2
Physics
2.1 Important Physical Quantities Physics is the science of the properties and nature of matter. Natural processes, derived laws and results of physical measurements are described using specific terms, symbols, quantities and units. In physical processes, the form, the position, or the state of a body changes. The form is changed, for example, when a piece of material is deformed, compressed or bent. The position is changed, for example, when construction materials are stacked to create buildings. The state of matter changes, for example, when water (a liquid), which is sprayed on hot stones, evaporates (becomes gaseous) because of rising temperatures.
Volume, Mass, Density Volume:
Each body has a specific volume. The unit of volume is the cubic metre (m³).
Mass: Each body has a mass. The unit of mass is the kilogram (kg). The mass of a static body is independent of the place where the body is. Density:
The relation of mass to volume. The unit of density is kg/dm³.
TASK 1 Fill in the gaps using the following words. density … mass … volume
1. The of an object depends on the mass and the volume. Different materials of the same mass mostly have different volumes. 2. Each object has a particular The unit of
is m³.
3. The unit of
is the kilogram.
4. density = 5. 6. volume = mass/
18
.
/volume = volume · density Pict. 1: Daniel Bernoulli 1700 – 1782, physicist
2.1 Important Physical Quantities
Module 2
Power, Work, Forces, Energy Physics deals with forces, work, power and different forms of energy and its conversion. Power, work, forces and energy are not the same. Energy and power can be electrical or mechanical. Energy
The ability to do work.
E = Q · V
Work
The application of force to produce movement.
W = F · d
Power
Work done in a period of time.
P = W / t
Force
Mass times acceleration.
F = m · a
Q = charge V = voltage Pict. 1: Alessandro Volta 1745 –1827, physicist
d = distance
TASK 2 Test your knowledge. Complete the table below. Use the following units. hertz … joules … newtons … ohms … pascals … volts … watts
Quantity energy
Measured in
Formula
Written in full
joules
E = Q · V
energy equals charge times voltage
pressure work force power frequency resistance potential difference In physics, the unit of energy is the “joule“. Energy can be different in form and type. We may have potential or kinetic energy as well as electrical, heat or light energy. Energy cannot be destroyed, but transformed from one form to the other.
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7
Surveying
7.1 Surveyors – Diversified Professionals The terms “surveying” and “surveyor” are many-sided. They cover a wide range of professional activities. These include geodetic, land and hydrographic surveying and range from minerals and mine surveying to engineering or construction surveying on building sites. Some of the professions and tasks are related, some even overlap.
Pict. 1: Surveyor at work (GPS surveying)
Pict. 2: Mine surveying
Geodetic surveyors measure the surface of the Earth. On the Earth’s surface, a special point is determined by its geographical coordinates: the geographical latitude and geographical longitude. To determine a location, meridians cover the Earth, passing through the North and South Poles. The Greenwich meridian passes through London and has a value of zero degrees. Land surveyors determine the exact locations of the surface of natural surroundings, of larger areas of land, or of countries. Cartography work and drawing to scale are the main tasks. GPS satellite navigation is the basic technical principle employed. Mine surveyors are involved in the planning of different types of mines – underground and openpit mines – and prepare mine drawings. From the initial planning stage of the mine location through to the exploration, exploitation and renaturing steps, mine surveyors take part in the decision-making process for mine works. Mineral surveyors Often mine surveyors work in close relation with minerals surveyors, who fulfil a more geological task in exploring places to find mineral deposits.
100
Module 7
Surveying
The Level and the Theodolite The level and the theodolite are instruments for measuring the differences in height or for measuring vertical and horizontal angles. Both devices are installed on a tripod and they consist of the bottom and upper parts. On the upper part of the level, a telescope is mounted with its circular level and the built-in compensator. The other parts of the Âtelescope are the eyepiece, object lens and reticule cross. Below the Âtelescope, there is a horizontal tangent screw which allows precise movement control in the horizontal circle. A focussing screw is mounted for focussing. The bottom part consists of a base plate, the foot screw, the circular level, and the tiltable part of the telescope support. The collimation axis and the vertical axis form a right angle.
TASK 3 Label the numerated parts of the level with words from the above text. 1. 2. horizontal tangent screw
3
1
4
3.
5
4. prism 5. 6
6.
2
7 8
7. 8.
9
9. Pict. 1: Level
Translate into German 1. vertical circle 2. horizontal (tilting) axis 3. horizontal level 4. collimation axis
5 1 6
2
5. vertical/standing axis
7 3
6. telescope 7. eyepiece
4
8. horizontal circle
9 10
9. adjusting screw 10. base plate
11
11. tripod Pict. 2: Theodolite
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8
Module 7
7.2 Surveyors in Construction and Management
Grammar Box: ing-Forms
as Verbal Noun and Gerund ως ρηματικό ουσιαστικό και γερούνδιο
Ο τύπος -ing είναι 1. ως (ρηματικό)ουσιαστικό:
Measuring angles is a difficult task.
(η μέτρηση των γωνιών)
2. μετά από ουσιαστικά με προθέσεις:
A level is an instrument for measuring.
The art of measuring (distances) is complicated.
3. μετά από ορισμένα ρήματα:
Ex.: avoid (αποφεύγω); deny (αρνούμαι); finish; can’t help (δεν μπορώ να αντισταθώ, δεν μπορώ να αποφύγω) etc.
I can’t help drawing the map again.
4. μετά από ορισμένα ρήματα με προθέσεις:
Ex.: give up; keep on (εγκαταλείπω/συνεχίζω)
He gave up calculating the budget again and again.
5. μετά από επίθετα με προθέσεις:
Ex.: be good (bad) at; be afraid of etc.
He is really good at calculating time and money.
Μετά από ορισμένα ρήματα μπορεί να χρησιμοποιηθούν και ο τύπος -ing και το απαρέμφατο. 6. χωρίς σημασιολογική αλλαγή:
Ex.: begin; start
The surveying team starts to collect / collecting data.
7. με σημασιολογική αλλαγή:
Ex.: like, love
Surveyors like being outdoors.
They wouldn’t like to be outdoors today.
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3
Chemistry
3.1 Bodies, Substances, Elements Chemistry is the study of the structure, composition and the chemical properties of substances and their conversion in chemical processes and reactions. The chemical conversion of minerals or organic raw materials into usable products with specific properties, the refining of raw materials, and the creation of new products which are not found in nature (e.g. plastics) - all belong to the field of chemistry. In a chemical process, substances react with each other, new substances are built, and elements may combine to form new ones. In physical processes, only the state of matter changes, but the substances remain the same. Chemistry can be subdivided into organic (containing carbon) and inorganic (without carbon) chemistry.
Bodies – Substances In chemistry “bodies” and “substances” are clearly differentiated and chemistry is usually only concerned with substances. A body has a specific volume. It occupies space. If there is a body at a certain location, there cannot be another one in the same place. Each body consists of a special substance or material. Bodies and substances can be differentiated by their properties. Properties of bodies are e.g.: • state of matter (solid, liquid, gaseous) • volume or shape • state of energy (at rest - potential energy;
substance
body
wood
beam
glass
plate
steel
sheet
concrete
pillar
plastics
foil
moving - kinetic energy) Properties of substances are e.g.: • • • • •
state of matter (physical change of matter) reactivity (flammable, non-flammable) colour, smell or taste (sour, sweet) corrosion resistance solubility
water
properties
properties
flammable
solid, liquid
non-flammable
gaseous
taste sour or sweet
cold, warm
smell good or bad
heavy, light
toxic, non toxic
big, small
corrosion-resistant
at rest, moving
caustic
cubic
reactive
cylindrical
Pict. 1: Body and substance
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vapour
Chemistry
Module 3
Oxygen
oxygen
Element symbol: O
photosynthesis
Appearance and properties: Oxygen is a chemical element or gas without taste, smell or colour. Many substances start to burn when they come into contact with oxygen. Oxygen is necessary for breathing, and for all forms of human, animal and plant life.
ca
respiration combustion
rb
o n dioxid
e
Pict. 1: Oxygen and carbon dioxide cycle
Occurrence: Oxygen makes up about 21 % of the atmosphere and about 50 % of the Earth’s crust. Uses and application: In industry, oxygen is needed for many industrial purposes, such as for cutting and welding metals, or for making steel in a blast furnace where oxygen is injected to improve the combustion.
Oxidation and Reduction Oxidation: A chemical reaction in which a substance reacts with oxygen and gains oxygen.
Example of oxidation: C + O2
CO2 + heat
carbon + oxygen
carbon dioxide
Reduction: T he opposite chemical reaction in which the oxygen content of a substance is reduced.
Example of reduction: Fe2 O3 + 3CO iron oxide + carbon oxide
2Fe + 3CO2 iron + carbon dioxide Pict. 2: Hematite Fe2O3
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Vocabulary Module 8
accounting
λογιστική
acquire, to
αποκτώ, αφομοιώνω
authority benefit
interior design
εσωτερική αρχιτεκτονική (εσωτερική διακόσμηση)
εδώ: αρχές, εξουσία
job prospects
επαγγελματικές προοπτικές
εδώ: πλεονέκτημα
joiner
ξυλουργός, μαραγκός
bid
προσφορά
joinery
ξυλουργική
blank
εδώ: κενό
land surveyor
τοπογράφος
bricklayer
χτίστης, οικοδόμος
landscape
τοπίο
building permission
άδεια οικοδόμησης
managerial jobs
επαγγέλματα
carpenter
ξυλουργός, μαραγκός
challenge
πρόκληση
municipal building authority
τοπική πολεοδομική υπηρεσία
civil engineering
πολιτική μηχανική
negotiate, to
διαπραγματεύομαι
column
στήλη, κολώνα
observe, to
εδώ: τηρώ, κρατώ, σταματώ
commercial
βιομηχανικός
opportunity
δυνατότητα, ευκαιρία
complete, to
τελειώνω, ολοκληρώνω
permit, to
επιτρέπω
conserve, to
διατηρώ, συντηρώ
plant
βιομηχανική εγκατάσταση
consideration
θεώρηση, εξέταση
plumber
υδραυλικός
consultant
σύμβουλος
property owner
ιδιοκτήτης
contractor
εργολάβος
quantity surveyor
επιμετρητής ποσοτήτων
delegate, to
αναθέτω, μεταβιβάζω σε
residential building
ιδιωτική κατοικία
department
τμήμα
responsibility
ευθύνη, υπευθυνότητα
differ, to
διαφέρω
retail outlet
κατάστημα λιανικής
diversified
ποικίλος
roofer
τεχνίτης για στέγες (κεραμιδάς)
drywall installing
εγκατάταση με τοίχο καλυμμένο με σανίδωμα επικάλυψη
salary
μισθός
schedule
χρονοδιάγραμμα, πρόγραμμα
sewage system
απόνερα, σύστημα αποχέτευσης
employment
πρόσληψη, απασχόληση
environmental compatibility
περιβαλλοντική συμβατότητα
site
οικόπεδο, εργοτάξιο
solution
διάλυση
estimate, to
εκτιμώ, προγραμματίζω
speciality trade
επιτήδευμα, μικρή επιχείρηση
excavation
ανασκαφή
stucco mason
γυψαδόρος, σοβατζής
expect, to
αναμένω, περιμένω
supervise, to
επιβλέπω, εποπτεύω
experienced, to be
μαθαίνω
surveyor
τοπογράφος
expertise
εξειδικευμένες γνώσεις
tender
προκήρυξη, διαγωνισμός
exploit, to
εκμεταλλεύομαι, επωφελούμαι
tight
στενός, πιεσμένος
fit, to
επιπλώνω, ταιριάζω
tiler
πλακάς
floor plastering
επικάλυψη με τσιμεντοκονίαμα
vital
σημαντικός, σπουδαίος
framework
εδώ: γιαπί
wastewater treatment plant
εγκατάσταση επεξεργασίας λημάτων
glazier
τζαμάς
workmanship
ανθρώπινη εργασία
glazing
τοποθέτηση τζαμιών
graduate
απόφοιτος, -η
H.R. department
ανθρώπινοι πόροι, τμήμα προσωπικού
handyman
ανειδίκευτος εργάτης, -τρια
hire, to
προσλαμβάνω, ναυτολογώ
in charge of, to be
είμαι υπεύθυνος για
initial
αρχικός
Module 8
Vocabulary Module 8
119