November | December 10 - International Aquafeed by Perendale Publishers Ltd

Vo l u m e 1 3 I s s u e 6 2 0 1 0

Seaweeds as Ingredients in Aquatic Feeds

A new and revolutionary type of feather meal for fish feed New dimension in the production of hygienized feed meal Chromium - the forgotten mineral that plays an essential role in the utilization

the international magazine for the aquaculture feed industry

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AQUA

FEED

CONTENTS

An international magazine for the aquaculture feed industry

Aqua News Aquaculture: A fast growing food producing sector Kiotech International invests UK£2m in new plant, production and office facilities Bulldog – belt alignment & rip detection switch BC's salmon farms: Well-managed and sustainable Courtney Hough receives highest EAS award Another year of healthy fish on BC salmon farms Trapia Malaysia selects TenCate Aquagrid® containment system to ensure profitability while protecting the environment Rapid uptake of fishmeal certification programme Global NIR forage calibrations Bluewave PerfectDigestTM Peptides receive GMP certification New contract for AKVA Group

4 4 5 5 6 6 7 8 8 9 9

Seaweed Seaweeds as Ingredients in Aquatic Feeds

Feathers A new and revolutionary type of feather meal for fish feed

Feed meal New dimension in the production of hygienized feed meal

Show review Aquaculture Europe 2010

THE AQUAFEED PHOTOSHOOT

23 24

Industry profiles Company profiles from around the world

Shrimp farming Dishman Netherlands expands its sphere of influence by providing critical ingredients to the shrimp farming industry

Chromium Chromium the forgotten mineral that plays an essential role in the utilization of carbohydrates in mirror carp (Cyprinus carpio) diets

Feed management Feed management in an intensive shrimp farming system with bioflocs

Perendale

The Aquaculturist. A regular look inside the aquaculture industry

Book Reviews

CLASSIFIED ADVERTS

AQUA EVENTS

IAF WEB LINKS

Publishers Ltd

International Aquafeed is published six times a year by Perendale Publishers Ltd of the United Kingdom. All data is published in good faith, based on information received, and while every care is taken to prevent inaccuracies, the publishers accept no liability for any errors or omissions or for the consequences of action taken on the basis of information published. ©Copyright 2010 Perendale Publishers Ltd. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means without prior permission of the copyright owner. Printed by Perendale Publishers Ltd. ISSN: 1464-0058

EDITOR’S DESK

have just returned from a hectic week in Porto, Portugal, with colleagues including four PhD students and Dr Daniel Merrifield attending the European Aquaculture Society EAS 2010 meeting. I report briefly in this issue on the conference venue and we have a photo shoot giving you a perspective and flavour of the attendance and conference theme. The main focus was on sea farming with a range of fish and crustacean species addressed. Topics were broad but fish nutrition and feeding was well covered with many trade stands and booths providing examples of new products and exciting innovations in feed technology. Novel feed additives and ingredients were in good evidence from European and US manufacturers.

Editor Professor Simon Davies Tel: +44 1242 267706 Email: simond@aquafeed.co.uk

Associate Editor Professor Krishen Rana Tel: +44 1242 267706 Email: krishenr@aquafeed.co.uk

Editorial Advisory Panel: • Abdel-Fattah M. El-Sayed (Egypt) • Professor António Gouveia (Portugal) • Colin Mair (UK) • Dr Daniel Merrifield (UK) • Dr Dominique Bureau (Canada) • Dr Elizabeth Sweetman (Greece) • Dr Kim Jauncey (UK) • Eric De Muylder (Belgium) International Marketing Manager Caroline Wearn Tel: +44 1242 267706 Email: carolinew@aquafeed.co.uk Subscription & Circulation Manager Tuti Tan Tel: +44 1242 267706 Email: tutit@aquafeed.co.uk Production Manager Nicky Barnes Tel: +44 1242 267706 Email: nickyb@aquafeed.co.uk

In this edition of IAF we are pleased to include an article on a new seaweed ingredient showing much promise as a feed additive based on successful preliminary trials with salmon. Being Welsh I love seaweed and bara lawr (lava bread) is a traditional seaweed mixture with oats and flour, fried for breakfast and sure to boost ones’ iodine intake as well as many other important minerals and nutrients. I was always told by my grandmother how good it was for you. However, the product based on seaweed described for fish may help fish health performance through improved gut function and disease resistance with the added advantage of enhancing taste and consumer acceptance of farmed salmon using more natural ingredients. We report on an old favourite feather meal as a protein source for aquafeeds with work being undertaken to refine this product through technical advances allowing better nutritional value as a consequence of careful drying temperatures and processing methods. The need to obtain more hygienic ingredients with less risk from bacterial contamination and presence of yeasts and moulds is discussed from an expert point of view using new drying and cooling systems at the industrial level. This article from Buhler group has very important implications for safer and more environmentally friendly products meeting high specificity criteria. Critical ingredients bespoken for the shrimp aquafeed sector is discussed in a detailed review with special considerations of the unique cholesterol requirements for such species which is a well-known factor.

A paucity for information

Although we fish nutrition researchers have largely defined the major micronutrient requirements for fish and all macro and trace element requirements for growth and metabolic function are described in the scientific literature, there is still a paucity of information for specific ultimate trace minerals. Indeed such strangers as chromium, vanadium, and even nickel, lithium, aluminium, zirconium and scandium may have functionality at extremely small levels for some animals. My PhD student Arafat Ahmad reports on our discoveries alluding to a definite requirement for additional chromium in diets for carp, which relates to their abilities to metabolize carbohydrates for energy and assimilation for growth in juvenile mirror carp. There is strong evidence for a beneficial effect in terms growth and feed utilisation as well as metabolic enzyme activities under experimental conditions. The significance to other omnivorous and herbivorous fishes would be quite interesting and we would need to revise mineral premix formulations in the future to accommodate these findings. This would lead to a possible mine- field of associated legislative hurdles to seek approval in food fish diets if such minerals became acceptable on the basis of scientific evidence. Chromium is already noted by clinicians as having a role in modulating type II diabetes in humans and supplements such as chromium picolinate are available in health food stores, chromium is understood to promote enhanced production in many farm animals but is not presently permitted for inclusion within aquafeeds in Europe or the USA except for specific countries such as in parts of Asia. As always there is much to learn and appreciate in this growing field, so enjoy our current edition.

Design & Page Layout James Taylor Tel: +44 1242 267706 Email: jamest@aquafeed.co.uk More information: Website: www.aquafeed.co.uk

November-December 2010 2 | International AquaFeed | November-December 2010

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Robert Wyvill at work

Aquaculture:

A fast growing food producing sector

ccounting for more than half the fish supply for human consumption, aquaculture is the world’s fastest growing food producing sector and this growth is likely to continue. Scotland is the second largest producer in the world and the largest in the EU; there are around 260 aquaculture businesses in Scotland, which employ approximately 2200 people. Aquaculture accounts for almost 40 percent of food export from Scotland each year*. The aquaculture industr y is part of the land-based and environmental sector, represented by Lantra Sector Skills Council. Willie Ferguson, Lantra’s National Director said, “Worldwide fish stocks are declining each year, yet there is increasing consumer demand for fish. Aquaculture production helps supplement and

replenish the wild reserves in order to satisfy this demand.” Due to this increased production, employment demands in aquaculture are forecast to increase, with a need to attract new entrants while also retaining current staff. Robert Wyvill has worked in the aquaculture industry since he was just 14 years old, initially on a parttime basis and then choosing to pursue a career in the industry. He is currently employed as a farming technician with Marine Harvest Ltd. Enjoying the diversity of his job, Robert said, “Each day is different, some days I’m looking after the salmon and involved in feeding, grazing, harvesting or sampling the fish; others days I could be operating the barge, or undertaking forklift work.” With an increasing need for skills, the aquaculture industry is initi-

ating a programme of best practice and has developed National Occupational Standards which can be used by employers to highlight best practice, identify the skills needed, develop training and recruitment plans and develop job descriptions. A Modern Apprenticeship at level 3 is currently available, with a qualification at level 2 under development; this programme allows an apprentice to develop their skills and career whilst being paid on the job. “Skills are becoming more and more important, with a real need for planning and good awareness of safety regulations, as well as good communication skills and confidence in what you do. “The availability of training within the industry is good, and over the years I’ve attended a number of courses, which have ranged from

chemical handling, gas awareness and onsite training for tool awareness right through to leadership.” “I’ve also realised that it’s important to learn the theory behind the practice and recently completed an SVQ Level 2 in Aquaculture, and I’m just about to star t an SVQ Level 3. Alongside this I am also studying for a degree in Environmental Science through the Open University; I hope to put this learning to progressing my career opportunities.” Willie Fergusson concluded, “With climate change comes a prediction of water scarcity and a reduction in global productive land. We need to use our marine resources more effectively to feed the world’s population, and that means through aquaculture.” More

information

Website: www.lantra.co.uk

Kiotech International invests UK£2m in new plant, production and office facilities

iotech, the international supplier of natural high performance feed additives to enhance growth, health and sustainability in agriculture and aquaculture, has invested UK£2million primarily into new production facilities and office space at its Manton Wood facility. The investment includes the purchase of the property, building new production capacity, refur-

bishing the warehouse and doubling the office space available. “The investment in production has been made to ensure we maximise the efficiency of the plant,” says Kiotech International chief executive Richard Edwards.

“We are moving towards seven day, 24-hour working and the new production line will give us capacity for growth.” Manton Wood is the UK headquarters of Optivite, one of the largest independent animal nutrition

4 | International AquaFeed | November-December 2010

and feed additive businesses in the United Kingdom, which was acquired by Kiotech International in September 2009. T h e c o m b i n e d c o m p a ny recently announced half year results which indicated that the integration of the two businesses was progressing well and reported sales up three times at UK£11.08m and profits up 157 percent at UK£0.77m.

Aqua News

Bulldog – belt alignment & rip detection switch

B Braime Elevator Components have launched the new 4B Bulldog belt alignment and rip detection switch. This electro-mechanical system has been designed to detect dangerous misalignment of the conveyor and also detection of belt tear damage. The switch will detect horizontal misalignment of belts when contact is made with the roller; the roller arm will be forced to pivot by the belt activating a switch at 15º to trigger an alarm, and 30º to trigger a shut down procedure of the

c o n v e y o r. The sensors are usually installed in pairs on opposite sides of the belt. A steel flexible wire is set below the running conveyor belt approx 20-30mm attached by a rare earth magnet at each end. If the belt is ripped or damaged the wire is pulled away releasing the magnet connection which

in turn will activate a switch. The Bulldog’s robust design makes it suitable for the use in heavy-duty applications such as quarrying and mining. It is easy to install and doesn’t need calibrating. The Bulldog is compatible with 4B’s CBS2 belt alignment monitor and the Watchdog Elite monitoring system. It has been

BC's salmon farms: Well-managed and sustainable

he highs and lows of wild salmon populations cannot be explained by one single cause - and the BC Salmon Farmers Association is eager to be part of a larger discussion about what the real issues are. "We have seen large variations in wild salmon populations as our farm operations remain the same," says Mary Ellen Walling, Executive Director of the BC Salmon Farmers Association. “For example - there was no significant difference in operations between the poor Sockeye return of 2009 and the triumphant return in 2010. "That tells us that more needs to be considered as we talk about

the challenges faced by BC's wild salmon," she says. The BC Salmon Far mer s Association has been granted standing for the Cohen Commission Inquir y into the decline of Fraser River Sockeye Salmon. Along with groups representing a wide range of interests, they will be participating in the evidentiar y hearings beginning October 25, 2010 to share information about their operations and research, as well as correct erroneous claims. The message from antisalmon farm activists during a recent campaign oversimplifies a complex situation. It ignores any effects rising water temperatures, failed plankton blooms, extraordi-

nary algae blooms, logging, mining, development in watershed areas, fisheries and fisheries management or other issues have on the life-cycle of BC's salmon. All of these items are on the list of things Justice Bruce Cohen will be investigating. In the meantime, BC's salmon farmers continue to grow a healthy product in a sustainable way, while leading the way in research and development and working with environmental groups and the community to find answers to industry questions. "Salmon farming is a highly-regulated industry that is continually improving," adds Ms Walling. "We believe that our well-

ONLINE ARCHIVE Our readers can find an archive of back issue's on the aquafeed website. We also make individual features available to view and download

www.aquafeed.co.uk/archive.php November-December 2010 | International AquaFeed | 5

approved for use in hazardous areas according to ATEX. 4B Braime Elevator Components is a leading supplier of level controls, intelligent sensors and safety control systems that prevent costly downtime and minimise the risk of explosion in hazardous areas. More

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4B Braime Elevator Components Hunslet Road, Leeds LS10 1JZ United Kingdom Tel: +44 113 2461800 Fax: +44 113 2435021 Email: 4b-uk@go4b.com Website: www.go4b.com

managed businesses can relieve pressure on wild stocks while contributing to local economies." The BC salmon farming industry, represented by the BCSFA, employs roughly 6,000 people directly and indirectly, contributing US$800-million to the provincial economy. Farmed salmon is the province's largest agricultural export. More

information:

Mary Ellen Walling  Executive Director British Columbia Salmon Farmers Association #302 - 871 Island Highway Campbell River, BC V9W 2C2, Canada Tel: +1 250 2861636 x223 Fax: +1 250 2861574 Email: mwalling@salmonfarmers.org Website: www.salmonfarmers.org

Aqua News

Courtney Hough receives highest EAS award

t the opening session of the Aquaculture Europe 2010 event, organised by the European Aquaculture Society (EAS) in Porto, Portugal, Cour tney Hough, general secretar y of the Federation of European Aquaculture Producers (FEAP), was presented with an Honorar y Life Membership of EAS. Honorary Life Membership is the highest EAS award and is given to those persons that have had a marked impact on the development of European aquaculture. Since 1981, EAS has bestowed this award on only eight persons, including G Ravagnan (Italy, since 1981), Dr E Monten (Sweden, since 1987 †), Dr Bernard Chevassus-au-Louis (France, since 1989), Dr Eric Edwards (UK, since 1991), Peter Hjul (UK, since 1993 †), Prof Trygve Gjedrem (Norway, since 1995), Mr J Bally (Martinique, since 1997) and most recently in 2000, Dr Colin Nash (USA). The award was presented by the EAS 2008-2010 President Selina Stead, who kept the

audience waiting as long as possible before announcing the winner. Selina described Courtneys’ many contributions to European aquaculture, notably his role in the transformation of the Federation Européenne de Salmoniculture in 1994 to become the FEAP of today; his Courtney Hough with EAS Presidents positioning of aquaculSelina Stead (2008-2010) and Yves ture in the European Harache (2010-2012). Commission Advisory Committee on Fisheries and tion with the sector. This led to Aquaculture; in encouraging the the EU initiatives Aquaflow and Commission to make the first then on to Profet, PRofet Policy aquaculture strategy in 2002 and and Aquainnova. Moving from his ongoing support of aquacul- dissemination to integrating best ture issues to expert hearings to governance and policy developthe Committee on Fisheries of the ment with research needs. As Selina Stead pointed out, European Parliament. In the mid 1990s – Patrick Lavens “Cour tney has also been a (EAS President at the time), long term suppor ter of EAS Melanie Mercer (then Director through aquaculture dissemof AquaTT) and Mario Pedini ination projects that go back (FAO) identified with Courtney to AquaFlow in 1998 and the need for dissemination and continue today, 12 years later, research and better communica- with AquaInnova. He has always

been a ver y strong advocate of multi-disciplinar y research especially that carried out for and with the industry sector. I don’t think that there is anyone in this room, or even outside it, that can dispute the fact that this indeed represents exceptional ser vice to the development of the sector and in furthering EAS objectives.” Judging from the appreciation showed by the audience, Courtney Hough was a deserving and popular awardee.

Another year of healthy fish on BC salmon farms

he latest in audited fish health repor ts from the provincial government has been released to the public -showing another year of healthy fish on BC's salmon farms. "We know that our farms are well managed and that our fish as well cared for - so it's good to see the province confirm that information for the public," said Mary Ellen Walling, Executive Director of the BC Salmon Farmer s Association. "It's another year to add to a strong record of good fish health." The 2009 Annual Fish Health Repor t from the Ministr y of Agriculture and Lands' animal health branch confirms that farms are following their fish health management

plans, that their reports are accurate reflections of the status of farms and that farms are well managed for disease and sea lice. There were no cases of exotic disease such as ISA. Any causes of death were found to be naturally occurring pathogens from the natural environment. Sea lice numbers prove that farms are managing them according to provincial regulation, ensuring that lice levels are very low, particularly during the wild salmon migration. "Our consistent farm operations throughout years of fluctuations in wild salmon returns show that it is not salmon farming that is responsible for record returns or failures of wild stocks," said Walling. "These fish health reports simply

show that a well-managed industry can operate in harmony with the natural environment." The 2009 record which the provincial government recently posted repor ts on their own samples and auditing of the industry's records. The industry continues to monitor, sample and report as required and the provincial government continues to receive those reports. In the spring of this year, industry decided to move to a third party audit system in order to maintain consistency during transition of regulatory authority to the federal government. Despite a request to participate from industry, the provincial government has chosen to not take part in the new audit program,

6 | International AquaFeed | November-December 2010

which is now underway. Their site inspections continue. The BCSFA represents 6000 people working directly and indirectly in the salmon farming industr y, which contr ibutes US$800-million to the provincial economy each year. For

more information:

Website: www.salmonfarmers.org To read the 2009 fish health report, visit: http://www.al.gov.bc.ca/ahc/ fish_health/index.htm

Do you have a news story that you would like to see in our pages. Send press releases to: nickyb@aquafeed.co.uk

Trapia Malaysia selects TenCate Aquagrid containment system ®

to ensure profitability while protecting the environment

fter researching a wide array of cage netting to farm their tilapia in, Trapia Malaysia Sdn Bhd selected the Aquagrid® Containment System because - it met and exceeded their operational objectives for net strength and resistance to bio-fouling. Headquartered in Ipoh in the State of Perak, Malaysia, their eco-friendly farm operates in the pristine rainforest-fed, freshwater lakes of Tasik Temenggor of the Perak River system. Trapia's management sought to protect this unique grow-out environment by searching for

a cage system that would keep their tilapia in and the predators out while ensuring profitability and minimising environmental impacts. Tilapias have the annoying habit of grazing on cage netting, damaging the fibres of traditional netting but the coating on the Aquagrid® containment system prevents this from happening. In addition, to escape- and predator-proof netting, Trapia also required netting that was more resistant to bio-fouling and would last longer than traditional materials used for aquaculture, such as nylon.

Aquagrid® netting's semirigid, PVC coated polyester material and special design makes it up to 100 percent stronger than nylon or polyester and eliminates the use of antifouling products which can leach into the surrounding water. The Aquagrid® containment system's LiftUP® Mortality Retrieval System, designed to fit the special conical bottoms of the Aquagrid® cages, collects mortalities, unconverted feed and feces and pumps them to the surface for disposal, ensuring the waters Trapia operates in are kept clean and safe for future generations of fish. Trapia COO Alejandro Tola is very

impressed with the performance of the Aquagrid® cages since their installation in November 2008. "The nets are ver y easy to clean by simple brushing and the strength of the material is definitely keeping away and avoiding breakins from carnivorous species in the lake. The logistics consequences of this are huge," he says. More

information:

TenCate Industrial Fabrics 365 South Holland Drive Pendergrass, Georgia 30567 USA Tel: +1 706 6932226 Fax: +1 706 6934400 Website: www.aquagrid.com

Drying Profitability. Superior finished product with energy consumption reduced up to 20%. Industry leading AirFlow II technology literally smashed dryer efficiency standards when introduced. This exclusive technology simply operates at the highest efficiency today. Efficiencies accomplished through the ability to independently manage air flows and temperatures within each dryer zone have taken product quality to levels that benefit customers in every corner of the world. How we manage energy today will determine the kind of world we live in tomorrow. What started as pure innovation at Extru-Tech has grown into dryer/cooler technology that an entire industry now uses to gauge efficiency. Now that’s innovation driven by Extru-Tech.

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November-December 2010 | International AquaFeed | 7

12/18/09 10:26:40 AM

Aqua News Rapid uptake of fishmeal certification programme

New By-products module added • IFFO programme hits the mark with retailers and wholesalers

ore than 20 percent of the world’s fishmeal and oil production capacity has achieved cer tification – only a year after the International Fishmeal and Fish Oil Organisation launched its Global Standard for Responsible Supply (IFFO-RS). Further factories are currently under assessment and more applications are in the pipeline.

Ahead of its annual conference in Beijing (October 25-28, 2010), IFFO has announced that, as of end September 2010, there were 47 fully certified factories in four countries utilising six approved fisheries. These together represent more than one-fifth of world production of fishmeal and fish oil, all now with the assurance of being independently assessed for responsible sourcing and responsible production.

The Responsible Supply (RS) Standard initially applied only to the sourcing of whole fish, which make up 75 percent of raw material used for fishmeal and fish oil production. This week IFFO also announced the extension of the RS to cover the remaining 25 percent - byproduct raw material (trimmings from seafood processing) - which are recycled by the industry into fishmeal and fish oil. In addition, IFFO is now piloting a Chain of Custody extension to its Standard, which will enable companies further along the supply chain for fishmeal and fish oil (and their products) to apply for IFFO-RS certification. “IFFO, and more importantly, the aquaculture industry and seafood sector, are very pleased with this rapid uptake,” said director general Jonathan Shepherd. “Wholesalers and retailers are queuing up to offer support, with Birds Eye Iglo and Sainsbur y’s both addressing our members at the Beijing conference. Traders and processors are asking for the RS programme to be extended to cover their section of the chain of custody once it is formally adopted into the Standard.

“The whole supply chain sees credible sourcing credentials as essential to reassure consumers, build sales and brand values, maintain their reputation and to ensure food security. Many retailers and wholesalers have pledged to supply only certified seafood within one to three years and regard the industry’s commitment to the IFFO-RS as a substantial step in the right direction,” said Dr Shepherd. IFFO-RS is a Business-toBusiness certification programme that enables a compliant factory to demonstrate that it responsibly sources its raw material from well-managed fisheries and responsibly conver ts that into pure and safe products. The Standard is set by a multistakeholder Technical Advisor y Committee (TAC) including fish farmers, seafood processors, retailers, marine conser vation NGOs and fishmeal producers. Applicant factories and their raw materials are audited by an independent ISO 65:1996 accredited certification body. Whole fish used must come from fisheries managed under the key elements of the UN Food and Agriculture Or ganisation (FAO) Code of Conduct for Responsible

Fisheries, and IUU* fish are excluded. By-product material must come from fish that were intended for human consumption and from species, which are not on the International Union for Conser vation of Nature (IUCN) Red List as endangered species. Fishmeal and fish oil must be manufactured under a recognised quality control scheme to ensure product safety and purity. “The IFFO-RS has already addressed the two critical areas of concern to the value chain – source of raw material and safety in supply,” said Dr Shepherd. “But it remains a work in progress, constantly being developed with the ultimate goal of playing its part in demonstrating a fully sustainable industry – economically, socially and environmentally.” The full RS Standard and a list of factories, which have achieved certification can be found on the IFFO web site at www.iffo.net click on IFFO RS in the main navigation bar. The factories cer tified to date are located in Peru, Iceland, Denmark and the United States. IFFO follows certification protocol of not releasing details of applicants or of those factories, which applied but failed to achieve the Standard.

Global NIR forage calibrations

erten Instruments offers new global forage calibrations for the DA7200 NIR Analysis System. Calibrations encompass fresh and dried forages that provide a complete nutritional profile of forage quality parameters.

With an analysis time of only six seconds, the DA7200 and the new calibrations offer many benefits for forage analysis. Unlike other NIR instruments, the DA7200 can analyze for age samples as they are no grinding required.

The calibrations include fresh and dried/ ground samples and accurately predict samples in both states. The calibrations are based on several thousand forage samples from around the world. The six second analysis time allows customers to increase lab capacity and efficiency. Analyze more samples - more quickly and accurately. Additionally, a Feed Calibration package is available for those

8 | International AquaFeed | November-December 2010

labs or feed mills requiring grain, feed and forage analysis. More

information:

Stefan Tordenmalm Business Area Manager – Feed Perten Instruments AB PO Box 5101 141 05 Kungens Kurva Sweden Tel: +46 8 880990 Fax: +46 8 881210 Email: stordenmalm@perten.com Website: www.perten.com

Aqua News

Bluewave PerfectDigest Peptides receive GMP certification

luewave Marine Ingredients is pleased to announce that its joint venture oper ation in Manta, Ecuador (with Marine Protein) has received its GMP cer tification from the globally r e c o g n i s e d S G S c o m p a ny. Cer tificate EC10/216303 was awarded October 5, 2010 and is valid for three years subject to satisfactor y sur veillance audits. Felipe Elias, SGS manager for Latin America says, “The ability to provide exper t evaluations of food/feed facilities is impor tant to international tr ading companies as they rely on independent audits such as this to assure that remotely sourced ingredients meet critical processing standards.” “This is an impor tant milestone for the Bluewave Ecuador site – as it assures the wor ld that PerfectDigestTM Peptides are made according to sanitar y requirements for both human and animal consumption applications” states Mar k Rottmann, COO for Bluewave. “We recently passed the 1000 tonne mark in terms of peptide production, this registration will allow us to fur ther

expand into cr itical expor t markets.” One percent inclusion of peptides has been shown to play an impor tant role in gut development of young animals and show improved breast meat ratios in poultr y. With the advance of organic and antibiotic-free far ming, naturally produced peptides offer alter native ingredients to greatly improve FCR and animal growth. Additionally, the BSE issue allows fish based peptides to function as a replacement for traditional Plasma Proteins in swine diets (at competitive pr ices). In aquaculture , fish peptides have proven to allow reduced inclusions of fishmeal in adult diets and are excellent attractants for shrimp feeds. The science of fish peptides is star ting to reach the growers and producers. More

FOR FISHMEAL REPLACEMENT

information:

Andrea Jiménez Bluewave Marine Ingredients Av La Encalada 1388 Office #1101 Lima 33 Peru Tel: +511 437 1555 Email: Andrea.Jimenez @Bluewaveperu.com Website: www.bluewaveperu.com/ research.htm

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November-December 2010 | International AquaFeed | 9

F: Seaweed

Seaweeds as Ingredients in Aquatic Feeds by Dr Stefan Kraan and Colin Mair, Ocean Harvest Technology, Milltown, Ireland

owdered seaweed or seaweed flour is already used as an ingredient in terrestrial and aquatic feeds. The seaweed is usually a single species and publications over the years have demonstrated a range of benefits - for instance improved resistance to viral and bacterial pathogens.

There are many species of seaweed and they contribute a wide range of ‘micronutrient’ benefits as well as a reasonable quantity of protein with a good amino acid balance and oil with high n-3 content. The polysaccharides in seaweeds contribute to animal health in several ways, helping for Table: Table 1: Proximate example Analysis to promote gut % health. It is also theoMoisture Content 10% retically Crude Protein 12% possible Crude Fat/Lipid 4% to replace all of the Crude Fibre 5% added preAsh 18%

mix nutrients with seaweed, thereby making The fish were mixed-sex Atlantic Salmon a feed that is entirely ‘chemical free’. The smolts with a starting weight of 145gms.The seaweed powder described is a carefully baltwo diets each had three replicates, each anced mix from several species of seaweed, replicate being 625 fish (making allowance this product being made by Ocean Harvest for post transfer mortalities) in 5.25m2 Technology Ltd with the name ‘Oceanfeed®’. cages, six cages in total with a target starting number of 3600 fish in total. Each cage After several years of research it is now was fitted with Sterner feeders controlpossible to achieve a ‘chemical free’ feed led by an Aquasmart AQ300 adaptive feed by adding sustainably harvested seaweeds. control system. Fish were fed to satiation, This concept has been recently tested on Atlantic Salmon with some very interesting results not only in terms of Table 2: Amino acid profile of the protein from the effect of the seaweed enhanced feed the seaweed mix but also what can be achieved through Amino Requirement Oceanfeed® careful husbandry. Acid

Trial protocol The trial was run at the Trial Feed Unit owned and operated by Marine Harvest (Scotland) at Loch Eilort, 40 miles north of Fort William on the Scottish west coast. The feeds, both reference and test, were manufactured by EWOS (UK) Ltd at their processing unit in Westfield, Scotland. Thanks are extended to both companies for the very professional, thorough and helpful way they contributed to this trial.

Met(+Cys)

1.4-2.6

Lys

4.8

Trp

0.6

Thr

2.0

4.5-6.8

Ile

2.0

2.3-3.6

His

1.6

1.2-2.1

Val

5.3

4.0-5.1

Leu

3.6

4.6-6.7

Arg

4.4

4.3-8.7

2.7(5.3)

5.0-7.1

Phe(+Tyr)

10 | International AquaFeed | November-December 2010

1.7(3.3)

3.5-4.4 0-0.3

F: Seaweed Table 3: Table 4: counts, pigmentalight regime foltion, lipid content lowed natural Fatty Acid % of Total Vitamin Oceanfeed® Fish Feed Units Lipid and profile, flesh photoperiod flavour and flesh and water temVitamin A Retinol 1000 3000 IU/kg texture. perature was 14.0 1.1-4.99 Vitamin B1 1-5 30 mg/kg S a m p l e s ambient. 14.1(n-5) 0.29-0.93 Vitamin B2 5-10 45 mg/kg of whole guts The cages 16.0 8.21-33.41 were taken for were inspected Vitamin B6 0.1-0.5 45 mg/kg 16.1(n-7) 1.02-2.46 microbiological daily for signs Vitamin B12 100-6300 0.08 mg/kg evaluation and of fouling and 16.4(n-3) 2.25-14.63 Vitamin C 50-1650 188 mg/kg samples of lower damage and, 18.0 0.53-5.64 Vitamin D3 1000-2000 1000 IU/kg intestine were when required, 18.1(n-9) 0.67-5.96 Vitamin E 260-450 188 mg/kg taken (being were lifted 18.1(n-7) 3.04-12.79 immediately periodically for Vitamin K 10 30 mg/kg 18.2(n-6) 0.63-5.47 fixed in buffpower washing. ered formalin) for histological Te m p e r a t u r e feed in the trials. First looking at Proximate 18.3(n-3) 3.1-11.14 examination. and salinity Analysis (see Table1): 18.4(n-3) 1.62-20.44 Scottish Quality Cuts (SQC’s) were recorded Now look at the amino acid profile of 20.5(n-3) 0.44-3.25 of flesh were taken for lipid analyat five and 10 the protein from the seaweed mix. (see 22.5(n-3) 0.4-1.84 sis, lipid profile, protein analysis metres depth Table 2) and pigment analysis. Thanks are on a daily basis Although the total crude lipid from extended to the Institute of Aquaculture, (note the cages were five metres deep), the Oceanfeed ® is low at four percent, University of Stirling, for its assistance in and mortalities were recorded on a daily the fatty acid profile of this lipid is analysing samples. basis. very interesting, as can be seen in Fish were sampled and assessed against Table 3. standard farming KPI’s (Key Performance The vitamin profile of the seaweed mix Analysis of seaweed Indicators). Evaluation included growth rate, is equally interesting, compared to a typical The following shows typical analytifeed conversion ratio (FCR), condition facfish feed (see Table 4). cal profiles for the mixture of seaweeds tor, yield, pigmentation, fat analysis, lice Finally, the mineral profile of Oceanfeed®, (Oceanfeed®) used to make the salmon

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November-December 2010 | International AquaFeed | 11

F: Seaweed Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR)

Table 5:

Mineral

Oceanfeed®

Fish Feed

Units

Manganese

60-347

9.0

mg/kg

Iron

622-1372

27.0

mg/kg

Zinc

12-37

54.0

mg/kg

Copper

4-10

18.0

mg/kg

Iodine

160-780

0.9

Selenium

0.3-1.0

0. 15

Calcium

2,100-7,100

2,000

Molybdate

2-10

0.08

Vitamin K

again compared to a typical fish feed, is shown in Table 5.

Formulation of feed for the trials The reference feed was an Organic Salmon feed and the test feed was a very simple feed containing fishmeal, fish oil, Oceanfeed® and wheat. Note that no premixes, pigments or any other ‘chemical’ additives were used in the test feed. The organic feed had included premixes with typical levels of vitamins, minerals and pigment.

Growth rates The Phase 1 diet was fed until October 2009 from June 2009. As expected the proximate gap between the two formulations produced a higher level of growth in the reference population. Diets were switched in October 2009 through to June 2010, with test diet having 15 percent Oceanfeed ®. This diet had same protein as the reference diet, but oil content of the Oceanfeed® diet was still lower. Despite this growth

rate of the Oceanfeed® fish accelerated with a cumulative difference showing mg/kg Oceanfeed ® diet having 14 mg/kg percent higher growth rate mg/kg than the Organic Diet. The mg/kg differences in proximate analysis are an expected issue when squeezing short runs of product into a busy commercial mill, but despite this performance of the Oceanfeed® diet is significantly better. mg/kg

The FCR for the organic diet was 0.979kg feed per kg whole fish. For the Oceanfeed® diet FCR was 0.957kg feed per kg whole fish, 0.025 percent better than the reference diet. The yield of fish were different, where fish are weighed, gutted and weighed again. Gutted weight as a percentage of whole fish weight is percent yield. For the organic diet this was 88.44 percent. For the Oceanfeed® diet this was 89.83 percent. If FCR is calculated looking at the weight of gutted fish per kg of feed this difference in yield shows a further gap between the two diets. This FCR proc. number was 1.19kg feed per kg gutted fish for the organic diet and 1.16kg feed per kg gutted fish for the OceanfeedTM Diet, a difference of 2.6 percent.

Stock average weight difference The second phase of the feeding trials adjusted the diet for several reasons, one being the difficulty in making a feed robust enough to sustain physical stresses of handling in a traditional feed plant, where the first feed tended to break up in handling, resulting in lower growth rates and high stock average weight difference.When the feed was changed

Table: 6 Proximate Analysis, carried out at the University of Stirling

Oceanfeed®

Organic

Phase 1

Phase 2

Phase 1

Phase 2

Moisture Content %

11.24

11.2

6.59

6.6

Protein Content %

42.14

43.3

43.09

43.2

Oil Content %

22.61

2.8

24.78

25.0

Ash Content %

17.56

15.9

10.92

10.9

Fibre Content %

1.03

2.0

3.15

3.6

Carbohydrate Content %

6.94

9.0

13.09

13.1

Total n-6 PUFA % of oil

3.23

3.43

4.28

4.18

Total n-3 PUFA % of oil

30.15

29.87

25.95

24.00

Total PUFA % of oil

37.93

37.71

32.08

30.1

Note: that two production runs of the feeds were made. The first batch of test diet had 25% of Oceanfeed® and the second batch 15%. The consequence of running a small trial batch of product on a large plant led to the first batch having lower protein and lower oil than the reference diet. Also during handling and storage the first batch tended to break up into small pieces. For these reasons the second batch was formulated with 15% Oceanfeed® which made a stronger product. The reformulation also brought back protein and oil to similar levels when compared to the reference product.

12 | International AquaFeed | November-December 2010

F: Seaweed to a much more physically robust feed it was interesting to monitor improved growth rates (14 percent better than reference) and a significant drop in average weight difference, as show in the following graph. The OceanfeedTM average fish weight at this time was 4.065kg, with fish growing 14 percent faster than reference and FCR 2.6 percent lower (or better).

Flavour and texture A focus group was selected from a group of individuals experienced in organoleptic evaluation of salmon. A score chart was constructed so that the fish could be marked on a points basis from 1 (excellent) to 5 (poor). The evaluation criteria were appearance, texture, colour, smell and taste for both raw and cooked fillets of salmon. The OceanfeedTM fish scored 2.1 and the organic-feed fish scored 3.0, with all panellists noting a significant improvement in the OceanfeedTM fish on taste and texture.

Mortality Of the populations of 1800 fish on each diet OceanfeedTM scored 19 mortalities

and the organic diet scored "Comment about flesh texture and flavour 53 mortalities. There was a consistent pattern throughafter cooking was that the Oceanfeed速 out the trial with no single salmon had a lighter more delicate flavour factor being responsible for the mortalities. This is with no oily overtone, the flavour being 1.09 percent mortalities for OceanfeedTM and 2.9 similar to wild caught salmon." percent for the organic feed. Anecdotal observation suggest that the OceanfeedTM fish were post mortem. The samples were sectioned healthier and more active, for instancing and stained at the University of Stirling. The reviving much more quickly from anaesfollowing pictures show a healthy crossthetic when being sampled for length and section of the intestinal lumen, with the weight measurement. Table 7: Weight gain ratios Intestinal Seaweed Reference Difference morphology Diet Diet Samples of intestine were taken at mid-point and were dropped into buffered formalin immediately

Starting Weight (g)

162

158

Weight at 4 weeks (g)

348

372

6.9%

Weight at 14 weeks (g)

809

964

19.2%

Weight at 22 weeks (g)

1,108

1,301

17.4%

Weight at 24 weeks (g)

1,380

1,640

18.8%

Weight at 40 weeks (g)

3,111

3,279

5.4%

November-December 2010 | International AquaFeed | 13

F: Seaweed these observations. The following chart shows a typical analysis of sea-lice, with green being the OceanfeedTM results and blue the organic or reference feed results. Note that all the fish were treated for lice several times during the trial when population levels in any of the cages approached statutory limits that require treat"Of great importance in today’s climate is ment. Further work in isolated systems that the ability to introduce to the public a step allow positive challenge forward in the use of sustainable ingredients work is ongoing. intestine well filled with a complex folded lining. There was no observable difference between the intestinal morphology of both populations. As a comparison a slide is shown from a salmon fed a diet high in soybean meal, showing the lumen poorly filled with very few folds on the intestinal wall.

that help create, with the right husbandry, a

Pigmentation

The organic diet contained a small quantity of natural pigment. Organic-farmed salmon do not require Sea Lice the deep flesh colour of ‘standard’ fish, All through the trial regular samples a target being a Salmofan colour of were taken to evaluate sea lice (lepeophapproximately 23 for the organic fish. The theirus salmonis) infestation. There had OceanfeedTM diet contained only natural been an expectation that sea lice counts pigments contributed by the seaweed would be reduced on the OceanfeedTM mix. Colour development for both populations was broadly Table 8: Analysis of Feed (expressed as mg/kg) similar with no statistical difOceanfeed® Organic Feed ference throughout the trial. Analysis of the pigments at Stirling University showed Astaxanthin (Ax) 1.31 1.51 some interesting results, as Beta Carotene 5.20 5.63 shown below: Lutein 0.98 0.12 Pigment uptake was very Unidentified Esters 18.00 8.58 similar in both populations. Total Carotenoids 25.49 15.84 The higher level of total carotenoids in the OceanfeedTM diet may help to partly explain Table 9: Analysis of fish flesh: (Salmofan as number; Pigment results expressed as mg/kg) increased growth rates and ® reduced FCR’s, these subOceanfeed Organic Feed stances having an essential effect in, for instance, lipid Salmofan Colour 22.81 22.88 metabolism.

healthier happier and tastier product"

Astaxanthin (Ax)

1.17

1.23

Canthaxanthin (Cx)

0.04

Lutein

0.05

Total Carotenoids

1.26

The Marine Harvest Feed Test Unit at Ardnish has very 1.28 low water flow rates, which would not be expected to produce a fish with firm flesh. This was not the case in this trial. The feeding system assured that all the fish would be fed to satiation. Stocking densities ranged throughout the trial from 2kg/m3 up to 20kg/m3. No grading of the fish took part at any time during the trial. Both populations of fish were in apparent good health but the Oceanfeed ® fish had brighter scales, appeared to be much more active, had an excellent shape and had thicker mucous over the scales. The <LOQ

fish, because of the previously known effect of the diet on stimulating the immune system and stimulating formation of a more viscous layer of mucous on the outside of the fish. Recruitment of juveniles seemed to be broadly similar in both populations, but there were significant differences throughout the trial in the count of adults, especially gravid females. Work is ongoing using positive challenge with a version of OceanfeedTM specifically designed to combat lice infestation to follow up from

Husbandry

following picture shows the Oceanfeed ® salmon.

Final harvest The fish were harvested on August 8, 2010 and processed at the Marine Harvest factory in Fort William. They were further filleted and either vacuum packed fresh or smoked then vacuum packed by Highland Smoked Salmon in Fort William. Thanks are extended to both these companies for the highly professional and helpful way they helped with this project. The sides of salmon were distributed to a wide range of retailers, food service companies and chefs for evaluation of quality. The results that came back were almost all the same. Comment was made about light flesh colour. This was a ‘natural’ or ‘organic’ colour and obviously end users still seem to prefer the darker red colour, which can easily be achieved by using one of the accepted natural colouring sources available. Comment about flesh texture and flavour after cooking was that the Oceanfeed® salmon had a lighter more delicate flavour with no oily overtone, the flavour being similar to wild caught salmon. It was also noted that flesh texture was firm, but not too firm. Almost 100 percent of the professionals who tasted these salmon asked when and where they could buy them from.

Conclusion The results of this trial were encouraging in many ways. The Oceanfeed® diet seemed, by comparison to a very high quality organic salmon diet, to result in improvements in growth rate, FCR, Mmortalities, fish flesh flavour and texture and sealice infestation. This is despite lower oil and energy content throughout the trial. The use of dried seaweed as an ingredient in aquacultural feeds is well established, but this work takes the use of seaweeds to a higher level, where different species of seaweed are carefully formulated to make a complex mix with targeted performance improvements that will give the farmer better yields of healthy products that taste significantly better. Of great importance in today’s climate is the ability to introduce to the public a step forward in the use of sustainable ingredients that help create, with the right husbandry, a healthier happier and tastier product.

14 | International AquaFeed | November-December 2010

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F: Feathers

A new and revolutionary type of

feather meal for fish feed by Franz-Peter Rebafka / Ashish Kulshrestha, GePro Gefluegel-Protein Vertriebsgesellschaft mbH & Co KG, Germany / Thailand

s costs for fishmeal have skyrocketed due to El Nino, earthquakes in South America and a situation where demand is outstripping supply, the interest in alternative proteins in aquaculture has increased. Reducing fishmeal dependency is becoming more important for the profitability and sustainability of the aquaculture industry (Hardy and Kissil, 1996; Hasan, 2001, Skretting, 2010). An ingredient that has not received its fair share of attention by fish nutritionists in recent years is feather meal. Feathers are by-products of the poultry meat processing. Annually large quantities of feathers are available. In Germany, in 2009 for instance close to 1.3 million tonnes - equivalent to 700 million birds – of broilers, turkey, layer hen were slaughtered (Statistisches Bundesamt, 2009). At a rate of approximately 130g of feathers for a 2kg bird the potential amount of crude feathers is about 91,000 metric tonnes. The whole EU is producing about 840,000 tonnes of crude feathers (a.v.e.c. - Association of Poultry Processors and Poultry Trade in the EU) equivalent to 260,000 tonness of feather meal. Recently, an article has been published on ‚Adding value to Feathermeal’ by drying with optimal conditions using low temperature (LT) drying technology (Rebafka & Kulshreshtha, 2009).

The beneficial effect of such an LT technology has been attributed to less degree in damage of protein quality during LT drying, which is performed within a few minutes compared to a 60 minutes drying time in a horizontal rotary disc dryer, usually used by the industry. It has been well documented that variation in processing conditions can markedly affect the digestibility of amino acids in poultry feathers Latshaw, 1990; Han and Parsons, 1990, 1991;Wang and Parson, 1997; Waldroup and Yan, 2008. Although unprocessed, feathers contain up to 80 percent crude protein, the major protein component of the protein fraction is keratin which is not available and nondigestible by fish in the native form. During the production process of feather meal, it is converted finally into a valuable feed protein. Feather meal is often considered to be an inferior source of protein for fish and shrimps because of its poor digestibility and essential amino acid (EAA) content. A theoretical comparison between LT feather meal and fishmeal indicates that EAA in LT feather meal exceeds those in fishmeal; within the group of EAA a deficiency is only given with lysine and methionine (see Figure 1). Even a comparison between the demand of EAA of fish and shrimps

and the offer of EAA within LT feather meal indicate a balance within most EAA; except lysine and methionine, where is a need to balance via synthetic AA or other types of animal proteins (eg blood meal to compensate a Lys imbalance). However, the deficiency of methionine should not be overestimated, since cystine can partly replace methionine (Abdelghany, A.E. 2000), which is generally present in large quantities in feather meal (four to six percent).

Protein digestibility In order to assess the quality of LT feather meal versus regular feather meal, several in-vitro tests on protein digestibility have been conducted. Heat processing, such as drying, has been shown to have a negative impact on the nutritional value of the amino acids in animal feeds. In feed that is heat processed, the free - amino group of lysine can react with the carbonyl group of other compounds

16 | International AquaFeed | November-December 2010

F: Feathers

forming to a (Maillard) complex which may be parti-ally absorbed but cannot utilized by animals. Moreover, a proportion of the complexes formed can revert to lysine during conventional analyses of protein digestibility (eg pepsin digestibility) which does not occur in the digestive tract of the animal. This results in an overestimation of the amount of lysine that is available to the animal, if it is determined using conventional methods. In contrast, the ‚reactive lysine’ assay (Ruther-furd and Moughan, 1997) provides a superior estimate of the lysine available for nutrition. In the industry, the most common invitro assay to determine protein digestibility is

the pepsin assay using 0.2 percent (AOAC) or even 0.02 percent (VdLUFA, III.4.2.1) pepsin activity, although there is only a small (eg. Hendriks et al., 2002) or particularly in feather (own data) no correlation between pepsin nitrogen digestibility and the crude protein digestibility. However, a combination of both pepsin and pancreatin known as ‚Boisen digestibility’ according to Boisen and Fernandez (1995) seems to be much more suitable for the determination of feather protein quality. In both ‚Reactive Lysin’ (no data presented) and ‚Boisen’ LT feather meal was significantly superior to regular feather meal (see Figure 3). In order to estimate the potential of LT feather meal to replace fishmeal in different diets individual feeding trials in fish and shrimps were conducted.

Feed trials Feeding trials with White Pacific Shrimps (Pennaeus vannamei) were carried out at INTEQC Feed Ltd (Thailand) in cooperation with the Department of Aquaculture, Kasetsart University (Thailand). Hybrid Tilapia (Oreo-chromis niloticus x Oreochromis

aurea) were tested at the Aquaculture Research Unit at Ginosar (Israel) and Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) at Nam Sai Farms (Thailand). Trials were carried out based on standard protocols. Details of the individual trials can be requested by the authors. All diets were based on a fishmeal reference (as control); treatments were designed to be iso-nitrogineous and iso-caloric, but with varying amounts of LT feather meal as a replacement of fishmeal. All formulations were set to satisfy the nutritional requirements of the targeted test species. During the experiments fish weight and feed intake were monitored to establish indices for growth and performance. During all trials, no mortality was observed. In White Shrimps, a replacement of 30 percent of a Thai local fishmeal (crude protein 70 percent, crude fat: seven percent) in a typical 38 percent crude protein shrimp feed did not negatively affect growth performance (see Figure 4 and 5) and feed conversion (FCR) (see Figure 6). Total length was even signifi-cantly (p < 0.05) best in a diet with 9 percent LT feather meal and 21 percent fishmeal compared to a formulation with 30 percent fishmeal only (See Figure6).

November-December 2010 | International AquaFeed | 17

F: Feathers

Hybrid Tilapia grown on a 35 percent crude protein diet which has been formulated either on a eight percent Peruvian fishmeal diet or on a eight percent LT feather meal diet performed similar. SGR, Weight performance and FCR was not affected at all by a complete replacement of fishmeal by LT feather meal. (see Figure 7). At Nam Sai Farms (Thailand) the performance of a typical Nile Tilapia diet (30

percent crude protein) based on 16 percent tuna fishmeal (55 percent crude protein) was compared against isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets in which LT feather meal gradually replaced fishmeal. According to the results a replacement of fishmeal by LT feather meal up to 50 perent (in absolute figures: eight percent out of 16 percent) was possible without losing performance (see Figure8).

a relatively high reduction in formulation costs can be expected. For future development, the utilization of biotechnological processes with keratin degrading microorganisms (Bertsch and Coello, 2005) during the process or with keratin degrading proteases (Odetallah et al., 2003) will be the way to go. These technologies might help to improve the quality of feather meal in aqua-culture.

Conclusions

References

Feather meal is still not seen as a favorable ingredient in Aquafeed because of reasons concerning its poor digestibility and a supposedly unbalanced composition of amino acids. Indeed, own data indicates that to a certain extent this is true and cannot be ignored, particularly in case of lysine. However, this should not mean that feather meal per se is â&#x20AC;&#x153;unsuitableâ&#x20AC;&#x153; in formulations for fish and shrimps, especially if feather meal is produced under optimal conditions (such as LT drying). Particularly, as a replacer of fishmeal in Salmonids species there is a strong evidence supporting the feasibility of using feather meal as protein source without any negative effects of performance. (Fowler, 1990; Bureau et al., 2000; Data from Chile). Our results clearly show that LT feather meal is indeed suitable to replace fishmeal at least to levels up to an inclusion of 10 percent in fish and shrimp formulations. As a consequence depending on the costs for fishmeal

Abdelghany, A.E. (2000). Replacement value of cystine for methionine in semi-purified diets supplemented with free amino acids for the Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus L. fry. pp.109-119. In: K. Fitzsimmons and J.C. Filho (eds.). Tilapia aquaculture in the 21st century. Proc. from the 5th Intl. Symp. on Tilapia in Aquaculture. Rio deJaneiro, Brasil, 3-7, September 2000. a.v.e.c. - Association of Poultry Processors and Poultry Trade in the EU, Brussels. Bertsch, A. and Coello, N. (2005). A biotechnological process for treatment and recycling poultry feathers as a feed ingredient. Bioresource Technology 96, 1703-1708. Bureau, D. P., Harris, A. M., Bevan, D. J., Simmons, L. A., Azevedo, P. A. and Cho, C. Y. (2000). Feather meals and meat and bone meals from different origins as protein sources in rainbow trout (On-corhynchus mykiss) diets. Aquaculture 181, 281-291. Boisen, S. and Fernandez, J.A. (1995). Prediction of the apparent ileal digestibility of protein and amino acids in feedstuffs and feed mixtures for pigs by in vitro analyses. Animal Feed Science and Technology 51, 29-43. Fowler, L. G. (1990). Feather meal as a dietary protein source during parr-smolt transformation in fall chinook salmon. Aquaculture 89, 301-314. Han, Y., and Parsons, C.M. (1990). Determination of available amino acids and energy in alfalfa meal, feather meal and poultry byproduct meal by various methods. Poult. Sci. 69, 1544-1552.

18 | International AquaFeed | November-December 2010

F: Feathers aquaculture production: issues limiting increased production. In: Biotechnology in the feed industry (Lyons, T.P. & Jacques, K. A. (Eds.), 107-120). Hasan, M. R (2001). Nutrition and feeding for sustainable aquaculture development in the third millennium. In. Aquaculture in the third millennium. Technical proceedings of the conference on aquaculture in the third millennium; NACA, Bangkok and FAO, Rome. Odetallah, N. H., Wang, J.J., Garlich, J.D., Shih, J. C. H. (2003). Keratinase in starter diets improves growth of broiler chicks. Poultry Sciences 82, 664-670. Han, Y., and Parsons, C.M.(1991). Protein and amino acid quality of feather meals. Poult. Sci. 70, 812-822. Hendriks, W.H., Butts, C.A., Thomas, D.V., James, K.A.C., Morel, P.C.A and Verstegen, M.W.A. ( 2002). Nutritional quality and variation of meat and bone meal. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci., vol 15 (10), 1507-1516. Latshaw, J.D.(1990). Quality of feather meal as affected by feather processing conditions.

Rebafka, F.-P. and Kulshreshtha, A (2009). Adding value to feathermeal. Intern. Aquafeed, vol 12 (2), 14-17. Rutherfurd, S.M. and Moughan, P.J. (1997). Digestible reactive lysine in processed feedstuffs: Application of a new bioassay. J. Agric. Food Chem., 45, 1189-94. Skretting, (2010). Skretting: fishmeal mix below 10 percent. Fish Farming International, July 2010, iss. 7, p.16.

Poult. Sci. 69, 953-958.

Statistisches Bundesamt (2009). Fachserie 3, Reihe 4.2.3.

Hardy, R. W. and Kissil, G. (1996). Trends in world

Waldroup, P.W. and Yan, F. (2008). Nutritive value

of feather meal noted. Feedstuffs, vol. 80, no. 29, July 21 (Reprint). Wang and Parson, 1997). Wang, X., and C.M. Parsons. 1997. Effect of processing systems on protein quality of feather meals and hog hair meals. Poult. Sci.76, 491-496.

More Information: Website: www.ge-pro.de Email: franz-peter.rebafka@ge-pro.de

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November-December 2010 | International AquaFeed | 19

F: Feed meal

New dimension in the production of

hygienized feed meal by Stefan Hoh Pathogenic bacteria in feed meal are a major risk factor for animal health and performance. Thermal meal treatment significantly reduces microorganisms in feed, but requires a subsequent cooler after the hygienizing section. Difficult to clean, conventional meal coolers can be a potential source for crossand recontamination. A new process solution has been developed by Buhler Group, Switzerland, utilizing thermopneumatic conveying for drying and cooling as a smart alternative to meal coolers.

ifficult to clean, conventional meal coolers can be a potential source for cross- and recontamination. A new process solution has been developed by Buhler Group, Switzerland, utilizing thermopneumatic conveying for drying and cooling as a smart alternative to meal coolers.

the most common subspecies of enterobacteriaceae in animal feed. Infection doses for salmonella are comparatively low, with an incubation period of a few hours to two days, depending on animal species and age. Salmonella can cause serious animal disease like diarrhea, reducing feed digestibility and conversion, impairing animal growth and performance.

Contaminated raw materials

Hygienizing by heat treatment

Agricultural products are a natural source of microorganisms such as bacteria, yeasts and molds. The degree of contamination is subject to parameters such as type of raw material, origin, transport and storage conditions and the season.Whereas most of the microorganisms are harmless, some species like enterobacteriaceae show pathogenic potential, with salmonella being

Sensitive to heat, salmonella are usually killed at temperatures above 55Â°C. However, high concentrations of fat, protein or starch in formulated feed may form a protective colloid layer and thus increase the heat resistance of bacteria. Hence, a hygienizing temperature of about 85Â°C has become common practice in the

feed industry to ensure that virtually all pathogenic bacteria are destroyed. The temperature is achieved by the addition of steam into the conditioner and retained for a certain dwell time in the subsequent retentioner to guarantee a reliable decontamination process.

Recontamination after hygienizing After the hygienizing process, the hot and moist feed has to be cooled and dried to prevent recontamination and growth of microorganisms. This usually takes place in conventional meal coolers utilizing the principle of fluid bed cooling. Ambient air enters the cooler at the bottom side, flows through the perforation and fluidizes the meal. Even though providing efficient cooling, meal coolers are often described as a â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;five

20 | International AquaFeed | November-December 2010

F: Feed meal

star hotel’ for microorganisms: The handling of hot and moist feed meal can cause condensation in the meal cooler, with free water being a major growth factor for bacteria which has resist the hygienizing process or airborne bacteria from the high air volumes applied. Furthermore, cross- and recontamination can occur due to product residues in the system, which are difficult to remove and require tremendous cleaning effort.

Thermal meal treatment

In addition, the Hytherm system is characterized by its very narrow dwell time distribution, thus getting very close to the ‘first in – first out’ principle, which ensures reliable hygienization. In a second process step, the hygienized feed enters the Triple Air Control (TAC) system for drying and cooling. In the first stage, pre-heated air is applied for drying and cooling, utilizing the effect of evaporation. Final product temperature is achieved in the subsequent two pneumatic conveying lines, utilizing ambient air for cooling. The optimized concept of Hymix and Hytherm ensures low product residues

The Buhler Group has developed a new process solution utilizing thermopneumatic conveying for drying and cooling of hygienized feed meal. The ther"Heat and steam treatment causes fines mal meal treatment process is divided into to agglomerate on coarser particles, the sub-processes of which reduces dust generation and hygienizing and thermopneumatic drying/ improves flowability. Choke-ups during cooling. The Hymix and discharge from storage bins and silos are Hytherm modules carry greatly reduced compared to untreated out hygienizing. In the Hymix, the feed meal" compound feed particles can be heated to a temperature of 80 to 90 and easy cleaning. Thanks to the high degrees C by the addition of steam. The air velocities applied, the TAC system heated formulated feed is then retained in is self-cleaning, which prevents product one or optionally two Hytherm modules. deposits. This allows retention times between Cooling by a thermopneumatic 60 and 240 seconds to be achieved as a conveyor greatly reduces the risk function of the throughput rate.

November-December 2010 | International AquaFeed | 21

F: Feed meal of cross-contamination and recontamination in comparison to conventional meal coolers. The new thermal meal treatment system has a small installation footprint. This enables the space available in existing feed production plants to be utilized in the best possible way.

"Thermal meal treatment improves the water solubility of the feed. Product lumps in the feed slurry are effectively prevented, as well as deposits of high-density particles in the feed trough" The system was installed at the Amrein Futtermühle AG, Switzerland, which produces hygienized swine feed. Operation of the new facility is fully automated and is controlled exclusively from the control room. This cuts labor costs and allows just-in-time production.

The new process increases the uptime of the processing lines thanks to reduced downtimes when formulations are changed in comparison with hygienizing systems consisting of pellet mills and conventional meal coolers. The new thermal meal treatment system can be easily tailored to specific customer needs or adjusted to feed recipes for other animal species, e.g. layer and breeder feed. This is made possible by the following options: microfiltration of the air for top sanitation standards; addition of solid and liquid microingredients; post-mixing application for unsurpassed product homogeneity; and monitoring of the steam quality and/or of the moisture content.

Improved feed The pig feed produced by the new process is characterized by its extremely low count of microorganisms such as bacteria, molds, and yeast fungi. Pathogenic bacteria such as salmonella are virtually destroyed, which significantly

reduces the incidence and severity of diarrhea disorders in the animals. Besides improving the animals’ health, this also enhances feed digestibility, which in turn has a positive impact on the weight increase of the animals. The Maillard reaction occurring during the thermal treatment process creates a bundle of roast flavors, which improve the palatability of the feed. Thermally treated swine feed may thus have a positive influence on the animals’ appetite and – according to feedback Amrein received from its customers – results in outstanding feed acceptance. Moreover, thermal meal treatment improves the water solubility of the feed. Product lumps in the feed slurry are effectively prevented, as well as deposits of high-density particles in the feed trough. Lastly, the heat and steam treatment causes fines to agglomerate on coarser particles, which reduces dust generation and improves flowability. Choke-ups during discharge from storage bins and silos are greatly reduced compared to untreated feed meal.

An online publication specialising in health and disease control in the global Aquaculture sector Individual features talking about specific topics available online For more information contact Martin Little on martinl@aquafeed.co.uk Disease control & management in the global aquaculture sector

22 | International AquaFeed | November-December 2010

F: Review

Aquaculture Europe 2010

he Aquaculture Europe 2010 meeting was held in Porto, Portugal October 5-8 and deemed to be a great success.

The theme â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Sea-farming tomorrowâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; was organised by the European Aquaculture Society and hosted by CIMAR. Premium sponsorship was by Intervet Schering- Plough Animal Health and the official gold sponsor was Aquasoja and silver sponsored by Novus Aqua. Biomin generously supported the feeds session and managed this session very well with efficiency. The event attracted nearly 1000 attendees from across the globe. The venue was based in the conference centre (Centro de Congressos da Alfandega) by the famous river Douro with its tremendous history and culture giving a wonderful backdrop and atmosphere to the whole venue. I travelled to Portugal with an entourage from Plymouth comprising four PhD students, a research fellow and a retired technical officer, as well as members from the IAF publishing team to keep me in check. The venue comprised an excellent balance of scientific talks and a robust trade exhibition given the economic downturn of late and slow recovery phase.

Companies working in fish nutrition Nonetheless, some very interesting developments were on show, especially by companies working in the fish nutrition, feed and aqua- health sector. One of the main take home messages was that Europe could do better and there is much more scope to develop this industry further with higher production levels and improvements in fish quality and consumer acceptance. Specialised displays of new bio-filtration and closed recirculation aquaculture equipment and components of new grading systems for fish and examples of engineering and technical improvements were also in strong evidence. The German company Fischtechnik International and the UK based Tropical Marine Centre gave a good indication of how land based aquaculture could develop in the near

future as a means for effective fish and shrimp production in closed recirculation systems. The Novus team based in the USA but with worldwide interests in animal and aqua production gave a sound presentation of their portfolio of their speciality products being marketed for aquaculture feeds and health for both fish and shrimp. Their company President and CEO also attended and invited us to a dinner function at the Casa da Musica in Porto for discussions on the global aquaculture agenda and the likely agenda for the developments in this expanding industry. Aquasoja is a leading feed company based in Portugal with wider feed export activities in Europe specialising in sea bass, sea bream and turbot feeds as well as rainbow trout. I had a productive meeting at their stand and they were most keen to keep abreast of the contemporary scientific research on fish nutritional requirements and applications being undertaken at various research centres in Europe. I was quite impressed by the range and scope of the Creve Tec services to aquaculture with their commitment to sustainable solutions to aquaculture through their novel bio-floc technology, which is leading in sustainable applications and solutions. The presence of the AlgaEnergy company from Spain with their new approach to algal production with advances in strain selection and applications to a variety of industrial uses including aquaculture was very interesting to observe. SBAE industries of Belgium are also specialists in micro-algal production offering biological and engineering expertise in largescale production of many important strains of algae. Nutri-ad International is an industry-leading specialist in the development, manufacture and marketing of animal and aquafeed additives globally. Their R&D is complemented by some innovative products for fish and crustaceans based on recent nutritional concepts advocating functional feed additives such as pre and probiotics. Both Biomin and Alltech had stands promoting their current established range of functional feed additives, including specialised prebiotics, probiotics and novel protein sources.

It was re-assuring to see the various agencies such as AquaTT and EAS supporting initiatives in Europe such as workshops, meetings and training sessions.The World Aquaculture Society (WAS) had representation from Brazil promoting the next World Aquaculture 2011 event in Natal, Brazil giving a platform for the future of aquaculture in Latin America as well as globally. The scientific talks were mainly good but a few were distinctly superficial in quality and depth compared to some excellent talks backed by detailed science and technology. These all covered a wide spectrum of interests covering the aquaculture disciplines. However, some excellent presentations were made on a range of nutritional and feed oriented topics ranging from protein and amino acid requirements, energy and lipid nutrition to a special session on feed additives for an array of species of fish as well as shrimp and larval stages.

A replacement for fishmeal There was much stated about potential protein concentrates that could replace fish meal with several speakers detailing their efficacy and experiments in feeding trials. As is typical of these conferences, a good display of posters was on hand with a sound student representation across Europe. Indeed student attendance was very good and I met with a very promising group of PhD students and young Dutch mastersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; students with evidence of a strong appreciation of aquaculture and its needs for young trained scientists and technical personnel for the future. The social scene was most pleasant with the Presidential dinner set in a local port wine distillery and a chance to meet many old acquaintances and friends including several former students from Plymouth. A number of fish nutrition specialists of distinction were there including Professor John Halver from the USA and Dr Bai from Korea. It was good to see scientists from outside Europe from countries as far afield as Malaysia, China and for the Middle East including Iran and Iraq. This multi-cultural gathering fostered a new impetus for collaboration and synergy. The aquaculture world is still relatively quite small but is a great forum for initiating and maintaining long-standing friendships across nations.

November-December 2010 | International AquaFeed | 23

THE AQUAFEED PHOTOSHOOT 1

24 | International AquaFeed | November-December 2010

Aquaculture Europe 2010

1: John Sweetman heads the Alltech representation with the Portuguese team. 2: The Nutriad group. 3: John Sweetman meets with Dr Patrick Smith of the British Trout Association 4: Algenergy S.A. from Spain with their new algal technology platform for biofuel and aquafeeds 5: The Intervet group busy at their stand with customers 6: Emeritus Professor John Halver of the University of Washington, USA makes his appearance at the conference 7 The IAF team welcome Mr Chris Coleman (left) of Plymouth 8: The IAF team with new editorial member Professor Antonio Gouveia in his native Porto 9: Dr Halver (left) with Professor Simon Davies and Dr Daniel Merrifield 10: The Novus team led by Dr Anant Bharadwaj with their company President (centre) present their product profiles for aquafeeds 11: Dr Daniel Merrifield greets Dr Mathieu Castex of Lallemande (France) discussing research findings that Dr Merrifield presented for their company at Aquaculture Europe 2010, in the feed additives section. 12: Professor Gouveia and Eric De Muylder both on IAF editorial team with Simon Davies sit at the Creve-Tec stand discussing biofloc technology.

November-December 2010 | International AquaFeed | 25

INDUSTRY PROFILES 2010/11

Aquativ Elven, France Aquativ is the international specialist of the conception, manufacturing and sales of functional hydrolysates dedicated to fish and shrimp feed. A strong expertise in the fields of hydrolysis and nutrition together with a unique international sales and production network allow Aquativ to provide feed manufacturers with competitive and local products under its commercial brand ACTIPALTM. Aquativ functional hydrolysates have three essential attributes generating aquafeed performance improvement thus farming productivity enhancement: Palatable: functional hydrolysates are naturally attractant and allow feed intake increase Nutritional: functional hydrolysates contain nutritional elements easily assimilated by the animal improving FCR Functional: functional hydrolysates stimulate the animal growth mechanisms increasing biomass production

FOR FISHMEAL REPLACEMENT

The superior performance of ACTIPALTM range of functional hydrolysates is principally due to their high content of Natural Active NutrientsTM (NAN) which boosts animal growth. These NAN are low molecular weight active compounds mainly composed of active peptides, amino acids and nucleotides, generated through a smooth hydrolysis process that avoids protein denaturation and preserves the raw material complete and balanced nutritional profile.

FRANCE / 00 33 2 97 40 42 09

Aquativ functional hydrolysates can be used - To increase Natural Active NutrientsTM level in the feed formula - To boost feed performance - To offset fishmeal quality variation - In substitution for fish meal - To restore an efficient Natural Active NutrientsTM level -To maintain feed performance

Functional Hydrolysates for Aqua Feed

In addition to the palatable and nutritional properties of the functional hydrolysates that allow feed manufacturers to decrease fish meal inclusion in feed and farmers to reduce feed waste while limiting water pollution, Aquativ exclusively based its raw material strategy on the valorisation of co-products coming from aquaculture and fishing in order not to impact scarce resources. Aquativ functional hydrolysates improve aquafeed performance while supporting a sustainable growth of aquaculture.

www.aquativ-diana.com

AP-TEASING_87x267.indd 1

For more information visit: www.aquativ-diana.com 16/08/10 16:44

Buhler Uzwil, Switzerland

Leading technology – local solutions. Whether for fish or crustaceans, whether sinking or floating feeds – for every product Buhler offers the perfect solution from raw material processing, mixing and extruding to drying. Process expertise combined with technology solutions made in Asia guarantees the production of high-quality animal feeds. But there is even more to it: Buhler know-how also enables customers to create the most cost- and energyefficient process solution from stand-alone machines to complete plants. www.buhlergroup.com

150 Years Buhler - from the local iron foundry founded in 1860 to the global corporation. When Adolf Bühler set up an iron foundry in Uzwil in 1860 with two employees, he is unlikely to have imagined in his wildest dreams that his venture would ultimately produce a global corporation with 7500 employees in more than 140 countries who generate annual revenue of about 1.8 billion Swiss francs. Aqua feed. Whether for fish or crustaceans, whether sinking or floating feeds – for every aqua feed product Buhler offers the perfect solution from raw material processing, mixing and extruding to drying. Process expertise combined with cutting edge technology solutions guarantees a cost- and energy-efficient process solution from stand-alone machines to complete plants. Innovation. Our innovation is based on the art of engineering. Yet innovation can occur in every job, everywhere around the world. In this connection, the issue of job rotation is very important to Buhler. Exchanging ideas and experiences among different cultures and work styles is a must today. Global reach. Buhler has been a global player for many decades, with a multicultural team and a local presence extending across all the major markets of the world. Our service organizations have more than 1,000 people on the road everyday in the different markets. Buhler reacted early to the need of offering local adapted solutions, especially for the emerging countries. We have built new plants and expertise in China, in India, in South America and in South Africa to engineer and produce solutions adapted to local needs and requirements. Quality leadership.This attribute is manifested in quantifiable and transparent quality targets which are defined in an open dialog with our customers so that promised performance is achieved and the edge in confidence can be further increased.

The solution behind the solution.

For more information visit: www.buhlergroup.com IAF_Industry-Profile.indd 1

27.10.2010 16:56:15

26 | International AquaFeed | November-December 2010

INDUSTRY PROFILES 2010/11

Chemoforma Switzerland CHEMOFORMA is a Swiss based producer of a unique range of innovative and pioneering feed supplements for aquaculture. All supplements are: maintaining general health - enhancing development of young animals - managing the deleterious effects of stress - improving performance as well as productivity Upon challenging situations during rearing or growth of fish and crustaceans the demand for specific nutrients classified as being essential as well as conditionally essential is drastically increased. Besides other nutrients sufficient amounts of the conditionally essential nucleotides must be available for physiological processes either requiring active multiplication of cells or involved in e.g. the repair of damaged cells or tissues. This increased demand for nucleotides is ensured by the addition of products formulated by CHEMOFORMA. The products must be regarded as management tools with proven physiological benefits supporting development, regeneration and facilitating immune response. The benefits are achieved by providing basic components for physiological processes that otherwise would be retarded or precluded. The active ingredients in our formulations are of natural origin ensuring and safeguarding elemental processes without side effects. No withdrawal period is required or any residues are detected in animal products. The products of CHEMOFORMA fit into the classification of nutraceuticals and must not be considered essential for the development of functional feeds in aquaculture. REFLECTION OF 2010: CHEMOFORMA has successfully passed recertification according to GMP+-B1 and ISO 9001:2008. THOUGHTS FOR 2011: For 2011 CHEMOFORMA is focusing on the extension of the worldwide network of distributors spreading the benefits of natural enhancement of performance and disease control and the usage of functional feeds in animal production. CHEMOFORMA is looking forward to launch new and cost effective products for livestock industry and aquaculture.

For more information visit: www.chemoforma.com

Lallemand Animal Nutrition

Lallemand range of science-based, field-approved solutions for sustainable aquaculture

Your natural partner for aquaculture We offer a range of innovative microbial-based solutions for sustainable aquaculture:

Probiotics

Lallemand Animal Nutrition has developed a range of microbial-based nutritional solutions to support performance and health of aquatic species in a natural way. Lallemand’s aquaculture solutions are based on specific yeast and bacteria strains grown in the company’s own production plants. Each product’s origin, safety and concentration are guaranteed. Development and validation of our products are based on scientific research and performance trials conducted in partnership with leading international research centres, universities and commercial firms around the world: Bactocell® (live bacteria strain Pediococcus acidilactici CNCM MA18/5M), the first probiotic strain authorised for use in aquaculture in the European Union. Performance trials have proven beneficial effects in terms of growth enhancement, feed utilisation, and improved resistance under challenging conditions in salmonids, shrimps and other marine fishes.

Selenium Enriched Yeast

Levucell® SB, a probiotic yeast strain (Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. boulardii CNCM 1079). Its modes of action in the gut are well understood, creating a real “shield effect”, reinforcing the microbial ecosystem and protecting the digestive tract. Levucell SB is also a source of beneficial nutrients particularly useful to promote the growth of certain aquaculture species.

Yeast Mannan-Oligosaccharides (MOS)

Alkosel®, a yeast product containing elevated levels of selenomethionine, the highest bioavailable form of selenium. Alkosel is recommended as a source of natural selenium for fish and shrimp production.

Purified Nucleotides

Lallemand Animal Nutrition- 19, rue des Briquetiers BP 59 31702 Blagnac Cedex − France e-mail: aqua@lallemand.com Tel.: +33 (0)5 62 74 5555 Fax:+33 (0)5 62 74 5500

www.lallemandanimalnutrition.com www.lallemandanimalnutrition.com

Agrimos®, a concentrated source of yeast cell wall mannan-oligosaccharides (MOS) obtained through a specific production process guarantying its purity and consistent quality, and one of the highest MOS concentrations on the market. Laltide ® is a combination of available nucleotides specifically formulated for aquaculture applications, and particularly recommended during periods of intense metabolic needs.

For more information visit: www.lallemandanimalnutrition.com November-December 2010 | International AquaFeed | 27

INDUSTRY PROFILES 2010/11

Nutriad International N V Belgium Nutri-Ad is a global prime supplier of specialty feed additives and ingredients based on state-of-the-art production technologies, flexible customer services, and continuous product development. Rising feed cost

Escalating fish meal price

Opportunistic diseases

Environmental impact

Low Shrimp & fish prices

Tired of hearing only bad news? Feed is the main cost in most aquaculture operations … and the most difficult one to reduce when ingredient prices are rising …

Nutri-Ad’s Aquaculture Feed Additives Division works side-by-side with aquaculture feed producers and integrated aquaculture operations to allow them to reach better profitability, sustainability and product quality for the consumer. Nutriad’s team of aquafeed experts has over a decade of industrial experience in formulation and processing of aqua feed for different species and farming conditions. Continued research and development in specialized aquaculture test centers and in collaboration with aquaculture producers has resulted in a diversified product portfolio organized under five programs: (1) Performance Enhancement, covers key issues such as the replacement of marine ingredients, maximizing feed cost efficiency by optimizing feed conversion and minimizing harmful waste effects in the environment; (2) Health and Well-being, centers around supporting good health condition in animals through reliable immunostimulants, anti-microbials, anti-parasitics, ammonium binders, and key vitamins; (3) Preservation and Stabilization, provides feed additives for avoiding spoilage of ingredients and finished feeds; (4) Feed & Food Safety for prevention of harmful effects developed by micro-organisms and toxins; (5) Sensory Improvement, for improving physical characteristics of aquafeed including water stability, smell and color. Specialized product lines for aquaculture include:

AQUAGEST® maximizes digestibility and feed utilization efficiency

AQUAGEST® - Improves digestibility and feed efficiency

AQUABITE® enhances palatability and appetite

AQUABITE® - Enhances palatability and appetite

SANACORE® GM improves growth and productivity by promoting a healthy gut microflora

SANACORE® - Promotes growth and productivity by maintaining a healthy gut microflora AQUASTIM® - Immunomodulators to stimulate the non-specific immune defenses APEX® Aqua - Natural phytogenic complex with broad spectrum antimicrobial/antiparasitic activities

applying nature for a healthy and sustainable future

NUTRI-BIND - Low inclusion binders with proven pellet quality. For more information email info.aqua@nutriad.net

info.aqua@nutriad.net www.nutriad.net

For more information visit: www.nutriad.net

A BIG THANK YOU TO ALL OF OUR ADVERTISERS DURING 2010 We wish you all a prosperous 2011 • Addcon Europe GmbH • Alltech Inc • Almex b v • Amandus Kahl GmbH & Co • Andritz Feed & Biofuel • Aquamar Internacional • Ascomber • Australasian Aquaculture • BENEO-Animal Nutrition • Biomin Holding GmbH • Buhler AG • Cablevey Conveyors • Chemoforma Ltd • Contemporary Conference Organizers (CCO) • DigsFish Services Pty Ltd • Dishman Netherlands B V • DLG e V / German Agricultural Society • Engormix • European Aquaculture Society • EXPOKHLEB • Extru-Tech • Extru-Tech Inc • FES Consultants Ltd • Filtration and Membrane World LLC • Forberg International AS • Format International

• Fusion Marine • Geelen Counterflow • GePro Gefluegel Protein Vertriebsgesellschaft mbH & Co KG • Globalgap c/o Foodplus GmbH • IDAH Machinery Co Ltd • IFIF • Inve Technologies NV • Kiotechagil • Lallemand Animal Nutrition • Lican Alimentos S A • Lipidos Toledo • Mercator Media Ltd • Meriden Animal Health Ltd • Mondial & Cititravel Congresos, S L • Muyang Group • New Team • Norel&Nature • Nutri-Ad International nv • NutroScience • nv SCE • Ocean harvest Technology • Ottevanger Milling Engineers B V • Palm View Trade • Perten Instruments AB • Pixie Consulting Solutions Ltd

• Prayon S A • PT Napindo Media Ashatama • Qianghua Su • SBAE Industries NV/SA • Sino-Aqua Corporation • Skretting ARC • Sonac • SPF (activite Aquativ) • Tapco Inc • Technopress S A • Tesgo International BV • The Aquaculture Communications Group, LLC • Tianjin Norland Biotech Co ,Ltd • TripleNine Fish Protein a m b a • UBM Asia Trade Fairs Pte Ltd • UniBio A/S • Van Aarsen International BV • Victam International • VNU Exhibitions Europe • Wenger Manufacturing Inc • World Aquaculture Society (WAS) • WYES Machinery (Shanghai) Co Ltd • Wynveen International B V • Zeigler Bros Inc • Zhengchang Group (ZCME)

28 | International AquaFeed | November-December 2010

World AquAculture 2011

Aquaculture for a Changing World

Gold Sponsors

Gold Sponsor

SESSION SPONSORS Alltech Biotechnology Intervet/Schering-Plough Animal Health BIOMIN

For More Information Contact:

Conference Manager P.O. Box 2302 • Valley Center, CA 92082 USA Tel: +1.760.751.5005 • Fax: +1.760.751.5003 Email: worldaqua@aol.com • Web: www.was.org

F: Shrimp farming

Dishman Netherlands expands its sphere of influence by providing critical ingredients to the

shrimp farming industry

he incorporation of vitamins and chemicals’ expertise into the Dishman Group in 2007, means that Dishman Netherlands now provides new market growth opportunities and important cholesterol technology to the shrimp farming industry. International sales director, Evert Drewes, feels that “The aquaculture industry, and in particular shrimp production, is an expanding activity with a strong future.” He sees that technological advances in nutrition, in particular, will play an important role in the development of sustainable ingredients for the shrimp feed industry. Currently, Dishman Netherlands has a dedicated production facility producing cholesterol, a vital component and essential requirement for shrimp diets. “A strong commitment to research and development and a focussed approach to its practical application is the key to success,” he says.

An important shrimp species

Excellent growth potential

One of the most important shrimp species cultivated today is the Whiteleg or Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone). This native Latin American species was introduced to Asia, via the Philippines, around 1978, and China in 1998 (Briggs et al, 2005). FAO statistics showed that farmed production of L. vannamei increased from 8000 tonnes in 1980 to 194,000 tonnes in 1998 and reached 1,386,000 tonnes in 2004 following the spread of this species throughout Asia. This further increased and in 2008 the total world aquaculture production was 2.26 million tonnes with a value of approximately US$9 billion. The main producer countries are China, Thailand, Indonesia and Vietnam. The average annual growth in worldwide crustacean aquaculture production during the period 1995 to 2005 was 13.8 percent (FAO, 2009). It is expected that the shrimp market will grow between 4 and 5% worldwide per annum during the coming years.

The growth potential of the Pacific white shrimp is excellent; it is considered a hardy species and has stepped in to replace the production of other species, more significantly affected by viral disease, in many areas in Asia. It is also considered to be the species with the best opportunity to reduce dietary protein levels (Cuzon, 2004). Depending on the intensity of the production culture systems, feed costs can account for 60-80 percent of shrimp production costs, proteins accounting for at least a third of the diet composition (FAO, 2006). Current feeding methods take advantage of the omnivorous habits of the shrimp and many of the commercial diets incorporate plant-based ingredients as alternative protein sources in order to improve the sustainability of the industry and reduce environmental impact.

The role and importance of cholesterol The penaeid shrimp passes through a number of stages: nauplius, zoea and mysis

30 | International AquaFeed | November-December 2010

F: Shrimp farming

Rising feed cost

Figure 1: Effect of 3 cholesterol levels on the growth and survival of Litopenaeus vannamei bred in ponds ( Ir A.H.Mogollon and Ir. V.V. Rubin, University of Tumbes, Peru) larval and juvenile post -larval stages before reaching the mature or adult phase. The length of the culture period varies but for Pacific white shrimp it can take about 20 days for the larvae to metamorphose to post larvae and approximately another three to four months to reach market size in tropical waters at 25-27°C. The rate of growth of the shrimp is a function of the frequency of molting and the increase in size at each molt. However, the frequency of molting decreases as the shrimp increases in weight with the intermolt period increasing in length. In the 20 day larval period, from egg to post-larvae, there can be 16-20 molts, a further 20 molts in the 40 day nursery phase to approximately 2g and an additional eight molts in the final 80 day grow out phase to 20g. The diet quality during the exponential nursery growth period, from approximately 0.5mg to 2.0g, with high molting frequency, is especially critical as it is during this period that the final yield potential is laid down. Lipids, such as phospholipids, triglycerides and cholesterol, are a major source of energy in shrimp diets as well as being involved in several essential processes for their growth, molting and reproduction. Cholesterol is an essential dietary nutrient, for members of the crustacean family, as they are incapable of synthesising their own cholesterol from fatty acids unlike other animals. Cholesterol is an essential component of all animal tissues, it plays a major role in cell membrane structure, is a precursor for sex hormones, for bile acids and for vitamin D. In crustaceans cholesterol is a precursor for many hormones, including ecdysteroids, which are critical for the initiation of meta-

morphosis and the moulting process (Teshima, 1997).

Cholesterol availability In their natural habitat shrimps will obtain naturally occurring sterols from algae and zooplankton, however these sources will not be available to shrimp in semi-intensive or intensive cultivation in the required amount. In commercial diets cholesterol is a natural component of marine invertebrate meals and oils, for example from squid, shrimp, clams and crab. However the cholesterol content of these ingredients varies considerably and is present in a less esterified form requiring more energy for its utilisation than it manufactured alternative. The industry requirement for guaranteed quality characteristics with higher bioavail-

Escalating fish meal price

Opportunistic diseases

Environmental impact

Low Shrimp & fish prices

Tired of hearing only bad news? Feed is the main cost in most aquaculture operations … and the most difficult one to reduce when ingredient prices are rising …

AQUAGEST® maximizes digestibility and feed utilization efficiency AQUABITE® enhances palatability and appetite SANACORE® GM improves growth and productivity by promoting a healthy gut microflora

applying nature for a healthy and sustainable future

info.aqua@nutriad.net www.nutriad.net

November-December 2010 | International AquaFeed | 31

F: Shrimp farming the control diets but were not statistically significant. During this trial the shrimp did not appear to be stressed and the groups fed the cholesterol supplemented diets did not exhibit any disease symptoms. The control group was affected by Vibriosis that had to be treated.

Conclusion Cholesterol is an essential component of artificial shrimp feed with the optimum level of cholesterol varying depending on the shrimp developmental stage and the overall feed quality. The addition of natural extracted cholesterol products, Cholesterol SF and XG, to commercial shrimp diets can augment the natural cholesterol levels of the diet to optimise growth, performance and survival characteristics. In field trials the biomass obtained improved by 41 percent, feed intake increased by eight percent and FCR dropped by 23 percent. In the current economic climate considerable pressures are faced by farmers to remain competitive and the strategy of cholesterol supplementation offers the opportunity to improve yields and ultimately profit therefore providing advantage.

References

ability therefore makes the addition of an alternative direct source of cholesterol an attractive proposition. Cholesterol produced by Dishman Netherlands is a natural product extracted from wool grease. A range of cholesterol products are available with differing particle size distributions and levels of cholesterol up to 91 percent. These products are crystalline free flowing dry powders which have excellent storage stability, are free from the risk of bacterial or viral contamination and easily added to commercial diets.

Trial and field results Previous research by Dishman has resulted in the development of two specific cholesterol products, SF and FG (now known as XG). This product combination was supplemented in Pacific white shrimp diet trials at the Faculty of Fisheries Engineering at Tumbes National University in Peru.

Laboratory post-larval shrimp were used in this study and reared to adult sizes under commercial nursery and on growing conditions in earth ponds, for an effective feeding period of 93 days. The results shown in Figure 1 show clearly that growth, survival and food conversions ratios (FCR) were improved by cholesterol supplementation of the diet. The growth rates of the shrimp fed the diets supplemented with cholesterol doses of SF 0.5 percent and FG 0.3 percent were significantly higher than those fed SF 0.2 percent and FG 0.1 percent and these were both significantly higher (P<0.05) than the control groups of shrimp with no cholesterol supplement. The group with higher cholesterol levels of SF 0.5 percent and FG 0.3 percent also showed statistically significantly higher survivals than the controls. Food conversion rates showed that the best FCRâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s were recorded for the diets with added cholesterol in comparison to

Briggs M, Funge-Smith S, Subasinghe RP and M Phillips (2005). Introductions and movement of two penaeid shrimp species in Asia and the Pacific. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper No. 476, Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, Rome. Cuzon G, Lawrence A, Gaxiola G, Rosas C and J Guillaume (2004). Nutrition of Litopenaeus vannamei reared in tanks or in ponds. Aquaculture 235, 513-551. FAO (2006). State of World Aquaculture: 2006. FAO Fisheries technical paper No 500. Rome, FAO. 134p. FAO (2009). The state of world fisheries and aquaculture 2008. Rome, FAO. 196p. Teshima S I (1997). Phospholipids and sterols. In Dâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;Abramo LR, Conklin DE and Akiyama DM (Eds) Crustacean nutrition, advances in world aquaculture. World Aquaculture Society, pp 85-107.

32 | International AquaFeed | November-December 2010

information:

Mr Evert Drewes Dishman Netherlands Email: Evert.Drewes@dishman-netherlands.com

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F: Chromium

Chromium:

the forgotten mineral that plays an essential role in the utilization of carbohydrates in mirror carp (Cyprinus carpio) diets by Arafat R Ahmed and Simon J Davies, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, United Kingdom

he Cyprinids are the dominant species of culture fish worldwide accounting for over 20 million metric tonnes, or 77 percent of the total aquaculture finfish production. The predominantly Asian consumption of this group of species makes them the most commonly eaten aquaculture species and importantly provides, as a food fish, a major source of basic protein to a large part of the worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s population. The mirror carp (Cyprinus carpio) is one of the most well-known members of the carp family and is cultured widely in Asia, in most parts of Europe including the former USSR, in the Middle and Near East and in some countries of Africa. It is a hardy species that can tolerate a wide range of conditions; however they do best in large bodies of fresh water with slow flowing or still water with soft muddy sediments. Mirror carp are omnivorous in that they feed on plants and animals such as aquatic crustaceans including zooplankton, insects, worms, aquatic plants, algae and seeds.

The nutrient requirements for many carp species have been well documented and vary depending on the particular species, farming method and life history. However, with the changing trends in carp farming practise from extensive cultivation to high input semi-intensive and intensive culture systems the demand for compound aquaculture feeds for this sector is increasing. The average amount of fish meal in carp diets is reported to be five percent however diets intended for high input systems can contain as much as 15-25 percent fishmeal. These high levels of fish meal inclusion are both expensive and considered unsustainable in modern intensive aquaculture practice.

nents of these compound feeds, as they are relatively inexpensive energy sources. In general while fish have all the major enzymes present for the digestion of carbohydrates. The freshwater and warm water fish digest carbohydrates more efficiently than marine and coldwater fish. Amylase is the main enzyme involved in hydrolysing dietary starch into disaccharides and trisaccharides which are converted by other enzymes to glucose to supply the body with energy. However, amylase activity in the digestive tract and the digestibility of starch in fish is lower than that of terrestrial animals:

Carbohydrates In order to provide least cost compound carp diets the trend is to use locally available vegetable protein sources and also include non-protein sources to minimising nitrogenous wastes and environmental impact. Carbohydrates, such as dextrin and the starch binders, are important compo-

34 | International AquaFeed | November-December 2010

Figure 1: Minerals in fish nutrition

F: Chromium

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MICRO DOSING UNIT rainbow trout have a turnover of glucose ten times slower than rats while carp have a higher intestinal activity of amylase than carnivorous fish. This makes carp a suitable candidate for the inclusion of higher dietary carbohydrate levels than other carnivorous species. The optimum range of dietary carbohydrate for carp can be considered to be 30-40 percent, twice that of rainbow trout. If carbohydrates are not provided as an energy source then other nutrients in the diet, such as protein and lipids, are diverted and catabolised for energy production and to provide metabolic intermediates for the synthesis of other biological compounds.

Efficient compound diet The importance of developing a better understanding of carbohydrate utilisation and its optimisation is therefore essential in the development of efficient compound diets for carp. Carbohydrate utilisation appears to be related to the complexity of the carbohydrate, for example, gelatinised starch has been shown to produce higher growth rates and feed efficiency in common carp than dietary glucose or dextrin. This indicates that complex carbohydrates are digested and absorbed slowly while simple sugars are absorbed rapidly and result in high blood glucose levels. Fish, in general, have been shown to have poor control over glucose levels because prolonged hyperglycemia is observed in fish following glucose tolerance tests. This variation in carbohydrate digestion and absorption may be explained in several ways: • The lack of inducible glucokinase and low hexokinase activity, two blood enzymes responsible for glucose regulation.

• Glucose being less potent than certain amino acids as a stimulus for insulin release. • The possible inhibition of insulin release by somatostatins occurring due to high blood glucose levels. • The relatively low number of insulin receptors in fish as compared to mammals. In diet formulations where plant proteins are used extensively, and where they replace fish meal in fish diets, reduced natural background mineral levels occur. Several areas of concern arise due to these diet formulation changes: balancing essential amino acid content of diets, diet palatability and dietary minerals, both in terms of levels, form and bioavailability. In fish, trace elements play an important role in cellular metabolism,

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November-December 2010 | International AquaFeed | 35

F: Chromium formation of skeletal structures, maintenance of colloidal systems, regulation of acid-base equilibrium and other physiological functions. Many of the trace elements are associated with specific proteins in metallo-enzymes which have unique catalytic functions and are involved in most aspects of cell biochemistry and function (see Figure 1). Historically minerals and their interactions in fish diets have been studied individually (i.e. level of one mineral varied while others are held constant) and only the inorganic forms were investigated. These studies explained much about min-

eral metabolism and function but did not explain why the responses change when levels, sources and ratios of minerals varied. When free ionic mineral forms are used in fish diets, components of the diet, such as phytate from plant proteins and sulphur contained in many DDGS, may form complexes with the trace elements and interfere with their availability. Zinc and copper are good examples of this. With the presence of mineral antagonistic effects and the resulting poorer bioavailability, the tendency has been to compensate with higher levels of traditional inorganic minerals. Recent studies have shown that organic mineral forms (metal amino acid complex, metal polysaccharide complex, metal proteinate and metal yeasts) are less susceptible to mineral antagonistic effects, are better absorbed and therefore more bioavailable. However the effectiveness of these organic forms varies greatly depending on the production methodology and the dietary components used for a particular target species.

Chromium Figure 2: The role of chromium in glucose metabolism

Figure 3: The hypothetical structure of GTF

Figure 4: Growth performance of mirror carp fed respective diets at weekly intervals for 8 weeks

Due to the high levels of dietary carbohydrate in common carp diets, one mineral of particular interest is chromium. This trace element has been shown to be essential and participates in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism (see Figure 2). Chromium supplementation improves glucose utilization in diabetic humans and its incorporation in animal feeds appears to influence metabolic processes. This has resulted in improved performance characteristics (growth, reproductive efficiency and carcass composition) in pigs, broilers chicken and cattle. The most important chromium oxidation states are the trivalent and hexavalent forms of chromium.The trivalent form being the most stable and biologically important. The acute and chronic toxic effects of chromium are mainly caused by the hexavalent form. Trivalent chromium is an active component of the glucose tolerance factor (GTF) or chromium di-nicotinic acid glutathione complex (see Figure 3) which interacts with insulin and facilitates the uptake of glucose into cells. Chromium is also considered to be a cofactor for insulin, increases the size of

pancreatic beta cells and enhances the affinity of insulin for its receptors. Very few studies have been published on chromium supplementation in fish. However it has been shown that supplementation with chromium chloride improved glucose utilization in common carp while chromic oxide improved utilization of glucose in tilapia. The chemical form of chromium has been shown to affect the tissue concentrations of chromium of rats and studies with swine and poultry suggest that the inorganic forms of chromium are poorly absorbed. Further studies with the same species with organic forms of chromium showed that a chromium amino acid complex and yeast incorporated chromium were more effective than the inorganic forms. Research has been on-going at the University of Plymouth to investigate the effect of dietary chromium on the growth and carbohydrate metabolism in mirror and common carp. Preliminary results have shown that an organic form of chromium (chromium yeast, BiochromeÂŽ, Alltech Inc) has shown improved growth results and bioavailability than the inorganic form (chromium chloride) when included in carp dietsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; at the same level. Different parameters were measured to evaluate the effect of various levels and sources of chromium (organic and inorganic) on fish health and this included histological examination of the liver and gut, comet assay for blood cells and the effect of chromium on key liver enzymes, plasma glucose concentration and gene expression.

Conclusion This study will identify the true requirement of this essential trace element and provide a better understanding of chromium interactions in a number of physiological processes enabling more efficient diet formulation for this important species to be developed.

36 | International AquaFeed | November-December 2010

About the author Arafat Ahmed is a PhD student at the University of Plymouth with a grant from the Ministry of Higher Education in Bagdad, Iraq studying the effect of dietary chromium on the growth and carbohydrate metabolism in mirror and common carp (Cyprinus carpio).

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Feed Management

Feed management in an intensive shrimp farming system with bioflocs by Eric De Muylder of CreveTec, Belgium and Leon Claessens of Aquaculture Farming Technology, The Netherlands

eed management in extensive and semi-intensive shrimp farming systems differs a lot with the feed management, which is practiced for fish farming.

Feeding frequency is limited to four or six times per day. The feed is spread over the whole pond, which is labor-intensive. There are also some indications that lower feeding frequencies are not affecting growth. The reason is most probably the availability of natural feeds in the pond, which complement the shrimp nutrition in the absence of feed (between feedings). The lower the feed quality the better it will be to decrease the feeding frequency, because it forces the shrimp to go for natural feed, which has a better quality than the feed. In the continuous presence of low quality feeds, the shrimp will fill its stomach with this feed with slower growth as a result.

Intensive farming with bioflocs

Four different diets with crude protein content of 38 percent and lipid content of eight percent were formulated and produced with a pellet press at two mm. Shrimp (Litopeneaus vannamei) were imported from Thailand and raised till six grams. They were divided over 20 nets, which resulted in 23 per net. They were weighed individually at start and finish.

However, the feeding affects the water quality parameters in the ponds. An oxygen drop is observed after feeding. A continuous feeding will result in a more continuous water quality and less stress for the shrimp. In intensive farming, the natural production of the tank is represented by bioflocs. These bioflocs directly interfere Table 1: Average growth and FCR with the water quality. Intensive Feeding regime farming also allows the mechanization of feeding without Week 1 continue extra labour.

Trial The influence of feeding frequency on growth and FCR was observed in the AFTCreveTec Research station in Venray, Netherlands.

Growth (g/week)

FCR

1,67

1,46

Week 2

continue

1,74

1,03

Week 3

4 times/day

1,38

2,62

Week 4

4 times/day

1,14

3,75

Week 5

2 times/day

0,83

2,58

Week 6

2 times/day

0,99

4,59

38 | International AquaFeed | November-December 2010

Feed Management Every week, total weight and number was measured to have average weights. During the first two weeks, the shrimp were fed on a continuous basis. During week three and four, they were fed four times per day. During week five and six, they were fed only two times per day. The average growth and FCR can be seen in table 1 It is clear that the reduction in feeding frequency affected the growth negatively. The shrimp were also not able to consume all the feeds, which resulted in much higher conversion ratios. More

information:

Eric De Muylder CreveTec Belgium Email: eric@crevetec.be Leon Claessens Aquaculture Farming Technology The Netherlands Email: info@aquaculture-ft.com

Visit our website for more information!

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November-December 2010 | International AquaFeed | 39

The Aquaculturist A regular look inside the aquaculture industry

Hi my name is Martin Little. I am the Aquaculturists, with a background in Marine Zoology and eight years working in the field as a consultant fisheries observer in the North Atlantic, I am now part of International Aquafeed magazine, and as well as my column in the pages of the magazine I will be running a accompanying blog that can be found at http://theaquaculturists.blogspot.com/

quafeed magazine is now a recognised and respected journal pertaining to all topics allied to the aquaculture industry; from equipment manufacturers to hatchery management. Whilst we recognise the value of the academic and scientific content we publish as paramount to the remit of Aquafeed magazine we also recognise the importance of other aspects of the industry, particularly those topics closely or peripherally associated with aquaculture feed. To keep our readers up to date with news and information on these associated topics we have launched a blog to keep you in the know on all that is happening in the industry, both locally and globally. A significant part of the blog will be utilised to provide expertly reviewed books about aquaculture and allied industries. All books will soon be available to buy through the blog or the Aquafeed website. By the way...if you have or know of a book we should review please contact us with full details Titled The Aquaculturists the blog is edited and updated on a daily basis by our marine zoologist Martin Little...whose bio can be see at the top of this page.

Also on Twitter: http://twitter.com/Aquaculturists

http://theaquaculturists.blogspot.com/ 40 | International AquaFeed | November-December 2010

Book review OECD Insights: Fisheries – While Stocks Last by Patrick Love

his recently published OECD insights publication, Fisheries – While Stocks Last - by Patrick Love, looks at the fishing industry and the recent effects of the global recession, which arose from the ‘credit crunch’.Also affected during this time was the aquaculture industry.

Fishing and its impact on the biodiversity within the oceans has long been a major issue and are well documented. Also looked at in this publication is the effect of an ageing population on the work force of the fishing industry and what it means to smaller coastal vessels. Other external factors such as urbanization, pollution and climate change have direct impacts on the industry as a whole. Over the course of the book the author looks at the state of several sub sectors of the fishing industry from industrial fishing to aquaculture. He also describes Dutch fishers and Basque fleets that were involved

in fishing off the coast of Newfoundland hundreds of years ago. He focuses on European fishers and northern fisheries as the forerunners of the modern fishing industry. As well as looking at the historical side of the industry he looks at how different countries today affect and change the fishing industry from the fish markets to fish production. An interesting part of this publication looks at the contradictions in the industry and at the controversies that arise from the terminology being used: That there are people trying to be proactive and force change from the fishers to the people that buy the fish in the supermarket. At the end of the book the author attempts to bring all the parts together and look at the future challenges facing the industry and how they will respond to it overall. The basic idea of this book is to help the reader better understand the nature of the fishing industry and all of its complexities. We at International Aquafeed would recommend this to anyone involved in marine fishing and even to those in aquaculture to and aqua policy development as a foundation document for future decision-making. Well done Patrick Love.

ISBN 978-92-64-07737-9 (print) - ISBN 978-92-64-07991-5 (PDF)

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Book review Advancing the Aquaculture Agenda: 2010 OECD

n April 2010, the OECD Committee for Fisheries jointly - with the French Ministry for Food Agriculture and Fisheries - hosted a two-day symposium on ‘Advancing the Aquaculture Agenda: Policies to ensure sustainable aquaculture sector’. The key objective of this symposium was to provide a platform for the future policy challenges that OECD member governments face in aquaculture development. The two-day event saw over 80 participants from 25 countries attend and was chaired by Professor Torger Borresen from the University of Denmark. Chapter 1 of this published review looks at aquaculture and considers key features and future opportunities within this sector with recommendations on strategic investment and policy levels. Chapter 2 covers climate change, food security and aquaculture and looks at the problems of unregulated industrial-scale aquaculture and its potential social concerns for food safety and environmental impact. In Chapter 3, the symposium looked at Norway strategy for an environmentally sustainable aquaculture industry. The focus was on envi-

ronmental aspects of sustainable fish farming, based on five key points, spatial planning and area management, disease, escape and interactions, feed and feed resources. In Chapter 11, Chile experiences in controlling sea lice (Caligus rogercresseyi) was examined and how they treated and monitored on a bi-weekly basis until a rapid decline in abundance and prevalence was seen. Throughout this two-day symposium many different aspects of aquaculture were looked at from several country’s perspectives and analysed accordingly, along with ideas and suggestions on how to move forward. A survey was carried out during the symposium and the results of which were discussed particularly about the lessons that have been learned and the potential areas for improvement. One of the most important issues covered, in my view, was that of the policy makers and the need for simplified regulations and procedures, the value of stakeholder to be part of the regulation process and the importance of economic incentives. Overall many countries still place aquaculture within the fisheries regulations, meaning that there are no separate regulations to help control and improve the future of aquaculture. There is a lot of good information contained within this publication; a great resource for policy makers, governments, students and teachers but also for professionals employed in the field of aquaculture.

ISBN 978-92-64-08871-9

Aquaculture and Fisheries Biotechnology Genetic Approaches: 2004

n this 2004 book by R A Dunham: Aquaculture and Fisheries Biotechnology Genetic Approaches: He, address biotechnology in aquaculture and also the interrelationships with fisheries. Since he points out that aquaculture and fisheries are not antagonistic as they are portrayed, but are infact equally important to each other, and this interrelationship is important for the biotechnology. The biochemical and molecular genetic tools can be applied to both aquaculture and fishers.

The books concept attempts to relate theory with reality, providing a strong review of the current status using many examples of past and up-to-date research and results. He provides a strong view of the biotechnology within aquaculture and the importance of it with in fisheries as the fisheries is the main genetic pool for aquaculture. In chapter 1 he look at the history of biotechnology genetics in aquaculture and fisheries referring to the long history of aquaculture some 2000 years or more in China and the Roman Empire. But even with this long history, aquaculture has only in the last few decades become such an important tool in support of the fisheries since fish stocks in many of the world’s oceans are over fished and in serious decline. In chapter 2 he points out that the effects of the environment are equally important and is often an area of research, which is ignored

in aquatic genetics and biotechnology. So he looks at the environmental effects and phenotypic variation. The science of this publication though complicated has been written in such a way by Dunham, that it is understandable to student and teachers as well anyone with an interested in aquaculture and fisheries. In my opinion, Dunham has presented a very interesting view of biotechnology in aquaculture and fisheries showing how the need to understand all aspect of the science is important to the future of aquaculture and fisheries. Later chapters deal with such diverse material as population Genetic and interactions of hatchery and wild fish, Gene Expression, Isolation and Cloning. Looking at the commercial application of fish biotechnology within the industry as well as strategies for genetic conservation, gene banking and maintaining genetic quality. In the final chapter Dunham shows that constraints and limitations of genetic biotechnology can be split into several key areas such as development, biodiversity, political and economic issues. He makes recommendations that genetic improvement of cultured fish should be important along with the need for more training programmes and education for aquaculture geneticists especially in the developing countries. Some of the main constraints he mentioned are environmental issues such as environmental risk of genetically altered aquatic organisms, biodiversity and genetic conservation. This book is a must for students and biologists, fisheries and farmers alike.

ISBN 0 85199 596 9 42 | International AquaFeed | November-December 2010

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EVENTS EVENTS 2010

9th - 11th March

•

8th - 9th November

Aquafeed Platform 2010 - 10th Practical Short Courses, Het Pand, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium Contact: Ignace Debruyne PhD, Haverhuisstraat 28, B-8870 Izegem, Belgium Tel: +32 51 3112 74 Fax: +32 51 3156 75 Email: aquafeed@scarlet.be Web: www.smartshortcourses.com

•

16th - 19th November

EuroTier 2010, Hannover / Germany Contact: Sandra Willer, Eschborner Landstrasse 122, 60489 Frankfurt, Germany Tel: +49 69 24788265 Fax: +49 69 24788113 Email: expo@dlg.org Web: www.eurotier.de

25th - 26th November Future of Protein Summit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Contact: Marjolijn Cohen, Jan van Eijcklaan 2, 3723 BC Bilthoven, The Netherlands Tel: +31 30 2252060 Fax: +31 84 8327225 Email: mcohen@bridge2food.com Web: www.bridge2food.com

•

17th - 20th January

•*

Asia Pacific Aquaculture 2011, Kochi, India Contact: Mario Stael, Begijnengracht 40, B9000 Ghent, Belgium Tel: +32 92334912 Email: Mario.Stael@scarlet.be Web: www.was.org

28th February 11 - 3rd March 11

•

Aquaculture America 2011, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA Contact: Mario Stael, MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000, Gent, Belgium Tel: +32 9 2334912 Fax: +32 9 2334912 Email: mario.stael@scarlet.be Web: www.marevent.com

Events Key: * = See our magazine at this show • = More information available Events Key: * = See our magazine at this show • = More information available

3rd - 5th May Victam International, Cologne, Germany Contact: Patricia Heimgartner, Box 197, 3860 Ad Nijkerk, The Netherlands Tel: + 31 33 2464404 Fax: + 31 33 2464706 Email: Expo@victam.com Web: www.victam.com

26th - 29th May

•

Aquarama 2011, Singapore Contact: Doris Woo / Linda Tan, No.3 Pickering Street, 02-48, China Square Central, Singapore 048660 Tel: +65 65920889 Fax: +65 64389060 Email: aquarama-sg@ubm.com Web: www.aquarama.com.sg

6th - 10th June

EVENTS 2011

•

Aquatic Asia 2011, BITEC, Bangkok International Trade & Exhibition Centre, Bangkok, Thailand Contact: Guus van Ham, P.O. Box 8800, 3503 RV Utrecht, The Netherlands Tel: +31 30 2952302 Fax: +31 30 2952809 Email: aquatic.asia@vnuexhibitions.com Web: www.aquatic-asia.net

•

World Aquaculture 2011 incl Giant Prawn 2011, Natal, Brazil Contact: Mr Mario Stael, Marevent Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium Tel: +32 9 2334912 Fax: +32 9 2334912 Email: mario.stael@scarlet.be Web: www.marevent.com

15th - 17th June

•

Indo Fisheries 2011 Expo & Forum, Grand City Expo Surabaya, Indonesia Contact: Devi Ardiatne, Jl. Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No. 10, Kompleks Billy & Moon, Pondok Kelapa, Jakarta 13450, Indonesia Tel: +62 21 8644756 Fax: +62 21 8650963 Email: devi@napindo.com Web: www.indolivestock.com

18th - 21st October

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Aquaculture Europe 2011, Rhodos, Greece Contact: EAS, Slijkensesteenweg 4, B8400 Ostend, Belgium Tel: +32 59 323859 Fax: +32 59 321005 Email: eas@aquaculture.cc Web: www.easonline.org

EuroTier 2010 in Hanover World’s leading exhibition for professional animal husbandry

xcellent stand booking figures with over 1,800 exhibitors from all over the world – Improved economic climate – Excellent participation in BioEnergy Decentral – High numbers of visitor expected Dr. Reinhard Grandke, General Executive Manager of the DLG (Deutsche Landwirtschafts-Gesellschaft e.V. – German Agricultural Society), Frankfurt am Main (DLG). The world’s top event for animal production, EuroTier 2010, is being held at the Exhibition Grounds in Hanover from 16 to 19 November 2010. The organiser, DLG (Deutsche Landwir tschafts-Gesellschaft – German Agricultural Society) reports excellent stand booking figures. Over 1,800 exhibitors from altogether 48 countries, including the leading manufacturers in the industry, will be presenting a full-scale programme and many innovations. EuroTier thus impressively underscores its position as the world’s top event for animal production. The DLG evaluates the booking results on the one hand as a distinct indication that the industry intends to use EuroTier as its international turntable for markets throughout Europe, as well as in Russia and overseas. It sees EuroTier as the forum for the industry worldwide. This is where the companies launch their innovations and meet business farmers and investors, key customers from the industry, trade and research facilities worldwide. On the other hand, the stand booking results are also an expression of a brightening economic environment. Farmers are looking more optimistically to the future again and see development potentials for their farms.

Excellent participation from outside Germany Altogether 724 exhibitors from outside Germany are taking part in EuroTier. By far the largest contingent with 134 companies comes once again from the Netherlands, followed by France with 90 companies. Other large groups of participants come from Denmark (56), China (50), Italy (50), the United Kingdom (48), Belgium (40), Spain (40) and Austria (38). The DLG views the high international participation level of 40 per cent as a clear signal for the growing global orientation of the industry and agribusiness with its worldwide linkages. The companies want to use the EuroTier platform specifically to develop new markets. “The world comes together at EuroTier in Hanover.”

Is there an event that our readers need to know about! Events listings are free of charge and will appear in the printed magazine and online. To add your event to our listing, contact Tuti Tan Tutit@aquafeed.co.uk

46 | International AquaFeed | November-December 2010

EVENTS

Asian-Pacific Aquaculture 2011

sian-Pacific Aquaculture 2011 (APA 2011), the Annual Conference and Trade Exhibition of the Asia Pacific Chapter of World Aquaculture Society (WASAPC) will be held in Kochi during January 17-20, 2011. This Conference is shaping up well to become a landmark aquaculture event in India. International exper ts in all fields of aquaculture technology are lined up to be in Kochi In Januar y 2011, and there are several special sessions addressing the emerging needs for promoting the sector in India.

Conference registration – abstract submission With less than three months left for this landmark international symposium in India, it is time to confirm your registration before November 1, 2010, when the early bird registrations will close. The abstract submission deadline also closes on November 1, 2010. Check the website www.apa2011.org for registration and submission of abstracts. Delegates from India and South Asian countr ies can register at this site. For other international delegates, please check the WAS website www. was.org. There is growing interest among national and international researchers to attend APA 2011, the biggest aquaculture meeting ever organized in India. No doubt, this event will provide you the best opportunity to meet and network with your colleagues and friends coming from different parts of the world.

Conference programme The APA 2011 Programme is

getting well organized with presentations on a wide range of topics from general aquaculture, production systems, aquaculture genetics and biotechnology, nutrition and aquafeeds, aquatic animal health, har vest and post-harvest technologies, market promotion and trade, seafood cer tification standards and human health etc. The Giant Prawn 2011 is a special session on freshwater prawns that is the most significant event on freshwater prawns after the 1980 Giant Prawn conference held in Bangkok. Plenar y Session: Plenar y speaker s on the inaugur al session on 18 Januar y 2011 include: Dr S Ayyappan, Secretar y DARE & Director General, ICAR, Govt. of India, who has master minded the recent progress in India’s fisheries and aquaculture sector; Dr P Krishnaiah IAS, Chief Executive Officer of National Fisheries Development Board (NFDB) who will present the overall aquaculture scenario in India; Ms Leena Nair IAS, Chairman, MPEDA who will speak on the oppor tunities for marketing, processing and export of seafood from India; and Dr Francisco Gomes, Global Aquaculture Manager, Novus International, USA, who will highlight the challenges to global aquaculture on an industrial perspective. Technical Sessions: Together with the general APA 2011 technical sessions on aquaculture techniques and practices, processing, mar keting, economics and trade etc, there will also be an exclusive conference on freshwater prawns, Giant Prawn 2011 (GP 2011), organized by Michael New, in concurrent sessions, which will be

a landmark event in the history of freshwater prawns, after the 1980 conference held in Bangkok. Other Special Sessions include: Economics for Sustainable Development - Special Session organi ze d by t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l Association of Aquaculture Economics and Management (IAAEM); Seafood Inspection, Cer tification & Human H e a l t h o r g a n i ze d by t h e International Association of Fish Inspectors (IAFI); Climate Change & Aquaculture; Reser voir-Based Aquaculture; Recirculator y Aquaculture Systems; Bioflocs; Aquaculture Policy & Regulations; Fisheries Education and Training; and Rural Aquaculture, Welfare & Pover ty Alleviation.

Industry section at APA2011 F a r m e r s ’ D ay : F a r m e r Scientist - Industry interactive session on 19 January 2011 will be a full-day event providing an opportunity for aqua-farmers in India to interact with international exper ts to resolve their concerns on production, husbandry, marketing etc. Farmers’ Day is being organized with active cooperation and funding from the National Fisheries Development Board (NFDB) and var ious State Fisheries Departments in India. This session will open up the possibilities of new and emerging aquaculture species and production technologies to Indian farmers. For their benefit a special one-day registration fee for Rs. 1000 is provided by which farmers are eligible for attending the Farmers' Day, Conference Kit, Lunch and entry to the Exhibition. Simultaneous translation in Indian languages will be provided for the benefit

November-December 2010 | International AquaFeed | 47

of aqua-farmers from various States of India. Trade Show: The International A q u a c u l t u r e a n d s e a fo o d Tr ade Exhibition of near ly 100 national and international booths as par t of APA 2011 will be a boost to the Indian industr y by showcasing their products and ser vices to the world, and to know the best the world industry could offer to India. If you would like to put up a Booth in this Exhibition, please send us the printed Exhibitor's Form (downloadable from the website) by fax/email/post or contact me directly here. Tour s: We or ganize postconference Farm tour s to visit shr imp and pr awn farms, hatcheries, traditional rice-shrimp farms, and organic rice-freshwater prawn farms in Kerala on 21 and 22 Januar y 2011. Please check for details in www.apa2011.org. The details of scenic tours to experience the pristine wild beauty of Kerala are also available. Visa to India: All delegates (except those from Nepal & Bhutan) coming to attend the conference need a valid Visa to enter India. Please contact the nearest Indian Embassy / High Commission / Consulate in your countr y in order to obtain visa. For any assistance in this regard, email your request to apa2011@hotmail. com. For Indian Immigration details please use this link (http://www.immigrationindia. nic.in/Instr_foreigner s2.htm) For countr y specific details please use this link (http:// w w w. m e a . g o v. i n / m y s t a r t . php?id=8700) The list of Indian diplomatic missions abroad can be found at http://www. embassywor ld.com/embassy/ India/India.html.

In every issue of International Aquafeed we will be providing a list of companies and web links related to key stories & topics within each specific issue. If you would like information on how your company can get involved, please contact our Marketing Manager, Caroline Wearn. Email: carolinew@aquafeed.co.uk |Tel +44 1242 267706

WEB LINKS AKVA group ASA - www.akvagroup.com Alltech Inc - www.alltech.com BENEO–Animal Nutrition - www.Beneo-an.com Biomin Holding GmbH - www.biomin.net Bluewave Marine Ingredients - www.Bluewaveperu.com Braime Elevator Components Ltd - www.go4b.com British Columbia Salmon Farmers Association - www.salmonfarmers.org Buhler AG - www.buhlergroup.com Chemoforma Ltd - www.chemoforma.com Creve Tec bvba - www.crevetec.be Dishman Netherlands B.V - www.dishman-netherlands.com Extru–Tech Inc - www.extru-techinc.com Forberg International AS - www.forberg.no Geelen Counterflow - www.geelencounterflow.com GePro Gefluegel Protein Vertriebsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG - www.ge-pro.de Lallemand Animal Nutrition - www.lallemandanimalnutrition.com Marevent - www.marevent.com Mercator Media Ltd - www.offshoremariculture.com Modern Process Equipment, Inc. - www.mpechicago.com Muyang Group - www.muyang.com Nutri–Ad International nv - www.nutriad.net nv SCE - www.sce.be Ottevanger Milling Engineers B.V. - www.ottevanger.com Palm View Trade - www.palmviewtrade.com Perten Instruments AB - www.perten.com Scaramanga Communications Sonac - www.sonac.biz SPF (activite Aquativ) - www.aquativ-diana.com Tapco Inc - www.tapcoinc.com The Aquaculture Communications Group, LLC - www.aquacomgroup.com Tianjin Norland Biotech Co.,Ltd. - www.norlandbiotech.com Van Aarsen International BV - www.aarsen.com Wynveen International B.V. - www.wynveen.com Zhengchang Group (ZCME) - www.zhengchang.com

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