Beyond Facades - a dialogue amongst the altered spaces by Intersection Foundation

BEYOND FACADES a dialogue amongst the altered spaces

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OnSite Collaborators :

Amita Pathria

Ayush Bakliwal

Mohit Kapoor

Nitish Vidyadhar

Naitik Vakharia

Expert Lectures : Ar. Kavita Jain Ar. Yash Pratap Singh Shekhawat

Participants :

Student Editorial Team :

Faculty Editorial Team :

Silvi Patel Richa Shah Snehal Sen Steffi Shah Munjaal Desai Nihar Soni Rushank Patel Vaishnavi Panchal Mann Shah Meghavi Suthar Stavan Trivedi Tithi Patel Manan Oza Neerzari Patel Jaimisha Patel Manit Patel Navneet Savaliya Shrey Patel Nimesh Detroja

Utsav Rathod Rushank Patel Navneet Savaliya Tithi Patel Silvi Patel Manit Patel Jaimisha Patel Mann Shah Richa Shah Meghavi Suthar Aravinth Kumar Jeel Chaudhry Shivani Gajipara Vandan Mehta

Naitik Vakharia

Participants:

A b out ‘Beyond Facades: A Dialogue amongst Altered Spaces’, a collaborative exercise themed on “transformation of urban character” was conducted by Institute of Design, Environment and Architecture (IDEA), Indus University, Ahmedabad in association with Studio Muse, Jaipur and Intersection Foundation from 1st March to 10th March 2019 in Jaipur, Rajasthan. The workshop aimed at sensitizing the students pursuing architecture to perceive an urban form beyond its appearance. Also, emphasis was given to develop an understanding of the tangible and intangible transformations in an urban setting concerning character, size and function over time. Multiple grid blocks of the historic city of Jaipur were identified for this exercise, which involved understanding the character of an urban settlement through experiences in each grid block. The workshop also comprised of an in-depth documentation of the streets in relation to facades, heritage value, activities and the social setting of a place. Further, a detailed analysis was done based on the pre-defined workshop objectives. The inferences derived from this study will provide an insight to the proposals and development strategies for heritage conservation in the old city of Jaipur.

Ta b l e of C on te n ts Introduction Background Approach and Methodology Planning of Jaipur Landmarks in Jaipur

10 11 12 14 16

Context

Experiencing the city Sense of a place Urban Townscape Facades & Beyond

22 40 41 50

Street Scape Analysis

Space Sequencing

Altered Spaces

Analysis

Outcomes and way forward

108

I nt rod uc t i on This section introduces the inception and basic guiding principle of the course, along with the idea emerging out of the relevant context of the case.

An interesting composition of facades depicting dynamism and diversity

Ba c k g round The city of Jaipur is a fine example of early city planning and architecture, it was founded in 1727 AD, by Maharaj Sawai Jai Singh-II. Vidhyadhar Bhattacharya, Chief Architect from Bengal, along with Sawai Jai Singh, planned the city on strong scientific principles and conceptualized it in a nine-grid cosmic Mandala format. The idea of the Jaipur city as the new capital emerged after, there was topographical constraints in expanding the then existing capital Amber. The other aspect was to set up a trading town as there was a significant shift from an agricultural based economy to trade based economy. Jaipur has been extensively researched and documented for its various aspects relating to architecture, urban fabric, road network and its spatial arrangements. The city is laid out on grid pattern with streets, blocks, edges and topography defining a grid block. Each such ‘grid block’ are characterized by distinct community residing in them based on the culture or the occupation, which eventually transformed the spaces and architecture of the nine grid-blocks. Over the years, the ever-changing socio-economic and cultural aspects of the inhabitants in these settlements resulted in some physical alterations within the built forms. These alterations are visible in the form of facade alterations, or additions of multiple floors or through functional deviations in the inner spaces to list a few. This being a dynamic process, the broader structures of the planned area can be identified unaltered, however over a period of time many evident changes have occurred at micro-levels compounding to visible alterations. Therefore, in order to critically assess the factors resulting in such alterations, it is important to observe and understand the facades of these settlements along with the altered spaces within. With the passing decades and growing aspirations of the people, transformations are evident from the changing facades. The altered spaces are evident too, with the change in spatial arrangements inside and outside the complexes, use of modern materials, and other elements. The workshop was designed in order to closely examine the urban fabric of the planned old city of Jaipur in terms of concept, heritage value, street network, visual appearance, spatial arrangements and functioning, community, socio-economic and cultural aspects. Further, the analysis were based on observational and factual findings, and infer the transitions and alterations in the facades and spaces over a period of time.

A dialogue amongst the altered spaces 11

A p p roac h a n d M e th o d o l o g y The key intent of the study was to holistically understand the physical, social and cultural characteristics of the chowkris in old city of Jaipur. After gaining an initial insight about the Jaipur city through Literature study, expert lectures, observational study of overall Jaipur old city, some chowkris were identified to commence its on-ground study on case to case basis. The in-depth documentation and analysis of these neighbourhood level grid blocks of Jaipur planned city led to develop an understanding on the reasons for alterations in the spaces, and their implications on the built environment.

Background Research 1. Background research about Jaipur city, history of the city, principles of planning, architecture of the city, economy and culture, social fabric, major landmarks, and recent developments.

Guest Lectures 1. Guest lecture by heritage conservation experts on urban facades, heritage conservation efforts in Jaipur and Haveli architecture in Rajasthan.

12 Beyond Facades

Experiencing the city / Visit to the old city of Jaipur - initial visit through exploring within the chowkris of old city. / Experiencing the elements of the Jaipur old city with respect to the five principles stated by Kevin Lynch. / Identifying and short listing the chowkris for an in-depth study and documentation. / Visit the assigned chowkris and observe the transitioning facades through mapping of activities, and analyse its physical, social & cultural characteristics.

Studying Facades / Identifying building typologies and architectural elements. / Mapping the activities and identifying a relevant transect. / Conduct a street scape analysis by understanding facades and their varying conditions transitioning from the buildings placed on primary, secondary and tertiary streets. / Identifying the transformations of the facades within the chowkris.

Altered Spaces / Selection of relevant built complexes based on facade analysis. / Observing and mapping the spatial arrangements inside a built space. / Analysing the relationship between the community and the spaces formed planned and incidental built spaces. / Understanding space sequencing inside the built premises. / Observing and mapping alterations and transitions in the inner spaces over a period of time. / Identifying the cause of alterations in the built spaces. A dialogue amongst the altered spaces 13

Pl a nni ng O f J a i p u r -

a b rie f h isto ry DESIGNING AND PLANNING OF JAIPUR CITY:

Vaastu Purusha Mandala

1. Nine Block Mandala Concept

Old City Grid of Jaipur

2. Deviation due to topography (Nahargarh hills)

Evolution of the Nine Squared City 14 Beyond Facades

3. Present old city planning

Maharaja Jai Singh was a politically astute and practical minded king, who had not only learned from the diverse exposures of serving away from home in the distant corners of Mughal Empire but had also honed his repertoire of skills while augmenting Jaipur’s already sizable royal treasury. He was also ambitious and willing to sponsor rather unconventional ventures like founding a purpose-built new capital city, and experimenting with astrology. His ideas and actions shaped the walled city’s origin and long term development in foundational ways. He employed his sizable resources to purposefully design Jaipur as a princely settlement both in the basic physical structure and architectural character. The act of building a grand city not only aimed at enhancing his reputation among princely peers but also to position his claim to eternal future fame by drawing upon customary religious practices. The spatial organization of the city plan itself draws upon key normative concepts described in Vastu Shastras that place the king at the metaphorical and geographical center. Jaipur’s massive self-contained palace complex comprising the royal living quarters and all the supporting services, attendant functions and key state offices, for instance, not only occupies the most important geographical location but also comprises the single largest parcel of land in the walled city. As evident in Jaipur’s plan, rest of the city surrounds and secures the centrally located royal palace from all sides even as the planned layout facilities quick access from the palace complex to other proximate land uses located toward the Eastern and Northern directions. These include the imposing hills fort of Jaigarh and Nahargarh conceived mainly for military purposes and the remarkable fort-palace of Amer that had served as the capital until the founding of Jaipur city. These forts are purposefully sited among a landscape of natural open spaces and rolling countryside dotted with forest areas, hunting preserves, formal gardens and water bodies of various kinds that collectively provided the playground for pursuing the outdoor pleasures of princely life. Following British colonists’ increasing pressure upon native kings to reform their feudal administrative systems and inward-oriented society, Sawai Ram Singh (1852 - 1880) shifted the course of city’s development trajectory by patronizing the building of ‘modern’ public works and promoting Jaipur’s expansion outside the city walls. He ordered the creation of a public works department (PWD) appointing the prolific colonial engineer Swinton Jacob, who introduced the then-prevalent ‘Indo-Saracenic’ architectural style into Jaipur’s spatial form, while super-intending many civic infrastructure projects that were evidently comparable to, and perhaps even better than those undertaken in British India’s cities.1

[1] Vidyarthi S., Singh P. (2018). JAI - Jaipur. Introduction. 10-12 A dialogue amongst the altered spaces 15

Landma r k s I n Jaip u r PANNA MEENA KUND Situated behind the Amer fort, this stepwell was built during 1699-1743, this kund was sponsored by locals and a few rich patrons such as Panna Meena for the purpose of public charity and memorializing the family name. The place was mainly utilized as a place of social gatherings. People from nearby places come here for fetching water, bathing or other social and cultural activities. This Kund was designed by a Brahmin and constructed by craftsmen & engineers. This place has a stunning pattern of symmetrical stairs which is considered to be the main feature of the kund.

JAWAHAR KALA KENDRA The Jawahar Kala Kendra designed by celebrated architect Charles Correa, adapting and applying concepts from the ancient architectural principles of Jaipur city planning based on nine square grids which represent nine planets. In the planning of Jaipur, one of the squares was transposed to east and two of the squares were amalgamated to house the palace due to the presence of a hill. A similar reference can be seen in the planning of Jawahar Kala Kendra, where one of the squares is pivoted to form the entrance. The blocks are defined by 8m high wall, symbolic to the fortified wall in the old city.

NAHARGARH FORT

16 Beyond Facades

MUSEUM OF LEGACY

NAHARGARH FORT Rajasthan is famous for its royal heritage. Formed by the union of many princely states ruled mainly by Rajputs, Rajasthan has many forts and palaces. Some of these palaces & forts are associated with important historical events as well. Nahargarh fort, along with other two forts viz., Amer Fort and Jaigarh Fort, once formed a strong defence for Jaipur city. Built by Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh II in 1734, this fort was originally named Sudarshangarh Fort. Later, it was given a new name, Nahargarh which means ‘abode of tigers’. Located in one of the oldest mountain ranges of the world, the Aravalli Hills, this fort gives you a breathtaking view of the scenic surroundings. One of the major tourist attractions of Jaipur, Nahargarh Fort is noted for its extended wall which connects it to Jaigarh Fort.

TOPKHANA DESH

MODIKHANA

VISHESHWARJI

MANIHARO KA RASTA (BANGLE MAKERS)

HAVELI

THATHERO KA RASTA (VESSEL MAKERS)

FILM COLONY

POINTS OF INTERESTS IN THE INTERNAL STREETS OF MODIKHANA

GHAT DARWAJA

RAMACHANDRAJI

GANGPOL

TOPKHANA HAZURI

A dialogue amongst the altered spaces 17

C ont ext

View of Jaipur city from Nahargarh fort

A G8

7 C

D a

F 2

Mirza Ismail Road

GATES G1: Chand Pole G2: Singh Dwar G3: Kishan Pole /Ajmeri Gate G4: New Gate G5: Shiv Pole/Sanganeri Gate G6: Ghat Gate G7: Suraj Pole G8: Char Darwaza G9: Dhruv Pole/Jorawar Singh Gate

DISTRICTS 1: Chowkri Purani Basti 2: Chowkri Topkhana Desh 3: Chowkri Modikhana 4: Chowkri Vishweshwarji 5: Chowkri Ghat 6: Chowkri Topkhana Hazuri 7: Chowkri Ramchandraji 8: Chowkri Sarhad

MAJOR LANDMARKS A: Nahargarh Fort B: Govind Dev Temple C: City Palace D: Isarlat E: Hawa Mahal F: Surya Mandir MAJOR NODES a: Choti Chaupar b: Badi Chaupar c: Ramganj Chaupar A dialogue amongst the altered spaces 19

Ornamented Entrance with intricate stone carvings

Pointed arch in the entrance of a Haveli

Exterior face of a ‘Jharokha’ of a Haveli

Restored facade in a Haveli courtyard

20 Beyond Facades

J a i p ur Jaipur was chosen as a study area primarily owing to its urban planning principles and traditional architectural character in its built environment. It was the first city in the medieval era to shift from agrarian i.e. self sustenance based society to a trade based society. Though Jaipur is thriving economically and culturally in modern-times as well, it is facing the pressure of rapid urbanization. However, the organic growth is well defined, unlike other medieval Indian cities. The city strives to accommodate its original character while providing for modern-day infrastructure facilities. The city constitutes of nine blocks known as the ‘chowkris’. These seven chowkris are known as - Purani Basti, Topkhanadesh, Modikhana, Vishweshwarji, Ghat Darwaja, Ramchandra Colony and Topkhanahazuri. However, Modikhana and Vishweshwarji chowkris originally belonged to a single block, which was later divided into two by the construction of a primary street called ‘Chaura Rasta’. Earlier, a ‘city wall’ encircled this part of Jaipur with five gates at the south, two in the east, and one each in the west and the north.

A dialogue amongst the altered spaces 21

E x p er i enc i n g th e c i ty This section focuses on the exploration of the old city of Jaipur, understanding the levels of street hierarchy and nature of built-forms along with its historical identity, which characterizes the experience of the old city.

Galtaji Temple - known for its picturesque architecture and artworks

The city of Jaipur is planned on the principles of nine-mandala, therefore the city constitutes of nine grid blocks or chowkries known as Purani Basti, Topkhanadesh, Modikhana, Vishweshwarji, Ghat Darwaza, Ramchandra Colony and TopkhanaHazuri. Earlier, Modikhana & Vishweshwarji constituted as a single block, then later a primary street called chaura rasta divided the block into two separate neighbourhoods. City’s entire nine blocks are surrounded by the city wall with five city gates at the South and one each in the West and North and two in the East. For purpose of the study, four grid blocks were identified namely Purani Basti, Modikhana, Vishweshwarji & Topkhanadesh based on a preliminary analysis to draw relevance on the subject. The principles by Kevin Lynch (The Image of the city) was referred to holistically understand the urban form of the city in terms of Paths, Edges, Districts, Nodes & Landmark.

Coloured interior spaces representing the unity in the diverse culture of Jaipur

Entrance of a traditional haveli, exhibiting symmetric ornamentations A dialogue amongst the altered spaces 23

Chowkri : Purani Basti Major landmarks

The nine square block planning in Jaipur city planning was influenced by the Hindu principles of city planning. However, it is also suggested in certain sources that the city planning might have derived from regional arts and crafts ideologies. Purani Basti as the name suggests is one of the oldest area, which is located on the North-West area of the old city, Purani Basti is developed in a block size of 800 meters x 800 meters, it consisted of the residential typologies but with the increasing urbanisation, this locality evidenced commercial developments.

Choti Chaupar

‘Jung jeet mahadev ka mandir’ 24 Beyond Facades

‘Neelkanth Mahadev ka Mandir’

‘Barah bhaiyon ka chauraha’

‘Kothari ki Haveli’

Old Haveli

B A A: Choti Chaupar B: Chowk utilized as Parking C: Jung Jeet Mahadev ka Mandir D: Kothari ki Haveli E: Barah Bhaiyon ka Chauraha F: Old Haveli G: Neelkanth Mahadev ka Mandir H: Santoshi Mata ka Mandir

N in meters

100

200

400

A dialogue amongst the altered spaces 25

Chowkri : Purani Basti Street Network

The typical street network in the old city of Jaipur is classified into three categories i.e. Primary streets (111 ft wide approx), Secondary streets (55 ft wide approx), and tertiary streets (27 ft wide approx). The major primary and secondary streets are occupied with commercial activities such as food market, wholesale market for grains, food market etc. while the tertiary streets consists of mostly residential houses. The streets in Purani Basti are identified by the occupation of its inhabitants or by the local landmarks of the area.

26 Beyond Facades

Primary street

Secondary street

Tertiary street

Primary street

Secondary street

Tertiary street

Langer ke Balaji Ka Rasta

Vishnu Marg Shalo ki Gali Raja Shivdas ji ka Rasta

Nagar Pade Ka Rasta Bordi Ke Kuve Ka Rasta

Primary street

Uniyaron ka Bagru Rasta walon ka Rasta

Jat ke Kuve Jai Lal ka Rasta Munshi ka Rasta

Govind Naharghar Rao Ji ka Road Rasta

Deena Nath ji ki Gali

Secondary street Tertiary street

N in meters

100

200

400

A dialogue amongst the altered spaces 27

Chowkri : Topkhana Desh Major landmarks

The block Topkhana Desh with the block size of 800 m x 800 m is located on the south west corner of the city. The blocks Topkhana Desh along with the block Topkhana Hazuri located on the South-West corner were specially designed according to the necessity of defence for the entrance of the city.

Darjiyon ka Chauraha

Maharaja girls’ high school

Kalyanji Chaurah

Pol entrance to tertiary street

Pol entrance

Interior space of a residence

28 Beyond Facades

A C B

F H G A: Choti Chaupar B: Maharaja Girl’s High school C: Kalyanji Temple D: Raja Rajeshwari E: Raghunath Temple F: Darjiyon ja Chauraha G: Shivaji ka Mandir H: Hidayat Masjid

N in meters

100

200

400

A dialogue amongst the altered spaces 29

Chowkri : Topkhana Desh Street Network

The block consists of two primary streets namely Chandpole bazaar road and Kishanpole bazaar road. These primary streets consisted of the main market while the secondary streets had a mixed use typology, containing markets as well as residential buildings. Residential buildings formed a major component of the tertiary streets which also had a few small workshops.

Primary street

Secondary street

Tertiary street

Primary street

Secondary street

Tertiary street

30 Beyond Facades

Chandpole Bazaar Road

Jalaniyo ka Rasta Murtikarako ka Rasta Chudi walo ki Gali

Murtikarako ka Rasta Darjiyon ka Rasta

Primary street

Nindar Raoji ka Rasta

Kalyanji Bhindiwalo Khajane ka ka walo ka Rasta Rasta Rasta

Khejron Baba Harish ka Rasta chandra Marg

Mishra Rajaji ka Rasta

Kishanpole Bazaar Road

Secondary street Tertiary street

N in meters

100

200

400

A dialogue amongst the altered spaces 31

Chowkri : Modikhana Major landmarks

The block Modikhana is located on the south of the city along the Mirza- Ismail road, it is separated from its adjacent block Vishweshwarji by primary street called Chaura rasta. Modikhana incorporates some major landmarks like the Ajmeri Gate, Museum of Legacies, Film Colony etc. and houses many Jain temples and havelis. It has some busy streets and markets including the Nehru bazaar.

Choti Chaupar

Tripoliya Bazaar Rasta

Maniharo Ka Rasta

Churukon Ka Rasta

Natanion Ka Rasta

Thathero Ka Rasta

32 Beyond Facades

Choti Chaupar

A: Choti Chaupar B: Tripoliya Bazaar Rasta C: Maniharo ka Rasta D: Churukon ka Rasta E: Natanion ka Rasta F,G: Thathero ka Rasta H: Film Colony I: Chaura Rasta J: Museum of Legacies K: Diwan Ji Digambar Jain Temple

Ajmeri Gate

New Gate

N in meters

100

200

400

A dialogue amongst the altered spaces 33

Chowkri : Modikhana Street network

The primary street i.e. Tripolia Bazaar and Chaura Rasta are marked with commercial activities, mixed-used buildings characterizes the secondary streets and the residences are present on the tertiary street. Mostly the streets are named based on the occupations of the people working in the streets such as ‘Thathero ka Rasta’ meaning vessel makers’ street and ‘Maniharo ka Rasta’ meaning bangle makers’ street.

Primary street 34 Beyond Facades

Secondary street

Tertiary street

Choti Chaupar

Choti Choradha Damodarji ki Gali

Natanion ka Rasta

Vordi ka Rasta Lalji Saand ki Gali Godiya ka Rasta Maniharo ka Rasta Churukon ka Rasta Churukon ka Rasta Achariyon ka Rasta Singhji ka Rasta

Ajab Ghar ka Rasta

Telipara Rasta

Thathero ka Rasta

Sandho ka Rasta Diwan Shivlal ka Rasta

Primary street

Film Colony

Ajmeri Gate

New Gate

Secondary street

Tertiary street in meters

100

200

400

A dialogue amongst the altered spaces 35

Chowkri : Vishweshwarji Major landmarks

Located on the south of the city, adjacent to block Modikhana is the Vishweshwarji Chowkri, which possesses some important landmarks of Jaipur city such as Golcha Cinema, Bapu Bazar and the New Gate. This chowkri is home to many temples, jewellery markets, famous eateries, etc. The primary roads are lined up majorly with paper markets, souvenir shops, cotton shops etc., Bapu Bazar is one such place. The Internal spaces of this chowkri displays rich historical character and Gopal Ji temple present here is said to be a hundred years old.

Shopping complex on primary road

New Gate Chowk 36 Beyond Facades

Golcha Cinema

Gopal Ji ka Mandir

Secondary Street Chowk

I H

G F

E D

C B

A: New Gate B: Ramlaal ji ka Rasta C: Patwo ka Rasta D: Gem Junction E: Jhalantio ka Rasta F: Aachar wali Gali G: Gopal ji ka Rasta H: Vidhyadhar ji ka Rasta I: Badi Chaupar

N in meters

100

200

400

A dialogue amongst the altered spaces 37

Chowkri : Vishweshwarji Street Network

The primary roads consist of local markets and small shops. Secondary streets are home to wholesale traders and tertiary streets contains residential buildings and small offices. This chowkri has 7-8 major secondary streets which are Bordi ka rasta, Churuko ka rasta, Sango ka rasta, Pandit Shivadin ka rasta, Link road, Barah Ghangor ka rasta. These streets are the wholesale market of imitation jewellery and silver jewellery.

38 Beyond Facades

Primary street

Secondary street

Tertiary street

Primary street

Secondary street

Tertiary street

Tripolia Bazar Rasta

Bordi Ka Rasta

Churukon Ka Rasta

Sango Ka Rasta

Pandit Shivadin ka Rasta

Primary street

Chaura Rasta

Link Road

Barah Ghangor ka Rasta

Secondary street Tertiary street

Johari Bazar Road

N in meters

100

200

400

A dialogue amongst the altered spaces 39

Sens e of a P l a c e Before beginning with the complexities of a city or urban fabric, understanding the meaning of ‘sense of a place’ is crucial which can be defined as a congregation of broadly three components: - Human Behaviour - Physical Characteristics - Function To read any place or space beyond just the physical characteristics, mapping the social and cultural parameters is crucial. To begin with, the historical evidence, prevailing religion, traditions and rituals, climate govern the layout of any organic settlement. Further, the family structure, neighbourhood, economical considerations indicate the typology of any community. It is important to note that these intangible parameters firmly govern the tangibles or the physical existence in any region of space or a place. The typology of settlements governs the architecture of any place to propagate an identity of its own. This can include building configuration, proportions, materials, structure. The spatial configurations are indicated by the sequence of spaces, circulation, behavioural patterns, public and private zones.

Socio-Cultural Background Social Parameters - Family structure - Neighbourhood organization - Privacy & territorial range - Public relations - Economical aspect

40 Beyond Facades

Cultural Parameters - History - Religion - Ideology - Traditions & customs - Beliefs

Architectural Background Physical Structure

Spatial Organization

- Building configuration - Proportions & scale - Material & colour - Ventilation & lighting - Structural & architectural features

- Types of spatial organizations - Circulation system - Behavioural pattern - Space sequences - Functional area classification - Private & public zones

U r b a n Towns c a p e An Urban townscape plan can be defined as the topographical arrangement of an urban builtup area in all its man-made features. It contains three distinct plan elements: (a) Streets and their arrangement in a street-system (b) Plots and their aggregation in street-blocks (c) Buildings or their block-plans The three distinct plan elements (Street, Plots and buildings) enter into various combinations to form distinct areas within a town deriving uniqueness from its site circumstances. These originate, develop and function within a physical and human context. Analysis of buildings in Historical townscape : Identification of transect. Identification of Traditional, Non-traditional and Transitional Buildings.

Typical Street Hierarchy observed in Jaipur A dialogue amongst the altered spaces 41

Chowkri : Purani Basti Selection of a transect

Selection of the transect in Purani Basti was based on the scale of the built forms, their facades and its typology. Observing the scale of the built form further helped in understanding the reasoning transformation of built spaces.

Transect option 1

Transect option 2

42 Beyond Facades

Selected transect

A dialogue amongst the altered spaces 43

Chowkri : Topkhana Desh Selection of a transect

The activity mapping helped in deriving the final transect, there were three prominent activities conducted along this transect i.e. bangle making, idol making and spice market.

Transect option 1

Transect option 2

44 Beyond Facades

Selected transect

Jalaniyo ka Rasta

Khejdo ka Rasta

Khatakto ka Rasta

Khajane ka Rasta Hidayat Masjid

Shivji Temple

A dialogue amongst the altered spaces 45

Chowkri : Modikhana Selection of a transect

This transect was selected considering the presence of traditional havelis exhibiting the characteristic facades and the specific occupations practised in the street i.e. bangle shops, copper vessel makers, etc.

Transect option 1

Transect option 2

46 Beyond Facades

Selected transect

A dialogue amongst the altered spaces 47

Chowkri : Vishweshwarji Selection of a transect

This transect was selected based on the prominent façade character on the secondary and tertiary streets. Important landmarks such as Somani Misthan Bhandar, Gopal Ji Temple known for their heritage contributed as important nodes in the transect. Additionally, restored Traditional Houses with intact traditional elements and cultural aspects were also considered.

Transect option 1

48 Beyond Facades

Transect option 2

Vidhyadharji ka Rasta

Gopalji ka Mandir Achar wali Gali Somani Misthan Bhandar

Gem Junction

Patwo ka Rasta

Ramlalji ka Rasta

Golcha Cinema New Gate

Final Transect A dialogue amongst the altered spaces 49

F a c a d es a nd B e y o n d The order of the streets in the city has a designated hierarchy & function which has a major impact on the facade designs of public buildings, commercial buildings other prominent built structure present along the primary streets. While moving in the secondary and tertiary streets, more private spaces are observed and the uniformity of the exterior elements varies in the visual appearance and functionality. Since the maintenance of these built spaces is dependent on the owners, a clear distinction is visible in the facades on the primary streets which are regularly refurbished by the government bodies. Inspite of having a well planned layout, Jaipur city is observed to be as organic as other settlements. Due to constantly changing aspirations of the generations in the city, nature of both the public and private spaces are impacted remarkably. To maintain the heritage character of the walled city, it is ensured that the facades are maintained regularly. At the same time, it is observed that family structures affect the spatial configuration and therefore, additions of floors, balconies, windows, entire demolition or abandonment of properties have led to ‘altered facades’. Further, multiple exercise were conducted to identify the alterations being done and their impact on city form, however due to the time-bound nature of the course, the focus was primarily on the identification of the alterations in the facades and few built structure.

50 Beyond Facades

Facades in the tertiary streets lacking maintenance

A dialogue amongst the altered spaces 51

52 Beyond Facades

St reet Sc a p e An a l y si s This chapter focuses on street frontage character through its elements and activities taking place on the street.

Market at Chaura Rasta

Streetscape plays an important role in establishing the visual image of a city. The buildings along the street through their elements such as material, colour, architectural elements along with various activities taking place on the street, forms the streetscape. The street elements, based on their scale and functions create unique and characteristic visuals around the clock. The visual image of street changes over time when parameters such as scale or function changes hence, it is fairly relevant to analyse the facades on the street and its programmatic character in order to understand the relative impact on the streetscape. Frontage analysis may be used as a tool to study the Streetscape , which can be done by comparing the ratio of height and width of the façade, which can be further segregated based on parameters such as historical character, material, technology used etc.

A dialogue amongst the altered spaces 53

Chowkri : Purani Basti Frontage analysis

This transect begins from the Swaminarayan temple, located opposite to the Deenanath temple. The initial segments of this transect includes temples and residences and while moving further, small shops and Havelis are observed. The small residences & traditional havelis form the major character of this transect.

54 Beyond Facades

Narrow street with dense activity during daytime

Busy street during day

12 m 9m 6m 3m

3m 6m 9m 12 m

Traditional Semi - traditional Modern A dialogue amongst the altered spaces 55

Raised entrance of a Haveli

Mixed use buildings

12 m 9m 6m 3m

B 3m 6m 9m 12 m

12 m 9m 6m 3m

C 3m 6m 9m 12 m

Traditional Semi - traditional Modern 56 Beyond Facades

Chowk on a tertiary street

Temples at the chowk used as a gathering space

Facades being used for commercial purpose

A dialogue amongst the altered spaces 57

Old facade in a vulnerable condition

Temple in a secondary street

12 m 9m 6m 3m

D 3m 6m 9m 12 m

Traditional Semi - traditional Modern 58 Beyond Facades

Varying language of facades in a tertiary street

Intricate stone carving in the entrance of a Haveli

12 m 9m 6m 3m

3m 6m 9m 12 m 15 m

Traditional Semi - traditional Modern A dialogue amongst the altered spaces 59

Open drainage lines running along the road on either sides

Street consisting of mixed use buildings

12 m 9m 6m 3m

F 3m 6m 9m 12 m

12 m 9m 6m 3m

G 3m 6m

Traditional Semi - traditional Modern 60 Beyond Facades

9m 12 m 15 m

Street deficit of traditional facades

Small temple retained in a street

A dialogue amongst the altered spaces 61

Chowkri : Topkhana Desh Frontage analysis

This transect begins from Indira Bazaar Road, consisting the bangle market and through the spice market it ends at the idol maker street. It includes various temples, schools and residences.

12 m 9m 6m 3m

A 3m 6m 9m

12 m 9m 6m 3m

B 3m

Traditional Semi - traditional Modern 62 Beyond Facades

6m 9m

A traditional Haveli located on a street junction

Dimensions in millimeter A dialogue amongst the altered spaces 63

Haveli with two courtyards

12 m 9m 6m 3m

D 3m 6m 9m

Traditional Semi - traditional Modern 64 Beyond Facades

A busy street opening into a primary street

Gated entry to a secondary street

A twin haveli

Commercial shop in a haveli

Murtikaars - idol makers

Dimensions in millimeter A dialogue amongst the altered spaces 65

Chowkri : Modi khana Frontage analysis

Beginning from the Film Colony with the stone paved roads, this transect consists of various activities occurring along the streets, i.e. metal craftsmen’s street, Maniharo - bangle makers’ street and Natanio - merchants’ street. This transect included many traditional Havelis and small shops besides residences.

Haveli at the junction of a primary road 66 Beyond Facades

Stone paved roads

Street with residential units

12 m 9m 6m 3m

3m 6m 9m 12 m

12 m 9m 6m 3m

3m 6m 9m 12 m

Traditional Semi - traditional Modern

A vessel maker

Facades in a secondary street

Metal craftsman A dialogue amongst the altered spaces 67

Resident using her verandah space for small business

12 m 9m 6m 3m

F 3m 6m 9m 12 m

Traditional Semi - traditional Modern 68 Beyond Facades

A street consisting of residential as well as mixed use typologies

Snack shop in a commercial street

Resident using his verandah space for small scale business

Sketch of a haveli facade

Textile based occupation

A dialogue amongst the altered spaces 69

Tertiary street shaded with canopies

12 m 9m 6m 3m

H 3m 6m 9m 12 m

Traditional Semi - traditional Modern 70 Beyond Facades

Street consisting of mixed use typology buildings

Artisans famous for their lakh work

Temple situated on a higher plinth

A dialogue amongst the altered spaces 71

Chowkri : Vishweshwarji Frontage analysis

The frontage analysis starts from the intersection of Tripolia Bazaar Road (primary road) and Vidhyadharji ka rasta (secondary road) where a striking difference is observed in the facades. It then makes its way to tertiary streets to study the difference in types of facades. The transect comprises of various landmarks and temples and their volumes in respect to its surroundings.

Nature making its way through a narrow street 72 Beyond Facades

Narrow tertiary street

3000 9000 3000 7000 6000 3000 9000

7000

12000

6000 6000 5000 8000

14000

11000 12000

30004500 8500 8500

7500 12000

10000 14000

Gopalji temple

19000 7800

25000 8000

6000

12000

7000 18000

7000 5000

25000 13000

15000

A 12MT. 9 MT. 6 MT. 3 MT.

VIDHAYAGHAR JI KA RASTA

12 m 12MT. 9m 9 MT. 6m 6 MT. 3m 3 MT.

Haveli with detailed ornamentation on facade

3m 6m 9m 12 m

Semi - traditional

HIGH TRAFFIC ON SECONDARY ROADS

DIGAMBAR JAIN TEMPLE ONE OF THE OLDEST TEMPLE OF VISHESWARAJI CHOKRI

Traditional

Dimensions in millimeter

Modern

A dialogue amongst the altered spaces 73

GOPA

12MT. 9 MT.

3000 9000

7000

12000

3000 9000

7000

8000

12000

8000

12MT. 9 MT.

8000

9000

10000

12000

5000

25000

17000

8000

9000

25000 3000 25000 3000

9000

12000

15000 15000

13000

3000

8000

7000

15000

10000 10000 8000

8000

5000

17000 170009000 5000

8000

12000

8000

5000

PRIMARY STREET HAS SIMILAR JOHARI BAZAR ROAD COLOUR

3000 8000

8000 8000

12500

10000

PRIMARY STREET HAS SIMILAR COLOUR

12MT. 9 MT. 6 MT. 3 MT. 12500

7000

6000

Entrance to a Haveli

7000 9000 5000 9000 5000 7000 9000 5000 9000 5000

NO BANNERS ADVERTISMENT NO BANNERS OR OR ADVERTISMENT POSTERS ARE ALLOWED POSTERS ARE ALLOWED ON ON PRIMARY STREETS PRIMARY STREETS

7000 5000 9000 5000 9000

12MT. 12MT. 9 MT.9 MT. 6 MT.6 MT. 3 MT.3 MT.

12MT. 9 MT. 6 MT. 3 MT.

74 Beyond Facades

TERTIARY STREETS

Modern

10000

7000 7000

12000

10000 10000

8000

6000

25000

PATWO KA C RASTA

9000 9000

8000 8000

7800

15000

8000

PATWO KA RASTA

12000 12000

25000

9000 5000 9000 5000 7000

12000 12000

14000

7800

19000

13000 13000

5000 5000

3000

8000

12000

14000

15000 15000 7000 70008000 8000 8000 8000

8500

10000

PRIMARY STREET HAS SIMILAR COLOUR

TERTIARY STREETS RAM LAAL JI KA RASTA

Semi - traditional

7000

8000

View of a secondary street from a Haveli’s entrance space

3m 6m 9m

12MT. 9 MT. 6 MT. 3 MT.

12000

5000

NO BANNERS OR ADVERTISMENT POSTERS ARE ALLOWED ON PRIMARY STREETS

TERTIARY STREETS

GOPAL JI KA RASTA

12000

8000

12000

7500

13000

7000

12 m

Traditional

14000

8500

30004500 8500

PATWO KA RASTA

15000

12000

11000

DIGAMBAR JAIN TEMPLE ONE OF THE OLDEST TEMPLE OF

DIGAMBAR JAIN TEMPLE VISHESWARAJI GOPAL JI KACHOKRI RASTA ONE OF THE OLDEST TEMPLE OF VISHESWARAJI CHOKRI

12MT. 9 MT. 6 MT. 3 MT.

12MT.12MT. 12 m 9 MT.99MT. m m 6 MT.66MT. 3m 3 MT.3 MT.

14000

6000 6000 5000

HIGHHIGH TRAFFIC ON ON SECONDARY ROADS TRAFFIC SECONDARY ROADS

6 MT.12MT. 3 MT.9 MT. 6 MT. 3 MT.

3000 9000 3000 7000 6000

C ON SECONDARY ROADS

AGHAR JI KA RASTA

R JAIN TEMPLE HE OLDEST TEMPLE OF ARAJI CHOKRI

R JI KA RASTA Entrance of a haveli

3 MT.

8000

17000

8000

4000 5500 6000 7000

15000

9000

13000

8500

7956

16113 16000

9000

8000 3500

12431 16000

18600

13000

Entrance to tertiary street

12000

9000

18000

Haveli entrance with traditional ornamentation and paintings

16113 16000

21000

8000 3500

12431 16000

6000

18600

13000

12000

18600

6500

14000 10000

13000 4000 16000

18000 12000

7500

BIG HAVELIS

13000

7956

26000

9000 8500

8500

7500

6000 7000

13000

SECONDARY STREETS

23000

8000

THE ONLY STREET WITH PARKING SPACE

10000

8000

4000 5500

16000

10000

BIG HAVELIS

9000

3000

18600

18000

Inside a haveli - courtyard space

SECONDARY STREETS

THE ONLY STREET WITH PARKING SPACE

25000

13000 4000

14000

3000

13000

LYSIS KRI

18000

Dimensions in millimeter A dialogue amongst the altered spaces 75

76 Beyond Facades

Sc a p e Seq ue n c i n g This segment explores the arrangement of spaces in a traditional residential space based on the connectivity and movement from the entrance to the other functional spaces inside a house.

Courtyard in a Haveli

To understand the alterations in spaces, it is essential to develop a perception of an architectural space. Commonly, spaces are designed on the basis of its function, climatic conditions, sociocultural aspects, economic status, hierarchy, etc. and identifying these parameters in a given area or a selected transect further aided to categorize various internal spaces and mapping the sequence of spatial arrangements. The various parameters are listed below:

Elements of Buildings

Entrance, Corridor, Staircase, Rooms, Kitchen, Bathroom, Store, Roof

Spatial Organization

Around central courtyard, Linear organization

Space Sequence

Arrangement of spaces

Functional Areas

Bathroom, Kitchen, Storage, Water Storage

Private and Public Zones

Circulation System

Rooms, Semi-public spaces

Corridor, Staircases

A dialogue amongst the altered spaces 77

In order to exemplify the space sequencing exercise, plan of a typical Shekhawati Haveli has been shown in the figure below. Generally due to climatic and cultural aspects, courtyards form a key role in Rajasthani Haveli architecture. The functional spaces are aligned overlooking the courtyard comprising of public spaces in the front, while the private rooms open in another courtyard placed at rear of the layout. The sequencing based on social hierarchy is evident in the layout, the Otla and outer court which are used for public gatherings. Defining the nature of these spaces, the outer court is considered to be a semi-public space and the inner court is a private sitting space just like a drawing room and a living room respectively in the modern residential architecture concept.

1 2

Entrance Otla (Extension of Plinth Seating space) 3 Outer Poli (transitional Space) 4 Outer Court (Covered/ open) 5 Baithak (Semi public space) 6 Inner poli (transitional Space) 7 Osari (Transition around courtyard) 8 Inner court 9 Private Baithak 10 Staircase 11 Rooms 12 Kitchen/service areas

Plan of a typical ‘Shekhawati’ haveli with two courtyards

Drawing Source: ‘On merchants’ trail, Shekhawati’, Urvashi Srivastava 78 Beyond Facades

Further, it is crucial to break down the spatial building plan to a sequence diagram in order to assess the existing spaces. It is devised to simplify the flow of spaces and directed movement from the entrance into various functional spaces in a house.

Space sequence diagram for the ‘Shekhawati’ Haveli

A dialogue amongst the altered spaces 79

A l t ered Sp a c e s This chapter focuses on understanding the change in the character and function of space induced by changes in the physical built form. “Nothing disappears completely ... In space, what came earlier continues to underpin what follows ... Pre-existing space underpins not only durable spatial arrangements, but also representational spaces and their attendant imagery and mythic narratives.” - Henri Lefebvre, The Production of Space The word ‘Space’ is used commonly in our daily lives but is rather complicated appropriate its use without context. In the current study, the word ‘Space’ is referred in context of our habitat and its surroundings. An Urban form is a space that contains a place to live, a place to work, a place to amuse, a place to commute etc. A harmonious combination of such spaces forming on a given geographical condition forms an urban space with unique identity. However, all such places creating the urban space are considered to be a unique space in itself, as these places are appropriated uniqueness based on a particular community or a person or activity etc. The elements which define space such as walls, floors, ceilings, openings (private) or gardens, plazas community areas (public) are mostly arranged to serve the purpose that is most appropriate to live, to work or to move, in a given context. However, the context changes with time, which in turn change the elements and spaces which defines it. The new space formed by the alterations in existing spaces may be termed as ‘Altered Space‘.

80 Beyond Facades

I d ea of an Al te re d S p a c e Spaces transform over time in terms of character, size, use,etc. due to the following reasons: 1. Functional transformation, due to user group/ activity-based 2. Organic change 3. Forced change 4. Need-based change 5. Technology-based change, etc. Further, these transformations are also the result of human activities that are shaped by: 1. Needs 2. Beliefs rooted in culture 3. Subjective Knowledge and Experience 4. Religion Apart from activities, an occupant’s hierarchy in living spaces also changes in terms of that, in turn, transforms space: 1. Privacy 2. Comfort 3. Aesthetics 4. Values and Belief system

All these transformations result in spatial reconfiguration, reorganization and articulation for both physiological and psychological aspects, that further shapes human activity, behaviour and experience.

A dialogue amongst the altered spaces 81

A nal y s i s This chapter focuses on the analysis of built-forms situated on the identified streets in each of the chowkris based on the understanding of the altered space within the houses. There were some evident changes in the facades of the building, alterations in spaces and in the use of such built spaces over the period of time, due to various factors such as climate, demography, economics etc. Additionally, with the availability of modern day construction techniques and materials, alterations done did not follow the vernacular construction techniques with the locally available materials. The built forms within the chowkris, were earlier influenced by local community and trading activities, however, with the evolution of trade and varied economic activities within the streets has resulted in major modifications of the facades and spaces of these streets. This may also be a result of the ever-changing aspirations of local communities residing across generations, impacting both - public and private spaces. Further, this chapter also explores the sequencing of spaces within such built-forms in terms of the functional and transitional spaces. Houses of similar typology in the same neighborhood have different space sequencing and varied experience based on individual aspirations, needs and affordability. The social, cultural and economic factors also contribute significantly to such alterations and changes in facades and built forms. Collectively these altered spaces within the houses and the schema of space sequencing have larger repercussions on the sense of place in the entire chowkri.

Note: In the given drawings, the spaces highlighted with In the given photographs, the spaces highlighted with 82 Beyond Facades

represents Altered Spaces, represents Altered Spaces

Examples of ‘Need Based Alterations’ A dialogue amongst the altered spaces 83

Chowkri : Purani Basti

Built forms & Altered spaces

44 22

84 Beyond Facades

House 1

Addition of a floor Section showing addition of room

Front elevation with addition of Floor

Addition of a room on terrace Room on terrace, converted into toilet

Alterations of spaces on first floor

Staircase

Functional

Courtyard Staircase Transitional space

Entrance Alteration of space on ground floor

Space sequence diagram A dialogue amongst the altered spaces 85

House 2

Addition of small shops in front elevation

Addition of a shop

Front elevation First floor plan, with altered spaces.

Space converted to toilet

Courtyard Transitional space

Temple Functional

Functional

Ground floor plan, with altered spaces. Courtyard Staircase Transitional space

Entrance Space sequence diagram 86 Beyond Facades

House 3

Front elevation

Addition of toilet and an extension in kitchen

Altering spaces to accommodate shops on the facade

Space converted to shop

Section showing altered spaces Addition of bathroom Temple

Transitional space

Functional

Functional Courtyard

Ground floor plan showing altered spaces Transitional space

Functional

Staircase

Functional Courtyard

Transitional space Bedroom converted to guest room

Entrance Space sequence diagram A dialogue amongst the altered spaces 87

House 4

Bathrooms converted to kitchen

Facade with addition of an access door

First floor plan with altered spaces

Ground floor plan with altered spaces 88 Beyond Facades

Courtyard cut-out covered for safety purpose

Space sequence diagram

Section showing altered spaces

House 5

Covering a space on terrace

Front elevation showing altered spaces. A renovated room in a haveli

First floor plan with altered spaces

Ground floor plan with altered spaces

Addition of wall on the facade

Renovated facade

Space sequence diagram

Section showing addition of wall A dialogue amongst the altered spaces 89

Chowkri : Topkhana Desh Built forms & Altered spaces

2 4

90 Beyond Facades

House 1

Altered facade Elevation showing altered facade

Section showing altered spaces

Temple

First Floor Plan

Courtyard Bedroom

Bedroom

Bedroom Courtyard

Bedroom

Bedroom Entrance

Ground Floor Plan

Sequence of transitional space A dialogue amongst the altered spaces 91

House 2

Altered space in courtyard

Section showing altered space

First Floor Plan Bedroom Bedroom

Bedroom Bedroom Courtyard

Shop

Shop Entrance

Sequence of transitional space Ground Floor Plan 92 Beyond Facades

House 3

Section

Temple

First Floor Plan Bedroom

Bedroom

Storage

Workspace Courtyard

Storage

Storage Entrance

Sequence of transitional space N

Ground Floor Plan showing altered spaces A dialogue amongst the altered spaces 93

House 4

Elevation

Front Elevation

Courtyard used as storage

First Floor Plan showing altered spaces

Temple

Bedroom

Bedroom Courtyard

Shop

Shop Entrance N

Ground Floor Plan showing altered spaces 94 Beyond Facades

Sequence of transitional space

House 5

Section showing altered spaces

Extension of shop and balcony

Various extensions on second floor First Floor showing altered spaces

Temple Bedroom

Bedroom

Bedroom Courtyard

Kitchen

Shop Entrance N

Ground Floor Plan

Sequence of transitional space A dialogue amongst the altered spaces 95

Chowkri : Modikhana

Built forms & Altered spaces

23 4

96 Beyond Facades

House 1

A dialogue amongst the altered spaces 97

House 2

98 Beyond Facades

House 3

A dialogue amongst the altered spaces 99

House 4

100 Beyond Facades

House 5

A dialogue amongst the altered spaces 101

Chowkri : Vishweshwarji Built forms & Altered spaces

2 5

3 4

102 Beyond Facades

House 1

Section showing altered spaces

First Floor Plan showing altered spaces

Pause Function ends Transition Ground Floor Plan showing altered spaces

Sequence of transitional spaces. A dialogue amongst the altered spaces 103

House 2

Section through courtyard

First Floor Plan showing altered spaces

Pause Function ends Ground Floor Plan showing altered spaces

Transition Sequence of transitional spaces.

104 Beyond Facades

House 3

Hallway extended as temple space

Section showing altered spaces

Bedroom extended in balcony space

First Floor Plan showing altered spaces

Pause Function ends Ground Floor Plan showing altered spaces

Transition

Sequence of transitional spaces. A dialogue amongst the altered spaces 105

House 4

Elevation

Section showing altered spaces

Pause Function ends Transition Sequence of transitional spaces. 106 Beyond Facades

House 5

Elevation

Section showing altered space

Pause Function ends Ground Floor Plan showing altered space

Transition

Sequence of transitional spaces. A dialogue amongst the altered spaces 107

O ut c omes a n d w a y fo rw a rd The study tries to bring out the following observations which may provide necessary focus on the subject relating to conservation and preservation of the traditional character of the walled city of Jaipur : 1. The change is inevitable, however sense and character of a place can be preserved based on carefully examining the need and use of the place and apply most appropriate level of intervention across all levels. 2. There is a strong link between the heritage conservation and economic activity of a place. Methods to strengthen this link must be identified for a self-sustenance of the local community thereby boosting the conservation of its heritage character. 3. Local Area Plans’ and heritage conservation plans must be devised for smoother implementation. The local government must devise an action plan with a short-term, medium-term and long-term strategies to justify the efforts and assets involved of its stakeholders. 4. To limit major alterations, strong legislations and bye-laws supported by awareness building regarding the heritage value of these structures must be given emphasis. 5. Financial assistance to the community and house owners to retain the original character of the facades in the Chowkris on the primary, secondary and tertiary streets may be provided.

108 Beyond Facades