¶ ∂ƒπ∂Ã√ª∂¡∞ Eπ™∞°ø°∏ ......................................................................................................................11 KÂÊ¿Ï·ÈÔ 1 ™∆√πÃ∂π∞ £∂ƒª√¢À¡∞ªπ∫∏™ ∆∏™ ∞∆ª√™º∞πƒ∞™ ............................13 1.1 B·ÛÈΤ˜ ·Ú¯¤˜ Î·È ÓfiÌÔÈ Ù˘ ÎÏ·ÛÈ΋˜ ıÂÚÌÔ‰˘Ó·ÌÈ΋˜ ..............................13 1.1.1 K·Ù¿ÛÙ·ÛË ·ÂÚ›Ô˘ ..................................................................................13 1.1.2 K·Ù·ÛÙ·ÙÈ΋ Â͛ۈÛË ............................................................................14 1.1.3 K·Ù·ÛÙ·ÙÈ΋ Â͛ۈÛË Ì›ÁÌ·ÙÔ˜ ·ÂÚ›ˆÓ ..............................................15 1.1.4 ŒÚÁÔ ÂÎÙfiÓˆÛ˘ ·ÂÚ›Ô˘ ........................................................................17 1.1.5 EȉÈ΋ ıÂÚÌfiÙËÙ· ....................................................................................17 1.1.6 O ÚÒÙÔ˜ ÓfiÌÔ˜ (·Í›ˆÌ·) Ù˘ ıÂÚÌÔ‰˘Ó·ÌÈ΋˜..................................18 1.1.7 EȉÈΤ˜ ÌÂÙ·‚ÔϤ˜ ηٿÛÙ·Û˘ ............................................................19 1.1.8 ¢˘ÓËÙÈ΋ ıÂÚÌÔÎÚ·Û›· - EÓÙÚÔ›· ......................................................20 1.2 £ÂÚÌÔ‰˘Ó·ÌÈ΋ ÙÔ˘ ÍËÚÔ‡ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ˘ÁÚÔ‡ ·¤Ú·..............................................24 1.2.1 YÁÚfi˜ ·¤Ú·˜ ............................................................................................24 1.2.2 H ıÂÚÌÔ‰˘Ó·ÌÈ΋ ÙˆÓ ˘‰Ú·ÙÌÒÓ ..........................................................25 1.3 KÔÚÂṲ̂ÓË Ù¿ÛË ÙÔ˘ ˘‰Ú·ÙÌÔ‡ ........................................................................27 1.4 YÁÚfi˜ ·¤Ú·˜ – OÈ ÛÙ·ıÂÚ¤˜ ÙÔ˘ (˘ÁÚÔ‡) ·¤Ú· ..............................................31 1.5 A‰È·‚·ÙÈΤ˜ ÌÂÙ·‚ÔϤ˜ ÛÙËÓ ·ÙÌfiÛÊ·ÈÚ· ......................................................33 1.6 °Ú·ÊÈ΋ ·Ú¿ÛÙ·ÛË ÙˆÓ ÌÂÙ·‚ÔÏÒÓ – £ÂÚÌÔ‰˘Ó·ÌÈο ‰È·ÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù·........34 1.6.1 TÔ ‰È¿ÁÚ·ÌÌ· p, a (Clapeyron) ............................................................35 1.6.2 ÕÏÏ· £ÂÚÌÔ‰˘Ó·ÌÈο ‰È·ÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· ....................................................37 1.6.3 TÔ ‰È¿ÁÚ·ÌÌ· T, cp ln£ (TÂÊ›ÁÚ·ÌÌ·) ................................................39 1.6.4 £ÂÚÌÔÎÚ·Û›· ÙÔ˘ ˘ÁÚÔ‡ ıÂÚÌÔ̤ÙÚÔ˘ – IÛÔ‰‡Ó·ÌË ıÂÚÌÔÎÚ·Û›· ............................................40 1.6.5 °Ú·ÊÈÎfi˜ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÌfi˜ ÙˆÓ ∆w Î·È Te ..................................................42 KÂÊ¿Ï·ÈÔ 2 Y¢ƒ√™∆∞∆π∫∏ ∆∏™ ∞∆ª√™º∞πƒ∞™ ....................................................45 2.1 Y‰ÚÔÛÙ·ÙÈ΋ ÈÛÔÚÚÔ›· ....................................................................................45 2.1.1 ¢˘Ó¿ÌÂȘ Ô˘ ‰ÚÔ˘Ó ¿Óˆ Û Ú¢ÛÙ¿ ..................................................46 2.1.2 ¢˘Ó¿ÌÂȘ ÂÈÊ¿ÓÂÈ·˜, ÂÈÊ·ÓÂȷΤ˜ Ù¿ÛÂȘ ........................................46 2.1.3 H ¤ÓÓÔÈ· Ù˘ ›ÂÛ˘ ÛÙ· Ú¢ÛÙ¿............................................................48 2.1.4 H ˘‰ÚÔÛÙ·ÙÈ΋ Â͛ۈÛË..........................................................................49 2.2 H ‚·Ú‡ÙËÙ· ..........................................................................................................52 2.2.1 °Âˆ‰˘Ó·ÌÈÎfi ............................................................................................53 2.2.2 H ˘‰ÚÔÛÙ·ÙÈ΋ Â͛ۈÛË ÛÙË ıˆڛ· ÙˆÓ Â‰›ˆÓ ................................55
6
∂π™∞°ø°∏ ™∆∏ ¢À¡∞ªπ∫∏ ª∂∆∂ƒ∂ø§√°π∞
2.2.3 ¶¿¯Ô˜ ·ÙÌÔÛÊ·ÈÚÈÎÔ‡ ÛÙÚÒÌ·ÙÔ˜ ........................................................56 2.3 K·Ù·ÎfiÚ˘ÊË ÈÛÔÚÚÔ›· Ù˘ ·ÙÌfiÛÊ·ÈÚ·˜ ......................................................58 2.3.1 °ÂÓÈÎfi˜ ÔÚÈÛÌfi˜ ......................................................................................58 2.3.2 K·Ù·ÎfiÚ˘ÊË ıÂÚÌÔ‚·ıÌ›‰· ..................................................................59 2.3.3 A‰È·‚·ÙÈ΋ ıÂÚÌÔ‚·ıÌ›‰· ....................................................................60 2.3.4 KÔÚÂṲ̂Ó˜ ·‰È·‚·ÙÈΤ˜ Î·È fi¯È ·ÓÙÈÛÙÚÂÙ‹ ÂÎÙfiÓˆÛË ..................61 2.3.5 K·Ù·ÎfiÚ˘ÊË ÂÈÙ¿¯˘ÓÛË – ™˘Óı‹Î˜ ÈÛÔÚÚÔ›·˜ ..............................62 2.3.6 ¢˘ÓËÙÈ΋ ıÂÚÌÔÎÚ·Û›· Î·È ÛÙ·ÙÈ΋ ÈÛÔÚÚÔ›· – XÚ‹ÛË ÙˆÓ ıÂÚÌÔ‰˘Ó·ÌÈÎÒÓ ‰È·ÁÚ·ÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ ....................................................66 2.3.7 ŒÚÁÔ Î·È ÎÈÓËÙÈ΋ ÂÓ¤ÚÁÂÈ· ÛÙȘ ηٷÎfiÚ˘Ê˜ ÎÈÓ‹ÛÂȘ ..................68 KÂÊ¿Ï·ÈÔ 3 Oπ E•π™ø™∂π™ ∫π¡∏™∏™ ....................................................................71 3.1 ™¯ÂÙÈ΋ Î·È ·fiÏ˘ÙË Î›ÓËÛË ..............................................................................71 3.2 OÈ ‰˘Ó¿ÌÂȘ ÛÙÔ Û¯ÂÙÈÎfi Û‡ÛÙËÌ· ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿˜ ..................................................75 3.2.1 H ‰‡Ó·ÌË Coriolis, C=–2ø V ............................................................76 3.2.2 H ‰‡Ó·ÌË Ù˘ ›ÂÛ˘, ¶..........................................................................76 3.2.3 OÈ ‰˘Ó¿ÌÂȘ ÙÚÈ‚‹˜ ..................................................................................78 3.3 OÈ ÁÂÓÈΤ˜ ÂÍÈÛÒÛÂȘ ΛÓËÛ˘ ............................................................................82 3.3.1 ™‡ÛÙËÌ· ÙÔÈÎÒÓ Û˘ÓÙÂÙ·Á̤ӈÓ..........................................................83 3.3.2 ™‡ÛÙËÌ· ÛÊ·ÈÚÈÎÒÓ Û˘ÓÙÂÙ·ÁÌ¤ÓˆÓ ....................................................86 3.3.3 ™‡ÛÙËÌ· Ê˘ÛÈÎÒÓ Û˘ÓÙÂÙ·ÁÌ¤ÓˆÓ ........................................................90 3.3.4 ™‡ÛÙËÌ· Ê˘ÛÈÎÒÓ Û˘ÓÙÂÙ·ÁÌ¤ÓˆÓ Ù˘ ÛÊ·ÈÚÈ΋˜ ÚÔ‹˜ ......................92 3.3.5 OÈ ÚÔ‚ÔϤ˜ ÙˆÓ ‰˘Ó¿ÌÂˆÓ ..................................................................94 3.4 EȉÈΤ˜ ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ ΛÓËÛ˘ ............................................................................95 3.4.1 K›ÓËÛË ·‰Ú¿ÓÂÈ·˜ ..................................................................................96 3.4.2 K›ÓËÛË Euler ............................................................................................98 3.4.3 AÓÙÈÛÙ·ıÌÈÛÙÈ΋ ÚÔ‹ ............................................................................100 · °ÂˆÛÙÚÔÊÈ΋ ÚÔ‹ ..................................................................................101 ‚ ÕÓÂÌÔ˜ ‚·ÚÔ‚·ıÌ›‰Ô˜ ..........................................................................104 Á ∞Ô¯‹ ·fi ÙÔÓ ·ÓÙÈÛÙ·ıÌÈÛÙÈÎfi ¿ÓÂÌÔ ..............................................107 ‰ ∞ÓÙÈÛÙ·ıÌÈÛÙÈ΋ ΛÓËÛË Ì ÙÚÈ‚‹ ........................................................109 3.4.4 OÈ Û˘ÓÙÂÙ·Á̤Ó˜ ›ÂÛ˘......................................................................111 KÂÊ¿Ï·ÈÔ 4 ∫π¡∏ª∞∆π∫∏ ....................................................................................115 4.1 ¶·Ú¿ÛÙ·ÛË ÙÔ˘ ‰›Ô˘ ÙˆÓ ÌÂÙˆÚÔÏÔÁÈÎÒÓ ·Ú·Ì¤ÙÚˆÓ ........................116 4.1.1 PÂ˘Ì·ÙÔÁÚ·Ì̤˜ Î·È ÈÛÔÙ·¯Â›˜............................................................117 4.1.2 ™¯¤ÛË ÙÚÔ¯ÈÒÓ Î·È ÚÂ˘Ì·ÙÔÁÚ·ÌÌÒÓ..................................................118 4.2 ¢˘Ó·ÌÈ΋ Î·È ÚÂ˘Ì·ÙÈ΋ Û˘Ó¿ÚÙËÛË ..............................................................125 4.3 PÔ‹, ·fiÎÏÈÛË Î·È Â͛ۈÛË Û˘Ó¯›·˜ ..........................................................130 4.3.1 E͛ۈÛË Û˘Ó¯›·˜................................................................................131 4.3.2 ™ËÌ·Û›· Î·È ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ¤˜ Ù˘ Â͛ۈÛ˘ Û˘Ó¯›·˜ ............................133
¶∂ƒπ∂Ã√ª∂¡∞
4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7
7
4.3.3 K˘ÎÏÔÊÔÚ›· Î·È ÛÙÚÔ‚ÈÏÈÛÌfi˜ ............................................................135 ¢È·ÊÔÚÈΤ˜ ȉÈfiÙËÙ˜ ÙÔ˘ ‰›Ô˘ Ù˘ Ù·¯‡ÙËÙ·˜ ..........................................137 ¶Ú·ÎÙÈÎfi˜ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÌfi˜ Ù˘ ·fiÎÏÈÛ˘ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ÛÙÚÔ‚ÈÏÈÛÌÔ‡ ..................143 AfiÏ˘ÙÔ˜ Î·È Û¯ÂÙÈÎfi˜ ÛÙÚÔ‚ÈÏÈÛÌfi˜ ............................................................148 H ·fiÎÏÈÛË ÛÙȘ Ê˘ÛÈΤ˜ Û˘ÓÙÂÙ·Á̤Ó˜ Ù˘ ÛÊ·ÈÚÈ΋˜ ÚÔ‹˜ ....................148
KÂÊ¿Ï·ÈÔ 5 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4
K∞∆∞∫√ƒÀº∏ ª∂∆∞µ√§∏ ∆√À ∞¡∂ª√À ∫∞π ∆∏™ µ∞ƒ√µ∞£ªπ¢∞™ ..................................................................151 £ÂÚÌÈÎfi˜ ¿ÓÂÌÔ˜ – OÚÈÛÌÔ› Î·È ÁÂÓÈΤ˜ ÂÍÈÛÒÛÂȘ ....................................151 H ÔÚÈ˙fiÓÙÈ· ÌÂÙ·ÊÔÚ¿ Ù˘ ıÂÚÌÔÎÚ·Û›·˜ ....................................................157 OÈ ÙÔÈΤ˜ ıÂÚÌÔÌÂÙÚÈΤ˜ ÌÂÙ·‚ÔϤ˜ ............................................................158 MÂÙ·‚ÔÏ‹ ηı’ ‡„Ô˜ Ù˘ ı¤Û˘ Î·È Ù˘ ¤ÓÙ·Û˘ ÙˆÓ Û˘ÛÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ›ÂÛ˘ ....................................................................................163 5.4.1 H ı¤ÛË Î·ı’ ‡„Ô˜ ÙˆÓ Û˘ÛÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ›ÂÛ˘........................................163 5.4.2 MÂÙ·‚ÔÏ‹ Ì ÙÔ ‡„Ô˜ Ù˘ ¤ÓÙ·Û˘ ÂÓfi˜ ‚·ÚÔÌÂÙÚÈÎÔ‡ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜....................................................................166
KÂÊ¿Ï·ÈÔ 6 Oπ ∞™À¡∂Ã∂π∂™ ™∆∏¡ ∞∆ª√™º∞πƒ∞ ................................................169 6.1 M¤Ùˆ· ..............................................................................................................169 6.1.1 OÈ ÔÚȷΤ˜ Û˘Óı‹Î˜ ............................................................................170 6.1.2 H ‰È·ÓÔÌ‹ Ù˘ ›ÂÛ˘ ÛÙËÓ ÂÚÈÔ¯‹ Ù˘ ÌÂÙˆÈ΋˜ ÂÈÊ¿ÓÂÈ·˜......171 6.1.3 H ‚·ÚÔÌÂÙÚÈ΋ Ù¿ÛË ÛÙ· ̤و·........................................................173 6.1.4 H ıÂÚÌÔÎÚ·Û›· ÛÙËÓ ÂÚÈÔ¯‹ ÙÔ˘ ÌÂÙÒÔ˘ ......................................174 6.1.5 OÈ ¿ÓÂÌÔÈ ÛÙËÓ ÂÚÈÔ¯‹ ÙÔ˘ ÌÂÙÒÔ˘ ................................................175 6.2 H ÙÚÔfi·˘ÛË ˆ˜ ÂÈÊ¿ÓÂÈ· ·Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ·˜ ......................................................176 KÂÊ¿Ï·ÈÔ 7 Oπ Xƒ√¡π∫∂™ M∂∆∞µ√§∂™ Tø¡ ¶∞ƒ∞ª∂∆ƒø¡ T∏™ P√∏™ ............181 7.1 TÔ ıÂÒÚËÌ· Ù˘ ΢ÎÏÔÊÔÚ›·˜ (Kelvin) ..........................................................181 7.1.1 £ÂÒÚËÌ· ÙÔ˘ Bjerkness........................................................................184 7.1.2 H Ê˘ÛÈ΋ ÂÚÌËÓ›· ÙÔ˘ ıˆڋ̷ÙÔ˜ Ù˘ ΢ÎÏÔÊÔÚ›·˜ ....................185 7.1.3 ¶·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·: ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË ·Ó¿Ù˘Í˘ ηٷÎfiÚ˘Ê˘ ΢ÎÏÔÊÔÚ›·˜ (·‡Ú˜)....................................................186 7.1.4 H ÌÂÙ·‚ÔÏ‹ Ù˘ ΢ÎÏÔÊÔÚ›·˜ Ù˘ ‰‡Ó·Ì˘ Coriolis ........................188 7.2 H Â͛ۈÛË Ù˘ ‚·ÚÔÌÂÙÚÈ΋˜ Ù¿Û˘................................................................188 7.2.1 EÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹: H ıˆڛ· ÙˆÓ Bjerkness-Holmboe ................................191 7.3 OÈ Û˘ÓÈÛÙÒÛ˜ Ù˘ ÔÚÈ˙fiÓÙÈ·˜ ÂÈÙ¿¯˘ÓÛ˘ ..................................................196 7.3.1 H Û˘ÓÈÛÙÒÛ· ÙˆÓ ÙÔÈÎÒÓ ÌÂÙ·‚ÔÏÒÓ ÙÔ˘ ·Ó¤ÌÔ˘ ..........................197 7.3.2 H Û˘ÓÂÈÛÊÔÚ¿ ÙˆÓ ÌÂÙ·‚ÔÏÒÓ ÙÔ˘ ·Ó¤ÌÔ˘ ηٿ ÙË ‰È‡ı˘ÓÛË Ù˘ ÚÔ‹˜ ................................................................198 7.3.3 H Û˘ÓÂÈÛÊÔÚ¿ ÙÔ˘ ‰›Ô˘ ÙˆÓ Î·Ù·ÎfiÚ˘ÊˆÓ Ù·¯˘Ù‹ÙˆÓ ................199 7.4 H Â͛ۈÛË ÙÔ˘ ÛÙÚÔ‚ÈÏÈÛÌÔ‡ ..........................................................................200
8
∂π™∞°ø°∏ ™∆∏ ¢À¡∞ªπ∫∏ ª∂∆∂ƒ∂ø§√°π∞
7.4.1 O fiÚÔ˜ Ù˘ ·fiÎÏÈÛ˘: – (˙ + f)D ......................................................202 7.4.2 O fiÚÔ˜ Ù˘ Û˘ÛÙÚÔÊ‹˜: z0Ø[( V/ z) w)=[z0 ( V/ z)]Ø w ............202 7.4.3 O fiÚÔ˜ ÙˆÓ ÛˆÏËÓÔÂȉÒÓ: –( a p)Øz0 ..........................................203 7.4.4 H Ù¿ÍË ÙˆÓ fiÚˆÓ – AÏÔÔÈ‹ÛÂȘ ......................................................204 7.5 EÊ·ÚÌÔÁ¤˜ Ù˘ Â͛ۈÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ ÛÙÚÔ‚ÈÏÈÛÌÔ‡ ..................................................205 7.5.1 TÚԯȤ˜ ÛÙ·ıÂÚÔ‡ ·fiÏ˘ÙÔ˘ ÛÙÚÔ‚ÈÏÈÛÌÔ‡........................................205 7.5.2 H ·fiÎÏÈÛË Û·Ó ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ·˜ ÛÙÚÔ‚ÈÏÈÛÌÔ‡ ......................................207 7.5.3 T· ˘‹ÓÂÌ· ¯·ÌËÏ¿ ..............................................................................208 7.6 H ıˆڛ· ÙˆÓ Ì·ÎÚÒÓ Î˘Ì¿ÙˆÓ ......................................................................210 7.7 H Â͛ۈÛË Ù˘ ·fiÎÏÈÛ˘ ................................................................................213 KÂÊ¿Ï·ÈÔ 8 H A¡∞¶∆À•∏ ∆ø¡ Àº∂™∂ø¡ ∫∞π ∆ø¡ ∞¡∆π∫À∫§ø¡ø¡ ................217 8.1 H ¤ÓÓÔÈ· Ù˘ ·Ó¿Ù˘Í˘ ..................................................................................217 8.2 ¶ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ Î·È ·Ú·‰Ô¯¤˜ ..........................................................................219 8.3 H ‰˘Ó·ÌÈ΋ Ù˘ ·Ó¿Ù˘Í˘ ..............................................................................221 8.3.1 H ‰È·‚·ÙÈ΋ ı¤ÚÌ·ÓÛË, W....................................................................224 8.3.2 H ·‰È·‚·ÙÈ΋ ı¤ÚÌ·ÓÛË ......................................................................226 8.3.3 H ıÂÚÌÈ΋ ÌÂÙ·ÊÔÚ¿ ............................................................................227 8.3.4 H ÌÂÙ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙÔ˘ ÛÙÚÔ‚ÈÏÈÛÌÔ‡ ............................................................229 KÂÊ¿Ï·ÈÔ 9 H ¢√ª∏ ∆√À ∞¡∂ª√À ™∆√ ™∆ƒøª∞ ∆ƒπµ∏™ ................................231 9.1 T˘Ú‚҉˘ ‰È·Î‡Ì·ÓÛË – ¢˘Ó¿ÌÂȘ Î·È ·ÚÈıÌfi˜ Reynolds ..........................231 9.2 OÈ ÂÍÈÛÒÛÂȘ ΛÓËÛ˘ ÁÈ· ÙË Ì¤ÛË ÚÔ‹ ..........................................................232 9.3 T˘Ú‚Ò‰ÂȘ Ù¿ÛÂȘ Î·È Ù˘Ú‚Ò‰ÂȘ ‰˘Ó¿ÌÂȘ ....................................................234 9.4 OÈ ÈÍÒ‰ÂȘ ‰˘Ó¿ÌÂȘ ˆ˜ ÌÂÙ·ÊÔÚ›˜ ÌÔÚȷ΋˜ ÔÚÌ‹˜ ..................................235 9.5 ™˘ÓÙÂÏÂÛÙ¤˜ ·ÓÙ·ÏÏ·Á‹˜ ..................................................................................236 9.6 H ‰ÔÌ‹ ÙÔ˘ ·Ó¤ÌÔ˘ ηٿ ÙËÓ Î·Ù·ÎfiÚ˘ÊÔ ....................................................238 9.6.1 ™ÙÚÒÌ· ÂÈÊ¿ÓÂÈ·˜ ..............................................................................239 9.6.2 H ηٷÎfiÚ˘ÊË ‰ÔÌ‹ ÙÔ˘ ·Ó¤ÌÔ˘ ÛÙÔ ÛÙÚÒÌ· Ekman ......................241 9.7 H ·ÓÙÈÛÙ·ıÌÈÛÙÈ΋ ΛÓËÛË ................................................................................244 KÂÊ¿Ï·ÈÔ 10 H ¢π∞ÃÀ™∏ £∂ƒª√∆∏∆∞™ ∫∞π À¢ƒ∞∆ªø¡ ......................................247 10.1 EÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ Ù˘ ·Ú¯‹˜ ÙÔ˘ ‰ÚfiÌÔ˘ Ì›Í˘ ηٿ Prandtl ..................................249 10.2 H ‰È¿¯˘ÛË ÙˆÓ ˘‰Ú·ÙÌÒÓ ·fi ÂÈÊ¿ÓÂÈ· ÓÂÚÔ‡ ..........................................250 10.3 H ËÌÂÚ‹ÛÈ· ·̷ÓÛË Ù˘ Ù¿Û˘ ÙˆÓ ˘‰Ú·ÙÌÒÓ ............................................251 10.4 H ‰È¿¯˘ÛË ÙˆÓ ·ÙÌÔÛÊ·ÈÚÈÎÒÓ ÌÈ·ÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ....................................................252 10.4.1 ¢È¿¯˘ÛË Û ÛÙÈÁÌÈ·›· ËÁ‹ ÛËÌ›Ԣ ..................................................252 10.4.2 ¢È¿¯˘ÛË ÛÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË Û˘Ó¯ԇ˜ ËÁ‹˜ ÛËÌ›Ԣ ..........................253 ¶∞ƒ∞ƒ∆∏ª∞ – ™∆√πÃ∂π∞ ∞¡À™ª∞∆π∫∏™ ∞¡∞§À™∏™ ................................................257 1. OÚÈÛÌÔ› ..............................................................................................................257
¶∂ƒπ∂Ã√ª∂¡∞
2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
9
¢È·ÊfiÚÈÛË ‚·ıً̈˜ Û˘Ó¿ÚÙËÛ˘ ˆ˜ ÚÔ˜ ‚·ıً̈ ÌÂÙ·‚ÏËÙ‹................259 PÔ‹ ·Ó‡ÛÌ·ÙÔ˜. AfiÎÏÈÛË ·Ó‡ÛÌ·ÙÔ˜............................................................262 ™ÙÚÔ‚ÈÏÈÛÌfi˜ ·Ó˘ÛÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ Û˘Ó¿ÚÙËÛ˘ ........................................................263 MÂÚÈΤ˜ ¯Ú‹ÛÈ̘ Ù·˘ÙfiÙËÙ˜..........................................................................265 ™¯¤ÛË ÌÂٷ͇ ÂÈÊ·ÓÂÈ·ÎÔ‡ Î·È ÙÚÈÏÔ‡ ÔÏÔÎÏËÚÒÌ·ÙÔ˜ ..........................265 £ÂˆÚ‹Ì·Ù· ÙÔ˘ Green ....................................................................................266 ™¯¤ÛË ÌÂٷ͇ ÂÈη̇ÏÈÔ˘ Î·È ÂÈÊ·ÓÂÈ·ÎÔ‡ ÔÏÔÎÏËÚÒÌ·ÙÔ˜................268