Επιτελους-ΠΕΡ

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¶∂ƒπ∂Ã√ª∂¡∞ ¶ƒ√§√°√™ .......................................................................................................7 1.

«™ÙÔ ıÂÚÌÔ΋ÈÔ ÙÔ˘ ·ÓÙ·ÁˆÓÈÛÌÔ‡ Î·È Ù˘ ·ÓÙÈ˙ËÏ›·˜»: Ô ÔÏ˘ÂıÓÈÎfi˜ ıÂÛÌfi˜ ÙÔ˘ √ıˆÌ·ÓÈÎÔ‡ ÷ÚÂÌÈÔ‡ ........................................7

∂π™∞°ø°∏ .......................................................................................................23 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

∏ Á˘Ó·ÈΛ· ÂÚÈ‹ÁËÛË ÙÔ˘ 17Ô˘, 18Ô˘ Î·È 19Ô˘ ·ÈÒÓ·..............................23 ∏ Ù·‡ÙÈÛË Ì ÙÔ «ÕÏÏÔ» Î·È Ë Á˘Ó·ÈΛ· ÔÙÈ΋ ..........................................30 °È·Ù› Ù·Í›‰Â˘·Ó;.................................................................................................33 °È·Ù› ¤ÁÚ·Ê·Ó;...................................................................................................37 ∞ÁÓÔÔ‡Ó ÙÔ˘˜ ÎÈÓ‰‡ÓÔ˘˜ ÙˆÓ Ù·ÍȉÈÒÓ Î·È ÙȘ ··ÁÔÚ‡ÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘ πÛÏ¿Ì.............................................................................39 ¶ÂÚÈËÁ‹ÙÚÈ· ÛÙÔ ÕÁÈÔ ŸÚÔ˜: «On Lady Stratford’s visit to Mount Athos» ..................................................40 ª¿ÚÙ˘Ú˜ ÈÛÙÔÚÈÎÒÓ ÁÂÁÔÓfiÙˆÓ .....................................................................41 £ÂÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÂÌ‚¤ÏÂÈ· ÙˆÓ ÂÚÈËÁËÙÚÈÒÓ............................................................43 8.1 «ŒÓ· ›‰Ô˜ Ê˘ÏÂÙÈÎÔ‡ ‰È·¯ˆÚÈÛÌÔ‡»: «ÙÔ ÛοӉ·ÏÔ ÙÔ˘ ÈÂÚÔ‡ ¯ÚÒÌ·ÙÔ˜ Â¿Óˆ Û ÌÈ· ¿ÈÛÙË ÁÎÈ·Ô‡ÚÈÛÛ·» ....................48

¶ƒø∆∏ ∂¡√∆∏∆∞ π.

«√ £∂™ª√™ °π∞ ∆∏ ¢π∞º£√ƒ∞ ∆ø¡ °À¡∞π∫ø¡»: «ªπ∞ π™√µπ∞ ºÀ§∞∫π™∏».......................................................................55

1.

¶Ò˜ ÂÚÈÁÚ¿ÊÔ˘Ó ÙÔ Ã·Ú¤ÌÈ ÂÚÈËÁ‹ÙÚȘ Î·È ÌÔ˘ÛÔ˘ÏÌ¿Ó˜ ÙÔ˘ 18Ô˘ Î·È ÙÔ˘ 19Ô˘ ·ÈÒÓ·: «ÈÛfi‚È· Ê˘Ï¿ÎÈÛË»........................................56 √ fiÚÔ˜ «¯·Ú¤ÌÈ» ...............................................................................................57 ÷ڤÌÈ: Ë «·ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔÔ›ËÛË» Ù˘ ÔÏ˘Á·Ì›·˜............................................59 ∏ ÔÏ˘ÂıÓÈ΋ ‰Ô˘Ï›· ÙÔ˘ ÔıˆÌ·ÓÈÎÔ‡ ¯·ÚÂÌÈÔ‡........................................62 ¶ÂÚÈËÁ‹ÙÚȘ ÂÓÙÔ›˙Ô˘Ó Á˘Ó·›Î˜ ‰È·ÊfiÚˆÓ ÂıÓÈÎÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ÛÙ· ÛÎÏ·‚Ô¿˙·Ú· Î·È ÛÙ· ¯·Ú¤ÌÈ· (1717-1895).........................................67 5.1 ∆ÔÔÁÚ·Ê›· ÙÔ˘ ‰Ô˘ÏÂÌÔÚ›Ô˘ ...............................................................67 ∂ÏÏËÓ›‰Â˜ ÛÙ· ÛÎÏ·‚Ô¿˙·Ú· Î·È ÛÙ· ¯·Ú¤ÌÈ·: ¶ÂÚÈËÁ‹ÙÚÈ· ·ÁÔÚ¿˙ÂÈ Î·È ·ÂÏ¢ıÂÚÒÓÂÈ 100 ∂˘Úˆ·›Ô˘˜/˜, ∂ÏÏËÓ›‰Â˜, Î.·.............70

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14 7.

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11.

12. 13.

∂ÈÙ¤ÏÔ˘˜, ·Ó·Ó¤ˆ ÂχıÂÚË! °˘Ó·ÈΛ˜ ª·ÚÙ˘Ú›Â˜

∂ÈÛÙÔϤ˜ ∂ÏÏËÓ›‰ˆÓ Ô˘ Â¤˙ËÛ·Ó ·fi ÙË ™Ê·Á‹ Ù˘ Ã›Ô˘.....................77 7.1 ∂ÏÏËÓ›‰Â˜ ÙÔ˘ ∞Ú¯ÈÂÏ¿ÁÔ˘˜: «Âı·›ÓÔ˘Ì ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÙÚ›‰· Ì·˜, ÂχıÂÚ˜ ∂ÏÏËÓ›‰Â˜ Î·È fi¯È È· ÛÎÏ¿‚˜ ÙˆÓ ‚¿Ú‚·ÚˆÓ Ù˘Ú¿ÓÓˆÓ» ........................................................................80 ∏ ·È‰È΋ ‰Ô˘Ï›· Î·È ÙÔ ¶·È‰ÈÎfi ÷ڤÌÈ ...................................................81 ∏ ÚÔÙ›ÌËÛË ÙˆÓ ·ÁÔÚ·ÛÙÒÓ ÛÙ· ÛηςÔ¿˙·Ú· ÁÈ· Ӥ˜ ·Úı¤Ó˜ Î·È ÌÈÎÚ¿ ·È‰È¿...............................................................84 9.1 ¶·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜ ÂÈÚÚÔ‹˜ Ù˘ ÙÈÌ‹˜ ÒÏËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ıËÏ˘ÎÒÓ ÛÎÏ¿‚ˆÓ ......85 ∏ «ÂıÂÏÔÓÙÈ΋ ‰Ô˘Ï›·» Î·È ÔÈ «ÂıÂÏfiÓÙÚȘ ÛÎÏ¿‚˜» ..............................86 10.1 «∆Ô ‰ÒÚÔ Ù˘ ƒˆÛ›·˜ ÛÙËÓ ∆Ô˘ÚΛ·»: ÔÈ ÂıÂÏfiÓÙÚȘ ÌÂÙ·Ó¿ÛÙÚȘ-‰Ô‡Ï˜, ÔÈ «ËÌÈ-˘fi‰Ô˘ÏÔÈ» ...................89 √È Ì·‡Ú˜ ÛÎÏ¿‚˜ ...........................................................................................91 11.1 √È Ê˘ÏÂÙÈΤ˜-Ú·ÙÛÈÛÙÈΤ˜ ‰È·ÎÚ›ÛÂȘ ÙˆÓ ÂÚÈËÁËÙÚÈÒÓ Î·È «Ô ÂÍ¢ÙÂÏÈÛÌfi˜ Ù˘ °˘Ó·ÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ (Wo-manity)» ÛÙ· ÛηςÔ¿˙·Ú·....................................................................................91 «Œ¯ˆ ‰ÂÈ Ó· Û˘ÌÂÚÈʤÚÔÓÙ·È ÈÔ ÙÚ˘ÊÂÚ¿ Û’ ¤Ó· ¿ÏÔÁÔ Î·È Û’ ¤Ó· ÛÎ˘Ï›» ...............................................................................................95 ŸÏ· Ù· ÌÈÎÚfiÙÂÚ˘ ·Í›·˜ ÎÔÌÌ¿ÙÈ· ÙÔ˘ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓÔ˘ ÂÌÔÚ‡̷ÙÔ˜»: «Ë ·Ó›ˆÙË Ï‡Ë», «Ë ·ÙÈÌ›·», «Ë ·ıÏÈfiÙËÙ·», «Ô ÂÍ¢ÙÂÏÈÛÌfi˜» Î·È «Ë ‰˘ÛÙ˘¯›·» ......................................................................................................96 13.1 ÃÔÓ‰ÚÈÎÒ˜ ˆÏÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÔÈ «Î·ÙÒÙÂÚÔÈ» ÛÎÏ¿‚ÔÈ/˜: ͢ÏÔ‰·ÚÌÔ› Î·È ÏÈÌÔÎÙÔÓ›· ......................................................................99

ππ. «ªπ∞ ∂¶∞¡∞™∆∞™∏ °π∞ ∆∏¡ √¶√π∞ ¢∂¡ ∂π¡∞π ∂∆√πª√π»: ∏ ¢√À§π∫∏ ºÀ™∏ ∆∏™ √™ª∞¡π∫∏™ ∫√π¡ø¡π∞™ ................................101 1. 2. 3.

4. 5.

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∏ ηٿÚÁËÛË ÙÔ˘ ¯·ÚÂÌÈÔ‡: «ÌÈ· Â·Ó¿ÛÙ·ÛË ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÔÔ›· ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ¤ÙÔÈÌÔÈ ÌÂ Î·Ó¤Ó·Ó ÙÚfiÔ» .........................................101 √È ∞ÊÚÈηÓÔ› ÛÎÏ¿‚ÔÈ Ô˘ ÚÔÔÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·Ó ÁÈ· Ù· ÔıˆÌ·ÓÈο ¯·Ú¤ÌÈ· ...103 ∆Ô ‰Ô˘ÏÂÌfiÚÈÔ ÂÚÈÔÚ›˙ÂÙ·È Û ¤Ó· ʇÏÔ, 1876-1895..............................106 3.1 ∏ «·ÚÔÛ¯ËÌ¿ÙÈÛÙË ÔÚÓ›·» Î·È ÔÈ «‰Ô˘Ï¤ÌÔÚÔÈ-Ì·ÛÙÚÔÔ›».....107 3.2 ¶ˆÏÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÌÔ˘ÛÔ˘ÏÌ¿Ó˜ ÏfiÁˆ ¤ÏÏÂȄ˘ ÌË-ÌÔ˘ÛÔ˘ÏÌ¿ÓˆÓ Á˘Ó·ÈÎÒÓ ..................................................................109 7.000 ‰Ô‡ÏÔÈ ÛÙÔ ™·Ú¿È Î·È ÛÙÔ ªÂÁ¿ÏÔ Ã·Ú¤ÌÈ ÙÔ˘ ÛÔ˘ÏÙ¿ÓÔ˘ ∞ÌÓÙÔ‡Ï ∞˙›˙.......................................................................111 ∏ ÚÔÌ‹ıÂÈ· ‰Ô‡ÏˆÓ Î·È Ë Î·Ù·Û΢‹ Û·Ú·ÁÈÒÓ Ì ÙË ‰È·‰Ô¯‹ ÛÙÔ ıÚfiÓÔ Î¿ı ÛÔ˘ÏÙ¿ÓÔ˘ ........................................................114 5.1 √È ∂˘Úˆ·›ÔÈ ÏÔ˘Ù›˙Ô˘Ó.......................................................................115 ¶ÔÈ· ‹Ù·Ó Ù· √ıˆÌ·ÓÈο ·Ó¿ÎÙÔÚ· Î·È ¯·Ú¤ÌÈ· Ô˘ ··ÈÙÔ‡Û·Ó ·˘Ùfi ÙÔ ·¤Ó·Ô Î·È ·˘Í·ÓfiÌÂÓÔ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓÔ ‰˘Ó·ÌÈÎfi;...............................117 6.1 √È ¤ÁÎÏÂÈÛÙ˜ Á˘Ó·›Î˜ ÙÔ˘ ¯·ÚÂÌÈÔ‡ ·ÓÙȉÚÔ‡Ó Î·È ˘ÚÔÏÔ‡Ó ÙÔ ∂ÛΛ ™·Ú¿È ......................................................................118 6.2 ∆Ô ªÂÁ¿ÏÔ Ã·Ú¤ÌÈ ÙÔ˘ ∆Ôη› .........................................................120


¶ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓ·

15

πππ. ∆∞ ¶∞π¢π∞ ∆ø¡ ∂•π™§∞ªπ™ª∂¡ø¡ °À¡∞π∫ø¡: √𠶃π°∫π¶∂™ ∫∞π √𠶃π°∫π¶π™™∂™ ..................................................123 1. 2. 3. 4.

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∆· ·È‰È¿ ÙˆÓ ÛÔ˘ÏÙ¿ÓˆÓ: ı‡Ì·Ù·-ÂÚÁ·Ï›· Ù˘ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈ΋˜ ÂÈ‚›ˆÛ˘ Î·È ·˘ÙÔÂÓ‰˘Ó¿ÌˆÛ˘ ÙˆÓ Î·ÙÒÙÂÚˆÓ ÂÍÈÛÏ·ÌÈÛÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÛÎÏ¿‚ˆÓ ...........123 √È ÚÈÁΛÈÛÛ˜: ı‡Ì·Ù· Ù˘ ÎÚ·ÙÈ΋˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜........................................130 ∏ √ıˆÌ·ÓÈ΋ ·Ó··Ú·ÁˆÁÈ΋ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋......................................................132 √È «¶ÂÚÈÊËÌfiÙÂÚ˜ ™Ô˘ÏÙ¿Ó˜»: ÔÈ ÌËÙ¤Ú˜ ÙˆÓ ÚÈÁΛˆÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÚÈÁÎÈÈÛÛÒÓ .....................................................................................138 4.1 ∂ÏÏËÓ›‰Â˜, ƒˆÛ›‰Â˜, °·ÏÏ›‰Â˜, ∞Ṳ́ÓÈÛÛ˜, ∫ÈÚοÛȘ, °ÂˆÚÁÈ·Ó¤˜, °·ÏÏ›‰Â˜, [...] ÛÙÔ ˘„ËÏfiÙÂÚÔ ·Í›ˆÌ· ÙÔ˘ √ıˆÌ·ÓÈÎÔ‡ ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˘˜ .........................................................138 «√È ¶ÂÚÈÊËÌfiÙÂÚ˜ ™Ô˘ÏÙ¿Ó˜» Î·È Ë Û˘Ì‚ÔÏ‹ ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙËÓ ·Ú·ÎÌ‹ Ù˘ √ıˆÌ·ÓÈ΋˜ ∞˘ÙÔÎÚ·ÙÔÚ›·˜ .........................................142 5.1 ∏ °·ÏÏ›‰· ËıÔÔÈfi˜ ‹ Ë ƒˆÛ›‰· ÛÎÏ¿‚· ƒÔÍÂÏ¿ÓË...........................142 5.2 ∏ ∂ÏÏËÓ›‰· ¡Ô˘ÚÌ·ÓÔ‡ ™Ô˘ÏÙ¿Ó· .....................................................144 5.3 ∏ µÂÓÂÙÛ¿Ó· ™·ÊȤ ‹ ª¿Ê· ™Ô˘ÏÙ¿Ó·.............................................145 5.4 «£˘Á·Ù¤Ú· Ù˘ ∂ÏÏ¿‰Ô˜ ÛÙË ‚·ÛÈÏ›· ÙÔ˘ ∞¯Ì¤Ù ÙÔ˘ ∞’»: ∂ÏÏËÓ›‰· ÛÙËÓ ÂÍÔ˘Û›· ·fi ÙÔ 1605-1651 ............................................147 5.5 ¢‡Ô ∂ÏÏËÓ›‰Â˜ ÛÙËÓ ÚÒÙË Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛË Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ «Ó‡Ê˘» Î·È «ÂıÂÚ¿˜»: ¯·ÛÂΛ Î·È ‚·Ïȉ¤ ÛÔ˘ÏÙ¿Ó·˜ .....................................148 5.6 ∏ ƒˆÛ›‰· ÷ÙÈÙ˙¤ ∆Ô˘Ú¯¿Ó ÛÔ˘ÏÙ¿Ó· Î·È Ô ÂÙ¿¯ÚÔÓÔ˜ ÛÔ˘ÏÙ¿ÓÔ˜.........................................................................149 5.7 ªÈ· ∂ÏÏËÓ›‰· ·fi ÙËÓ ∫Ú‹ÙË: Ë ƒ·ÌÈ¿ °ÎÈÔ˘ÏÓÔ‡˜ ∂ÌÂÙÔ˘ÏÏ¿¯ (1695-1715) ...................................149 πÛ¯˘Ú¤˜ Á˘Ó·›Î˜ ÙÔ˘ 19Ô˘ ·ÈÒÓ· .................................................................150 6.1 H °·ÏÏ›‰· ‹ «°·ÏÏÔ·ÌÂÚÈηӛ‰·» Aimée Dubucq de Rivery (1763-1817) ..................................................150 6.2 ∏ ¿ÓÔ‰Ô˜ Ù˘ °ÂˆÚÁÈ·Ó‹˜ ªÂ˙Ì› ∞Ï¤Ì ..............................................152 6.3 ∏ ‰Â‡ÙÂÚË ∫·ÓÙ›Ó ∂ʤÓÙË ÙÔ˘ ª·¯ÌÔ‡Ù µ’: Ë Û‡ÁÎÚÔ˘ÛË Ì ÙËÓ ‚·Ïȉ¤ ÛÔ˘ÏÙ¿Ó·...................................................153 6.4 ∏ ∫ÈÚοÛÈ· ªÂṲ̂, Ë ÚÒÙË ÓfiÌÈÌË Û‡˙˘ÁÔ˜ ÛÔ˘ÏÙ¿ÓÔ˘ Ô˘ ÂÍÔÚ›˙ÂÙ·È, Î·È Ô ÚÒÙÔ˜ ‰È·˙¢Á̤ÓÔ˜ ÛÔ˘ÏÙ¿ÓÔ˜ .....................156 6.5 ∏ °ÂˆÚÁÈ·Ó‹ ÛÎÏ¿‚· ¶ÂÚÙ‚ÓÈÁÈ¿Ï ÂÍÂÏ›ÛÛÂÙ·È Û ‚·Ïȉ¤ ÛÔ˘ÏÙ¿Ó· ................................................................................157 «∆Ô ˘ÔηٿÛÙ·ÙÔ, Ë ›ÓÙÚÈÁη», ÌÔÚÊ‹ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈ΋˜ ÂÈ‚›ˆÛ˘ ÛÙÔ «˙˘Áfi ÙÔ˘ ¯·ÚÂÌÈÔ‡» .............................................................158

IV. ∏ ¶Àƒ∞ªπ¢π∫∏ π∂ƒ∞ƒÃπ∞ ∆√À √£øª∞¡π∫√À Ã∞ƒ∂ªπ√À ....................163 1. 2.

«°˘Ó·ÈÎÔÎÚ·ÙÔ‡ÌÂÓË ∫˘‚¤ÚÓËÛË» ÛÙÔ «ıÂÚÌÔ΋ÈÔ ÙÔ˘ ·ÓÙ·ÁˆÓÈÛÌÔ‡ Î·È Ù˘ ·ÓÙÈ˙ËÏ›·˜».........................................................164 √ Ù›ÙÏÔ˜ «ÛÔ˘ÏÙ¿Ó» (ÛÔ˘ÏÙ¿ÓÔ˜-ÛÔ˘ÏÙ¿Ó·).................................................168


16 3. 4. 5.

6. 7. 8.

∂ÈÙ¤ÏÔ˘˜, ·Ó·Ó¤ˆ ÂχıÂÚË! °˘Ó·ÈΛ˜ ª·ÚÙ˘Ú›Â˜

∏ ƒÔͷϤӷ, Ë ·Á·Ë̤ÓË ¯·ÛÂΛ ÛÔ˘ÏÙ¿Ó· ÙÔ˘ ™Ô˘ÏÂ˚Ì¿Ó ÙÔ˘ ªÂÁ·ÏÔÚÂÔ‡˜ Î·È Ô ıÂÛÌfi˜ Ù˘ ‚·Ïȉ¤ ÛÔ˘ÏÙ¿Ó·˜ .........................170 ∏ ‚·Ïȉ¤ ÛÔ˘ÏÙ¿Ó· Î·È Ë ·Ó··Ú·ÁˆÁÈ΋ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ Ù˘: ˘Ô¯ÚˆÙÈ΋ ¤ÎÙÚˆÛË ‹ ‰È·ÎÔ‹ Ù˘ ·ËÛ˘..............................................175 ∏ ˘Ú·ÌȉÈ΋ ÈÂÚ·Ú¯›· ÙÔ˘ ªÂÁ¿ÏÔ˘ ÷ÚÂÌÈÔ‡ ÙÔ˘ ™·Ú¿È ÙÔÓ 19Ô ·ÈÒÓ· ..................................................................................................176 5.1 ∏ ÚÒÙË Ù¿ÍË-‚·ıÌ›‰·: ÔÈ Î·ÓÙ›Ó ÂʤÓÙË ............................................177 5.2 ∏ ‰Â‡ÙÂÚË Ù¿ÍË: ÔÈ ¯·ÓÔ‡Ì ÂʤÓÙË........................................................179 5.2.1 Èڛ˜ Ù¿ÍË ‹ ‚·ıÌ›‰· ÔÈ ÚÈÁΛÈÛÛ˜, Ù· ÚÔÛˆÚÈÓ¿ ̤ÏË ÙÔ˘ ¯·ÚÂÌÈÔ‡................................................182 5.3 ∏ ÙÚ›ÙË Ù¿ÍË: ÔÈ ›ÎÌ·Ï, ÙÔ ÛηÏÔ¿ÙÈ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛ˘ Ù˘ ı¤Û˘ Ù˘ ηÓÙ›Ó ÂʤÓÙË, Ù˘ ¯·ÓÔ‡Ì ÂʤÓÙË Î·È Ù˘ ‚·Ïȉ¤ ÛÔ˘ÏÙ¿Ó·˜ ...........183 5.3.1 ∏ ¿ÓÔ‰Ô˜ Î·È Ë ÙÒÛË ÌÈ·˜ ›ÎÌ·Ï ............................................185 5.4 ∏ ٤ٷÚÙË Ù¿ÍË: ÔÈ ·Ú·ÁΈÓÈṲ̂Ó˜ ¢ÓÔÔ‡ÌÂÓ˜ Î·È ÔÈ ˘fiÏÔÈ˜ Ô‰·Ï›ÛΘ (·ÏϷΛ‰Â˜) ..................................................191 5.4.1 √È ·ÂÏ¢ıÂڈ̤Ó˜ Ô‰·Ï›ÛΘ, ÔÈ «Â͈ÙÂÚÈÎÔ› Û˘ÓÂÚÁ¿Ù˜» ÙÔ˘ ªÂÁ¿ÏÔ˘ ÷ÚÂÌÈÔ‡.................................................................192 5.4.2 √È ÓÙÂÏ› ÛÂÚ·˚Ï›: «ÔÈ ·ÓÂÍ¿ÚÙËÙ˜» ..............................................193 5.5 ∏ ¤ÌÙË Ù¿ÍË: ÔÈ ÛÎÏ¿‚˜ ÙˆÓ Á˘Ó·ÈÎÒÓ – oÈ ·ÓÒÙÂÚÔÈ ·ÍȈ̷ÙÔ‡¯ÔÈ ÙÔ˘ ªÂÁ¿ÏÔ˘ ÷ÚÂÌÈÔ‡ ...........................196 5.5.1 ∏ ¯·ÛÓ·ÓÙ¿Ú Ô‡ÛÙ· [ÁÂÓÈ΋ ‰È¢ı‡ÓÙÚÈ· Î·È ˘Ô˘ÚÁfi˜ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎÒÓ] Î·È Ë ‚ÔËıfi˜ Ù˘ Ë ‰Â‡ÙÂÚË ¯·ÛÓ·ÓÙ¿Ú Ô‡ÛÙ· ..197 5.5.2 √È ‰Ò‰Âη ‰È¢ı‡ÓÙÚȘ-οÏÊ·...................................................198 5.5.3 √È 12 ˘ԉȢı‡ÓÙÚȘ-οÏÊ· Î·È ÔÈ «ÙÔ˘Ï¿¯ÈÛÙÔÓ» 72 Ì·ıËÙ¢fiÌÂÓ˜-οÏÊ· .............................................................202 5.5.4 √È Ì·ıËÙ¢fiÌÂÓ˜ ÌÈÎÚ¤˜ ÛÎÏ¿‚˜-οÏÊ· .................................203 5.5.5 ∆· ˘fiÏÔÈ· Û‚·ÛÙ¿ ̤ÏË ÙÔ˘ Á˘Ó·ÈΛԢ ·Ú·ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˘˜: ÔÈ ·Ú·Ì¿Ó˜, ÔÈ ÓÙ·ÓÙ¿‰Â˜ Î·È ÔÈ Î·ÁÈ¿‰Â˜ .............................204 5.6 ∏ ¤ÎÙË Î·È «Î·ÙÒÙÂÚË» Ù¿ÍË: ÔÈ «ÁÎÂ˙-ÌÂÙÎÈ¿Ó», ÔÈ «Ó¤ÁÚ˜» Î·È ÔÈ ÌË-ÂÌÊ·Ó›ÛÈ̘ Ï¢Τ˜ ......................................................208 √ ηٷÌÂÚÈÛÌfi˜ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ ÛÙÔ ¯·Ú¤ÌÈ ÙÔ˘ ∞ÓÙÈ‚·ÛÈϤ· Ù˘ ∞ÈÁ‡ÙÔ˘ ...211 √È ÌËÓÈ·›ÔÈ ÌÈÛıÔ› ÙˆÓ ÛÎÏ¿‚ˆÓ: ÂÍ·ÛÊ¿ÏÈÛË Ù˘ ‰Ô˘ÏÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜, Ù˘ ˘·ÎÔ‹˜ Î·È Ù˘ ÂÍ¿ÚÙËÛ˘, ·ÎfiÌ· Î·È ÌÂÙ¿ ÙËÓ ·ÂÏ¢ı¤ÚˆÛË ......213 √È Ì·‡ÚÔÈ Â˘ÓÔ‡¯ÔÈ: «¤Ó· ›‰Ô˜ ÔÏ˘ÙÂÏ›·˜»............................................215 8.1 ∏ ı¤ÛË ÙˆÓ Â˘ÓÔ‡¯ˆÓ ÛÙÔ ªÂÁ¿ÏÔ Ã·Ú¤ÌÈ Î·È ÛÙ· ¯·Ú¤ÌÈ· Ù˘ ÔıˆÌ·ÓÈ΋˜ ÂÏ›Ù.................................................................................219 8.2 √È ÚÔοÙÔ¯ÔÈ ÙˆÓ Â˘ÓÔ‡¯ˆÓ: ÔÈ «ÌÔ˘ÁΤ˜», «ÔÈ Ì·¯·ÈÚÔ‚Á¿ÏÙ˜»...............................................................................223 8.3 ∂˘ÓÔ‡¯ÔÈ ÌÈÛÔÁ‡Óˉ˜ Î·È «ÌÈÛ¿ÓıÚˆÔÈ»_ ∂˘ÓÔ‡¯ÔÈ ÂÚˆÙÔÙÚÔÔ‡Ó .........................................................................224


17

¶ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓ·

8.4 √È ·ÚÌÔ‰ÈfiÙËÙ˜ ‹ Ù· ÂÚÁ·Ûȷο ηı‹ÎÔÓÙ· ÙˆÓ Â˘ÓÔ‡¯ˆÓ: ÂÚˆÙÈÎÔ› Û˘ÓÔ‰Ô›, ÂÓÙÂÙ·Ï̤ÓÔÈ, ·ÁÁÂÏÈ·ÊfiÚÔÈ, ʇϷΘ ÌÈÎÚÒÓ ·È‰ÈÒÓ, ÌÚ¿‚ÔÈ, ÂÎÙÂÏÂÛÙ¤˜ ÙÈ̈ÚÈÒÓ, Î.¿. .........226 8.5 ∂·ÁÁÂÏ̷ٛ˜ ÂÎÙÂÏÂÛÙ¤˜ Á˘Ó·ÈÎÒÓ, ‰ÂÍÈÔÙ¤¯Ó˜ ÛÙÔÓ ÛÙÚ·ÁÁ·ÏÈÛÌfi Î·È fiÚÁ·Ó· ÂΉ›ÎËÛ˘ ..........................................230 8.6 ™ËÌ·ÓÙÈÎÔ› ·ÍȈ̷ÙÔ‡¯ÔÈ, ÔÈËÙ¤˜ Î·È ÌÔ˘ÛÈÎÔ›.................................232

V.

∏ «√§∂£ƒπ∞ ∂¶πƒƒ√∏ ∆√À Ã∞ƒ∂ªπ√À ™∆√À™ √£øª∞¡√À™ ™√À§∆∞¡√À™ ......................................................235

1. 2.

∆· ·È‰È¿ ÙˆÓ ÂÍÈÛÏ·ÌÈÛÌ¤ÓˆÓ Á˘Ó·ÈÎÒÓ: ÔÈ ÛÔ˘ÏÙ¿ÓÔÈ ...........................235 ∏ ÂÍ·›ÚÂÛË ÛÙÔÓ Î·ÓfiÓ·: Ô ÛÔ˘ÏÙ¿ÓÔ˜ ª·¯ÌÔ‡Ù µ’ ‰ÂÓ «Ê˘ÙÔ˙ˆÔ‡Û» ÛÙÔ ¯·Ú¤ÌÈ.......................................................................237 2.1 ∏ ·‰˘Ó·Ì›· ÙÔ˘ ª·¯ÌÔ‡Ù µ’ ÁÈ· ÙÔ Á˘Ó·ÈÎÂ›Ô Ê‡ÏÔ: Ô ÂÚˆÙÂ˘Ì¤ÓÔ˜ ÛÔ˘ÏÙ¿ÓÔ˜ ¯ÔÚ‡ÂÈ ........................................................238 2.2 ∏ ÈÂÚ·Ú¯›· ÙˆÓ ÁÂ˘Ì¿ÙˆÓ ......................................................................241 2.3 ∏ ÛÎÔÙÂÈÓ‹ ÏÂ˘Ú¿ Ù˘ ÚÈÁΛÈÛÛ·˜-·‰ÂÏÊ‹˜ ÙÔ˘ ÛÔ˘ÏÙ¿ÓÔ˘, ∂ÛÂ̤ ÛÔ˘ÏÙ¿Ó·˜ Ë ÔÔ›· «„˘¯·ÁˆÁ›ٷȻ Ì ӤԢ˜ ŒÏÏËÓ˜.........241 2.4 «ŒÓ· ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ ¿Ó¢ ÚÔËÁÔ˘Ì¤ÓÔ˘ ÛÙËÓ ∞Ó·ÙÔÏ‹»: Ë ÂÚˆÙÈ΋ ·ÔÁÔ‹Ù¢ÛË ÙÔ˘ ÛÔ˘ÏÙ¿ÓÔ˘ ª·¯ÌÔ‡Ù µ’, Ë ¿ÚÓËÛË ÌÈ·˜ ıÓËÙ‹˜ Ó· Á›ÓÂÈ Û‡˙˘ÁÔ˜ ÛÔ˘ÏÙ¿ÓÔ˘.............................242 2.5 ¶ÔÈËÙ‹˜ Ô ∂ÍÔÏÔıÚÂ˘Ù‹˜ ÙˆÓ °ÂÓÈÙÛ¿ÚˆÓ ...........................................243 2.6 √ ª·¯ÌÔ‡Ù ‰ÂÓ ÂÚˆÙ‡ıËΠÌfiÓÔ Ì›· ÊÔÚ¿ .......................................245 √ ™Ô˘ÏÙ¿ÓÔ˜ ∞ÌÙÔ‡Ï-ªÂ˙›ÓÙ: ı‡Ì· ÙˆÓ ¤ÁÎÏÂÈÛÙˆÓ Á˘Ó·ÈÎÒÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ·ÍȈ̷ÙÔ‡¯ˆÓ ÙÔ˘.............................................................................246 3.1 «√ ÂÍ¢ÙÂÏÈÛÌfi˜ ÙˆÓ ¿ÈÛÙˆÓ Î·È Ë ÂÍfiÓÙˆÛ‹ ÙÔ˘˜ ̤۷ ÛÙË ¯ÒÚ· Î·È ÛÙÔ Â͈ÙÂÚÈÎfi» ......................................................248 3.2 √È «·ÎÔϷۛ˜» Ù˘ ÌÔÓ·‰È΋˜ ÓfiÌÈÌ˘ Û˘˙‡ÁÔ˘ ÙÔ˘ ÛÔ˘ÏÙ¿ÓÔ˘......249 √ «·Ú·ÓÔ˚Τ˜-·Ú¿ÊÚˆÓ» ÛÔ˘ÏÙ¿ÓÔ˜ ∞ÌÙÔ‡Ï ∞˙›˙ Î·È Ô ÚfiÏÔ˜ Ù˘ ‚·Ïȉ¤ ÛÔ˘ÏÙ¿Ó·˜ ÛÙËÓ ¿ÛÎËÛË Ù˘ ÂÍÔ˘Û›·˜.......................................251 4.1 ∏ «·ıfiÚ˘‚Ë» ÂÎıÚfiÓÈÛË, Ê˘Ï¿ÎÈÛË Î·È ÂÎÙ¤ÏÂÛË ÙÔ˘ ∞ÌÙÔ‡Ï ∞˙›˙, Û‡Ìʈӷ Ì ·Ôηχ„ÂȘ ¤ÁÎÏÂÈÛÙ˘ ÙÔ˘ ¯·ÚÂÌÈÔ‡.................253 √ ÛÔ˘ÏÙ¿ÓÔ˜ ªÔ˘Ú¿Ù ∂’, Û˘ÌÙÒÌ·Ù· ·Ú¿ÓÔÈ·˜ Î·È ‰È·Ï›„ÂȘ...........255 √ ÛÔ˘ÏÙ¿ÓÔ˜ ∞ÌÙÔ‡Ï-÷̛ÓÙ µ’..................................................................255 √È ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›ÔÈ ÛÔ˘ÏÙ¿ÓÔÈ (1909-1922) ...........................................................256 √È √ıˆÌ·ÓÔ› ™Ô˘ÏÙ¿ÓÔÈ, ı‡Ì·Ù· ÙÔ˘ ıÂÛÌÔ‡ ÙÔ˘ ¯·ÚÂÌÈÔ‡.....................257

3.

4.

5. 6. 7. 8.

¢∂À∆∂ƒ∏ ∂¡√∆∏∆∞ π. ∏ ∞¶√ªÀ£√¶√π∏™∏ ∆√À Ã∞ƒ∂ªπ√À.......................................................263 1.

∏ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈ΋ ηıËÌÂÚÈÓ‹ ˙ˆ‹ Ù˘ Á˘Ó·›Î·˜ ÛÙÔ «Â›ÎÂÓÙÚÔ Ù˘ ›ÓÙÚÈÁη˜»: «∂‰Ò, ÂÎÙfi˜ ·fi ÙÔ ÛÒÌ·, Ê˘Ï·ÎÈṲ̂ÓÔ Â›Ó·È Î·È ÙÔ ıËÏ˘Îfi Ì˘·Ïfi» (Lott 1866: B’) ..........................................................263


18 2. 3. 4.

∂ÈÙ¤ÏÔ˘˜, ·Ó·Ó¤ˆ ÂχıÂÚË! °˘Ó·ÈΛ˜ ª·ÚÙ˘Ú›Â˜

«™Ù· fiÚÈ· Ù˘ ÊÚÈÎÙ‹˜ ÌÂÏ·Á¯ÔÏ›·˜» ...........................................................265 ¶ˆ˜ ΤډÈÛÂ Ë «ÕÈÛÙË» ÙÔ Û‚·ÛÌfi ÙˆÓ ¤ÁÎÏÂÈÛÙˆÓ Á˘Ó·ÈÎÒÓ.............269 ™ÙÚ·ÙËÁÈΤ˜ ÂÈ‚›ˆÛ˘ Î·È ·˘ÙÔÂÓ‰˘Ó¿ÌˆÛË˜Ø ÌÔÚʤ˜ ‰È·Ì·ÚÙ˘Ú›·˜, ·ÓÙ›ÛÙ·Û˘ Î·È «ÂΉ›ÎËÛ˘» ................................................270 4.1 ∏ ˘ÔÎÚÈÛ›·: «Ë Ì¿Ûη», «Ë Έ̈‰›·» Î·È «Ë ÛÎËÓ‹ ÙÔ˘ ÎÏ·„Ô˘Ú›ÛÌ·ÙÔ˜».............................................................274 4.2 ∏ ÌÔȯ›· ..................................................................................................277 4.3 ∏ ‚ÚÂÊÔÎÙÔÓ›·.........................................................................................283 4.4 ∏ ·Û¤‚ÂÈ· ÛÙÔ˘˜ ıÚËÛ΢ÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ÓfiÌÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘ πÛÏ¿Ì............................285 4.5 ∏ ∞ÔÛÙ·Û›· ·fi ÙÔ πÛÏ¿Ì Ù˘ ÎfiÚ˘ ÙÔ˘ ªÂÁ¿ÏÔ˘ µÂ˙›ÚË Ù˘ ∆Ô˘ÚΛ·˜ ............................................................................................288 4.6 ¢Ô˘ÏÂÌfiÚÈÛÛ˜-∂Î·È‰Â‡ÙÚȘ: Ë ÚÔÙ›ÌËÛË ÙˆÓ ∆Ô‡ÚÎˆÓ ÁÈ· ÛÎÏ¿‚˜-Û˘˙‡ÁÔ˘˜.....................................................289 4.7 ∏ ÂÎ·›‰Â˘ÛË ÙˆÓ ÛÎÏ¿‚ˆÓ ÔÏ˘ÙÂÏ›·˜: Ì·ı‹Ì·Ù· ÌÔ˘ÛÈ΋˜ Î·È ¯ÔÚÔ‡ .................................................................................294 4.8 ∆· ·Ú·Û΋ÓÈ· ÙˆÓ ·Ô‰Ú¿ÛÂˆÓ ·fi Ù· ¯·Ú¤ÌÈ· Î·È ÙËÓ ∆Ô˘ÚΛ· .......................................................................................296

ππ. ª∂§∂∫ Ã∞¡√Àª «∏ ∆√Àƒ∫π∞ ™∆∏¡ ∂Àƒø¶∏ ∂π¡∞π ªπ∞ ∞¡øª∞§π∞» (1872: 22)........303 1.

«∂Ï¢ıÂÚ›·», «ÂχıÂÚË», «·fi‰Ú·ÛË ·fi ÙËÓ ∆Ô˘ÚΛ· Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ ‰ÈˆÁÌÔ‡˜» .........................................................................................304 2. √ ªÂÁ¿ÏÔ˜ µÂ˙›Ú˘ Ù˘ ∆Ô˘ÚΛ·˜ «Î¿Ùˆ ·fi ÙÔ ‰¿¯Ù˘ÏÔ Ù˘ Á˘Ó·›Î·˜ ÙÔ˘»............................................................................................305 3. «∏ ›ڷ ÙÔÓ Â›¯Â ‰È‰¿ÍÂÈ fiÙÈ Ù›ÔÙ· ‰ÂÓ ‹Ù·Ó ·‰‡Ó·ÙÔÓ ÁÈ· ÌÈ· Á˘Ó·›Î·» .............................................................................................307 4. ¶ˆ˜ η٤ÛÙÚ„·Ó ÙËÓ ªÂϤΠ÷ÓÔ‡Ì .........................................................311 5. ∏ ÚÒÙË Ê˘Ï¿ÎÈÛË Î·È «·Ú¿ÓÔÌË» ÂÍÔÚ›· Ù˘ ªÂϤΠ÷ÓÔ‡Ì ÛÙÔ πÎfiÓÈÔ Ù˘ ∫··‰ÔΛ·˜ (1850-1854)....................................................312 6. ¶ÚÒÙË ·fi‰Ú·ÛË Ù˘ ªÂϤΠ÷ÓÔ‡Ì Î·È ÂÈÛÙÚÔÊ‹ ÛÙËÓ ∫ˆÓÛÙ·ÓÙÈÓÔ‡ÔÏË (1854).....................................................................315 7. ™‡ÁÎÚÔ˘ÛË Á˘Ó·ÈÎÒÓ Î·Ù·ÛÙÚ¤ÊÂÈ ÙËÓ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›· ‰‡Ô ·ÍȈ̷ÙÔ‡¯ˆÓ.....................................................................315 8. ¢Â‡ÙÂÚË Ê˘Ï¿ÎÈÛË Î·È ÂÍÔÚ›· Ù˘ ªÂϤΠ÷ÓÔ‡Ì ÛÙË °È¿ÏÔ‚· (1856-1861) ................................................................................320 9. ∞fi‰Ú·ÛË ·fi ÙË ‰Â‡ÙÂÚË ÂÍÔÚ›· Î·È ÂÈÛÙÚÔÊ‹ ÛÙËÓ ∫ˆÓÛÙ·ÓÙÈÓÔ‡ÔÏË ÙÔ 1861 ...................................................................322 10. √È ·Ô‰Ú¿ÛÂȘ Î·È ÔÈ ÂÍÔڛ˜ Ù˘ ∞˚Û¤ ÷ÓÔ‡Ì, Ù˘ ÎfiÚ˘ ÙÔ˘ ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ˘ ‚Â˙›ÚË .......................................................................323 11. ¢Â‡ÙÂÚË ·fi‰Ú·ÛË ·fi ÙÔ ¯·Ú¤ÌÈ Ù˘ ∞˚Û¤ ÷ÓÔ‡Ì, Î·È Ë ÙÚ›ÙË ·fi‰Ú·ÛË Ù˘ ªÂϤΠ÷ÓÔ‡Ì ..........................................................325


¶ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓ·

19

12. ∆¤Ù·ÚÙË ·fi‰Ú·ÛË Ù˘ ªÂϤΠ÷ÓÔ‡Ì Î·È ÙÚ›ÙË Ù˘ ∞˚Û¤ ÷ÓÔ‡Ì ·fi ÙËÓ ∫ˆÓÛÙ·ÓÙÈÓÔ‡ÔÏË ÛÙËÓ ∞›Á˘ÙÔ ..........................326 13. ∏ ¤ÌÙË ·fi‰Ú·ÛË Ù˘ ªÂϤΠ÷ÓÔ‡Ì Î·È Ë Ù¤Ù·ÚÙË Ù˘ ∞˚Û¤ ·fi ÙËÓ ∞›Á˘ÙÔ, Ë ·˘ÙÔÂÍÔÚ›· ÙÔ˘˜ Î·È Ë Ê˘Ï¿ÎÈÛ‹ ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙË ª˘ÙÈÏ‹ÓË (1864-¢ÂÎ.1865) ......................................................................327 14. ∂ÍÔÚ›· ÛÙÔ πÎfiÓÈÔ: Ë ÚÒÙË ÂÍÔÚ›· Ô˘ ÂÈ‚¿ÏÏÂÙ·È Û ÂχıÂÚË ÌÔ˘ÛÔ˘ÏÌ¿Ó· ·fi ÙÔÓ ·Ù¤Ú· Ù˘ (1865)..............................328 15. ŒÎÙË ·fi‰Ú·ÛË Ù˘ ªÂϤΠ÷ÓÔ‡Ì Î·È Ë ¤ÌÙË Ù˘ ∞˚Û¤ ·fi ÙËÓ ÂÍÔÚ›· ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙÔ πÎfiÓÈÔ.....................................................................330 16. Œ‚‰ÔÌË ·fi‰Ú·ÛË Ù˘ ªÂϤΠ÷ÓÔ‡Ì, Î·È Ë ¤ÎÙË Ù˘ ∞˚Û¤ ÷ÓÔ‡Ì ·fi ÙËÓ ∆Ô˘ÚΛ· ÛÙËÓ ∂ÏÏ¿‰· .......................................332 17. «∏ ÔÚÁ‹ ÙˆÓ ∆Ô‡ÚÎˆÓ ‹Ù·Ó ÙfiÛÔ ÌÂÁ¿ÏË ÒÛÙ ··ÁfiÚÂ˘Û·Ó ÙËÓ ÂÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹ ∂ÏÏËÓÈÎÒÓ ÂÊËÌÂÚ›‰ˆÓ ÛÙË ¯ÒÚ·.» .....................................332 18. «∏ ∆Ô˘ÚΛ· ÛÙËÓ ∂˘ÚÒË Â›Ó·È ÌÈ· ·ÓˆÌ·Ï›·».........................................334 19. «∏ ÌÔ›Ú· ÙˆÓ ¿ıÏÈˆÓ Ï·ÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ, Ô˘ ÙfiÏÌËÛ·Ó Ó· ·Ô‰Ú¿ÛÔ˘Ó»: fiÁ‰ÔË Ê˘Á‹ Ù˘ ªÂϤΠ÷ÓÔ‡Ì Î·È ¤‚‰ÔÌË Ù˘ ∞˚Û¤................................335

III. √π ∂•ø∆∂ƒπ∫√π ™À¡∂ƒ°∞∆∂™ ∆√À °À¡∞π∫∂π√À ¶∞ƒ∞∫ƒ∞∆√À™: °À¡∞π∫∂π∞ ¢π∫∆À∞, ¶∂§∞∆∂π∞∫∂™ ™Ã∂™∂π™ ∫∞π ∆∞ «°À¡∞π∫∂π∞ Ã∞ƒ∂ªπ∞» ...................................................................337 1. 2. 3. 4.

5.

√È Á˘Ó·›Î˜ ›Ûˆ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ¿Ó‰Ú˜...............................................................337 «∏ ªÂÁ¿ÏË µÂ˙›ÚÈÛÛ· ÙˆÓ °˘Ó·ÈÎÒÓ»: «Ë ΢ڛ· ¶Úˆı˘Ô˘ÚÁfi˜».........340 ∆Ô ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi ÁÚ·ÊÂ›Ô Ù˘ «ªÂÁ¿Ï˘ µÂ˙›ÚÈÛÛ·˜ ÙˆÓ °˘Ó·ÈÎÒÓ» .............341 ¶ÂÚÈ‹ÁËÛË ÛÙ· ¯·Ú¤ÌÈ· ÙˆÓ ÚÈÁÎÈÈÛÛÒÓ Î·È Ù˘ ÔıˆÌ·ÓÈ΋˜ Âϛ٠ÙÔ˘ 19Ô˘ ·ÈÒÓ· ............................................................344 4.1 ∏ ˘Ú·ÌȉÈ΋ ÈÂÚ·Ú¯›· ÛÙÔ ¯·Ú¤ÌÈ Ù˘ ÚÈÁΛÈÛÛ·˜ ∑Â˚Ó¤Ì.........346 4.2 ™ÙÔ ¯·Ú¤ÌÈ ÚÈÁΛÈÛÛ·˜-Û˘ÏϤÎÙÚÈ·˜ ·Ú¯·ÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ Î·È ÛÙÔ ¯·Ú¤ÌÈ ÚÈÁΛÈÛÛ·˜ Ì «ÌÂÁ¿ÏË ·›ÛıËÛË ·ÍÈÔÚ¤ÂÈ·˜» .........350 4.3 ™ÙÔ ¯·Ú¤ÌÈ Ù˘ «Ì·ÓÙ¿Ì Ã›ÏÌ Ì¤Ë», Ù˘ «ÌÔÚʈ̤Ó˘» ÂÁÁÔÓ‹˜ ÙÔ˘ ºÔ˘¿ÓÙ ·Û¿ ......................................................................351 4.4 ™ÙÔ ¯·Ú¤ÌÈ Ù˘ ÚÈÁΛÈÛÛ·˜ ∞˙›˙ÈÂ: «Ë ·ÂÏ¢ı¤ÚˆÛË ÙˆÓ Á˘Ó·ÈÎÒÓ» .........................................................352 4.5 «∏ Â·Ó¿ÛÙ·ÛË ÙˆÓ Á˘Ó·ÈÎÒÓ»: ÌÔ˘ÛÔ˘ÏÌ¿Ó˜ ·ÌÊÈÛ‚ËÙÔ‡Ó ÙÔ ∫ÔÚ¿ÓÈ ................................................354 4.6 ™ÙÔ ¯·Ú¤ÌÈ Ù˘ «ÚÔԉ¢ÙÈ΋˜» Î·È «·ÂÏ¢ıÂڈ̤Ó˘» ÚÈÁΛÈÛÛ·˜ ¡·˙Ï›.............................................355 4.7 ∏ ÚÈÁΛÈÛÛ· Ã·Ï›Ì Î·È Ë ÚÈÁΛÈÛÛ· ∑Â˚Ó¤Ì ..............................356 4.8 ∏ ÚÈÁΛÈÛÛ· ™·˝ÓÙ, ÔÈ‹ÙÚÈ· Ì «Â·Ó·ÛÙ·ÙÈ΋ ʇÛË», Î·È Ë ÚÈÁΛÈÛÛ· Ã·Û¿Ó .......................................................................358 ∆Ô «ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi Û‡ÛÙËÌ·» ÛÙÔ ¯·Ú¤ÌÈ Ù˘ ÚÈÁΛÈÛÛ·˜ ∑Â˚Ó¤Ì, ÎfiÚ˘ ÙÔ˘ ∞ÌÓÙÔ‡Ï ªÂ˙›ÓÙ ..........................................................................358


20

6.

∂ÈÙ¤ÏÔ˘˜, ·Ó·Ó¤ˆ ÂχıÂÚË! °˘Ó·ÈΛ˜ ª·ÚÙ˘Ú›Â˜

5.1 √È ‰‡Ô ÚÒÙ˜ Â·ÁÁÂÏ̷ٛ˜-˙ˆÁÚ¿ÊÔÈ ·Ú·ÎÔÏÔ˘ıÔ‡Ó ÙȘ ÛÎÏ¿‚˜ ηٿ ÙË ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ· Ù˘ ÂÎ·›‰Â˘Û‹˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ..........................358 5.2 ¶ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ· Ì·ıËÌ¿ÙˆÓ, ·ıÏËÙÈÛÌfi˜, „˘¯·ÁˆÁ›· Î·È ‰È·ÛΤ‰·ÛË ..362 5.3 ∏ Á˘Ó·ÈΛ· ÛÙÚ·ÙȈÙÈ΋ Ì¿ÓÙ· ..........................................................364 5.4 æ˘¯·ÁˆÁ›· Î·È ‰È·ÛΤ‰·ÛË ÛÙÔ ¯·Ú¤ÌÈ Ù˘ ÚÈÁΛÈÛÛ·˜ ................365 5.5 ™ÙÔ ¯ÂÈÌÂÚÈÓfi ·Ï¿ÙÈ Ù˘ ÚÈÁΛÈÛÛ·˜ ∑Â˚Ó¤Ì.................................365 ÕÚ¯ÈÛ·Ó Î·È ÔÈ ÌÔ˘ÛÔ˘ÏÌ¿Ó˜ Ó· ÂÈÛΤÙÔÓÙ·È ÙȘ «¿ÈÛÙ˜» ÂÚÈËÁ‹ÙÚȘ ..................................................................................367 6.1 ∆Ô˘ÚοϘ Û ÎÔÈÓ‹ ¤ÍÔ‰Ô Ì ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘˙‡ÁÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘˜: ÌÔ˘ÛÔ˘ÏÌ¿Ó· Û ‰Â›ÓÔ Ì ¿Ó‰Ú˜! ......................................................367 6.2 ∆Ô˘ÚοϷ «‰È·Ì·ÚÙ‡ÚÂÙ·È ÈÎÚ¿» Ô˘ ‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ΢ÎÏÔÊÔÚ› Ì ÙÔÓ Û‡˙˘Áfi Ù˘..........................................................368 6.3 «ªÂÁ¿ÏË ·ÛˆÙ›·»: ‰‡Ô ∆Ô˘ÚοϘ ÁÓˆÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È Ì ÙÚÂȘ ∂˘Úˆ·›Ô˘˜ ΢ڛԢ˜ ................................................................369 6.4 ªÔ˘ÛÔ˘ÏÌ¿Ó˜ ÛÙÔÓ ÕÁÁÏÔ Ú¤Û‚Ë ÁÈ· ÚÔ˘ÛʤÙÈ·............................369 6.5 ∏ ÂÈÚÚÔ‹ ÙˆÓ ‰˘ÙÈÎÒÓ Á˘Ó·ÈÎÒÓ .........................................................370

IV. ∆√ ¶∞π¢π∫√ Ã∞ƒ∂ªπ: «ªπ∞ ªπ∫ƒ∏ ™Ã√§∏», «™∫§∏ƒ∏ ∫∞π ºƒπ∫∆∏ ª∞£∏∆∂π∞» ....................................................373 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

6.

√È «ÂÌ‚Ú˘·ÎÔ› ·Û¿‰Â˜» Î·È Ù· «·È¯Ó›‰È·» ÙÔ˘˜.....................................373 ∆· ·È‰È¿ Á›ÓÔÓÙ·È «Ó·ÚÎÔÌ·Ó›˜»...............................................................378 ∏ ·fiÏ˘ÙË ÂÍÔ˘Û›· ÙÔ˘ ÂÓÙ¿¯ÚÔÓÔ˘ Ú›ÁÎÈ· ÛÙÔ ·È‰ÈÎfi ¯·Ú¤ÌÈ .......380 «∏ ηıÈÂڈ̤ÓË ÙÈ̈ڛ·», ̤ÚÔ˜ Ù˘ ÂÎ·›‰Â˘Û˘ ÙˆÓ ÌÈÎÚÒÓ ÛÎÏ¿‚ˆÓ.......................................................................................381 ∏ ÂÍ¢ÙÂÏÈÛÙÈ΋ ÈÂÚ·Ú¯›· ÙˆÓ ÁÂ˘Ì¿ÙˆÓ: Ù· «·ÔÊ¿ÁÈ·» ÙˆÓ ·ÓˆÙ¤ÚˆÓ: .................................................................................................382 5.1 «∏ ªÂÁ¿ÏË ∞ˉ›·».................................................................................385 5.2 √È ¯ÚÈÛÙÈ·Ó¤˜, ÔÈ ÌË ÌÔ˘ÛÔ˘ÏÌ¿Ó˜ ÂÚÁ·˙fiÌÂÓ˜ ÁÂ˘Ì¿ÙÈ˙·Ó ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›Â˜.............................................................................386 5.3 «™’ Â̤ӷ ÙËÓ ¿ÈÛÙË, ¿ÊËÓ·Ó ÌfiÓÔ Ù· „›¯Ô˘Ï· Ô˘ ¤ÂÊÙ·Ó ·fi ÙÔ ÙÚ·¤˙È ÙˆÓ ı˘Á·Ù¤ÚˆÓ ÙÔ˘ ¶ÚÔÊ‹ÙË.» ...................................389 ∏ ÈÂÚ·Ú¯›· ÙˆÓ ÁÂ˘Ì¿ÙˆÓ ÛÙÔ ªÂÁ¿ÏÔ Ã·Ú¤ÌÈ ÙÔ˘ ™·Ú¿È Î·È Û ¿ÏÏ· ¯·Ú¤ÌÈ· Ù˘ ÔıˆÌ·ÓÈ΋˜ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ ...............................................390 6.1 ∆Ô ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ ÚÔÓfiÌÈÔ Ó· ÁÂ˘Ì·Ù›˙ÂȘ ÌfiÓË............................................392 6.2 ∞·ÁÔÚ‡ÂÙ·È ÛÙȘ ÌËÙ¤Ú˜ ÙˆÓ ÚÈÁΛˆÓ Î·È ÚÈÁÎÈÈÛÛÒÓ Ó· Û˘ÌÊ¿ÁÔ˘Ó Ì ٷ ·È‰È¿ ÙÔ˘˜ ÏfiÁˆ ηٷÁˆÁ‹˜ .............................393 6.3 ªfiÓÔ ÌÈ· ÚÈÁΛÈÛÛ· ¤¯ÂÈ ‰Èη›ˆÌ· Ó· Û˘ÌÊ¿ÁÂÈ Ì ÙÔÓ Û‡˙˘Áfi Ù˘.....................................................................................394 6.4 ∏ ¢ı‡ÓË ÙÔ˘ ÛÔ˘ÏÙ¿ÓÔ˘ ÁÈ· ÙË ‰È·ÙÚÔÊ‹ fiÏˆÓ ÙˆÓ ÚÔÛٷ٢ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÌÂÏÒÓ Ù˘ ÔÈÎÔÁ¤ÓÂÈ¿˜ ÙÔ˘ ÂÎÙfi˜ ™·Ú¿È...........................................................396


¶ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓ·

21

7.

ºÈÏÔÍÂÓ›· ÂÚÈËÁËÙÚÈÒÓ ÛÙ· ¯·Ú¤ÌÈ· ‰È·ÊfiÚˆÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ ÛÙڈ̿وÓ: ÙÔ ‰È·ÈÙÔÏfiÁÈÔ Î·È «ÔÈ ÙÚfiÔÈ ÙÔ˘ ÙÚ·Â˙ÈÔ‡».......................397

V.

√ Ã√ƒ√™, ∏ ª√À™π∫∏ ∫∞π ∏ ∂∫°Àª¡∞™∏ ø™ ™Àªµ√§∞ ∫√π¡ø¡π∫∏™ ∫∞∆ø∆∂ƒ√∆∏∆∞™ ™∆∏¡ √£øª∞¡π∫∏ ∫√π¡ø¡π∞ ...........401

1.

∫·Ù·‰Èο˙ÂÙ·È Î·È ÛÙÈÁÌ·Ù›˙ÂÙ·È ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈο ÔÔÈ·‰‹ÔÙ ÌÔÚÊ‹ ÎÈÓËÙÈ΋˜ ‹ ηÏÏÈÙ¯ÓÈ΋˜ ¤ÎÊÚ·Û˘................................................401 ∆Ô ‚¿‰ÈÛÌ·, «ÌÈ· ¯˘‰·›· ¿ÛÎËÛË»: ÙÔ ¿¯Ô˜ ˆ˜ ÛÙÔÈ¯Â›Ô Î¿ÏÏÔ˘˜ Î·È ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜ ı¤Û˘......................................................................................403 ∏ ÌÔ˘ÛÈÎÔ¯ÔÚ¢ÙÈ΋ ÂÎ·›‰Â˘ÛË ÙˆÓ ÛÎÏ¿‚ˆÓ ÔÏ˘ÙÂÏ›·˜....................406 ∂ÈÏÔÁ‹ ÙˆÓ Á˘Ó·ÈÎÒÓ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÚÔ¯‹ «„˘¯·ÁˆÁ›·˜»..............................409 ∏ ÔÙÈ΋ ÙˆÓ ÂÚÈËÁËÙÚÈÒÓ ÁÈ· ÙÔ ¯ÔÚfi Î·È ÙË ÌÔ˘ÛÈ΋ ÛÙ· ¯·Ú¤ÌÈ·: ÛÔοÚÔÓÙ·È, Ù·Ú¿˙ÔÓÙ·È, Û˘ÁÎÏÔÓ›˙ÔÓÙ·È, ·Ó·ÛÙ·ÙÒÓÔÓÙ·È......................410 √ ¯ÔÚfi˜ ÛÙÔ ¯·Ú¤ÌÈ Ù˘ º·ÙÌ¿ ¯·ÓÔ‡Ì .......................................................413 √ ¯ÔÚfi˜ ÛÙÔ ¯·Ú¤ÌÈ Ù˘ ÷ÊÈÙ¤Ó ÛÔ˘ÏÙ¿Ó·˜ ÙÔ 1717, Û˘˙‡ÁÔ˘ ÙÔ˘ ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ˘ ‚Â˙›ÚË Î·È «¯‹Ú·˜» ÙÔ˘ ÛÔ˘ÏÙ¿ÓÔ˘ ªÔ˘ÛÙ·Ê¿ µ' ...............414 ªË ÌÔ˘ÛÔ˘ÏÌ¿Ó· ¯ÔÚ‡ÂÈ Û ¯·Ú¤ÌÈ, Ô ÛÔ˘ÏÙ¿ÓÔ˜ ¯ÔÚ‡ÂÈ Ì Á˘Ó·›Î· Î·È ÔÈ Á˘Ó·›Î˜ ¯ÔÚÂ‡Ô˘Ó fiϘ Ì·˙›!........................................415 °˘Ó·ÈΛ· ÔÚ¯‹ÛÙÚ· ÙÔ˘ ¯·ÚÂÌÈÔ‡ ÂÎÙÂÏ› ÔÈËÙÈΤ˜ Û˘Óı¤ÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘ ª·¯ÌÔ‡Ù µ' ...............................................................................................417 «∆Ô Á˘Ó·ÈÎÂ›Ô ÛÙÔȯ›Ի: ÔÈ ·ÔÎÏÂÈÛÙÈο Á˘Ó·ÈΛ˜ ÌÔ˘ÛÈÎÔ¯ÔÚ¢ÙÈΤ˜ ÁÈÔÚÙ¤˜ ............................................................................418 ∂˘Úˆ·˚ο ÌÔÓ٤Ϸ Î·È ÚfiÙ˘· „˘¯·ÁˆÁ›·˜ ÛÙÔ ¯·Ú¤ÌÈ.......................422 ∏ ÌÔ˘ÛÈ΋ ÛÙÔ ¯·Ú¤ÌÈ ÙÔ˘ «∫Ú˘ÙÔ¯ÚÈÛÙÈ·ÓÔ‡» ÁÂÓÈÎÔ‡ ΢‚ÂÚÓ‹ÙË Ù˘ ∫Ú‹Ù˘ ......................................................................423 √È ¯ÔÚÔ› ÙˆÓ ∂ÏÏ‹ÓˆÓ....................................................................................424 13.1 ∏ ¯ÔÚ¢ÙÈ΋ « Ì·Ó›·» ÙˆÓ ∂ÏÏ‹ÓˆÓ Ù˘ ™ÈÓÒ˘ ...............................425 13.2 ∏ ÚÒÙË ÂÚÈËÁ‹ÙÚÈ· Ô˘ Û˘ÌÌÂÙ›¯Â Û ÂÏÏËÓÈÎÔ‡˜ ¯ÔÚÔ‡˜ ...........427

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.

VI. «∏ £∏§À∫∏ ∑ø∏ ™∆∏¡ ∞¡∞∆√§∏» ....................................................429 1. 2.

3.

√ ·ÔÎÏÂÈÛÌfi˜ ·fi ÙËÓ ¶·È‰Â›·: «Ë ÓÂ˘Ì·ÙÈ΋ Ê˘Ï¿ÎÈÛË Â›Ó·È Ôχ ¯ÂÈÚfiÙÂÚË ·fi ÙË ÛˆÌ·ÙÈ΋» ......................................................429 «∏ ıËÏ˘Î‹ ˙ˆ‹ ÛÙËÓ ∞Ó·ÙÔÏ‹»: ÙfiÔÈ Û˘ÓÔ̈ÛÈÒÓ, Ì˯·ÓÔÚÚ·ÊÈÒÓ, Û˘ÓÂχÛÂˆÓ Î·È Û˘Ó·ÓÙ‹ÛÂˆÓ .......................................431 2.1 √È «∫ÈÓÔ‡ÌÂÓ˜ ªÔ‡ÌȘ»: «ÌÂÙ·ÌÊÈÂṲ̂ÓË ˆ˜ ∆Ô˘ÚοϷ».............432 2.2 «∏ ÁÏÒÛÛ· ÙÔ˘ ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˜» ......................................................................434 2.3 ∆· Á˘Ó·ÈΛ· ÌÂÙ·ÊÔÚÈο ̤۷.............................................................436 2.4 °˘Ó·ÈΛ· ª·ÛÔÓ›·: «Ë Ì·‡ÚË ¶˘ı›·» ‹ «Ë π¤ÚÂÈ· ÙˆÓ ¢ÂÏÊÒÓ» ...437 2.5 £ÚËÛ΢ÙÈΤ˜ ÁÈÔÚÙ¤˜, ·ÊÔÚÌ‹ ÁÈ· ÂÍfi‰Ô˘˜ Î·È Á˘Ó·ÈΛ˜ Û˘ÁÎÂÓÙÚÒÛÂȘ ......................................................................439 ∏ «°˘Ó·ÈÎfiÙËÙ·» ÛÙÔ ÏÔ˘ÙÚfi: ÙÔ «ª¿ÓÈÔ» ÙˆÓ √ıˆÌ·Ó›‰ˆÓ ................442 3.1 ∫ÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ ‰È·ÎÚ›ÛÂȘ Î·È ÛÙ· ÏÔ˘ÙÚ¿.................................................445


22

4. 5.

∂ÈÙ¤ÏÔ˘˜, ·Ó·Ó¤ˆ ÂχıÂÚË! °˘Ó·ÈΛ˜ ª·ÚÙ˘Ú›Â˜

3.2 «∂¿Ó ‹Ù·Ó Ù˘ Ìfi‰·˜ Ó· ΢ÎÏÔÊÔÚ›˜ Á˘ÌÓ‹, ηÓ›˜ ‰ÂÓ ı· ÚfiÛ¯ ÙÔ ÚfiÛˆÔ» ................................................................446 3.3 ¶ÂÚÈËÁ‹ÙÚȘ ηٷ‰Èο˙Ô˘Ó ÙË Û˘Ó‹ıÂÈ· ÙÔ˘ ÏÔ˘ÙÚÔ‡.......................450 3.4 ¶ÂÚÈËÁ‹ÙÚÈ· ÓÔÈÎÈ¿˙ÂÈ ‰ËÌfiÛÈÔ ÏÔ˘ÙÚfi, ·ÔÎÏÂÈÛÙÈο ÁÈ· ÙË ‰È΋ Ù˘ ¯Ú‹ÛË ..............................................................................452 3.5 ¶ÂÚÈËÁ‹ÙÚȘ ÛÙÔ ÏÔ˘ÙÚfi Û·Ó ÙÔ˘Ú›ÛÙÚȘ ÁÈ· Ó· ‰Ô˘Ó Ù· «ÔÏÏ¿ ۯ‰fiÓ Á˘ÌÓ¿ ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓ·» ......................................................453 3.6 ∆Ô ÏÔ˘ÙÚfi ˆ˜ ̤ÛÔ ÂÍ·ÁÓÈÛÌÔ‡ ·fi ÙË ÌfiÏ˘ÓÛË ÙˆÓ ÁÎÈ·Ô‡ÚˉˆÓ .454 3.7 ∆Ô Á˘Ó·ÈÎÂ›Ô ÏÔ˘ÙÚfi ÌfiÓÔ ÚÈÓ Î·È ÌÂÙ¿ ÙË Û˘ÓÔ˘Û›· .......................454 3.8 ∫·ıËÌÂÚÈÓ‹ Û˘Ó‹ıÂÈ· Ì ΛÓËÙÚÔ ÙËÓ „˘¯·ÁˆÁ›· Î·È ÙË Ê˘Á‹.........457 3.9 ŸÏ˜ ÔÈ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ Ù¿ÍÂȘ ÛÙ· ‰ËÌfiÛÈ· ÏÔ˘ÙÚ¿ .................................459 3.10 °˘Ó·›Î˜ ‰È·ÊfiÚˆÓ ÂıÓÈÎÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ Ì·˙› ÛÙ· ‰ËÌfiÛÈ· ÏÔ˘ÙÚ¿ Ù˘ ª˘ÙÈÏ‹Ó˘ Î·È Ù˘ ¶ÚÔ‡Û·˜ ........................460 3.11 ∆Ô˘ÚοϘ, ∂ÏÏËÓ›‰Â˜, ∞Ṳ́ÓÈÛÛ˜, ∆ÛÈÁÁ¿Ó˜, «Ó¤ÁÚ˜», ‚Ú¤ÊË Î·È ·È‰È¿ ÛÙ· ‰ËÌfiÛÈ· ÏÔ˘ÙÚ¿ Ù˘ ¶ÚÔ‡Û·˜ .........................461 3.12 ∏ §Ô˘ÙÚÔÎfiÌÔ˜, Ë Î˘Ú›· ‰È¢ı‡ÓÙÚÈ· Î·È ÔÈ ÂÚÁ·˙fiÌÂÓ˜................462 3.13 °˘Ó·ÈΛ· Á·Ì‹ÏÈ· ÁÈÔÚÙ‹: Ë Û˘Óԉ›· Ù˘ Ó‡Ê˘ ÛÙÔ ÏÔ˘ÙÚfi...........465 3.14 «Wo-manity» ÛÙÔ ∆Ô˘ÚÎÈÎfi ÏÔ˘ÙÚfi: «¤Ó·˜ ÍÂοı·ÚÔ˜ ÂıÓÈÎfi˜ ıÂÛÌfi˜», «Ë °˘Ó·ÈΛ· §¤Û¯Ë»..............................................................466 ∆Ô ¯·Ì¿Ì, ıÚËÛ΢ÙÈ΋ ˘Ô¯Ú¤ˆÛË ‹ ÂÏ΢ÛÙÈ΋ ÔÏ˘Ù¤ÏÂÈ·; ..................469 ™Ù· ¯·Ú¤ÌÈ· ÙˆÓ «„¢‰Ô-ÌÔ˘ÛÔ˘ÏÌ¿ÓˆÓ» ..................................................471

¶π¡∞∫∂™ 1.

2. 3. 4. 5.

√È √ıˆÌ·ÓÔ› ™Ô˘ÏÙ¿ÓÔÈ Î·È ÔÈ «¶ÂÚÈÊËÌfiÙÂÚ˜ ™Ô˘ÏÙ¿Ó˜»: ÌËÙ¤Ú˜ ÛÔ˘ÏÙ¿ÓˆÓ, ¢ÓÔÔ‡ÌÂÓ˜ ¯·ÛÂΛ Î·È Ô‰·Ï›ÛΘ (·ÏϷΛ‰Â˜-‰Ô‡Ï˜).......................................................................................475 ÃÚÔÓÔÏÔÁÈÎfi˜ ›Ó·Î·˜ ÙˆÓ Á˘Ó·ÈΛˆÓ ÂÚÈËÁ‹ÛÂˆÓ ...............................495 ∞’ ÔÌ¿‰·-ηÙËÁÔÚ›· ÂÚÈËÁËÙÚÈÒÓ...............................................................501 µ’ ηÙËÁÔÚ›· ÂÚÈËÁËÙÚÈÒÓ ...........................................................................517 °’ ηÙËÁÔÚ›· ÂÚÈËÁËÙÚÈÒÓ............................................................................533

¶ƒø∆√°∂¡∂π™ ¶∏°∂™ (°À¡∞π∫∂π∞ µπµ§π√°ƒ∞ºπ∞ - ¶∂ƒπ∏°∏∆ƒπ∂™) ..........535 ¶∏°∂™ ..........................................................................................................559 µπµ§π√°ƒ∞ºπ∞ ...............................................................................................565


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