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¶TA ¤ÙË ÌÂÙ¿ ÙËÓ ÚÒÙË ¤Î‰ÔÛ‹ ÙÔ˘, ηٿ Ù· ÔÔ›· ÙÔ ·ÚfiÓ ‚È‚Ï›Ô Î·Ù¤ÁÚ·„ ̛· ·ÚÎÂÙ¿ ÂÈÙ˘¯Ë̤ÓË ·Ô‰Ô¯‹ Î·È ‰È·ıÂÛÈÌfiÙËÙ·, ·Ó·Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÂÙ·È ÌÂÙ¿ ·fi ÚÔÙÚÔ‹ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ÂΉÔÙÈÎÔ‡ ÔÌ›ÏÔ˘ IøN Ë ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· ‚ÂÏÙ›ˆÛ˘ Î·È Û˘ÌÏ‹ÚˆÛ˘ Ù˘ ˘ÊÈÛÙ¿ÌÂÓ˘ ‡Ï˘, fiˆ˜ Î·È Ë ·Ó·Ó¤ˆÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚˆÓ ÂÈÎfiÓˆÓ Ì ¤Á¯ÚˆÌ˜, ÒÛÙÂ Ë ·Ó¿ÁÓˆÛË Î·È Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛË Ù˘ ‡Ï˘ Ó· ηٷÛÙ› ϤÔÓ ÊÈÏÈ΋ Î·È Â‡ÎÔÏË ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÔ˘‰·ÛÙ¤˜ ÙˆÓ M˯·ÓÒÓ EÛˆÙÂÚÈ΋˜ K·‡Û˘. ™Ù· ÂÙ¿ ¤ÙË Ù˘ ÚÒÙ˘ ÙÔ˘ ‰È·‰ÚÔÌ‹˜ ÙÔ ·ÚfiÓ ‚È‚Ï›Ô ·¤Û·Û ÙÔ ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓ Î·È ÙËÓ ÚÔÙ›ÌËÛË ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋˜ ÌÂÚ›‰·˜ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÔ˘‰·ÛÙ¤˜ T.E.I. Û ÔÏfiÎÏËÚË ÙËÓ EÏÏ¿‰·, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ·fi ÔÏÏÔ‡˜ ÛÔ˘‰·ÛÙ¤˜ ¶ÔÏ˘Ù¯Ó›ˆÓ, T.E.E, I.E.K., E·ÁÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ §˘Î›ˆÓ. TÔ‡ÙÔ ‚·Û›ÛÙËΠÛÙËÓ ÏËÚfiÙËÙ·, ·ÏfiÙËÙ· ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ‰È·ÎÚÈÙfiÙËÙ· ηٿ ÙËÓ ·ÚÔ˘Û›·ÛË ÙˆÓ ‰È·ÊfiÚˆÓ ıÂÌ¿ÙˆÓ Ô˘ Ú·ÁÌ·Ù‡ÙËÎÂ, Ì ÙÚfiÔ ÒÛÙ ӷ ηٷÛÙ› ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎfi ‚Ô‹ıËÌ· ÙfiÛÔ ÁÈ· ÙȘ ÚÔ·ÁˆÁÈΤ˜ ÂÍÂÙ¿ÛÂȘ ÙˆÓ ÛÔ˘‰·ÛÙÒÓ, fiÛÔ Î·È ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÚÔÂÙÔÈÌ·Û›· ÙÔ˘˜ ÁÈ· ÙË Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹ ÙÔ˘˜ Û ۯÂÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ‰È·ÁˆÓÈÛÌÔ‡˜ A™E¶, Û˘ÓÂÓÙ‡ÍÂȘ Î·È ÁÂÓÈο ÛÙËÓ Â·ÁÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÙÔ˘˜ ·ÔηٿÛÙ·ÛË. O ™˘ÁÁڷʤ·˜ ·ÈÛı¿ÓÂÙ·È ˘Ô¯Úˆ̤ÓÔ˜ Ó· ¢¯·ÚÈÛÙ‹ÛÂÈ ıÂÚÌ¿ ÙÔÓ ÂΉÔÙÈÎfi fiÌÈÏÔ IøN ÁÈ· ÙË Ì¤ÁÈÛÙË Û˘Ì‚ÔÏ‹ ÙÔ˘ ÛÙËÓ ·Ó·Ó¤ˆÛË ÙˆÓ ·Ï·ÈÒÓ ÂÈÎfiÓˆÓ Ì Ӥ˜ ¤Á¯ÚˆÌ˜ Î·È ÁÂÓÈÎfiÙÂÚ· ÛÙË ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋ ‚ÂÏÙ›ˆÛË Ù˘ ·ÚÔ˘Û›·Û˘ ÙÔ˘ Ó¤Ô˘ ‚È‚Ï›Ô˘, Ô˘ ÔÊ›ÏÂÙ·È ÛÙÔÓ ¿ÚÙÈÔ Ù¯ÓÈÎfi ÂÍÔÏÈÛÌfi Î·È ÛÙËÓ ˘„ËÏ‹ ÂÍÂȉ›Î¢ÛË ÙˆÓ ÛÙÂϯÒÓ ÙÔ˘ ÂΉÔÙÈÎÔ‡ ÔÌ›ÏÔ˘.
¶.°. XA™IøTH™ ¢ÂΤ̂ÚÈÔ˜ 2013 - §¿ÚÈÛ·
¶ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓ·
¶PO§O°O™......................................................................................................................................................5 ¶EPIEXOMENA ..............................................................................................................................................7 ∂π™∞°ø°∏ ......................................................................................................................................................13
KEºA§AIO 1: °ÂÓÈο ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ∂Ì‚ÔÏÔÊfiÚÔ ª∂∫ ............................................................................17
1.1 √ ıˆÚËÙÈÎfi˜ ·ÎÏÔ˜ ª∂∫ ....................................................................................................................17 1.2 ¢È·ÊÔÚ¤˜ ÙÔ˘ ıˆÚËÙÈÎÔ‡ Î·È ÙÔ˘ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎÔ‡ ·ÎÏÔ˘ ª∂∫ ..........................................................19 1.3 ∫˘‚ÈÛÌfi˜ Î·È Û¯¤ÛË Û˘Ì›ÂÛ˘ ..............................................................................................................19 1.4. πÛ¯‡˜ Î·È ÚÔ‹ ÙÔ˘ ÎÈÓËÙ‹Ú· ..................................................................................................................20 1.5 µ·ıÌÔ› ·fi‰ÔÛ˘......................................................................................................................................20 1.6 ∫·Ù¿Ù·ÍË ª∂∫ ........................................................................................................................................21 1.7 ¢È·ÊÔÚ¤˜ ‚ÂÓ˙ÈÓÔÎÈÓËÙ‹ÚˆÓ Î·È ÂÙÚÂÏ·ÈÔÎÈÓËÙ‹ÚˆÓ ........................................................................21 1.8 √È ¯ÚfiÓÔÈ ÙÔ˘ ÎÈÓËÙ‹Ú· (ıˆÚËÙÈÎÔ›) ....................................................................................................23 1.8.1 ∆ÂÙÚ¿¯ÚÔÓÔ˜ (4-Ã) ÎÈÓËÙ‹Ú·˜..........................................................................................................23 1.8.2 ¢›¯ÚÔÓÔ˜ (2-Ã) ÎÈÓËÙ‹Ú·˜ ................................................................................................................24 1.8.3 ™‡ÁÎÚÈÛË ÙÂÙÚ¿¯ÚÔÓˆÓ Î·È ‰›¯ÚÔÓˆÓ ÎÈÓËÙ‹ÚˆÓ ..........................................................................25
K∂º∞§∞π√ 2: ¢ÔÌ‹, ™˘ÁÎÚfiÙËÛË Î·È ÀÏÈο ª∂∫ ........................................................................27
2.1 ™ÒÌ· ÙˆÓ Î˘Ï›Ó‰ÚˆÓ ................................................................................................................................28 2.1.1 À‰Úfi„˘ÎÙÔÈ Î‡ÏÈÓ‰ÚÔÈ ......................................................................................................................29 2.1.2 ∞ÂÚfi„˘ÎÙÔÈ Î‡ÏÈÓ‰ÚÔÈ ......................................................................................................................30 2.1.3 ª¤ıÔ‰Ô˜ ¯‡Ù¢Û˘ Ûȉ‹ÚÔ˘ - ·ÏÔ˘ÌÈÓ›Ô˘ Î·È Î·ÙÂÚÁ·Û›· Î˘Ï›Ó‰ÚˆÓ ·fi ÎÚ¿Ì·Ù· ·ÏÔ˘ÌÈÓ›Ô˘ ................................................................................................................30 2.2 ∫ÂÊ·Ï‹ ÙˆÓ Î˘Ï›Ó‰ÚˆÓ ............................................................................................................................31 2.2.1 ºÏ¿ÓÙ˙· ÎÂÊ·Ï‹˜ Î˘Ï›Ó‰ÚˆÓ ..........................................................................................................32 2.3 µ¿ÛË ÙÔ˘ ÛÙÚÔÊ·ÏÔÊfiÚÔ˘ ¿ÍÔÓ· ..........................................................................................................33 2.4 ŒÌ‚ÔÏ· ......................................................................................................................................................33 2.4.1 ªË¯·ÓÈ΋ Î·È ıÂÚÌÈ΋ ηٷfiÓËÛË ÙÔ˘ ÂÌ‚fiÏÔ˘ (ηٷÛ΢·ÛÙÈο ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο ÙÔ˘ ÂÌ‚fiÏÔ˘)..........................................................................35 2.4.2 ÀÏÈο ÂÌ‚fiÏˆÓ ..................................................................................................................................36 2.4.3 ∂›‰Ë ÂÌ‚fiÏˆÓ ....................................................................................................................................37 2.5 ∂Ï·Ù‹ÚÈ· ÙÔ˘ ÂÌ‚fiÏÔ˘..............................................................................................................................37 2.6 ¶Â›ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ÂÌ‚fiÏÔ˘..................................................................................................................................39 2.7 ¢ÈˆÛÙ‹Ú·˜..................................................................................................................................................39 2.8 ™ÙÚÔÊ·ÏÔÊfiÚÔ˜ ¿ÍÔÓ·˜ ..........................................................................................................................40 2.9 ™ÊfiÓ‰˘ÏÔ˜..................................................................................................................................................42 2.9.1 ™ÊfiÓ‰˘ÏÔ˜ ‰‡Ô Ì·˙ÒÓ ......................................................................................................................43 2.10 Œ‰Ú·Ó· ÛÙÚÔÊ·ÏÔÊfiÚÔ˘ ¿ÍÔÓ· ..........................................................................................................43 2.11 ∂ÎÎÂÓÙÚÔÊfiÚÔ˜ ¿ÍÔÓ·˜..........................................................................................................................44 2.12 µ·Ï‚›‰Â˜ ..................................................................................................................................................45 2.12.1 ∫·Ù·fiÓËÛË ‚·Ï‚›‰·˜ ....................................................................................................................49 2.12.2 ¢È¿ÎÂÓÔ ‚·Ï‚›‰ˆÓ ..........................................................................................................................50 2.12.3 À‰Ú·˘ÏÈΤ˜ ‚·Ï‚›‰Â˜ ......................................................................................................................51 2.12.4 ¢ÂÛÌÔ‰ÚÔÌÈÎfi Û‡ÛÙËÌ· ‚·Ï‚›‰ˆÓ ................................................................................................52
8
MHXANE™ E™øTEPIKH™ KAY™H™ 1 (MEK)
2.12.5 ∆· ÂÏ·Ù‹ÚÈ· ÙˆÓ ‚·Ï‚›‰ˆÓ ............................................................................................................52 2.12.6 ¶ÏÂÔÓÂÎÙ‹Ì·Ù· Î·È ÌÂÈÔÓÂÎÙ‹Ì·Ù· Ù˘ ÔÏ˘‚¿Ï‚ȉ˘ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›·˜ ......................................................................................................52
K∂º∞§∞π√ 3: §ÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· Î·È ¢È·ÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· §ÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ ª∂∫ ....................................................55
3.1 ¶Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÙÂÙÚ¿¯ÚÔÓÔ˘ ‚ÂÓ˙ÈÓÔÎÈÓËÙ‹Ú· ......................................................................55 3.2 ¶Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· ‰›¯ÚÔÓÔ˘ ‚ÂÓ˙ÈÓÔÎÈÓËÙ‹Ú· ............................................................................58 3.3 ¶Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÙÂÙÚ¿¯ÚÔÓÔ˘ ÂÙÚÂÏ·ÈÔÎÈÓËÙ‹Ú· ..................................................................60 3.4 ¶Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· ‰›¯ÚÔÓÔ˘ ÂÙÚÂÏ·ÈÔÎÈÓËÙ‹Ú· ........................................................................61 3.5 ÃÚÔÓÈÛÌfi˜ Î·È ‰È·ÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· ¯ÚÔÓÈÛÌÔ‡ ÙÔ˘ ÎÈÓËÙ‹Ú·. ∂ÛˆÙÂÚÈÎfi˜ ¯ÚÔÓÈÛÌfi˜ Î·È Ú‡ıÌÈÛË ÙÔ˘ ‰È¿ÎÂÓÔ˘ ÙˆÓ ‚·Ï‚›‰ˆÓ ..............................................................................................62 3.6 ªÂÙ·‚ÏËÙfi˜ ¯ÚÔÓÈÛÌfi˜ ‚·Ï‚›‰ˆÓ ..........................................................................................................68 3.6.1 ªÂÙ·ÊÔÚ¿ Ù˘ Ê¿Û˘ ÙÔ˘ ÂÎÎÂÓÙÚÔÊfiÚÔ˘ ....................................................................................69 3.6.2 ™˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· ÌÂÙ·ÙfiÈÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ ÂÎÎÂÓÙÚÔÊfiÚÔ˘ ¿ÍÔÓ· ....................................................................70 3.6.3 ™‡ÛÙËÌ· ÌÂÙ·‚ÔÏ‹˜ Ù˘ ΛÓËÛ˘ Ù˘ ‚·Ï‚›‰·˜ - VTEC ................................................................71 3.6.4 ™‡ÛÙËÌ· ÌÂÙ·‚ÏËÙÔ‡ ¯ÚÔÓÈÛÌÔ‡ Valvetronic Ù˘ BMW ................................................................73 3.6.5 ™‡ÛÙËÌ· ÌÂÙ·‚ÏËÙÔ‡ ¯ÚÔÓÈÛÌÔ‡ VVT-i Toyota ..............................................................................75 3.6.6 ™‡ÛÙËÌ· ÌÂÙ·‚ÏËÙÔ‡ ¯ÚÔÓÈÛÌÔ‡ Ù˘ Porsche 911 Turbo..............................................................76
K∂º∞§∞π√ 4: √ ∫ÈÓËÙ‹Ú·˜ Wankel..................................................................................................77
4.1 ∫·Ù·Û΢·ÛÙÈο ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο ÙÔ˘ ÎÈÓËÙ‹Ú· Wankel ....................................................................79 4.2 §ÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÈο ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο ÙÔ˘ ÎÈÓËÙ‹Ú· Wankel ............................................................................81 4.3 ¶ÏÂÔÓÂÎÙ‹Ì·Ù· Î·È ÌÂÈÔÓÂÎÙ‹Ì·Ù· ÙÔ˘ ÎÈÓËÙ‹Ú· Wankel ..................................................................82
K∂º∞§∞π√ 5: ∫·‡ÛÈÌ· ª∂∫ ............................................................................................................87
5.1 ∆Ô ·ÚÁfi ÂÙڤϷÈÔ Î·È Ù· ·Ú·ÁfiÌÂÓ· ÚÔ˚fiÓÙ·................................................................................87 5.2 ÃËÌÈ΋ ‰ÔÌ‹ ÚÔ˚fiÓÙˆÓ ÂÙÚÂÏ·›Ô˘ ......................................................................................................88 5.3 µÂÓ˙›ÓË ......................................................................................................................................................88 5.3.1 ∞ÓÙÈÎÚÔ˘ÛÙÈΤ˜ ȉÈfiÙËÙ˜ - ·ÚÈıÌfi˜ ÔÎÙ·Ó›Ô˘................................................................................89 5.3.2 ¶ÙËÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· ......................................................................................................................................90 5.3.3 ∂ȉÈÎfi ‚¿ÚÔ˜......................................................................................................................................92 5.3.4 ¶ÂÚÈÂÎÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· Û ıÂ›Ô Î·È ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÚËÙÈÓˆ‰ÒÓ......................................................................92 5.3.5 ÃËÌÈ΋ ¢ÛÙ¿ıÂÈ·..............................................................................................................................92 5.4 ¶ÂÙڤϷÈÔ Diesel ......................................................................................................................................92 5.4.1 µ·ıÌfi˜ ·˘Ù·Ó·ÊÏÂÍÈÌfiÙËÙ·˜ - ·ÚÈıÌfi˜ ÎÂÙ·Ó›Ô˘ ........................................................................92 5.4.2 ™ËÌÂ›Ô ·ÓÈÏ›Ó˘ ..................................................................................................................................93 5.4.3 ¶ÙËÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· ......................................................................................................................................93 5.4.4 £ÂÚÌÔÎÚ·Û›· ·Ó¿ÊÏÂ͢ ................................................................................................................93 5.4.5 ¶ÂÚÈÂÎÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· Û ıÂ›Ô ....................................................................................................................93 5.4.6 πÍ҉˜ ................................................................................................................................................93 5.4.7 ™ËÌÂ›Ô ÚÔ‹˜ Î·È ÛËÌÂ›Ô ‹Í˘ ........................................................................................................93 5.4.8 µ·ıÌfi˜ ηı·ÚfiÙËÙ·˜........................................................................................................................93 5.5 EÓ·ÏÏ·ÎÙÈο η‡ÛÈÌ· ª∂∫ ....................................................................................................................94 5.5.1 ∞ÏÎÔfiϘ ............................................................................................................................................94 5.5.2 À‰ÚÔÁfiÓÔ ............................................................................................................................................97 5.5.3 ÀÁÚ·¤ÚÈÔ LPG ..................................................................................................................................98 5.5.3.1 ¶ÏÂÔÓÂÎÙ‹Ì·Ù· Î·È ÌÂÈÔÓÂÎÙ‹Ì·Ù· ÙÔ˘ ˘ÁÚ·ÂÚ›Ô˘..............................................................99 5.5.3.2 LPG Î·È ·˘ÙÔΛÓËÙÔ ..............................................................................................................100 5.5.3.3 ™‡Á¯ÚÔÓ· Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· ˘ÁÚ·ÂÚ›Ô˘ ÁÈ· ·˘ÙÔΛÓËÙ· ..............................................................100 5.5.3.4 ∂Ê·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ˘ÁÚ·ÂÚ›Ô˘ ÛÙ· ‚·Ú¤· Ô¯‹Ì·Ù·..........................................................................103 5.5.3.5 ∏ ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ· ÛÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙÔ˘ ˘ÁÚ·ÂÚ›Ô˘ ................................................................................103
¶ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓ·
5.5.4 º˘ÛÈÎfi ·¤ÚÈÔ (Natural Gas) ..........................................................................................................104 5.5.4.1 π‰ÈfiÙËÙ˜ ÙÔ˘ Ê˘ÛÈÎÔ‡ ·ÂÚ›Ô˘ ..............................................................................................104 5.5.4.2 ÷ڷÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο ÎÈÓËÙ‹Ú· Ê˘ÛÈÎÔ‡ ·ÂÚ›Ô˘ ........................................................................106 5.5.4.3 ™˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· ·Ôı‹Î¢Û˘ Î·È ·ÚÔ¯‹˜ Ê˘ÛÈÎÔ‡ ·ÂÚ›Ô˘. ¢È·Ù¿ÍÂȘ ·ÛÊ·Ï›·˜ ............107 5.5.4.4 ∂Ê·ÚÌÔÁ‹ Ù˘ ·˘ÙÔΛÓËÛ˘ ÌÂ Ê˘ÛÈÎfi ·¤ÚÈÔ ....................................................................109 5.5.5 ∂›ÏÔÁÔ˜ ÛÙ· ÂÓ·ÏÏ·ÎÙÈο η‡ÛÈÌ· ............................................................................................110
K∂º∞§∞π√ 6: ∫·‡ÛË ÛÙȘ ª∂∫ ......................................................................................................111
6.1 ∫·‡ÛË ÛÙÔ˘˜ ‚ÂÓ˙ÈÓÔÎÈÓËÙ‹Ú˜ ............................................................................................................113 6.1.1 ∏ ÛÙÔȯÂÈÔÌÂÙÚÈ΋ ·Ó·ÏÔÁ›· ·¤Ú· - η˘Û›ÌÔ˘ ............................................................................113 6.1.2 ∏ ÂÚ›ÛÛÂÈ· ‹ ÏfiÁÔ˜ ·¤Ú· Ï ..........................................................................................................113 6.1.3 ¶˘Ú·Ó¿ÊÏÂÍË ..................................................................................................................................115 6.1.4 ∫ÚÔ˘ÛÙÈ΋ η‡ÛË ............................................................................................................................115 6.2 ∫·‡ÛË ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÂÙÚÂÏ·ÈÔÎÈÓËÙ‹Ú˜ ........................................................................................................117 6.2.1 ∏ ¤Á¯˘ÛË ÙÔ˘ η˘Û›ÌÔ˘ ..................................................................................................................118 6.2.2 √È Ê¿ÛÂȘ Ù˘ η‡Û˘ ....................................................................................................................118 6.2.3 √ Ú˘ıÌfi˜ ¤Á¯˘Û˘............................................................................................................................120 6.2.4 ∫ÚÔ˘ÛÙÈο Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓ· ÛÙȘ ÂÙÚÂÏ·ÈÔÌ˯·Ó¤˜ ............................................................................121 6.2.5 ∂ÎÔÌ‹ ·ÂÚ›ˆÓ ηٿ ÙËÓ Î·‡ÛË Û ÂÙÚÂÏ·ÈÔÎÈÓËÙ‹Ú·..........................................................122
K∂º∞§∞π√ 7: ™˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· ∆ÚÔÊÔ‰ÔÛ›·˜ µÂÓ˙ÈÓÔÎÈÓËÙ‹ÚˆÓ ........................................................123 7.1 ∏ ‰ÂÍ·ÌÂÓ‹ - ·Ôı‹ÎË Î·˘Û›ÌÔ˘ (ÚÂ˙ÂÚ‚Ô˘¿Ú) ................................................................................124 7.2 º›ÏÙÚÔ Î·˘Û›ÌÔ˘ ....................................................................................................................................124 7.3 º›ÏÙÚÔ ·¤Ú· ............................................................................................................................................125 7.4 ¶ÔÏÏ·Ï‹ ÂÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹ ..............................................................................................................................126 7.5 ¶ÔÏÏ·Ï‹ ÂÍ·ÁˆÁ‹ ................................................................................................................................126 7.6 ∏ ÂÁηٿÛÙ·ÛË ÂÍ¿ÙÌÈÛ˘ ....................................................................................................................128 7.7 ªË¯·ÓÈ΋ ·ÓÙÏ›· η˘Û›ÌÔ˘ ..................................................................................................................130 7.8 ∂Í·ÂÚȈً˜ (ηÚÌ˘Ú·Ù¤Ú) ..................................................................................................................130 7.8.1 ∞Ú¯‹ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ ÂÍ·ÂÚȈً ..................................................................................................130 7.8.2 √ ÂÍ·ÂÚȈً˜ ÛÙ·ıÂÚÔ‡ ÛÙÚ·ÁÁ·ÏÈÛÌÔ‡ ......................................................................................132 7.8.3 √ ÂÍ·ÂÚȈً˜ ÛÙ·ıÂÚÔ‡ ÎÂÓÔ‡ ......................................................................................................134 7.8.4 ∫·Ù·Û΢·ÛÙÈο ÛÙÔȯ›· ÂÍ·ÂÚȈÙÒÓ ........................................................................................136 7.8.5 ¶ÔÏÏ·ÏÔ› ÂÍ·ÂÚȈ٤˜....................................................................................................................136 7.8.5.1 ∂Í·ÂÚȈ٤˜ ‰ÈÏÔ‡ ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˜ ................................................................................................136 7.8.5.2 ¢›‰˘ÌÔÈ ÂÍ·ÂÚȈ٤˜ ................................................................................................................136 7.8.5.3 ™‡ÓıÂÙÔÈ (ÎÏÈÌ·ÎÔ‡ÌÂÓÔÈ) ÂÍ·ÂÚȈ٤˜ ................................................................................137 7.8.6 √ ÂÍ·ÂÚȈً˜ Stromberg ................................................................................................................138 7.8.7 √ ÂÍ·ÂÚȈً˜ Weber........................................................................................................................139
K∂º∞§∞π√ 8: ™˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· ∆ÚÔÊÔ‰Û›·˜ Ì ªË¯·ÓÈ΋ ŒÁ¯˘ÛË ÙÔ˘ ∫·˘Û›ÌÔ˘ (Injection) ....143
8.1 ∆Ô Û‡ÛÙËÌ· Û˘Ó¯ԇ˜ „ÂηÛÌÔ‡ ∫-Jetronic ......................................................................................144 8.1.1 ∏ÏÂÎÙÚÈ΋ ·ÓÙÏ›· ÙÚÔÊÔ‰ÔÛ›·˜ η˘Û›ÌÔ˘ ..................................................................................144 8.1.2 ™˘ÛÛˆÚÂ˘Ù‹˜ (ÂÍÈÛÔÚÚÔËÙ‹˜ ÚÔ‹˜) η˘Û›ÌÔ˘ ..........................................................................144 8.1.3 º›ÏÙÚÔ Î·˘Û›ÌÔ˘ ............................................................................................................................144 8.1.4 µ·Ï‚›‰· ¤Á¯˘Û˘ η˘Û›ÌÔ˘ (ÌÂÎ) ..............................................................................................145 8.1.5 ªÂÙÚËÙ‹˜ (·ÈÛıËÙ‹˜) Ù˘ ·ÚÔ¯‹˜ ÙÔ˘ ·¤Ú· ..............................................................................145 8.1.6 ¢È·ÓÔ̤·˜ η˘Û›ÌÔ˘ ......................................................................................................................148 8.1.7 ¢È·ÊÔÚÈ΋ ‚·Ï‚›‰· ‰È·ÓÔ̤· η˘Û›ÌÔ˘ ......................................................................................149 8.1.8 ƒ˘ıÌÈÛÙ‹˜ ›ÂÛ˘ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ Î·È ›ÂÛË ÂϤÁ¯Ô˘........................................................................150 8.1.9 ªË¯·ÓÈÛÌfi˜ ·ÚÔ¯‹˜ ÚfiÛıÂÙÔ˘ ·¤Ú· ........................................................................................151 8.1.10 ƒ˘ıÌÈÛÙ‹˜ ÂÌÏÔ˘ÙÈÛÌÔ‡ Ì›ÁÌ·ÙÔ˜..............................................................................................151
9
10
MHXANE™ E™øTEPIKH™ KAY™H™ 1 (MEK)
8.1.11 µ·Ï‚›‰· (ÌÂÎ) „˘¯Ú‹˜ ÂÎΛÓËÛ˘ ............................................................................................153 8.1.12 £ÂÚÌÈÎfi˜ ¯ÚÔÓԉȷÎfiÙ˘ ..........................................................................................................153 8.2 ∆Ô ËÏÂÎÙÚÔÓÈÎfi Û‡ÛÙËÌ· Û˘Ó¯ԇ˜ „ÂηÛÌÔ‡ ∫∂ - Jetronic ..........................................................154 8.2.1 ƒ˘ıÌÈÛÙ‹˜ ›ÂÛ˘ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜........................................................................................................154 8.2.2 ¢È·ÓÔ̤·˜ η˘Û›ÌÔ˘ Ì ËÏÂÎÙÚÔ¸‰Ú·˘ÏÈÎfi ÚÂÛÔÛÙ¿ÙË ..........................................................155 8.2.3 ™˘ÌÏËڈ̷ÙÈΤ˜ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›Â˜ ÙÔ˘ ∫∂ - Jetronic ........................................................................156 8.3 L - Jetronic ..............................................................................................................................................157 8.3.1 ∞ÓÙÏ›· η˘Û›ÌÔ˘..............................................................................................................................157 8.3.2 ƒ˘ıÌÈÛÙ‹˜ ›ÂÛ˘ η˘Û›ÌÔ˘ ..........................................................................................................157 8.3.3 EÁ¯˘Ù‹Ú·˜ (ÌÂÎ) „ÂηÛÌÔ‡ ........................................................................................................158 8.3.4 ªÂÙÚËÙ‹˜ fiÁÎÔ˘ ·¤Ú· ....................................................................................................................159 8.4 LH - Jetronic............................................................................................................................................160 8.4.1 ªÂÙÚËÙ‹˜ Ì¿˙·˜ ·¤Ú· Ì ıÂÚÌ·ÈÓfiÌÂÓÔ Û‡ÚÌ· ..........................................................................160 8.4.2 ªÂÙÚËÙ‹˜ Ì¿˙·˜ ·¤Ú· Ì ıÂÚÌ‹ ÛÙÚÒÛË (∏FM) ........................................................................161 8.5 Motronic ..................................................................................................................................................162
K∂º∞§∞π√ 9: ∫·Ù·Ï‡Ù˜ Î·È ™˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· ∂ϤÁ¯Ô˘ ∂ÎÔÌÒÓ ..................................................165
9.1 ™˘ÁÎÚfiÙËÛË Î·Ù·Ï˘ÙÒÓ ..........................................................................................................................165 9.2 ∫ÂÚ·ÌÈÎÔ› ÌÔÓÔÏÈıÈÎÔ› ηٷχÙ˜ ........................................................................................................165 9.2.1 ∏ ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ· ˙ˆ‹˜ ÙÔ˘ ÎÂÚ·ÌÈÎÔ‡ ÌÔÓfiÏÈıÔ˘ ................................................................................167 9.3 ªÂÙ·ÏÏÈÎÔ› ηٷχÙ˜ ............................................................................................................................169 9.3.1 ªÂÙ·ÏÏÈÎfi˜ ÌÔÓfiÏÈıÔ˜ ....................................................................................................................169 9.4 ™‡ÁÎÚÈÛË ÌÂÙ·ÏÏÈÎÒÓ Î·È ÎÂÚ·ÌÈÎÒÓ Î·Ù·Ï˘ÙÒÓ ..............................................................................170 9.5 ∆ÚÈÔ‰ÈÎfi˜ ηٷχÙ˘ (ÌÈ·˜ ÎÏ›Ó˘) ......................................................................................................171 9.5.1 ƒ˘ıÌÈ˙fiÌÂÓÔ˜ ÙÚÈÔ‰ÈÎfi˜ ηٷχÙ˘ ..............................................................................................171 9.5.2 ∞ÚÚ‡ıÌÈÛÙÔ˜ ÙÚÈÔ‰ÈÎfi˜ ηٷχÙ˘................................................................................................172 9.6 ∂ÈÛËÌ¿ÓÛÂȘ ÁÈ· ÙË ÛˆÛÙ‹ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÙˆÓ Î·Ù·Ï˘ÙÈÎÒÓ ÌÂÙ·ÙÚÔ¤ˆÓ ........................................172 9.7 ™˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· ÂϤÁ¯Ô˘ ÂÎÔÌÒÓ ‚ÂÓ˙ÈÓÔÎÈÓËÙ‹Ú· ................................................................................173 9.7.1 ∞ÓÙÏ›· ·ÚÔ¯‹˜ ÚfiÛıÂÙÔ˘ ·¤Ú· ÛÙËÓ ÂÍ·ÁˆÁ‹ ........................................................................173 9.7.2 ™‡ÛÙËÌ· ·Ó·Î‡ÎψÛ˘ ÙˆÓ Î·˘Û·ÂÚ›ˆÓ EGR ..........................................................................174 9.7.3 ™‡ÛÙËÌ· ÂÚÈÔÚÈÛÌÔ‡ ÙˆÓ ÂÎÔÌÒÓ HC ·fi ÙÔ Î¿ÚÙÂÚ PCV ................................................175 9.7.4 ™˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· ÂÚÈÔÚÈÛÌÔ‡ ÙˆÓ ÂÎÔÌÒÓ ∏C ·fi ÙÔÓ ÂÍ·ÂÚȈً Î·È ÙÔ ÚÂ˙ÂÚ‚Ô˘¿Ú ............175 9.7.5 £ÂÚÌÔÛÙ·ÙÈÎfi Ê›ÏÙÚÔ ·¤Ú·............................................................................................................176 9.7.6 ™˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· ÌÂÙ·ÙÚÔ‹˜ ÙÔ˘ ¯ÚÔÓÈÛÌÔ‡ ¤Ó·˘Û˘ ........................................................................177 9.8 ∫·Ù·Ï˘ÙÈο Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· ÂϤÁ¯Ô˘ ÂÎÔÌÒÓ ........................................................................................178 9.8.1 ∞ÈÛıËÙ‹Ú·˜ Ô͢ÁfiÓÔ˘ ‹ Ï‹Ù˘ Ͽ̉· (Ï - sensor)......................................................................178 9.8.2 §ÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÙÔ˘ ·ÈÛıËÙ‹Ú· ˙ÈÚÎÔÓ›Ô˘ ............................................................................................178 9.8.3 ∞ÈÛıËÙ‹Ú·˜ Ï Ì ¿ÏÌ· ·ÓÙ›ÛÙ·Û˘ ................................................................................................180 9.8.4 ™‡ÛÙËÌ· ‰Â˘ÙÂÚ‡ÔÓÙ· ·¤Ú· ........................................................................................................180 9.8.5 ∫ÏÂÈÛÙ¿ Î·È ·ÓÔÈÎÙ¿ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· Ú‡ıÌÈÛ˘ ..................................................................................180 9.8.6 ¢È·ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎfi˜ ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô˜ › ÙÔ˘ Ô¯‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ (On board) ..................................................................181 9.9 ¢È·ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎfi˜ ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô˜ ÌÔÓÙ¤ÚÓˆÓ ‚ÂÓ˙ÈÓÔÎÈÓËÙ‹ÚˆÓ ......................................................................181 9.9.1 πÛÙÔÚÈÎfi............................................................................................................................................181 9.9.2 ŒÏÂÁ¯Ô˜ ‚ÂÓ˙ÈÓÔÎÈÓËÙ‹ÚˆÓ Ì ÙË ÌÔÓ¿‰· ·˘ÙԉȿÁÓˆÛ˘ (tester) ÛÙÔ ÂÚÁ·ÛÙ‹ÚÈÔ ª∂∫, ∆∂π £ÂÛÛ·Ï›·˜ ..........................................................................................184
K∂º∞§∞π√ 10: ∏ÏÂÎÙÚÈÎfi ™‡ÛÙËÌ· ∞˘ÙÔÎÈÓ‹ÙÔ˘ ......................................................................191
10.1 ™˘ÛÛˆÚÂ˘Ù‹˜ (Ì·Ù·Ú›·) ....................................................................................................................192 10.1.1 ∫·Ù·Û΢‹ ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÛÛˆÚÂ˘Ù‹ ÌÔχ‚‰Ô˘ - ÔͤԘ ........................................................................193 10.1.2 ∞Ú¯‹ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÛÛˆÚÂ˘Ù‹ ÌÔχ‚‰Ô˘ - ÔͤԘ ..............................................................193 10.1.3 ¢È¿ÚÎÂÈ· ˙ˆ‹˜ Î·È Û˘ÓÙ‹ÚËÛË ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÛÛˆÚÂ˘Ù‹ ........................................................................195 10.1.4 ∞ÏηÏÈÎÔ› Û˘ÛÛˆÚÂ˘Ù¤˜................................................................................................................196
¶ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓ·
10.1.5 AÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË Û˘ÛÛˆÚ¢ÙÒÓ ............................................................................................................196 10.2 ∂Ó·ÏÏ·ÎÙ‹Ú·˜ (ÁÂÓÓ‹ÙÚÈ·) ..................................................................................................................197 10.2.1 ¢ÔÌ‹ Î·È ·Ú¯‹ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ ÂÓ·ÏÏ·ÎÙ‹Ú· ..........................................................................197 10.2.2 ŒÏÂÁ¯Ô˜ Î·È Û˘ÓÙ‹ÚËÛË ÂÓ·ÏÏ·ÎÙ‹Ú· ........................................................................................199 10.3 ∞˘ÙfiÌ·ÙÔ˜ Ú˘ıÌÈÛÙ‹˜ ..........................................................................................................................199 10.4 ∂ÎÎÈÓËÙ‹˜ (Ì›˙·)....................................................................................................................................201 10.4.1 §ÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÙÔ˘ ËÏÂÎÙÚÔÌ·ÁÓËÙÈÎÔ‡ ‰È·ÎfiÙË ÈÛ¯‡Ô˜ ..............................................................204 10.4.2 §ÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÈο ÌÂÁ¤ıË ÙÔ˘ ÂÎÎÈÓËÙ‹ ..............................................................................................204 10.5 ™‡ÛÙËÌ· ¤Ó·˘Û˘ ‚ÂÓ˙ÈÓÔÎÈÓËÙ‹Ú· ....................................................................................................205 10.5.1 √È ··ÈÙ‹ÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘ ‚ÂÓ˙ÈÓÔÎÈÓËÙ‹Ú· ·fi ÙÔ Û‡ÛÙËÌ· ¤Ó·˘Û˘ ................................................205 10.5.2 ¶ÂÚÈÁÚ·Ê‹ ÙÔ˘ Û˘Ì‚·ÙÈÎÔ‡ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ¤Ó·˘Û˘ ....................................................................206 10.5.2.1 ¶ÔÏÏ·Ï·ÛÈ·ÛÙ‹˜ ................................................................................................................206 10.5.2.2 ∏ÏÂÎÙÚÈÎfi˜ ‰È·ÓÔ̤·˜ (ÓÙÈÛÙÚÈÌÈÙ¤Ú)..............................................................................206 10.5.2.3 ¶Ï·Ù›Ó˜ ................................................................................................................................209 10.5.2.4 ¶˘ÎÓˆÙ‹˜ ..............................................................................................................................210 10.5.2.5 ™ÈÓıËÚÈÛÙ¤˜ ‹ ·Ó·ÊÏÂÎÙ‹Ú˜ (ÌÔ˘˙›) ............................................................................211 10.5.3 §ÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÙÔ˘ Û˘Ì‚·ÙÈÎÔ‡ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ¤Ó·˘Û˘ ....................................................................215 10.5.4 ÃÚÔÓÈÛÌfi˜ ¤Ó·˘Û˘ (Â͈ÙÂÚÈÎfi˜ ¯ÚÔÓÈÛÌfi˜ Ù˘ Ì˯·Ó‹˜)........................................................218 10.5.4.1 ÃÚÔÓÈÛÌfi˜ ¤Ó·˘Û˘ ÛÙÔ ÚÂÏ·ÓÙ› ........................................................................................218 10.5.4.2 º˘ÁÔÎÂÓÙÚÈÎfi ·‚¿Ó˜ ............................................................................................................219 10.5.4.3 ∞‚¿Ó˜ ÎÂÓÔ‡ ‹ ˘Ô›ÂÛ˘....................................................................................................220 10.5.5 ªÂÈÔÓÂÎÙ‹Ì·Ù· ÙÔ˘ Û˘Ì‚·ÙÈÎÔ‡ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ¤Ó·˘Û˘ ............................................................222
K∂º∞§∞π√ 11: ∏ÏÂÎÙÚÔÓÈΤ˜ ∞Ó·ÊϤÍÂȘ ..................................................................................223
11.1 ∏ÏÂÎÙÚÔÓÈ΋ ·Ó¿ÊÏÂÍË Ì ϷٛÓ˜ ∆SZ-K......................................................................................223 11.2. ∏ÏÂÎÙÚÔÓÈ΋ ·Ó¿ÊÏÂÍË Ì ·ÁˆÁÈÎfi ‰È·ÎfiÙË TSZ-i..................................................................224 11.2.1 ∂·ÁˆÁÈÎfi˜ ‰È·ÎfiÙ˘ ................................................................................................................224 11.2.2 ∏ÏÂÎÙÚÔÓÈ΋ Û˘Û΢‹ (ÂÁΤʷÏÔ˜) ............................................................................................224 11.2.3 √ ¯ÚÔÓÈÛÌfi˜ ¤Ó·˘Û˘ ÛÙËÓ ËÏÂÎÙÚÔÓÈ΋ ·Ó¿ÊÏÂÍË TSZ-i ........................................................227 11.3 ∏ÏÂÎÙÚÔÓÈ΋ ·Ó¿ÊÏÂÍË Ì ʷÈÓfiÌÂÓÔ Hall TSZ-h ..........................................................................227 11.3.1 ¢È·ÎfiÙ˘ Hall Î·È ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· Ù˘ ·Ó¿ÊÏÂ͢ Hall ................................................................228 11.4 ∏ÏÂÎÙÚÔÓÈ΋ ·Ó¿ÊÏÂÍË Ì ÂÎÊfiÚÙÈÛË ˘ÎÓˆÙ‹ ∏∫∑ ....................................................................229 11.4.1 ¢È·ÌfiÚʈÛË Î·È ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· Ù˘ ·Ó¿ÊÏÂ͢ ∏∫∑ ....................................................................230 11.5 ™‡ÁÎÚÈÛË ÙˆÓ Û˘ÛÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ·Ó¿ÊÏÂ͢ ..............................................................................................232
K∂º∞§∞π√ 12: ™˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· ∆ÚÔÊÔ‰ÔÛ›·˜ ¶ÂÙÚÂÏ·ÈÔÎÈÓËÙ‹ÚˆÓ ..............................................233 12.1 ª¤ıÔ‰ÔÈ ¤Á¯˘Û˘ - ı¿Ï·ÌÔÈ Î·‡Û˘ ..................................................................................................233 12.1.1 ÕÌÂÛË ¤Á¯˘ÛË Î·È ÂÓÈ·›ÔÈ ı¿Ï·ÌÔÈ Î·‡Û˘ ................................................................................233 12.1.2 ŒÌÌÂÛË ¤Á¯˘ÛË Î·È ‰ÈÌÂÚ›˜ ı¿Ï·ÌÔÈ Î·‡Û˘ ..........................................................................235 12.2 ∞ÎÚÔʇÛÈ· Î·È ÂÁ¯˘Ù‹Ú˜ ..................................................................................................................235 12.3 µÔËıËÙÈΤ˜ ‰È·Ù¿ÍÂȘ ÂÎΛÓËÛ˘ ........................................................................................................236 12.4 ∏ ÂÌ‚ÔÏÔÊfiÚÔ˜ ·ÓÙÏ›· ˘„ËÏ‹˜ ›ÂÛ˘ Ù˘ BOSCH ........................................................................237 12.4.1 ∆Ô ·ÓÙÏËÙÈÎfi Û˘ÁÎÚfiÙËÌ·............................................................................................................238 12.4.2 §ÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· Ù˘ ·ÓÙÏ›·˜ ˘„ËÏ‹˜ ›ÂÛ˘ ......................................................................................239 12.4.3 ƒ˘ıÌÈÛÙÈΤ˜ ‰È·Ù¿ÍÂȘ Ù˘ ÂÌ‚ÔÏÔÊfiÚÔ˘ ·ÓÙÏ›·˜ BOSCH ......................................................240 12.4.3.1. º˘ÁÔÎÂÓÙÚÈÎfi˜ Ú˘ıÌÈÛÙ‹˜ ¤Á¯˘Û˘....................................................................................242 12.4.3.2. º˘ÁÔÎÂÓÙÚÈÎfi˜ Ú˘ıÌÈÛÙ‹˜ ÛÙÚÔÊÒÓ ..................................................................................242 12.4.3.3. ¶ÓÂ˘Ì·ÙÈÎfi˜ Ú˘ıÌÈÛÙ‹˜ ÛÙÚÔÊÒÓ ......................................................................................242 12.5 ∏ ̤ıÔ‰Ô˜ ¤Á¯˘Û˘ Common – Rail ..................................................................................................243 12.5.1 ∞Ú¯‹ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ Common-Rail ....................................................................243 12.5.2 ¶ÏÂÔÓÂÎÙ‹Ì·Ù· Ù˘ ÌÂıfi‰Ô˘ Common-Rail ..............................................................................245
11
12
MHXANE™ E™øTEPIKH™ KAY™H™ 1 (MEK)
K∂º∞§∞π√ 13: ∫ÈÓËÙ‹Ú˜ ÕÌÂÛ˘ ŒÁ¯˘Û˘ - GDI (Gasoline Direct Injection) ..................247
13.1 £ÂˆÚËÙÈ΋ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ÙÔ˘ Ì˯·ÓÈÛÌÔ‡ ¿ÌÂÛ˘ ¤Á¯˘Û˘ ....................................................................247 13.1.1 ∆Ô ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ· Ùˆ¯Ô‡ Ì›ÁÌ·ÙÔ˜ ................................................................................................247 13.1.2 ∆Ô ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ· ˘„ËÏ‹˜ ·fi‰ÔÛ˘ ..............................................................................................248 13.1.3 æÂηÛÌfi˜ ‰‡Ô ÛÙ·‰›ˆÓ ................................................................................................................250 13.2 ∫·Ù·Û΢·ÛÙÈο ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο ÙÔ˘ ÎÈÓËÙ‹Ú· GDI ......................................................................250 13.3 ¶ÏÂÔÓÂÎÙ‹Ì·Ù· ÙÔ˘ ÎÈÓËÙ‹Ú· GDI ....................................................................................................252 13.4 √ ÎÈÓËÙ‹Ú·˜ ¿ÌÂÛÔ˘ „ÂηÛÌÔ‡ Ù˘ Audi - FSI ..............................................................................256 13.5 H Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›· Ì ÂÏÂÁ¯fiÌÂÓË ·˘Ù·Ó¿ÊÏÂÍË ÚÔ·Ó·ÌÂÌÂÈÁ̤ÓÔ˘ Ì›ÁÌ·ÙÔ˜ HCCI ‹ Î·È PCCI ..............................................................................................................257 13.6 ∆Ô Û‡ÛÙËÌ· Twinport Ù˘ Opel ..........................................................................................................258
K∂º∞§∞π√ 14: ∫˘„¤Ï˜ ∫·˘Û›ÌÔ˘ (Fuel cells) ..........................................................................261
14.1 ∞Ú¯‹ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ ..................................................................................................................................261 14.2 ¶ÏÂÔÓÂÎÙ‹Ì·Ù·......................................................................................................................................262 ∂Àƒ∂∆∏ƒπ√ √ƒø¡..................................................................................................................................263 µπµ§π√°ƒ∞ºπ∞ ..........................................................................................................................................267 SYLLABUS I ................................................................................................................................................269