to their operations will also increase.

The Advanced Feature Cooler offers leading edge opportunities with its design and incorporation of it as the primary or secondary cooling step in a production line can offer real advantage to the growing list of demands in aquafeed manufacturing.

Executive vice-president and C.O.O. of Extru-Tech, Inc. comments, “As manufacturers of extrusion equipment and solutions, our ultimate goal is to help clientele put forth their best products possible.”

He adds, “The new Advanced Feature Vertical Cooler and other Advanced Feature products are just a few of the steps we’ve taken toward that goal.”

Headquartered in Sabetha, Kansas, Extru-Tech, Inc. currently produces and markets one of the industry’s most complete lines of extrusion processing systems, along with a full line of ancillary equipment and customized equipment solutions for specialized processes. Since 1985, Extru-Tech has installed extrusion systems worldwide, designed for the production of human food, pet food, aquatic feed and animal feed products.

26 | February 2017 - International Aquafeed

FEATURE

CROSS-CONTAMINATION SALMONELLA

INCONSISTENCY REGULATIONS

PATHOGENS

DOWNTIME

PROTECT YOURSELF FROM THE ELEMENTS PRODUCT CONSISTENCY PROCESS FLEXIBILTY VALIDATED KILL-STEP FOOD SAFETY VERIFIED EXTRUSION CERTIFICATION SANITATION CONTROL PLANT CERTIFICATION MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

P.O. Box 8 100 Airport Road Sabetha, KS 66534, USA Phone: 785-284-2153 Fax: 785-284-3143 extru-techinc@extru-techinc.com www.extru-techinc.com

International Aquafeed - February 2017 | 27 ET-275C.indd 1

12/22/15 3:33 PM

PHOTOSHOOT THE BIG PICTURE - IRAN

Steel Cage delivery installed in a hydroelectric lake in southern Iran near the city of Bushehr.

Customer’s Bushehr Aramseyd Co. and will produce rainbow trout and barramundi in freshwater.

1

Introduction

by Alex Whitebrook

SALMON EXPERT TOPIC

Endemic to the North Atlantic on both European and North American sides, Atlantic Salmon have been a key source of supply to the demand of consumers around the world for centuries.

Especially known for the epic mass migration made every four years, made once they have matured and must return from their feeding grounds in the deep ocean to their birthplace in order to spawn, today the Atlantic Salmon is increasingly farmed for human consumption. As it has become exponentially prevalent in peoples diets, it has become near synonymous with the fishing industry.

The modern farming of Atlantic Salmon first began in the 1960s with the use of sea cages in Norway. Early success ensured the spread of Salmon farms to every corner of the world. Today, countries that farm Atlantic Salmon also include Scotland, Ireland, the Faroe Islands, Canada, the US, Chile, Australia, New Zealand, France and Spain.

As production has spread, stock has mainly been bred from a cross of local species with Norwegian stock. Breeding programmes around the world are currently attempting to identify species with increased production potential.

Industry growth has led worldwide production to exceed one million tonnes per year. Rapid growth in production in the past 10-15 years has caused consumer prices to fall sharply, unfortunately reducing the likelihood of further growth in coming years. Coupled with the

decreasing availability of suitable sites for farming Atlantic Salmon, the industry could be in for hard times in years to come.

The most rapidly growing supplier is now found in Chile, who are benefitting from the reduced prices of post-farm salmon due to the comparatively lower labour and material costs of the country.

Despite consistent economic growth, the farming has long been controversial. Many individuals and organisation question its effects on the environment and on wild fisheries. Major areas of concern include local nutrient pollution into water systems, by waste feed and faeces, effects on wild fish (by escapees), through disease spread, and issues of sustainability in the industry due to dependency on industrial fisheries to produce feed. Each of these challenges are now being addressed by quality standards imposed within the industry and by market retailers.

It will be interesting to follow the progression of the industry as it tackles falling consumer prices, environmental issues and sustainability challenges. Ultimately, as aqua cultural techniques improve, the Salmon industry is likely to experience growth once again. The following articles will contribute to the discussion, suggesting ways of improving farming practices and raising the nutritional value of each fish.

30 | February 2017 - International Aquafeed

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From raw material handling, cooking and shaping through extrusion to drying and coating of finished products. With an extensive know-how and a passion for quality we ensure product uniformity, production efficiency, and maximum sanitation and safety.

www.buhlergroup.com/aquafeed

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EXPERT TOPIC

2

SHRIMP SALMON

TRACE MINERALS

A

A study of Trace minerals in farmed Atlantic salmon

by Senior researcher Dr Katerina Kousoulaki MSc, PhD

ll seafood and fish, be they wild or farmed, are rich sources of essential and highly bioavailable trace minerals, as are other foods of animal origin (Yildiz 2008; Sarti et al., 2015). Some of these trace minerals support protein function and accelerate enzymatic activities in some of the most important metabolic processes in the animals. For instance, iron (Fe) is bound to heme proteins in vertebrates facilitating the storage and transport of oxygen and electrons (Greenwood and Earnshaw, 1998). Zinc (Zn) is involved in over three hundred enzymes (in Scarpa & Gatlin 1992; Soudek et al., 2016), among the most important functions of which are CO2 regulation, tissue damage healing, protein digestion and DNA transcription.

"It is estimated that nearly 2 billion

people in developing countries suffer from Zinc deficiency resulting in around 800,000 deaths among children. Can farmed Atlantic Salmon be the solution?"

Manganese (Mn) is an important trace mineral and antioxidant, also involved in protein metabolism (Law et al., 1998). Copper (Cu), found in cytochrome c oxidase, is involved in energy metabolism and the production of ATP, and in hemocyanin, the oxygen carrying protein in molluscs and arthropods (Coates and Nairn, 2014). Selenium (Se) is another antioxidant trace mineral essential in low concentrations, involved in stress responses of the cells (Watanabe et el., 1997).

Trace mineral distribution in farmed Atlantic salmon

In salmon, the trace mineral distribution varies depending on the tissue. Zn, important in wound healing and the most abundant trace mineral in salmon body and tissues, is found in higher levels in the gills and the skin of the fish, as is also Mn (Figures 1 A and B). Those tissues are directly exposed to the aqueous

environment and thus incur higher damage risks. Cu is abundant in the liver of salmon, as this organ is the most important one for energy metabolism. Fe was analysed mainly in the gills and liver of salmon where there is higher blood content and haemopoetic function, respectively. Se is present in lower amounts in all tissues analysed, at higher levels in salmon liver.

The highest amounts of minerals are present in the fillet as this is the largest organ of salmon. It is however worth noting that other tissues, small organs such as liver and the gills, or larger ones such as the skin, can provide nearly the same amounts of trace minerals as the whole of the fish fillet. Although, those parts of the fish are not common in our diet. Nevertheless, novel ingredients made from filleting plus-products, such as hydrolysates also developed in Nofima (Aspevik et al., 2016), can be used as nutritional supplements or added in different processed fish products or soups. Similar to the gills of salmon in our study, high Zn levels are present also in fish eyes (Do Carmo E SĂĄ et al., 2005).

Feed trace minerals and Atlantic salmon production performance, lipid metabolism and health

Trace minerals such as Fe and Zn together with Mg, act as co-factors and coenzyme precursors for long chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC n-3 PUFA) biosynthesis by bioconversion of alpha linolenic acid (ALA) to EPA and DHA, facilitating the catalytic activity of desaturases, elongases as well as peroxisomal β-oxidation (Mahfouz and Kummerow, 1989; Eder and Kirchgessner, 1994; Zhou et al. 2011). LC n-3 PUFA, such as EPA and DHA, are susceptible to lipid peroxidation, and salmon with higher levels of n-3 PUFAs may be even more exposed to oxidative stress if the red-ox system is ineffective due to low mineral-status, especially when the requirement of vitamin B2;3;6;7 (in Lewis et al., 2013) and the antioxidant vitamins are not fully covered (Tacon, 1996; Mourente et al., 2002).

Mn, Cu and Se are the functional red-ox centres of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX), where SOD handles superoxide and GPX handles both lipid and water soluble hydroperoxides (Mariotti et al., 2012). A GPX situated in the intestinal mucosa, specifically handles fatty acid hydroperoxides from the diet and converts them to non-toxic hydroxyl fatty acid (Esworthy et al. 1998; Lygren et al. 1999). Sufficient intake of these trace minerals is therefore important to protect fish against lipid oxidation and the resulting oxidation products, which can be

32 | February 2017 - International Aquafeed

EXPERT TOPIC

SALMON

Figure 1. (A) Concentrations of Zn, Fe, Cu, Mn and Se in farmed salmon tissues (mg/100g); (B) Total Zn, Fe, Cu, Mn and Se amounts provided by market size (5kg) farmed salmon.

abundant in LC n-3 PUFA rich feeds.

Salmon, as well as being a rich source of trace minerals for humans, requires adequate amounts of these minerals in their feed. Inorganic minerals are routinely added in commercial fish feed to cover the requirements of farmed animals though it is the organic mineral forms that the fish are adapted to from its natural diet.

Moreover, during the last few years, the legal supplementation levels in commercial diets for salmon of these trace minerals have been reduced which may jeopardise both fish performance and welfare but also the nutritional value of the fish for the consumer. In addition, the availability of the existing trace minerals in the feeds may be further reduced by the presence of phytic acid and fibers in the plant raw materials, which constitute an increasing proportion of the dietary ingredients in salmon feeds (Ashmead 1992).

Organic minerals have different properties compared to inorganic both in terms of bioavailability and susceptibility to

inactivation by phytic acid (O’Dell 1984; McClain & Gatlin 1988). However there are great gaps of knowledge on the comparative roles and properties of inorganic versus the different organic forms of trace minerals in animal physiology.

Figure 2. The four experimental diets Diets Treatments

IM

IM

2/3 OM

OM

OM extra Zn & Se

High O2

Low O2

High O2

Low O2

Low O2

Dietary mineral supplementation levels (mg/kg feed) Zn

120

120

80

120

500

Fe

60

60

100

150

150

Mn

30

30

33

50

50

Cu

6

6

7

10

10

Se

0.3

0.3

0.13

0.2

2

The University of Limerick (UL) is a rapidly growing, modern university. UL is a young, energetic and enterprising university with a proud record of innovation in education, and excellence in research and scholarship. We take great pride in attracting students who are seeking a supportive learning environment to help nurture and achieve their personal and professional dreams.

UL is highly regarded for conducting leading-edge research in key areas such as biological sciences, information and communication technologies, materials and surface science, environment & bioengineering and humanities & social sciences.

Limerick is in western Ireland, an ideal starting point to explore the Wild Atlantic Way. Shannon International airport is only 24km away with frequent bus connections. Limerick, with an urban and hinterland population of over 200,000, has something to offer everybody thanks to its many cultural, historical, architectural, sporting, shopping and business activities. With almost 50 per cent of Limerick’s population under the age of 30, it is a vibrant, living, cosmopolitan city.

www.ul.ie International Aquafeed - February 2017 | 33

We have the largest work placement programme of any university in Ireland, with a network of over 1700 employers Amazing academic and sporting facilities on a stunning campus Graduate employment rates that are 18% above the Irish average

EXPERT TOPIC

SHRIMP

Organic vs inorganic minerals and effects on Atlantic salmon performance under suboptimal water oxygen conditions

Low oxygen levels and handling stress often occur when rearing fish in sea cages. Due to their metabolic roles, trace minerals are expected to play a decisive role in how farmed fish deal with oxidative stress. At Nofima, we recently concluded a comprehensive study with Atlantic salmon reared under suboptimal environmental conditions using either inorganic mineral sulphates or organic trace minerals in the diet at different supplementation levels (BIOPLEX Mn, Se, Fe, Zn and Cu provided by Alltech Ltd, Dunboyne, Ireland).

We tested 4 experimental diets: Diet IM, with inorganic minerals at both high and low oxygen levels, 2/3OM, with organic minerals at high water oxygen levels, and Diets OM and OM extra Zn & Se, with organic minerals at low water oxygen levels. Diet OM extra Zn & Se was fortified in Se and Zn at doses currently exceeding the maximum allowed concentrations in fish feeds (Figure 2). The experimental feeds were formulated to contain high quality fish oil, fishmeal and adequate levels of antioxidant vitamins.

All fish were conditioned during a period of six weeks on the experimental diets. Following three out of the five triplicate groups of fish were subjected to low water oxygen levels for an additional period of five weeks, whereas the two other triplicate groups, fed either the IM or the 2/3 OM diet were kept continuously at higher water oxygen levels until the end of the experiment. We measured water oxygen level as well as TAN and CO2 every day during the low oxygen period to make sure the water conditions were safe for all fish and that TAN and CO2 did not rise to levels that could compromise fish growth.

Low oxygen levels in the water reduced the feed intake rates of salmon, fed diets with inorganic minerals, and resulted, even just after five weeks, in significantly lower body growth rates (P<0.05), reduced by ca. 25% compared to the high oxygen treatments. Salmon kept at high oxygen levels also had higher condition factors (CF) (P<0.05) and larger livers (HSI) (P<0.1).

In contrast, the organic mineral fed feeds, and more so those fed the extra Zn & Se diet, maintained higher feeding rates and nearly caught up with the growth rates of the fish kept at high oxygen levels. Haematocrite and fillet yield also tended to be higher in the OM treatments (P<0.1).

The nutrient apparent digestibility data revealed that at high oxygen levels, dietary energy digestibility in salmon is higher than at low oxygen levels, mainly due to variation in protein and apparently also carbohydrate digestibility.

Dietary lipid

Figure 3. Atlantic salmon thermal growth coefficient (TGC; blue bars) and feed conversion ratio (FCR; orange bars) at high (left of striped line) or low (right of striped line) water oxygen levels.

digestibility was not affected by the water oxygen level, but it was improved by the use of organic compared to inorganic minerals, which partly explains the improved performance of the OM treatments compared to the IM at low water oxygen levels (Figure 3).

Moreover, in terms of technical quality, the salmon fillets of the 2/3 OM and OM extra Zn & Se low O2 were firmer when compared to the other treatments. The same treatment also had higher fillet Se levels at the end of the trial.

We have shown, in this study, that trace mineral levels and deposition efficiency in Atlantic salmon tissues is influenced by water oxygen levels, mineral source (inorganic or organic) and level in the diet.

This is in contrast to what has been reported in other studies with fish, such as Nile tilapia (Huang et al., 2015). Even at low oxygen levels, in our study it was possible to enrich the salmon tissues to the same levels of Zn through extra supplementation in the diet, and with an increase in the tissue levels of Cu, Fe and Mn. This improvement coincides with the improved energy digestibility and growth performance of the Atlantic salmon fed extra Zn & Se in an organic form in the diet.

Based on the fish body growth obtained, the mineral composition of body tissues and the total amount of feeds and trace mineral fed we calculated the deposition efficiency of all test trace minerals in the liver, gills, fillet and skin of Atlantic salmon reared at high or low oxygen levels with either inorganic or organic minerals at variable dietary levels.

On average, lower mineral supplementation levels resulted in more efficient deposition in salmon tissues, whereas low water oxygen levels led to lower relative mineral deposition rates. In general, organic minerals had higher relative deposition rates than inorganic minerals when fish were reared at low water oxygen levels, most noticeably at standard supplementation levels of Zn and Se. In particular, the Se levels in salmon fillets dropped to 0 ppm in fish reared in low water oxygen levels and on diets supplemented with inorganic Se. However Se was still present in the fillets of salmon fed diets, at low water oxygen levels, supplemented with organic Se, an effect reported previously by several authors.

Moreover, even at high dietary inclusion levels, Se deposition efficiency in salmon tissues was unaltered in the organic mineral groups. This was unexpected, as a reduction in deposition efficiency is anticipated when a compound is provided in excess, which is what we observed with Zn where the deposition efficiency was reversely correlated to the inclusion level in the diet.

34 | February 2017 - International Aquafeed

EXPERT TOPIC

SALMON

ADDITIVES FOR AQUACULTURE SOLUTIONS

Figure 4. Analysed levels of trace minerals in the experimental diets of our study with Atlantic salmon reared at high or low water oxygen levels.

Zn is transported using common protein carriers as Fe and Cu, and thus antagonise in their relative concentrations in the blood.

Thus, as expected, excess Zn supplementation also reduced the deposition efficiency of other trace minerals in some tissues but not all, such as Fe (not in the skin), Cu (not in gills and liver), and Mn (mainly in the fillets).

Regulatory status regarding Zn, Se and other trace mineral levels in fish feeds

The upper limit level for Fe in finished feed is 750mg/kg, which is far higher than the levels present in practical commercial diets, which on average are just above 200mg/kg feed. For our study, we used around the same upper limit for Cu (25 mg/kg) that was set by the EU. On the other hand, the upper limit levels for Zn have been reduced from 250 down to 200mg/kg, a level far lower than the one we used in the OM extra Zn & Se diet, which was the one that induced several positive effects on salmon performance at suboptimal oxygen conditions. The Mn levels we used in our experimental feeds were also just higher than the more recently established upper limits, which were reduced from 250 to 100mg/kg feed. Similarly the upper limit level for total Se in ready feed is set to 0.5mg/kg, which is lower than the analysed values in commercial feeds and the values that we tested in our trial (Figure 4).

When considering the observed positive effects and absence of obvious negative effects of higher dietary supplementation when using the organic forms of several trace minerals especially in sustainable low fish meal diets on salmon grown in low water oxygen levels, it may be reasonable to question today’s rather conservative upper concentration limits for Zn and Se in ready fish feed. This is especially true for low fishmeal diets.

More research is necessary to verify that this practice does not entail risks for the farmed animals. However, as the richest organisms in Zn and Se are crustaceans and molluscs, the natural prey of several carnivorous fish species, we do not expect that by reasonably increasing dietary levels of these trace minerals in formulated feeds would be detrimental for salmon.

We showed that it is possible to promote both better performance in salmon and simultaneously enrich the fish tissues with Zn and Se with no negative effects on other essential trace minerals. It is estimated that nearly 2 billion people in the developing countries suffer from Zn deficiency resulting in around 800,000 deaths among children. There is a potential therefore, from applying organic Zn and Se rich diets, to alleviate the negative consequences of the frequently occurring suboptimal water oxygen conditions at the same time as we create a more nutritious product for the consumers.

NUTRACEUTICALS AND PHYTOBIOTICS FOR AQUACULTURE Growth promoters Anti-parasites Attractants Hepatoprotectors Antioxidants Detoxifiers Chelated minerals

C/ San Romualdo 12-14 • 28037 Madrid (Spain) +34 902 15 77 11 • +34 91 725 08 00 liptosa@liptosa.com • www.liptosa.com

International Aquafeed - February 2017 | 35

FISH FARMING TECHNOLOGY

F

WHY TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER IS KEY

Creating jobs, countering poverty and ensuring global protein intake Aquaculture will be an essential factor in the challenge facing food production for a global population, which according to WHO, will reach 9.7 billion in 2050. This makes it essential to progress as a sustainable and efficient industry that recognises the value of investing in development, for example in innovative net cleaning systems.

by AKVA Group ASA, Bryne, Norway

ish and seafood are far more sustainable and have a lower carbon footprint than meat and dairy products. Research shows that one kilogram of salmon fillet from farming to wholesaler has emissions of approximately 2.5 CO2 equivalents, the unit used in greenhouse gas accounts to compare emissions. The carbon footprint of farmed salmon is thus far lower than for example the production of beef (30 CO2 equivalents per kilogram) and pork (5.9 CO2 equivalents).

EAT founder, Dr Gunhild Stordalen in an interview with laks.no claimed that, “Using the sea as the new larder to feed a growing population with lots of healthy nutrients, good sources of protein, and not least Omega-3 and numerous micro-nutrients, will be one of the great challenges, yet also huge opportunities we have.”

Huge potential

More and more consumers care about where their food comes from, but many are still unaware that salmon is far more climatefriendly than all other typical meat-based meals. This has global consequences, and is definitely something one should take into account when planning dinner.

Only five percent of food production is currently from the sea, and this means there is huge potential in a future-oriented industry. The aquaculture industry has its challenges, but these are issues that can be resolved. Technology is the foremost solution in connection with this, and currently vast resources are being spent on innovation in the industry.

Net cleaning for welfare and value

Billions of dollars are being invested in the fish farming industry around the world. Rationalisation of the operation of fish farming facilities is an incredibly important element in connection with this, and a natural step is thus to ensure improved and more efficient net cleaning, which is an area firmly in AKVA group’s sights.

So why is net cleaning important for sustainable farming of healthy fish?

Guttorm Lange from AKVA group explains, “The difference between a clean net and a dirty one is huge, and is very important for fish welfare, health and overall performance. Increased net fouling reduces the water flow and may lead to oxygen deficiency for the fish. Less oxygen in the cage leads to increased metabolism and higher stress levels, which reduce feed intake and in severe case may lead to increased mortality.”

Profit is also at stake when nets are not properly maintained.

A clean net reduces the risk of fish escaping by keeping the fish safeguarded. The forces of the sea current, often constitutes 70-75 percent of the total forces on the whole site. The load on 36 | February 2017 - International Aquafeed

FISH FARMING TECHNOLOGY the nets, cages and moorings is multiplied when the nets are heavily fouled compared to cleaned nets. Clean nets prevent overloading the cages and eliminate the risk of breakdowns and ruptures in the nets.

“Another aspect of poor cleaning is the cleaner fish, who naturally feed on the fouling. If there is a lot of fouling, they become less effective with regard to removing sea lice from the salmon. We also know that fouling may be a reservoir for various types of parasites, bacteria and viruses – and there is a suspicion that this also applies to sea lice. There’s a reason we clean our homes and wash our clothes – it’s to get rid of bacteria. Facilitating an optimal environment in the pen ensures better welfare, increased growth and lower mortality. Good welfare

results in good health, which in turn results in a good economy,” Lange concludes.

Cooperation for rationalisation

So, clean nets are without doubt an important factor to improve efficiency in aquaculture. The next question goes without saying; how does one ensure optimal net cleaning?

AKVA group has recently invested heavily in this area, and has entered into productive partnerships with two Norwegian companies with extensive expertise that can contribute to much more efficient cleaning; ROV manufacturer Sperre and pump supplier KCC Power System.

“AKVA group has close contact with players in the fish farming industry all over the world, and knows the challenges they are facing in this area. For a number of years we have supplied modern sensor systems that monitor the pens and that provide relevant information with regard to what is correct in terms of the cleaning process. Now we’re working to make it even easier to clean nets more frequently, more thoroughly and more gently,” says Roy Magne Ohren, sales manager with AKVA group.

The market’s most gentle cleaner

Sperre AS, of which AKVA group acquired 66 percent in the autumn of 2016, has developed Flying Net Cleaner 8. This is set to be an important tool for those seeking to rationalise and modernise their cleaning procedure.

“The AKVA FNC8 net cleaner is a safe, powerful ROV net cleaner that is easy to operate. It can be operated both remotely at the cage and from the control room.

This is the market’s most gentle net cleaner, as it uses lower pressure and less water than all other comparable solutions. At the same time, due to a lack of sharp wheels or belts that can damage the net, it is far better in terms of wear on the net line, mesh and risk of escape. This is something both farmers, service companies and others have been asking for,” Ohren says.

FNC8 is based on a patent pending principle that ensures that the rig is in balance regardless of whether it cleans horizontally, vertically or upside down. This makes it easy for the operator to select the cleaning direction that is most appropriate, regardless of which type of net one is dealing with.

“The speed of the cleaning rig is important for those performing the job. FNC8 can achieve a cleaning efficiency that far exceeds what is currently available.

FNC8’s ease of use is also superior in that several automated features are built-in, and advanced camera systems and sensors monitor the cleaning,” Ohren says.

Customised high pressure cleaning

The products KCC Power System will supply to yards, fish farming facilities, service companies and other players in the aquaculture industry are high-pressure pump systems that are used for net cleaning, hull cleaning and ring cleaning, among other things. The company is also the sole distributor of the rugged German KAMAT products, which have an excellent reputation.

“These are relatively similar pump devices to those we previously have supplied to offshore and onshore customers, but optimised for use in aquaculture. The fact that KCC does the design and assembly/production at our own premises affords the system great flexibility with International Aquafeed - February 2017 | 37

Top: Steel Cage delivery installed in a hydroelectric lake in southern Iran near the city of Bushehr.

Customer’s Bushehr Aramseyd Co. and will produce rainbow trout and barramundi in freshwater.

Bottom: Complete cage farm from AKVA group

FISH FARMING TECHNOLOGY

Top: Complete Cage farming solution to Niksa Co. in Percian Gulf, Iran. Delivered 24 Cages and 320 ton feedbarge for production of 3000t per year Barramundi and Sea Bream.

Middle: Assembly of EcoNet to salmon farming Norway. This net is not netimpregnated and needs to be cleaned using net cleaners.

Econet is made from monofilament PET, is extremely durable and reduce escape risk.

regard to necessary changes or customer requests.

We can resolve most challenges in the area, and can offer flexible, customised solutions to all, regardless of whether they are standard systems in a container or built-in pump systems on boats,” technical manager Kjetil Horve emphasises.

“Our experience so far is that those in aquaculture have the same desires and requirements as our offshore customers - high quality, stable uptime, small footprint, minimal vibration/noise, easy installation and maintenance, a good service organisation, and requirements toward good documentation. We know the working conditions in the fish farming industry and can supply what the customers need for cleaning,” Tor Paust-Andersen of KCC concludes.

Global technology and transfer of expertise

Bottom: Net cleaner FNC8

As was apparent from the RIO20+ conference - one billion people around the globe go hungry, while another one billion people are overweight.

Aquaculture can play a key role in resolving both of

these global issues, but this requires the development of sustainable solutions worldwide.

In many ways, salmon farming is the driving force in the development of aquaculture technology, but aquaculture is a lot more than salmon, which actually comprises just 3,6 percent of global seafood production.

“There is a risk of a gap widening between salmon farming, which invests large amounts in developing technology and innovation, and the farming of other species. At the moment, there is little effort from multiple governments to transfer knowledge and solutions to developing countries for example.

This is a challenge for global aquaculture, yet also a huge opportunity,” claims Trond Severinsen, COO Exports, AKVA group.

Challenges with fouling in warmer climates are often many times worse than in salmon farming which is a cold-water species. We have provided facilities in the Persian Gulf with sea temperatures up to 35 degrees, and where the nets can be completely overgrown by shells and algae within a few months. There is no other effective way to clean these nets other than utilising modernised net cleaning technology.

Achieving global industrialisation of the aquaculture industry through the transfer of technology and expertise from salmon farming to other species is incredibly difficult, but the potential is huge. This particularly applies when one considers that the development of future-oriented and sustainable aquaculture in low-tech countries, where capital is scarce, can be very beneficial to society, both by creating jobs and countering poverty, and also by ensuring better access to climate-friendly high protein food in poorer parts of the world.

“It will be a difficult job that requires that one uses extensive resources for education, training and the transfer of expertise, as well as adapting salmon farming technology to other types of fish farming.

AKVA group is working hard to do our part in this global initiative. Our goal is to be more than just a supplier of technology – we want to be a partner whom, along with everyone else in the industry, ensures continuous progress and development,” Severinsen says.

Future goals

The aquaculture industry does have challenges, and there is always a need for rationalisation and development in order to help feed a growing population. This requires forward-looking players who focus on innovation, and who provide what the industry needs to succeed.

“AKVA group’s goal is to be a profitable supplier of solutions and services that contributes to improve our customers’ production and increase sustainable practice. Simply put, we want to be your technology and service partner in global aquaculture, and we can supply everything from complete onshore and sea-based fish farming facilities to cutting edge cleaning systems,” says Roy Magne Ohren. www.akvagroup.com

38 | February 2017 - International Aquafeed

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FISH FARMING TECHNOLOGY #2

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ALL YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT WATER CHILLERS IN AQUACULTURE American aquatic equipment manufacturer Aqua Logic Inc., shares their expertise in an overview of water chillers; their function, features, and best use practices for recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS).

n aquaculture water chiller is a refrigeration system that cools and maintains recirculating fresh or saltwater tank systems to the desired water temperature. Many of these chillers are used for research, egg rearing and brood stock development.

Consistent, reliable control of water temperature is key to a successful recirculating aquaculture system. Maintaining a consistent water temperature will reduce mortality rates, increase growth rates, and produce a quality product. The ability to reliably manipulate temperature is critical for control of spawning cycles.

Types of water chillers

There are several types of water chillers in the aquaculture industry, the most common being air-cooled, water-cooled and ground source cooling. The supply water for water-cooled units can be freshwater or seawater, sourced from a building water supply, well, reservoir, lake, bay, or other coastal access. These chillers can range from one quarter up to 1000 tons in size. A chiller used in the aquaculture industry would typically use reciprocating, semi-hermetic or scroll compressors, which are powered by electric motors.

So how does an aquaculture chiller work?

The chiller is comprised of four basic components that make-up the refrigerate compression cycle in which the refrigerant passes; (1) the compressor, (2) the condenser, (3) the thermal expansion valve (TXV), and (4) the evaporator.

The cycle begins with the compressor converting a vapor (gas) into a liquid (Condensation). The condenser serves as a two-fold component. Before any condensation occurs, the high-pressure refrigerant vapor must be first brought to a saturated condition (de-superheated). Enough rejected heat must be transferred from the refrigerant to lower its temperature to the saturation temperature. At this point, condensation can begin.

As heat continues to be transferred from the refrigerant vapor to the air (or water, if a water condenser is used), the quantity of the refrigerant (% of the refrigerant in the vapor state) will continue to decrease, until the refrigerant has been completely condensed into a liquid. In the ideal system, this occurs at the outlet of the condenser. In the real world, some subcooling would be expected at the condenser outlet.

Subcooling is when the liquid refrigerant temperature is below the normal boiling point. Subcooling provides insurance against liquid flashing as the refrigerant experiences pressure losses in the tubing and components.

The refrigerant is now in the liquid state, and at a high pressure and temperature. It must undergo a further reduction in temperature before it becomes a useful heat transfer medium. This is accomplished by reducing the pressure.

In order to reduce the temperature, the pressure has to be reduced, which is accomplished by restricting the flow of refrigerant to the evaporator.

It is preferable that the restriction regulates itself as the system load demands change. This is the role of a thermostatic expansion valve (TXV); it is an adjustable restriction which causes a varying reduction in liquid refrigerant pressure, yet will modulate in an effort to maintain constant superheat at the evaporator outlet.

Superheat is the amount of heat added to a refrigerant after it has already turned to a vapor from a liquid. It must be measured to make sure that the liquid refrigerant in the evaporator coil has fully changed from a liquid to a 100 percent vapor. The thermostatic expansion valve is a superheat control, and will not maintain a constant vapor pressure. It only provides the restriction necessary to reduce the pressure to some level, which will be determined by compressor size, thermostatic expansion valve (TXV), size, load demand, and system conditions. If a constant evaporator temperature is required, it can be achieved very simply by maintaining the pressure corresponding to the saturation temperature required. This is 40 | February 2017 - International Aquafeed

FISH FARMING TECHNOLOGY accomplished by adding an evaporator pressure-regulating valve to the system.

The ideal cycle has experienced a pressure drop in the thermostatic expansion valve. Subcooling or superheat cannot exist where there is a mixture of liquid and vapor.

Therefore, any place in the system where the refrigerant exists in two states, it will be at the saturation temperature for its pressure.

Some of the liquid refrigerant is required to boil as a means of removing the heat necessary to achieve this lower temperature. Yet another heat transfer process, which yields a lower liquid temperature. The liquid that is sacrificed in the boiling process explains the increase in refrigerant quantity. The greater the difference between the liquid temperature and evaporator temperature, the more liquid will have to be boiled in order to achieve the new saturation temperature. This results in an even higher refrigerant quantity.

The final portion of the refrigerant’s journey is as a mixture of saturated liquid and vapor, traveling through the evaporator tubing. Warm water is pumped across the evaporator, where its heat content is transferred to the boiling refrigerant. This is a latent heat gain to the refrigerant, causing no temperature increase, while experiencing a change of state. In the ideal cycle, the last molecule of saturated liquid boils off at the evaporator outlet, which is connected to the compressor inlet. Hence, the vapor at the inlet of the compressor is saturated.

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COMPRESSOR TYPES IN AQUACULTURE CHILLERS Reciprocating compressor

A reciprocating compressor is a compressor that uses pistons driven by a crankshaft like a car engine and it’s used for delivering a small amount of refrigerant at a very high pressure. Reciprocating compressors range from a quarter to 60 horsepower. Reciprocating compressors are usually hermetically sealed or semi – hermetic compressors, which means that the internal parts of the compressor are serviceable.

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All info: www.was.org Hosted by: Department of Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture & Agro-Based Industries, Malaysia

International Aquafeed - February 2017 | 41

FISH FARMING TECHNOLOGY Figure 1. Refrigerate compression cycle

Scroll compressor

The scroll compressor is commonly used in air conditioning and heat pump applications. Benefits of the scroll include fewer moving parts, less internal friction, smooth compression cycle with low torque and low vibration levels. A scroll compressor generates a series of crescent shaped gas pockets between two scrolls; one fixed, and one orbiting. As motion occurs, the gas pockets are slowly pushed to the center of the two scrolls. This reduces the gas volume. By the time a gas pocket reaches the center of the scroll the gas is at a very high pressure and is discharged out of the center port. During the compression process, several pockets are being formed at the same time and the suction and discharge of gas is continuous. This continuous process gives the compressor a very smooth action. These compressors are hermetically sealed and range from 2 – 30 tonnes.

Screw compressor

The screw compressor is almost exactly as it sounds. There are two screws (male & female) in

the compressor that are fitted together in stationary housing. As the screws rotate, the gas is compressed by direct volume reduction between the two. These compressors are also semi – hermetically sealed compressors that range from 40 – 1000 horsepower.

There are also single screw compressors, which rely on a single rotating screw passing through two star wheels to provide the compression.

CONDENSERS IN AQUACULTURE CHILLERS

There are typically two types of condensers that are used on the aquaculture industry, air-cooled and water-cooled.

Air-cooled condensers

Air condensers are most widely used in all industries. The condenser is typically mounted along with the compressors on a common platform and can be located outdoors but can also be mounted indoors with good ventilation. They are constructed with copper or aluminum tubes and fins.

For facilities located on the seacoast, a special coating is recommended to help control corrosion of the metal parts.

42 | February 2017 - International Aquafeed

FISH FARMING TECHNOLOGY When determining optimal placement of a chiller the following points need to be taken into consideration; ambient air temperatures around the unit, air ventilation and exposure to the elements.

Top: Figure 2.

Shell & Tube Evaporator

Conclusion

Water-cooled shell & tube condensers

This type of condenser is mounted close to the compressors, and is typically configured with the refrigerant flowing through the tube side and the process fluid through the shell side of the unit. For the aquaculture industry the tube construction could be copper, stainless steel or titanium, but titanium is the recommended choice for safe operation. This style of condenser is available one quarter to 60 tonnes in standard construction.

Water chillers are a valuable asset to the aquaculture industry for their ability to regulate temperature and thereby increase production and reduce mortality. From an experimental standpoint, water chillers and heat exchangers are assisting with the most cutting edge research in climate change and ocean acidification, not to mention are an essential tool for inducing spawning. Aqua Logic Inc. is available to consult on aquaculture projects and determine which chilling or heating solution is best suited. For 28 years, Aqua logic has manufactured a full range of water chillers, heat exchangers, heaters, and boilers and will accurately size a unit or system for any application.

American aquatic equipment manufacturer Aqua Logic Inc., is a leading expert in water chillers for the aquaculture industry, as well as public aquariums and zoos worldwide.

Located in San Diego, California, Aqua Logic sets themselves apart in the chiller market with their dedication to aquatic life support, reflected foremost in their choice to build all of their chiller heat exchanger coils and tube sheets from titanium. Non-corrosive, non-toxic, and made to last, these chillers can endure years of use in the harshest environments. Aqua Logic offers consulting and sizing assistance for recirculating aquaculture systems that require any form of chiller or heater. www.aqualogicinc.com

EVAPORATORS IN AQUACULTURE CHILLERS

Cooperation

Shell & tube sheet evaporators

Typically configured with the refrigerant flowing through the tube sheet (bundle) side and the process fluid through the shell side of the unit. Tube construction is typically copper or stainless steel, but for the aquaculture industry, and other aquatic fields, the tube sheet construction should be titanium to prevent corrosion and leaching of toxic metal elements into system water. Outer shell construction is typically PVC. This style of evaporator is available 10 to 60 tonnes in standard construction.

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Helical coil in shell evaporators

These are typically configured with the refrigerant flowing through a helical coil side and the process fluid through the shell side of the unit. The construction is typically copper or stainless steel, but for the aquaculture industry, and other aquatic fields, the tube construction should be titanium to prevent corrosion and leaching of toxic metal elements into system water. Outer shell construction is typically PVC and this style of evaporator is available from a quarter to 10 tonnes in standard construction.

Bottom: Figure 3.

Shell & Helical coil Evaporator

Dubrovnik The annual meeting of the European Aquaculture Society

Location of industrial chillers

Water chillers are commonly located in mechanical equipment rooms within the building close to the process in which they are cooling. Some chillers may be located directly beside the process, depending on the size of the chiller. Some may even be placed completely outdoors.

International Aquafeed - February 2017 | 43

All info: www.easonline.org

Industry Events Events listing 19 - 22/02/17 - AQUACULTURE AMERICA 2017 USA WEB: was.org WorldAquacultureSociety wrldaquaculture nn 06 - 10/03/17 - OFFSHORE MARICULTURE CONFERENCE Mexico WEB: offshoremariculture.com n 14/03/17 - AQUATIC ASIA Thailand WEB: vivasia.nl n 14 - 15/03/17 - ICOMSA 2017 Malaysia WEB: ums.edu.my n 15-17/03/17 - VIV ASIA Thailand WEB: vivasia.nl VIVworldwide VIVworldwide nn 16-17/03/17 - GIANT PRAWN 2017 Thailand WEB: giantprawn.org n 19 - 21/04/17 - SEAFOOD EXPO NORTH AMERICA USA WEB: seafoodexpo.com n 25 - 27/04/17 - SEAFOOD EXPO GLOBAL Belgium WEB: seafoodexpo.com n 26 - 27/04/17 - 7TH EUROPEAN ALGAE INDUSTRY SUMMIT France WEB: wplgroup.com/aci/event/ european-algae-industry-summit nn 25 - 27/05/17 - 6TH GLOBAL SUMMIT ON AQUACULTURE & FISHERIES Japan WEB: aquaculture.global-summit.com nn 31/05 - 04/06/17 - SEAFOOD SUMMIT USA WEB: seafoodsummit.org

Giant Prawn returns for 2017 The Giant Prawn Conference is set to return this year after a near 40-year hiatus. This is an international conference about freshwater prawns and will be held at the Asian Institute of Technology, from 20-24 March 2017.

Held in Bangkok, Thailand, Giant Prawn 2017 is a major event in the history of freshwater prawns and will be where most of the leading prawn researchers and the aquaculture industry will converge. It will be a great opportunity for the global freshwater prawn farming industry to review the latest research and development and to brainstorm what the future priorities should be for further expansion.

The venue is the AIT Conference Center Hotel, based in one of the greenest University campuses in Thailand. The program has four days of the main conference, to be filled with invited speakers and parallel technical sessions from 20-23 March, followed by one day of a farm tour on the 24th.

There will also be three days of an intensive workshop on ‘Advances in Prawn Hatchery management’ just before the main conference from 17-19 March.

With nearly 30 invited international speakers, Giant Prawn 2017 presents a global who-is-who of the research and industry supporting freshwater prawn.

It includes speakers such as Dr Patricia Moraes Valenti, who graduated as a biologist in 1998, and as a fisheries specialist in 1999. She gained her MSc and PhD in Aquaculture in 2002 and 2005, respectively.

She has worked in the Crustacean Section, Aquaculture Center at Sao Paulo State

nn 14/06/17 - 10TH AQUAFEED HORIZONS TECHNICAL CONFERENCE Germany WEB: aquafeed.com

University, Brazil for many years, developing research and extension services of freshwater prawn farming.

Another speaker of note is, Professor Wagner C. Valenti, a fellow of the World Aquaculture Society and a senior research scientist and professor in Sao Paulo State University, Brazil. He currently works in Biosciences Institute, Coastal Campus and Aquaculture Center. He has taught R&D and the development of national policies since 1981, published over 150 papers, books, book chapters and scientific articles mainly on freshwater prawn biology and culture, his principal area of scientific expertise.

These conferences are poised to be the next big thing to happen in the global farming and conservation freshwater prawns of the genus Macrobrachium. Although the name could be taken to refer to the Giant Malaysian prawn M. rosenbergii specifically, the event will encompass all species of Macrobrachium that are currently farmed.

Thailand was chosen as the natural venue for such a conference on freshwater prawns because it has spearheaded many farming innovations in this field. Although the hatchery technology for M. Rosenbergii was first made possible by work in Malaysia, a commercially applicable protocol was first developed in Hawaii and mass replicated in Thailand.

Several hatcheries and farms were established in the late 1970’s and early 1980’s. The Department of Fisheries, aided by an FAO project, took a leading role in this development by facilitating research and an ancillary support, promoting the rapid development of many small-scale freshwater prawn farms. www.giantprawn.org

For more industry event information - visit our events register www.aquafeed.co.uk

aQuaTIC aSIa

a ONe-Day CONFereNCe ON aQuaCuLTure TeCHNOLOGy WITH SPeCIaL FOCuS ON SHrIMP FeeDING aND reCIrCuLaTION SySTeMS

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44 | February 2017 - International Aquafeed

FOr MOre INFOrMaTION VISIT: aquafeed.co.uk/aquaticevents reGISTer aT www.viv.net

Industry Events

Asian Pacific Aquaculture 2017 - Transforming for Market Needs July 24-27, 2017- Putra World Trade Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Organised by the Asian Pacific Chapter of the World Aquaculture Society Hosted by the Department of Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Agro-Based Industry, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

The Plenary Speakers and Abstract submission at APA 2017 is the major platform aquaculture international conference and exhibition in Malaysia.

One of the key highlights of the conference programme at APA 17 is the plenary session, which will be led by aquaculture leading experts. The session will start with the address

by Mr Herve Lucien-Brun, Aquaculture & Qualite, France. He will present on “Marketing farmed seafood from Asia to global markets” which is linked to the theme APA 17, ‘Transforming for market needs’.

Lucien-Brun says, “In a lot of cases, producers in Asia do not have a clear idea of what the demand is and do not plan production to meet demand at that time.

Knowing the markets is indispensible for those farms wishing to optimise their margin.

The real profit is to know and analyse carefully destination markets. This would permit farms to supply products which will meet exactly the demand.”

He continues to remark, “On the other hand, consumers do not easily change their eating habits. The introduction of a new species to a market is always a very hazardous project.

The producers must be prudent with the miraculous new species, for example, during the early 2000’s, the farmed cobia.”

Lucien-Brun is an independent consultant based in France, he has a Master’s in Animal Physiology from the University of Paris, XI, Orsay, France. He has more than 30 years’ experience in tropical marine shrimp and finfish aquaculture in major producing countries in Latin America, North Africa, Europe and Asia, as well as New Caledonia, Madagascar, Mozambique, Tanzania and Saudi Arabia.

Currently he is involved with JEFO Nutrition, Canada in the development of new additives to improve the efficiency of aquafeed.

With regard to quality control and marketing, he is involved in shrimp, pangasius, seafood processing and auditing of facilities and procedures. He is an ADEME, France Carbone Footprint certified auditor and has the CRITT lle

France, France HACCP certification. In tropical aquaculture, he is involved in design studies, implementation, farm management and technical management of project and technology transfer.

Extended deadline for abstract submission Due to the responsive interest, the extended deadline to submit your abstract is March 1 2017.

Submit your abstract early to get into the process and allow your submission a better chance of being accepted for your desired presentation.

For up to date details of APA17, plenary speakers, special sessions, hotel information and farm tours, or any questions you may have follow “APA17-Asian Pacific Aquaculture” on Facebook.

Sponsors The Gold sponsor for the event is Shenglong, a company specialised in manufacturing and marketing of aquatic feed and animal health product as well as prawn breeding.

Blue Aqua as WAS premier sponsor will promote their products and services.

Fishance is the President Reception sponsor while Evonik and Nutriad are both session sponsors. visit www.was.org

WORLDWIDE CALENDAR 2016 - 2018 VIV ASIA 2017

MARCH 15 - 17, BANGKOK, THAILAND

VIV MEA 2018

FEBRUARY, U. A. E.

VIV EUROPE 2018

JUNE 20 - 22, UTRECHT, THE NETHERLANDS

VIV CHINA 2016

SEPTEMBER 6 - 8, BEIJING, CHINA

VIV RUSSIA 2017

MAY 23-25, MOSCOW, RUSSIA*

*May 23: invitation only

WWW.VIV.NET International Aquafeed - February 2017 | 45

VIV TURKEY 2017

APRIL 27 - 29, ISTANBUL, TURKEY

Industry Events

AQUATIC ASIA

A ONE-DAY CONFERENCE ON AQUACULTURE TECHNOLOGY WITH SPECIAL FOCUS ON SHRIMP FEEDING AND RECIRCULATION SYSTEMS Aquatic Asia 2017 Conference: MORE speakers announced!

The Aquatic Asia 2017 conference is coming this March in the beautiful city of Bangkok, Thailand.

In total, the one-day conference will present 12 highly respected Thai fisheries speakers across three sessions. Each session will be focused on ‘biosecurity’, ‘feed quality’ and ‘water quality’ in farming shrimp and fish species in both ponds and recirculation systems.

Additionally, each presentation will be given in both English and Thai.

As it is drawing near, the conference organisers are announcing an impressive lineup of top international speakers to address the conference topics.

For more information, as well as regular updates on aquacultural news and events, go to www.aquatic-aquaculture.com.

Aquatic Asia 2017 will be held at the Novotel Bangkok Sukhumvit 20 on March 14, 2017. While VIV Asia is free to attend if registering in advance, the Aquatic Conference 2017 has an early bird registration of US$29 until end of February, US$49 up until March 13 and US$69 onsite registration.

Register at www.vivasia.nl Soraphat Panakorn – Keynote Speaker Soaphat Panakorn has 23 years of experience working in Thailand in the field of shrimp farming. His expertise in the fields of feed management, farm management, and farming weakness analysis have attracted international opportunities for experience as a technical consultant in China, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia, India, Peru, Mexico, Ecuador, and other countries. Across these experiences, Mr Panakorn has spoken at over 200 shrimp exhibitions and conferences. He is author of many books and articles discussing shrimp farming management, and is deeply involved in organisations across the field of shrimp farming.

Mr Soraphat will be speaking on the topic of: Global Shrimp Industry Update and Specific Challenges in Asia.

Dr Putth Songsangjinda Dr. Putth Songsangjinda has spent more than 30 years conducting research in the field of aquaculture system management, particularly on environmental quality, aquaculture eutrophication, effluent treatment, recirculation systems, material budget and modelling in marine shrimp production. In recent years, from 2011 to early 2015, he has held the position of Director at the Marine Shrimp Research and Development Centre. Most recently, he has taken on the permanent role of Marine Shrimp Culture Expert to the Department of Fisheries. Dr Songsangjinda will be speaking on the topic of: Impact of Climate Change in Shrimp Farming and Water Recirculation.

Dr Chalor Limsuwan Dr Chalor Limsuwan works at the Department of Fishery Biology at Kasetsart University, researching Fish Pathology. Over his career, Dr Limsuwan has had ample experience researching shrimp culture and disease prevention, becoming renowned as a forefront authority on the topic. He has regularly been required to speak on his research at conferences around the world, and he is highly involved with numerous organisations in the field of fish biology.

Dr Limsuwan will be speaking on the topic of: Feed Quality and Feed Management in Shrimp Culture.

Dr Varin Tanasomwang Dr Tanasomwang has had experience in many management and research roles across many private and government research centres. Most recently, Dr Tanasomwang has taken on the role of Fisheries Management Expert at the Thai Department of Fisheries studying the development of coastal aquaculture. Dr Tanasomwang’s academic background began with a BSc. in Fisheries, before moving on to a MSc. in Fish pathology and a Doctorate in Aquaculture. She is one of the forefront researchers in these fields today.

Dr Tanasomwang will be speaking on the topic of: Holistic Approach to Biosecurity in Aquaculture.

Dear Aquaculturist, I’m pleased to announce that final preparations are made to host the exciting Aquatic Conference 2017 at Novotel in Bangkok on Tuesday March 14th both science and practise are mixed into a cocktail of innovative approaches to address biosecurity and feed quality in fish & shrimp farming in the APAC region.

All presentations are translated in Thai, so you are welcome to learn and partake in networking and in-depth discussions. This February don’t miss out on the early bird benefits. Learn more on VIVASIA.nl.

Roel Schoenmaker

14 MARCH 2017 THE NOVOTEL BANGKOK HOTEL

SUKHUMVIT 20, BANGKOK

REGISTER AT www.viv.net

46 | February 2017 - International Aquafeed

Latin American & Caribbean Aquaculture 17

November 7 - 10, 2017 Mazatlan International Center

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Mazatlan, Mexico

Consolidate the growth in Aquaculture

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The annual meeting of:

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For More Information Contact: Conference Manager P.O. Box 2302 | Valley Center, CA 92082 USA Tel: +1.760.751.5005 | Fax: +1.760.751.5003 Email: worldaqua@aol.com | www.was.org

All info: www.was.org

Elevator buckets Alapala +90 212 465 60 40 www.alapala.com Tapco Inc +1 314 739 9191 www.tapcoinc.com

Welcome to the market place, where you will find suppliers of products and services to the industry - with help from our friends at The International Aquafeed Directory (published by Turret Group) Additives Chemoforma +41 61 8113355 www.chemoforma.com

Symaga +34 91 726 43 04 www.symaga.com

Evonik +49 618 1596785 www.evonik.com

Sonac +31 499 364800 www.sonac.biz

Westeel +1 204 233 7133 www.westeel.com

R-Biopharm +44 141 945 2924 www.r-biopharm.com Romer Labs +43 2272 6153310 www.romerlabs.com

Amino acids Evonik +49 618 1596785 www.evonik.com

Animal health & nutrition Cenzone +1 760 736 9901 www.cenzone.com

Bags Mondi Group +43 1 79013 4917 www.mondigroup.com

Bin dischargers Denis +33 2 37 97 66 11 www.denis.fr

Elevator & conveyor components 4B Braime +44 113 246 1800 www.go4b.com

Enzymes Ab Vista +44 1672 517 650 www.abvista.com

Certification GMP+ International +31703074120 www.gmpplus.org

Analysis Laboratorio Avi-Mex S.A. de C.V +55 54450460 Ext. 1105 www.avimex.com.mx

VAV +31 71 4023701 www.vav.nl

TSC Silos +31 543 473979 www.tsc-silos.com

Liptosa +34 902 157711 www.liptosa.com Nutriad +32 52 409596 www.nutriad.com

STIF +33 2 41 72 16 80 www.stifnet.com

Silos Cordoba +34 957 325 165 www.siloscordoba.com

Conveyors

JEFO +1 450 799 2000 www.jefo.com

Equipment for sale Vigan Enginnering +32 67 89 50 41 www.vigan.com

Colour sorters BĂźhler AG +41 71 955 11 11 www.buhlergroup.com Satake +81 82 420 8560 www.satake-group.com

Computer software Adifo NV +32 50 303 211 www.adifo.com Format International Ltd +44 1483 726081 www.formatinternational.com

Colour sorters SEA S.r.l. +39 054 2361423 www.seasort.com

Coolers & driers

ExtruTech Inc +1 785 284 2153 www.extru-techinc.com

Event organisers VIV +31 30 295 2772 www.viv.net

Extruders Almex +31 575 572666 www.almex.nl Amandus Kahl +49 40 727 710 www.akahl.de Andritz +45 72 160300 www.andritz.com Brabender +49 203 7788 0 www.brabender.com

Consergra s.l +34 938 772207 www.consergra.com

Buhler AG +41 71 955 11 11 www.buhlergroup.com

Bentall Rowlands +44 1724 282828 www.bentallrowlands.com

FrigorTec GmbH +49 7520 91482-0 www.frigortec.com

Dinnissen BV +31 77 467 3555 www.dinnissen.nl

Chief Industries UK Ltd +44 1621 868944 www.chief.co.uk

Geelen Counterflow +31 475 592315 www.geelencounterflow.com

Ferraz Maquinas e Engenharia +55 16 3615 0055 www.ferrazmaquinas.com.br

Croston Engineering +44 1829 741119 www.croston-engineering.co.uk

Muyang Group +86 514 87848880 www.muyang.com

Silo Construction Engineers +32 51723128 www.sce.be

Wenger Manufacturing +1 785-284-2133 www.wenger.com

Bulk storage

48 | February 2017 - International Aquafeed

IDAH +866 39 902701 www.idah.com Insta-Pro International +1 515 254 1260 www.insta-pro.com

Ottevanger +31 79 593 22 21 www.ottevanger.com

Packaging CB Packaging +44 7805 092067 www.cbpackaging.com

Wenger Manufacturing +1 785-284-2133 www.wenger.com

Palletisers

Pellet binders

Pest control

Pipe systems

Used around

all industrial Plants sectors.

Training Aqua TT +353 1 644 9008 www.aquatt.ie/aquatt-services

Vaccines

Andritz 72 160300 www.andritz.com

Ridgeway Biologicals +44 1635 579516 www.ridgewaybiologicals.co.uk

Visit us! www.pipe-systems.eu+45

Buhler AG +41 71 955 11 11 www.buhlergroup.com FAMSUN +86 514 87848880 www.muyang.com

Probiotics Biomin +43 2782 803 0 www.biomin.net Lallemand + 33 562 745 555 www.lallemandanimalnutrition.com

Safety equipment Rembe +49 2961 740 50 www.rembe.com

Second hand equipment Sanderson Weatherall +44 161 259 7054 www.sw.co.uk

Seedburo +1 312 738 3700 www.seedburo.com

NIR-Online +49 6227 732668 www.nir-online.de

Dishman +31 318 545 754 www.dishman-netherlands.com

Fr. Jacob Sรถhne GmbH & Co. KG, Germany Tel. + 49 (0) 571 95580 | www. jacob-pipesystems.eu

CHOPIN Technologies +33 14 1475045 www.chopin.fr

NIR systems

Shrimp feed additives

Jacob Sohne +49 571 9580 www.jacob-pipesystems.eu

Moisture analysers

Hydronix +44 1483 468900 www.hydronix.com

Dol Sensors +45 721 755 55 www.dol-sensors.com

Rentokil Pest Control +44 0800 917 1987 www.rentokil.co.uk

FineTek Co., Ltd +886 2226 96789 www.fine-tek.com

Doescher & Doescher GmbH +49 4087976770 www.doescher.com

Agromatic +41 55 2562100 www.agromatic.com

PellTech +47 69 11 80 00 www.pelltech.org

BinMaster Level Controls +1 402 434 9102 www.binmaster.com

Vega +44 1444 870055 www.vega.com/uk

Aqualabo +33 2 97 89 25 30 www.aqualabo.fr

Borregaard LignoTech +47 69 11 80 00 www.lignotechfeed.com

Laboratory equipment

Level measurement

Sensors

Akzo Nobel +46 303 850 00 www.bredol.com

Hatchery products

Bastak +90 312 395 67 87 www.bastak.com.tr

Tornum AB +46 512 29100 www.tornum.com

PAYPER, S.A. +34 973 21 60 40 www.payper.com

SPAROS Tel.: +351 249 435 145 Website: www.sparos.pt

Reed Mariculture +1 877 732 3276 www.reed-mariculture.com

Symaga +34 91 726 43 04 www.symaga.com

Ehcolo A/S +45 75 398411 www.ehcolo.com

Jefo

Wynveen International B.V. +31 26 47 90 699 www.wynveen.com

Muyang +86 514 87848880 www.muyang.com

Ugur Makina +90 (364) 235 00 26 www.ugurmakina.com

Aliphos +32 478 210008 www.aliphos.com Aller Aqua +45 70 22 19 10 www.aller-aqua.com

MYSILO +90 382 266 2245 www.mysilo.com

Mondi Group +43 1 79013 4917 www.mondigroup.com

Zheng Chang +86 21 64188282 www.zhengchang.com

Feed and ingredients

Obial +90 382 2662120 www.obial.com.tr

Silos Kepler Weber Group +55 11 4873-0300 www.kepler.com.br

International Aquafeed - February 2017 | 49

Vacuum Wynveen International B.V. +31 26 47 90 699 www.wynveen.com

Weighing equipment Parkerfarm Weighing Systems +44 1246 456729 www.parkerfarm.com

Yeast products ICC, Adding Value to Nutrition +55 11 3093 0753 www.iccbrazil.com Lallemand + 33 562 745 555 www.lallemandanimalnutrition.com Leiber GmbH +49 5461 93030 www.leibergmbh.de Phileo (Lesaffre animal care) +33 3 20 81 61 00 www.lesaffre.fr

To include your company in the International Aquafeed market place in print, and a company page on our website contact Tom Blacker. +44 1242 267700 โ ข tomb@perendale.co.uk

the interview Mr Clifford Spencer Mr Clifford Spencer of the UK is the chairman of the newly-formed ‘Aquaculture without Frontiers’ charity which aims to promote sustainable aquaculture development for the benefit of the public by the relief of poverty and the improvement of the conditions of life in developing and Transition Countries. Currently Mr Spencer leads the Global Biotechnology Transfer Foundation (GBTF), which with support from global organisations, makes up a strong delivery mechanism for the Foundation’s aims. The GBTF was formed with the intervention of the United Nations and is dedicated to promoting the potential for biotechnology to support sustainable, long-term, socio-economic development.

Why is aquaculture so important to an individual who has grown up in land-based agriculture?

When I studied agriculture at university in the UK, which was over 45 years ago, the UK farming industry was in the vanguard of livestock and crop production globally. My own tutors for example were the inventors of the barley beef system of red meat production and it was a time of quantum leaps in understanding of ruminant and single stomached animal farm production as well as the intensification of arable agronomy. I personally spent much time studying the area of linear programming of animal feed rations which was then the latest industry development and which ensured least cost balanced feed rations for pigs, poultry, sheep and cattle. Of particular importance was the feed conversion ratio of animal production, which is the relative efficiency with which the animals diet is converted into meat or milk production.

This efficiency was lowest for intensively fed ruminants (which were in any case animals designed in nature to thrive on good quality grazing pasture) and highest in poultry with sheep and pigs falling between in performance. However at that time I knew absolutely nothing of fish production and in particular both the supreme efficiency of fish to convert feed to meat and I also knew even less of the incredibly high quality of fish protein particularly in oily fish in terms of omega oil quality vital to human health.

This was because although aquaculture is a form of farming, it was kept separate (and still is in the UK) from mainstream land based farming. If I had known about aquaculture I think I might have fattened a few less beef cattle and had a look at fish much earlier in my farming career. The reason – well cattle have a conversion ratio of nearly 8:1 (that is 8 kgs of quality feed ration produces 1 kg of quality meat) whereas fish are nearer 1:1 and super-efficient converters of feed. When you come to considering bi-valves they are filter feeders and therefore scavenge the surrounding water for sustenance and at the same time clean up the environment – so what’s not to like?!

What challenges lie ahead in terms of our evergrowing population?

Well, consider that over 800 million people globally do not have adequate access to safe and nutritious food. Also the world faces a potentially even greater crisis in food security as expected global population growth to over 9 billion is coupled with increasing affluence and urbanisation. Indeed demand for food is forecast to grow by 40 percent to 2030 and 70 percent to 2050. So the farming community has the challenge to meet this demand in ways that are environmentally, socially and economically sustainable, and in the face of global climate change.

Aquaculture fits this challenge of providing the world’s population with a sustainable, secure supply of good quality food from less land and with lower inputs. Also, I feel safe in the knowledge that the human race has evolved from collecting wild fruits, nuts, berries, vegetables and grains and hunting wild animals for food to successfully farming all of these things. So promoting aquaculture, the most efficient animal production known to mankind, for the benefit of future generations and those most in need has proven the next logical step.

What are the aims and objectives of the National Aquaculture Centre (NAC) in the UK and how will that benefit both domestic and foreign aquaculture?

By 2035 the UK population is forecast to be 71 million (people aged 75 and over will grow from 7.9 percent in 2012 to 13 percent in 2037). Increased aquaculture production can contribute to securing future supply, supporting local economies and delivering a carbon-efficient outcome as for instance aquaculture finfish production is “the most efficient animal production by quantity of feed to produced food”.

The NAC will focus on the study and promotion of the “entire value chain of fish and shellfish farming from breeding and physical production techniques to transport and marketing,” The fish and shell fish value chain is subdivided into five principle categories being, Biology and genetics, Nutrition and husbandry, Production systems, Processing and Food product design and preparation. This will all be examined in terms of integration within the value chain, but we will also identify opportunities for developing research and educational programmes.

We want to create the ‘keystone’ to all aquaculture activities in England/UK and enable organisations to engage through sharing knowledge, information, technology and operational know-how through demonstration. Also we want to study water & energy connected through science and industry and with creative and innovative research in food with all of this effort linked to the Seafood, Processing & Education Cluster in the Humber region and beyond. We also want to create a working development farm where the learning opportunities and other activities will be vast –domestically and internationally. Indeed perhaps the greatest scientific question today is the question of how to practice aquacultural research and innovation in ways that lead to development impact.

By creating an efficient sustainable working farm facility which would produce and harvest fish for commercial sale we also secure: • An aquaculture learning centre where skills and education will be shared through linkages to education partners – the main teaching areas are aquaculture, nutrition (human and animal), engineering, basic business, marketing and entrepreneurial skills relating to sustainable food production • an aquaculture technology and innovation ‘science park’ which would encourage aquaculture and marine biotechnology research organisations to engage and connect to Humber region and beyond • a strong conduit to the processing community in the Humber Cluster assisting in the improvement of product development, the value chain and logistics that help producers maximise their prospects • a link to engage people from overseas in gaining working experience, knowledge and skills with the aim that we duplicate such a Centre in as many developing countries as possible.

50 | February 2017 - International Aquafeed

PEOPLE

THE INDUSTRY FACES

Zasha Whiteway-Wilkinson appointed as Sub Editor of International Aquafeed magazine

Z

asha Whiteway-Wilkinson has joined us here at International Aquafeed magazine; she is a Journalism graduate from the University of Gloucestershire, England.

Zasha Whiteway-Wilkinson

“I am very excited to be joining the Perendale publishing team, the opportunity to be a part of endeavours at the forefront of the biggest challenges of our time- feeding an ever-expanding population and making our resources, nutrition and way of life sustainable- is something I am thoroughly looking forward to submerging myself in.

At university I formed two goals; to work with magazines and to make a quantifiable difference with my work. Seemingly hitting the jackpot here at International Aquafeed, I am really looking forward to developing my skills, knowledge and network within the Aquacultural industry. I have always had a special place in my heart for seafood, a love I share with my grandfather, from growing up by the sea in Plymouth, England. Being immersed in all things underwater, from the local aquarium, to crabbing, to the Navy that he and my father served in, it brings a particular personal pleasure to becoming so directly involved in this area.

I have heard many things from my colleagues here at Perendale about what a driven and person orientated industry we’re at the heart of, and I look forward to bringing my skills and drive to this community that supports arguably one of the most integral sectors of nourishing our world.”

Matthew Muller appointed as Industrial Editor at International Aquafeed Magazine

M

atthew Muller of Cheltenham, England, has joined the team here at Perendale Publishers LTD as the new Industrial Editor. Responsible for ensuring the ‘International Milling Directory’ is of a top class standard, Matt graduated from the University of Wales with a Bachelors of Arts Honours degree in Film and Creative Writing.

Matthew Muller

“I am thrilled to be able to use my skill set to deliver high quality content to readers of this magazine and our other publications. Working within an industry that impacts every person on the planet- is not something many people get the opportunity to experience. I have previously worked with DEFRA, during the first foot and mouth epidemic, therefore I feel in a unique position for this role as I am personally familiar with the issues that face the Agricultural community as a whole.”

Matthew has an extensive career background within the IT Sector, with experience spanning over a period of two decades and is a welcome addition to the team here at Perendale.

Extru-Tech hires renowned aquaculture specialist

D

ana Nelson, with his 30 plus years of experience in the aquaculture feed manufacturing industry, has recently joined Extru-Tech Inc. as an Aquaculture Specialist based in Salt Lake City, Utah, where he lives with his wife and four children. He is perhaps best known as one of the three owner/partners in Nelson & Son’s, Inc., the original developers and producers of Silver Cup Feeds. However, after selling the company in 2008 to Skretting USA, where he continued to work for five years, he retired in 2012.

Dana Nelson

Dana planned to spend his days playing golf or skiing, however he quickly discovered that his true talents lay in making aquatic feed. Consequently, he returned to the industry much to the benefit of Extru-Tech’s wide spectrum of aquafeed customers.

Nelson originally planned to attend law school, instead however, he ended up joining his family in the feed mill business. By 1992 he had expanded the company vision and begun building a new facility outside of Salt Lake City with new extrusion lines dedicated specifically to aqua-feed production. Shortly thereafter, Dana and his cousins acquired the company from their parents and developed Silver Cup Feeds.

Dana said “Most of our success revolved around providing our companies the best feed available backed by the best customer service. Looking back, one of our strengths was our vision from different perspectives.”

In a tribute to the Nelsons and Silver Cup in a 2012 issue of The Fish Line, a publication of the Colorado Aquaculture Association, Rick Barrows, USDA Agricultural Service, stated, “Dana’s ability to tweak and reconfigure equipment to make it perform beyond specifications is what has made the Silver Cup products look good, perform well and help stabilise costs to the customers.”

Dana is now bringing that same kind of passion and commitment to Extru-Tech, where he will assist customers with the use of equipment in the production of aquatic feeds.

Nelson commented, “I am quite passionate about aquaculture in general and process equipment specifically, I truly am returning to work because I miss these things and Extru-Tech is a great fit for doing this. I truly hope I can add value to this relationship.”

52 | February 2017 - International Aquafeed

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