ΜΟΔΑ-ΠΕΡ.

¶ÚfiÏÔÁÔ˜

¶ÚfiÏÔÁÔ˜ ∫·ÈÓÔ‡ÚÁÈ· ¤Î‰ÔÛË ∏ ·ÚÔ‡Û· ¤ÌÙË ¤Î‰ÔÛË ÙÔ˘ ‚È‚Ï›Ô˘ ∫ÔÌ̈ÙÈ΋ ∆¤¯ÓË ·¢ı‡ÓÂÙ·È ÙfiÛÔ Û ÂÎ·È‰Â˘Ô̤ÓÔ˘˜ ÛÙÔ Â¿ÁÁÂÏÌ· ÎÔÌ̈٤˜/ÎÔÌÌÒÙÚȘ, fiÛÔ Î·È Û ·ÔÊÔ›ÙÔ˘˜ Â·ÁÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ Û¯ÔÏÒÓ ÎÔÌ̈ÙÈ΋˜. ∆· ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓ· ‚·Û›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙ· 13 ¢È‰·ÎÙÈο ‰›· (ÂÓfiÙËÙ˜) fiˆ˜ ÚԂϤÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ Ó¤Ô ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓÔ ÛÔ˘‰ÒÓ, Ô˘ ÈÛ¯‡ÂÈ ÛÙË °ÂÚÌ·Ó›· ·fi ÙËÓ 1/8/2008. ∂ÍÂÙ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ÔÈ ÂÍ‹˜ ‚·ÛÈΤ˜ ÂÚÁ·Û›Â˜ ÙÔ˘ Â·ÁÁ¤ÏÌ·ÙÔ˜: ■ ¶ÂÚÈÔ›ËÛË ÙˆÓ Ì·ÏÏÈÒÓ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ‰¤ÚÌ·ÙÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ■ ■ ■ ■

ÎÂÊ·ÏÈÔ‡ ∫Ô‹ ÙˆÓ Ì·ÏÏÈÒÓ ¢È·ÌfiÚʈÛË ÎÔÌÌÒÛÂˆÓ ªfiÓÈÌË ·ÏÏ·Á‹ ÊfiÚÌ·˜ ∞ÏÏ·Á¤˜ ÙÔ˘ ¯ÚÒÌ·ÙÔ˜

ªÂ ÙÔ Î·ÈÓÔ‡ÚÁÈÔ ‰È‰·ÎÙÈÎfi Ï¿ÓÔ ¤¯Ô˘Ó Û˘ÌÏËÚˆı› ÔÈ ÚÔ·Ó·ÊÂÚı›Û˜ ‚·ÛÈΤ˜ ÂÚÁ·Û›Â˜ Ì ηÈÓÔ‡ÚÁȘ, ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÏËÊı› ˘fi„Ë Î·È ÛÙ· ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓ· Ù˘ Ó¤·˜ ¤Î‰ÔÛ˘. ∞˘Ù¤˜ ÔÈ ÂÚÁ·Û›Â˜ ·ÊÔÚÔ‡Ó Î˘Ú›ˆ˜ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÙÔÌ›˜: ■ Ù˘ ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛ˘ ÂÏ·ÙÒÓ, ■ Ù˘ ÂȯÂÈÚËÛȷ΋˜ ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛ˘, Û˘ÌÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚·ÓÔ-

Ì¤ÓˆÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ Î·ÈÓÔ‡ÚÁÈˆÓ Û˘ÛÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ Î·È ÏËÚÔÊfiÚËÛ˘, ■ ÙÔ˘ Ì¿ÚÎÂÙÈÓÁÎ, ■ ÙÔ˘ ÂȯÂÈÚËÛÈ·ÎÔ‡ ۯ‰ȷÛÌÔ‡ Î·È Ù˘ ÂȯÂÈÚËÛȷ΋˜ Ú¿Í˘.

¶ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓ· Ô˘ ‰È·ÙËÚ‹ıËÎ·Ó ■ ŒÓ· ‰È¿ÁÚ·ÌÌ· ÛÙËÓ ·Ú¯‹ ÙÔ˘ ‚È‚Ï›Ô˘, ÛÙȘ ÛÂÏ›-

‰Â˜ 4 Î·È 5, ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÂÈ Û˘ÓÔÙÈο fiÏ· Ù· ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓ· ÙÔ˘ ‚È‚Ï›Ô˘, ÒÛÙÂ Ô ·Ó·ÁÓÒÛÙ˘ Ó· ÌÔÚ› Ó· ‚ÚÂÈ ÁÚ‹ÁÔÚ· Ù· ÛËÌ›· Ô˘ ÙÔÓ ÂӉȷʤÚÔ˘Ó ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ.

■ ∆· ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓ· ÙÔ˘ ‚È‚Ï›Ô˘ ∫ÔÌ̈ÙÈ΋ ∆¤¯ÓË ˘Ô-

ÛÙËÚ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙÔÓ Ú·ÎÙÈÎfi ¯·Ú·ÎÙ‹Ú· ÙÔ˘ Ì·ı‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ Î·È ¤¯Ô˘Ó ‰È·ÌÔÚʈı› Ì ‚¿ÛË ÙËÓ Ú·ÎÙÈ΋ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ÙˆÓ ÁÓÒÛÂˆÓ Ô˘ ÌÂÙ·‰›‰ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙÔ ‚È‚Ï›Ô ·˘Ùfi.

■ ∆· ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓ· ÙˆÓ ÂÓÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ Û˘Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÌÂÙ·-

͇ ÙÔ˘˜, ÁÈ’ ·˘Ùfi Â·Ó·Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÔÓÙ·È Û ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈΤ˜ ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ.

■ ™ÙË ‰È¿ÚıÚˆÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÚȯÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ ¤¯ÂÈ ÏËÊı›

˘fi„Ë Ô Ú·ÎÙÈÎfi˜ ¯·Ú·ÎÙ‹Ú·˜ ÙÔ˘ Â·ÁÁ¤ÏÌ·ÙÔ˜ Ù˘ ÎÔÌÌÒÙÚÈ·˜. ŒÙÛÈ, Ù· ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ· ÎÂÊ¿Ï·È· ÍÂÎÈÓÔ‡Ó Ì ¤Ó· ˘ÔıÂÙÈÎfi ÛÂÓ¿ÚÈÔ. ∞˘Ùfi ÙÔ ÛÂÓ¿ÚÈÔ ¤¯ÂÈ Ó· οÓÂÈ Ì ÌÈ· Èı·Ó‹ ηٿÛÙ·ÛË Ô˘ ı· ÎÏËı› Ó· ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›ÛÂÈ Ë ˘Ô„‹ÊÈ· ÎÔÌÌÒÙÚÈ·, fiÙ·Ó ı· ·Ú¯›ÛÂÈ Ó· ‰Ô˘Ï‡ÂÈ ÛÙÔ ÎÔÌً̈ÚÈÔ.

■ ¶ÔÈΛϘ ÂÚÁ·Û›Â˜ –.¯. Ë ÔÌ·‰È΋ ÂÚÁ·Û›· ‹ Ë ·Ó¿-

ÏË„Ë ÂÓfi˜ ¤ÚÁÔ˘– ÚÔÂÙÔÈÌ¿˙Ô˘Ó ÙÔ˘˜ ˘Ô„‹ÊÈÔ˘˜ ÎÔÌ̈٤˜ ÁÈ· Ù· ÌÂÏÏÔÓÙÈο ÙÔ˘˜ ηı‹ÎÔÓÙ·.

■ ŒÓ· ÏÔ‡ÛÈÔ Â˘ÚÂÙ‹ÚÈÔ fiÚˆÓ Û¿˜ ‚ÔËı¿ÂÈ ÛÙË

Û˘ÛÙËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÌÂϤÙË ·˘ÙÔ‡ ÙÔ˘ ‚È‚Ï›Ô˘ Î·È Î·ıÈÛÙ¿ ‰˘Ó·Ù‹ ÙËÓ ·˘Ùԉȉ·Ûηϛ·.

∫·ÈÓÔ‡ÚÁÈ· ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓ· ■ ¢È‰·ÎÙÈÎfi ‰›Ô 2

ÃÚ‹ÛË ∞ÁÁÏÈÎÒÓ, ·Ó¿ÏÔÁ· Ì ÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÛÙ·ÛË: "Let’s talk English" (useful statements and questions, small talk).

■ ¢È‰·ÎÙÈÎfi ‰›Ô 6

¶·Ú¿ÚÙËÌ·: ¢ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· „ËÏÒÓ ÎÔÌÌÒÛÂˆÓ – ¶ÂÚÈÁÚ¿ÊÂÙ·È ‚‹Ì·-‚‹Ì· Ë ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÎÏ·ÛÈÎÒÓ Î·È ÌÔÓÙ¤ÚÓˆÓ „ËÏÒÓ ÎÔÌÌÒÛˆÓ.

■ ¢È‰·ÎÙÈÎfi ‰›Ô 10

∂ÚÁ·Û›· Ë̤ڷ˜: ª·ÓÈÎÈÔ‡Ú (ÔÌ·‰È΋ ÂÚÁ·Û›· ÛÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹˜ ‰È·ÊfiÚˆÓ Ù¯ÓÈÎÒÓ Ì·ÓÈÎÈÔ‡Ú).

■ ¶·Ú¿ÚÙËÌ· º˘ÛÈÎÒÓ ∂ÈÛÙËÌÒÓ

™˘ÌÏËڈ̷ÙÈΤ˜ ·Û΋ÛÂȘ Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ, Ô˘ Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÔÓÙ·È Ì ٷ ‰È‰·ÎÙÈο ‰›· (ÂÓfiÙËÙ˜). ™Ù· ΛÌÂÓ· ı· ‚Ú›Ù ÔÏϤ˜ ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¤˜ ÛÙËÓ ÎÔÌÌÒÙÚÈ·, ÛÙËÓ ·ÈÛıËÙÈÎfi ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÛÙËÓ ÂÏ¿ÙÈÛÛ·. √ ÏfiÁÔ˜ Ô˘ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÙ·È ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ Ô fiÚÔ˜ ÎÔÌÌÒÙÚÈ· Î·È fi¯È ÎÔÌً̈˜ Â›Ó·È ÂÂȉ‹ ÙÔ ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚÔ Ì¤ÚÔ˜ ÙˆÓ ÛÔ˘‰·ÛÙÒÓ Â›Ó·È Á˘Ó·›Î˜. ∑ËÙԇ̠·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ¿ÓÙÚ˜ ˘Ô„‹ÊÈÔ˘˜ ÎÔÌ̈٤˜ ÙËÓ Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛ‹ ÙÔ˘˜. ∂˘¯fiÌ·ÛÙ Û fiÏÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ˘Ô„‹ÊÈÔ˘˜ ÎÔÌ̈٤˜, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È Û fiÏÔ˘˜ fiÛÔÈ ·ÛÎÔ‡Ó ‹‰Ë ÙÔ Â¿ÁÁÂÏÌ· Ù˘ ÎÔÌ̈ÙÈ΋˜ Î·È ÂȉÈÒÎÔ˘Ó Ó· ‚ÂÏÙȈıÔ‡Ó ·ÎfiÌË ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ Î·Ï‹ ÂÈÙ˘¯›· Ì ·˘Ùfi ÙÔ ‚È‚Ï›Ô. ¶ÚÔÙ¿ÛÂȘ Î·È ˘ԉ›ÍÂȘ Ô˘ ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û·Ó Ó· Û˘ÓÂÈÛʤÚÔ˘Ó ÛÙË ‚ÂÏÙ›ˆÛË Î·È ÛÙË Û˘ÌÏ‹ÚˆÛË ÙÔ˘ ‚È‚Ï›Ô˘ Â›Ó·È ¿ÓÙÔÙ ¢ÚfiÛ‰ÂÎÙ˜. √È Û˘ÁÁÚ·Ê›˜ Î·È Ô ÂΉfiÙ˘

3

¶ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓ· Mind-Map

¶Ô˘ Â›Ó·È ÙÈ ÛÙË

¢È‰.¶. = ¢È‰·ÎÙÈÎfi ‰›Ô

4

¶ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓ· Mind-Map

«∫ÔÌ̈ÙÈ΋ ∆¤¯ÓË»;

¢È‰.¶. = ¢È‰·ÎÙÈÎfi ‰›Ô

5

¶ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓ·

¢È‰·ÎÙÈÎfi ‰›Ô 1 ¶ÚÔÛ·Ó·ÙÔÏÈÛÌfi˜ ÛÙÔ Â¿ÁÁÂÏÌ·..........................11

4

™˘ÓÂȉËÙ‹ ηٷÓfiËÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÈı˘ÌÈÒÓ ÙˆÓ ÂÏ·ÙÈÛÛÒÓ.............................................46

4.1 4.1.1 4.1.2 4.1.3

1

∆Ô Â¿ÁÁÂÏÌ· ÙÔ˘ ÎÔÌً̈ - ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË Ù˘ ÂÚÈÁÚ·Ê‹˜ ÙÔ˘ Â·ÁÁ¤ÏÌ·ÙÔ˜ Î·È ÔÚÈÛÌfi˜ ÙˆÓ Î·ıËÎfiÓÙˆÓ ÙÔ˘ ÎÔÌً̈ ..................................................12

1.1 1.2 1.3

πÛÙÔÚ›· ÙÔ˘ Â·ÁÁ¤ÏÌ·ÙÔ˜ ..................................12 ∂·ÁÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÂÎ·›‰Â˘ÛË ÎÔÌ̈ÙÒÓ...............13 ¢˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ˜ Â·ÁÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ÂÈÌfiÚʈÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ÎÔÌ̈ÙÒÓ ......................................................14 √ÚÁ¿ÓˆÛË ÙÔ˘ ÎÔÌ̈ÙËÚ›Ô˘ ..............................15 ¶ÚÔ¸Ôı¤ÛÂȘ ÁÈ· ÙÔ Â¿ÁÁÂÏÌ· Ù˘ ÎÔÌÌÒÙÚÈ·˜....................................................17

4.2

2

ÀÁÂÈÔÓÔÌÈ΋ ÚÔÛÙ·Û›· ÛÙÔ Â¿ÁÁÂÏÌ· ÙÔ˘ ÎÔÌً̈ ........................19

2.1 2.1.1 2.1.2 2.1.3 2.1.4 2.1.5 2.2

∏ ˘ÁÈÂÈÓ‹ ÛÙÔ Â¿ÁÁÂÏÌ· Ù˘ ÎÔÌÌÒÙÚÈ·˜ .........19 ∫·ÓfiÓ˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂȯÂÈÚËÛȷ΋ ˘ÁÈÂÈÓ‹ ...............19 ∞ÔÊ˘Á‹ ÌÔÏ˘ÛÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ·ÛıÂÓÂÈÒÓ ....................19 ¶·ıÔÁfiÓÔÈ ÌÈÎÚÔÔÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌÔ›................................19 ªÔχÓÛÂȘ Î·È ÙÚfiÔÈ ÌÂÙ¿‰ÔÛ˘.......................21 ª¤ÙÚ· ˘ÁÈÂÈÓ‹˜ ÛÙÔ Â¿ÁÁÂÏÌ· ÙÔ˘ ÎÔÌً̈ ...21 ¶ÚÔÛÙ·Û›· Ù˘ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ ÛÙÔ Â¿ÁÁÂÏÌ· ÙÔ˘ ÎÔÌً̈ ..............................23 ∫·ÓfiÓ˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÔÊ˘Á‹ ·Ù˘¯ËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ..............23 ∞Ù˘¯‹Ì·Ù· ÛÙÔ Â¿ÁÁÂÏÌ· ÙÔ˘ ÎÔÌً̈ ...........24 ∞ÔÊ˘Á‹ ‰ÂÚÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ·ı‹ÛÂˆÓ Î·È ·ÏÏÂÚÁÈÒÓ .......................................................24 ¶ÚfiÎÏËÛË ÂÎ˙¤Ì·ÙÔ˜ ÏfiÁˆ ‚Ï·‚ÂÚÒÓ Ô˘ÛÈÒÓ.................................................24 ¶ÚfiÎÏËÛË ·ÏÏÂÚÁÈÎÔ‡ ÂÎ˙¤Ì·ÙÔ˜ ÏfiÁˆ Â·Ê‹˜ Ì ·ÏÏÂÚÁÈÔÁfiÓ·...........................25 ∆¯ÓÈÎfi˜ ηÓÔÓÈÛÌfi˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÔÊ˘Á‹ ‰ÂÚÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ·ı‹ÛˆÓ.........................26 °¿ÓÙÈ· ÚÔÛÙ·Û›·˜...............................................26 ∞ÔÊ˘Á‹ ·ı‹ÛÂˆÓ ÙÔ˘ ·Ó·Ó¢ÛÙÈÎÔ‡ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ................................29 ¶ÚÔÛÙ·Û›· Ù˘ ˘Á›·˜ ÙÔ˘ ÚÔÛˆÈÎÔ‡.............29 æ˘¯ÈΤ˜ ηٷÔÓ‹ÛÂȘ ÛÙÔ Â¿ÁÁÂÏÌ· ÙÔ˘ ÎÔÌً̈ ..............................29 ™ˆÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ ηٷÔÓ‹ÛÂȘ ÛÙÔ Â¿ÁÁÂÏÌ· ÙÔ˘ ÎÔÌً̈ ..............................30 ¶ÚÔÙÂÈÓfiÌÂÓË ‰È·ÙÚÔÊ‹ ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ÎÔÌً̈ ..........32 ∂ÚÁÔÓÔÌÈ΋ ‰È·ÌfiÚʈÛË ÙÔ˘ ¯ÒÚÔ˘ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜............................................33 ¶ÚÔÛÙ·Û›· ÙÔ˘ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙÔ˜ ÛÙÔ Â¿ÁÁÂÏÌ· ÙÔ˘ ÎÔÌً̈ ..............................34 ª¤ÙÚ· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÚÔÛÙ·Û›· ÙÔ˘ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙÔ˜ ÛÙÔ Â¿ÁÁÂÏÌ· ÙÔ˘ ÎÔÌً̈ ..............................34

4.3.1 4.3.2 4.3.3 4.3.4 4.3.5

∞·ÈÙ‹ÛÂȘ Ù˘ ÂÏ¿ÙÈÛÛ·˜ .................................46 §ÔÁÈΤ˜ ··ÈÙ‹ÛÂȘ Ù˘ ÂÏ¿ÙÈÛÛ·˜ ...................47 ™˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ ··ÈÙ‹ÛÂȘ Ù˘ ÂÏ¿ÙÈÛÛ·˜ ....47 ∫‡ÚȘ Î·È ‰Â˘ÙÂÚ‡ԢÛ˜ ··ÈÙ‹ÛÂȘ Ù˘ ÂÏ¿ÙÈÛÛ·˜ ....................................................48 ª¤ıÔ‰ÔÈ ‰ÈÂÚ‡ÓËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ··ÈÙ‹ÛÂˆÓ Ù˘ ÂÏ¿ÙÈÛÛ·˜ ....................................................49 ÕÌÂÛ˜ ̤ıÔ‰ÔÈ ‰ÈÂÚ‡ÓËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ··ÈÙ‹ÛÂˆÓ ...................................................49 ŒÌÌÂÛ˜ ̤ıÔ‰ÔÈ ‰ÈÂÚ‡ÓËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ··ÈÙ‹ÛÂˆÓ ...................................................50 ¢ÈÂÚ‡ÓËÛË ÙˆÓ ··ÈÙ‹ÛÂˆÓ Ì ‚¿ÛË ÙÔÓ Ù‡Ô Ù˘ ÂÏ¿ÙÈÛÛ·˜.....................................50 ¶ÚfiÙ˘· ...............................................................50 ¶ÂÔÈı‹ÛÂȘ..........................................................50 ¶·ÚÔ¯‹ ˘ËÚÂÛÈÒÓ Ì ‚¿ÛË ÙÔÓ Ù‡Ô................51 º‡ÏÔ......................................................................51 ∏ÏÈΛ· ....................................................................52

5

∂ÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· ...................................................52

5.1 5.2 5.2.1 5.2.2 5.2.3 5.2.4 5.2.5 5.3 5.3.1 5.3.2 5.3.3

ªË ÏÂÎÙÈ΋ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· ........................................53 §ÂÎÙÈ΋ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·..............................................55 ™ÙÔȯ›· ÙÔ˘ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ·ÎÔ‡ ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ˘ ...............56 ∏ ÁÏÒÛÛ· ˆ˜ ̤ÛÔ ..............................................58 ƒËÙÔÚÈ΋ ...............................................................60 ∆¯ÓÈΤ˜ ÂÚˆÙ‹ÛÂˆÓ ............................................61 ™‡ÓÙÔ̘ Û˘˙ËÙ‹ÛÂȘ (ÎÔ˘‚ÂÓÙԇϘ) ................62 ∂ȯÂÈÚËÌ·ÙÔÏÔÁ›·...............................................63 µ¿ÛÂȘ Ù˘ ÂȯÂÈÚËÌ·ÙÔÏÔÁ›·˜ ..........................63 ∂ȯÂÈÚËÌ·ÙÔÏÔÁ›· ηٿ ÙËÓ ÒÏËÛË .................64 ∞Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÂȯÂÈÚËÌ·ÙÔÏÔÁ›·˜ ............................64

6

Let's talk English – (∞˜ ÌÈÏ‹ÛÔ˘Ì ∞ÁÁÏÈο) ................................67

1.4 1.5

2.2.1 2.2.2 2.3 2.3.1 2.3.2 2.3.3 2.3.4 2.4 2.5 2.5.1 2.5.2 2.5.3 2.5.4 2.6 2.6.1

¢È‰·ÎÙÈÎfi ‰›Ô 2 ÀÔ‰Ô¯‹ Î·È Â͢ËÚ¤ÙËÛË Ù˘ ÂÏ¿ÙÈÛÛ·˜ ..........35 1

√ ÚfiÏÔ˜ Ù˘ ÎÔÌÌÒÙÚÈ·˜..............................36

1.1 1.2 1.3

∂ÌÊ¿ÓÈÛË Ù˘ ÎÔÌÌÒÙÚÈ·˜...................................36 √È Î·ÏÔ› ÙÚfiÔÈ Ù˘ ÎÔÌÌÒÙÚÈ·˜.........................37 ∏ ÛÙ¿ÛË ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ Â¿ÁÁÂÏÌ· ÙÔ˘ ÎÔÌً̈ ........37

2

∏ ÂÏ¿ÙÈÛÛ· ÛÙÔ Û·ÏfiÓÈ ÎÔÌ̈ÙÈ΋˜ ..........39

2.1 2.2 2.2.1 2.2.2 2.2.3 2.3

ÀÔ‰Ô¯‹ Ù˘ ÂÏ¿ÙÈÛÛ·˜ ....................................39 ∂͢ËÚ¤ÙËÛË Ù˘ ÂÏ¿ÙÈÛÛ·˜.............................39 ∆ËÏÂʈÓÈ΋ Â͢ËÚ¤ÙËÛË ...................................39 ∫Ï›ÛÈÌÔ Ú·ÓÙ‚ԇ ...............................................40 ¶·ÚÔ¯‹ ˘ËÚÂÛÈÒÓ ÛÙËÓ ÂÏ¿ÙÈÛÛ· ...................40 ∞Ô¯·ÈÚÂÙÈÛÌfi˜ Ù˘ ÂÏ¿ÙÈÛÛ·˜.........................42

3

÷ڷÎÙ‹Ú˜ ÂÏ·ÙÒÓ Î·È „˘¯ÔÏÔÁ›· ÙˆÓ ÂÏ·ÙÒÓ ...............................42

3.1

∆‡ÔÈ ¯·Ú·ÎÙ‹ÚˆÓ Î·È „˘¯ÔÏÔÁ›· ÙˆÓ ÂÏ·ÙÒÓ .........................................................42 3.1.1 ∆‡ÔÈ ¯·Ú·ÎÙ‹ÚˆÓ Û‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙÔÓ πÔÎÚ¿ÙË Î·È ÙÔÓ °·ÏËÓfi ............................42 3.1.2 √È ‰È¿ÊÔÚÔÈ Ù‡ÔÈ ÂÏ·ÙÒÓ ÛÙȘ Û˘˙ËÙ‹ÛÂȘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÒÏËÛË ÚÔ˚fiÓÙˆÓ Î·È ÛÙȘ Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈΤ˜ Û˘˙ËÙ‹ÛÂȘ ..................44 6

4.2.1 4.2.2 4.3

¢È‰·ÎÙÈÎfi ‰›Ô 3 ¶ÂÚÈÔ›ËÛË ÙˆÓ Ì·ÏÏÈÒÓ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ‰¤ÚÌ·ÙÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ÎÂÊ·ÏÈÔ‡....................................69 1

¶ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· ÂÚÈÔ›ËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ Ì·ÏÏÈÒÓ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ‰¤ÚÌ·ÙÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ÎÂÊ·ÏÈÔ‡ ...................70

1.1 1.2 1.3

∆· ÚÔÛˆÈο ÛÙÔȯ›· Ù˘ ÂÏ¿ÙÈÛÛ·˜.............70 ¢ÈÂÚ‡ÓËÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÈı˘ÌÈÒÓ Ù˘ ÂÏ¿ÙÈÛÛ·˜ .......71 ∂ÎÙ›ÌËÛË Ù˘ ηٿÛÙ·Û˘ ÙˆÓ Ì·ÏÏÈÒÓ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ‰¤ÚÌ·ÙÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ÎÂÊ·ÏÈÔ‡..........................71 1.3.2 ∂ÎÙ›ÌËÛË Ù˘ ηٿÛÙ·Û˘ ÙÔ˘ ‰¤ÚÌ·ÙÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ÎÂÊ·ÏÈÔ‡.......................................71 1.3.3 ∂ÎÙ›ÌËÛË Ù˘ ηٿÛÙ·Û˘ ÙˆÓ Ì·ÏÏÈÒÓ .............72 1.4 ™˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈ΋ ÂÚÈÔ›ËÛ˘................................74 1.5 Yfi‰ÂÈÍË ÚÔ˚fiÓÙˆÓ ÂÚÈÔ›ËÛ˘ Î·È ÛÙ¿ÈÏÈÓÁÎ .........................................................74

2

¢ÔÌ‹ ÙÔ˘ ‰¤ÚÌ·ÙÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ÎÂÊ·ÏÈÔ‡ ...............76

2.1 2.2 2.3

∂ȉÂÚÌ›‰· ...........................................................76 ∫˘Ú›ˆ˜ ¢¤ÚÌ· (ÃfiÚÈÔ) .........................................77 Àfi‰ÂÚÌ· (ÀÔ‰fiÚÈÔ˜ πÛÙfi˜) ..............................77

3

∆‡Ô˜ ÙÔ˘ ‰¤ÚÌ·ÙÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ÎÂÊ·ÏÈÔ‡..............78

3.1 3.2 3.2.1 3.2.2

¶·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹ ÛÌ‹ÁÌ·ÙÔ˜.........................................78 ¢ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÈÙ˘Ú›‰·˜ ..........................................79 ™˘ÓËıÈṲ̂ÓË ÈÙ˘Ú›‰· ..........................................79 ∏ Â›‰Ú·ÛË ¯ËÌÈÎÒÓ Ô˘ÛÈÒÓ ÛÙË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÈÙ˘Ú›‰·˜ ...................................79 3.2.3 ¢ÂÚÌ·ÙÔ¿ıÂȘ ·ÔϤÈÛ˘ .............................80 3.3 ™ÌËÁÌ·ÙÔÁfiÓÔ˜ ·ÛÙË (∞ı‹ÚˆÌ·)......................80 3.4 ™·ÚÎÒÌ·Ù· ...........................................................80

4

∏ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓË ÙÚ›¯·........................................82

4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5

§ÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›Â˜ ÙˆÓ Ì·ÏÏÈÒÓ .....................................82 ∆‡ÔÈ ÙÚ›¯·˜ .........................................................82 √ ı‡Ï·Î·˜ Ù˘ ÙÚ›¯·˜ .........................................82 ™ÙÚÒÌ·Ù· Ù˘ ÙÚ›¯·˜...........................................83 ∫ÂÚ·Ù›ÓË ÙˆÓ Ì·ÏÏÈÒÓ..........................................84

5

º˘ÛÈΤ˜ ȉÈfiÙËÙ˜ ÙˆÓ Ì·ÏÏÈÒÓ ....................85

5.1 5.2

∞ÓÙÔ¯‹ ÛÙÔ Û¿ÛÈÌÔ ............................................85 ™Ù·ÙÈÎfi˜ ËÏÂÎÙÚÈÛÌfi˜ ..........................................85

¶ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓ·

6

∞ÏÏÔÈÒÛÂȘ ÙˆÓ Ì·ÏÏÈÒÓ ...............................86

6.1 6.2

µÏ¿‚˜ ÙˆÓ Ì·ÏÏÈÒÓ ............................................86 ∞ӈ̷ϛ˜ ÙˆÓ Ì·ÏÏÈÒÓ .......................................87

7

¶ÚÔ˚fiÓÙ· ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ Î·ı·ÚÈÛÌfi ÙˆÓ Ì·ÏÏÈÒÓ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ‰¤ÚÌ·ÙÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ÎÂÊ·ÏÈÔ‡ ...................88

7.1 7.1.1 7.1.2 7.1.3 7.2 7.2.1 7.2.2 7.3

¶ÚÔÂÙÔÈÌ·Û›· ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ Î·ı·ÚÈÛÌfi........................88 µ·ÛÈο Û˘ÛÙ·ÙÈο ................................................88 ™‡ÓıÂÛË ÂÓfi˜ Û˘ÓËıÈṲ̂ÓÔ˘ Û·ÌÔ˘¿Ó .............89 ¢È¿ÊÔÚ· Û·ÌÔ˘¿Ó..............................................89 ª¤Û· ÂÚÈÔ›ËÛ˘ ...............................................90 µ·ÛÈο ‰Ú·ÛÙÈο Û˘ÛÙ·ÙÈο ................................90 ¢È¿ÊÔÚ· ÚÔ˚fiÓÙ· ÂÚÈÔ›ËÛ˘..........................91 ∆ÔÓˆÙÈΤ˜ ÏÔÛÈfiÓ ÁÈ· Ù· Ì·ÏÏÈ¿ Î·È ÙÔ ‰¤ÚÌ· ÙÔ˘ ÎÂÊ·ÏÈÔ‡..................................91 7.3.1 µ·ÛÈο Û˘ÛÙ·ÙÈο ................................................91 7.3.2 ¢È¿ÊÔÚ˜ ÏÔÛÈfiÓ ÁÈ· Ù· Ì·ÏÏÈ¿ Î·È ÙÔ ‰¤ÚÌ· ÙÔ˘ ÎÂÊ·ÏÈÔ‡..................................92 7.4 √ÓÔÌ·ÙÔÏÔÁ›· ÙˆÓ Û˘ÛÙ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ...........................92

8

√ ηı·ÚÈÛÌfi˜ ÙˆÓ Ì·ÏÏÈÒÓ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ‰¤ÚÌ·ÙÔ˜ ÛÙËÓ Ú¿ÍË ......................93

8.1 8.1.1 8.1.2 8.1.3 8.2

§Ô‡ÛÈÌÔ ................................................................93 ¶ÚÔÂÙÔÈÌ·Û›· ÁÈ· ÙÔ ÏÔ‡ÛÈÌÔ..............................93 ∂ÎÙ¤ÏÂÛË ÙÔ˘ ÏÔ˘Û›Ì·ÙÔ˜ ...................................93 §Ô‡ÛÈÌÔ ÙˆÓ Ì·ÏÏÈÒÓ ÛÙȘ Ú›˙˜ .........................94 ª¤Û· ÂÚÈÔ›ËÛ˘ ÁÈ· Ù· Ì·ÏÏÈ¿ Î·È ÙÔ ‰¤ÚÌ· ÙÔ˘ ÎÂÊ·ÏÈÔ‡........................................95 8.2.1 ∂Ê·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ÚÔ˚fiÓÙˆÓ ÂÚÈÔ›ËÛ˘.....................95 8.2.2 ª·Û¿˙ ÛÙÔ ÎÂÊ¿ÏÈ................................................95

¢È‰·ÎÙÈÎfi ‰›Ô 4 ¶ÚfiÙ·ÛË ÎÔÌÌÒÛÂˆÓ ..............................................99 1

∞Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ÙˆÓ Ê˘ÛÈÎÒÓ ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ ............100

1.1 1.2 1.3 1.3.1 1.3.2 1.3.3

¶ÂÚ›ÁÚ·ÌÌ· ........................................................100 ¶ÔÈfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ Ì·ÏÏÈÒÓ .......................................100 º˘ÛÈ΋ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË Î·È ·ÒÏÂÈ· ÙˆÓ Ì·ÏÏÈÒÓ .....101 ∆ÔÓÈÛÌfi˜ Î·È ·ÓÙÈÛÙ¿ıÌÈÛÌ·..............................101 ¶ÙÒÛË ÙˆÓ Ì·ÏÏÈÒÓ ...........................................102 ¢ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· Ê·Ï¿ÎÚ·˜ ÔÊÂÈÏfiÌÂÓË Û Â͈ÙÂÚÈÎÔ‡˜ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜ .............................104 ∆‡Ô˜ ÂÏ¿ÙÈÛÛ·˜..............................................105

1.4

2

°ÓÒÛË Î·È ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ÛÙËÓ Ú¿ÍË ÙˆÓ ‚·ÛÈÎÒÓ ·Ú¯ÒÓ ‰È·ÌfiÚʈÛ˘ ÌÈ·˜ ÎfiÌ̈Û˘ ............................................105

2.1

√È ÙÚÂȘ ‰È·ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ Ù˘ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ Î·È ‰È·ÌfiÚʈÛ˘ ÌÈ·˜ ÎfiÌ̈Û˘...........................105 ∞Ó·ÏÔÁ›· .............................................................105 ºfiÚ̘ ...............................................................107 ™ËÌ›· .................................................................108 ¢È‡ı˘ÓÛË Î·È ÔÚ›· ÁÚ·ÌÌ‹˜.........................108 ¶ÂÚ›ÁÚ·ÌÌ· ........................................................111 ∂ÈÊ¿ÓÂȘ Î·È ÛÒÌ·Ù·......................................112 ∆ÔÓÈÛÌfi˜ Î·È ·ÓÙÈÛÙ¿ıÌÈÛË ................................115 ¢È·Ù¿ÍÂȘ ÊfiÚÌ·˜ (= ‰È¿Ù·ÍË ÂÈ̤ÚÔ˘˜ ÛÙÔȯ›ˆÓ ÊfiÚÌ·˜) .......116

2.2 2.3 2.3.1 2.3.2 2.3.3 2.3.4 2.3.5 2.3.6

3

ÀÔηٿÛٷٷ Ì·ÏÏÈÒÓ...............................118

3.1 3.2 3.3

∆‡ÔÈ Ì·ÏÏÈÒÓ ÁÈ· ˘ÔηٿÛٷٷ .....................118 ÀÏÈο ...................................................................118 ∂›‰Ë ˘ÔηٿÛÙ·ÙˆÓ Ì·ÏÏÈÒÓ...........................118

4

¶ÚÔÙ¿ÛÂȘ ÎÔÌÌÒÛÂˆÓ ...............................121

4.1 4.2

¶ÚfiÙ˘˜ ÂÈÎfiÓ˜ ..............................................121 æËÊȷο ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· ÎÔÌ̈ÙÈ΋˜ .................121

5

¶ÚfiÙ·ÛË ÁÂÓÂÈ¿‰·˜.....................................122

5.1 5.2

™ËÌ·Û›· Ù˘ ÁÂÓÂÈ¿‰·˜......................................122 ™¯‹Ì·Ù· ÁÂÓÂÈ¿‰·˜ ............................................122

6

∂ÚÁ·Û›Â˜ Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙËÓ «¶ÚfiÙ·ÛË ÎÔÌÌÒÛˆӻ...............................124

¢È‰·ÎÙÈÎfi ‰›Ô 5 ∫Ô‹ Ì·ÏÏÈÒÓ ........................................................125 1

™¯Â‰È·ÛÌfi˜ Î·È ÚÔÂÙÔÈÌ·Û›· Ù˘ ÎÔ‹˜ ÙˆÓ Ì·ÏÏÈÒÓ...............................126

1.1 1.1.1 1.1.2 1.1.3 1.1.4 1.2

™˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈΤ˜ Û˘˙ËÙ‹ÛÂȘ Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙÔ ÎÔ‡ÚÂÌ· ......................................126 ¢ÈÂÚ‡ÓËÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÈı˘ÌÈÒÓ Ù˘ ÂÏ¿ÙÈÛÛ·˜ .....126 ∂ͤٷÛË Ù˘ ηٿÛÙ·Û˘ ÙÔ˘ ‰¤ÚÌ·ÙÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ÎÂÊ·ÏÈÔ‡ Î·È ÙˆÓ Ì·ÏÏÈÒÓ ..........................127 ¶ÂÚÈÁÚ·Ê‹ ¯ÙÂÓÈÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ Î·È ÎÔÌÌÒÛˆÓ..........128 ¶ÚfiÙ·ÛË ÚÔ˚fiÓÙˆÓ ÂÚÈÔ›ËÛ˘ Î·È ÛÙ¿ÈÏÈÓÁÎ .......................................................128 °ÂÓÈÎfi Û¯¤‰ÈÔ Ù˘ ÎÔ‹˜ ...................................128

2

¢ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÎÔÌÌÒÛˆÓ..............................129

2.1.1 2.1.2 2.1.3 2.1.4 2.2 2.2.1 2.2.2 2.2.3 2.2.4 2.2.5 2.2.6 2.3 2.3.1 2.3.2 2.3.3 2.3.4 2.4 2.5

™˘Ì·Á‹˜ ÊfiÚÌ· ...............................................130 ¢ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ‰È·‚·ı̛ۈÓ/ÓÙÂÁÎÚ·ÓÙ¤ .............131 ¢È·‚¿ıÌÈÛË Û ›Û· ÙÌ‹Ì·Ù· ..............................132 ¢È·‚¿ıÌÈÛË Û ¿ÓÈÛ· ÙÌ‹Ì·Ù· ..........................133 ∂ÚÁ·Ï›· Î·È ‚ÔËıËÙÈο ̤۷ ...........................134 æ·Ï›‰È· ÎÔ‹˜ Ì·ÏÏÈÒÓ .....................................134 æ·Ï›‰È· Î·È Ì˯·Ó¤˜ ÊÈÏ·Ú›ÛÌ·ÙÔ˜ ..................136 •˘Ú¿ÊÈ· ..............................................................137 ªË¯·Ó¤˜ ÎÔ‹˜ Ì·ÏÏÈÒÓ....................................137 ÃÙ¤Ó˜ ÎÔ‹˜ Ì·ÏÏÈÒÓ .......................................138 µÔËıËÙÈο ̤۷ .................................................138 ∂ÎÙ¤ÏÂÛË Ù˘ ÎÔ‹˜...........................................139 ∆¯ÓÈΤ˜ ÎÔ‹˜ ...................................................140 ¢È·¯ˆÚÈÛÌfi˜ ÂÚ·ÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ.................................142 °ˆÓ›· ÎÔ‹˜ .......................................................142 µ·ÛÈΤ˜ ÁÚ·Ì̤˜ Î·È ÁÚ·Ì̤˜ ‰È‡ı˘ÓÛ˘ ......143 ∂ÂÍ‹ÁËÛË fiÚˆÓ................................................145 ŒÏÂÁ¯Ô˜ Ù˘ ÎÔ‹˜............................................146

3

•‡ÚÈÛÌ· Î·È ‰È·ÌfiÚʈÛË Ù˘ ÁÂÓÂÈ¿‰·˜ ..............................................148

3.1

3.2.2 3.3

™˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈΤ˜ Û˘˙ËÙ‹ÛÂȘ ÁÈ· ÙÔ Í‡ÚÈÛÌ· Î·È ÙË ‰È·ÌfiÚʈÛË Ù˘ ÁÂÓÂÈ¿‰·˜....................148 ¢ÈÂÚ‡ÓËÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÈı˘ÌÈÒÓ ÙÔ˘ ÂÏ¿ÙË ............148 ∂ÎÙ›ÌËÛË Ù˘ ηٿÛÙ·Û˘ ÙÔ˘ ‰¤ÚÌ·ÙÔ˜.........148 ¶ÂÚÈÁÚ·Ê‹ ÙÔ˘ Û¯‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ Ù˘ ÁÂÓÂÈ¿‰·˜ .........149 ¶ÚfiÙ·ÛË ÚÔ˚fiÓÙˆÓ ÂÚÈÔ›ËÛ˘ .....................150 •‡ÚÈÛÌ· ..............................................................151 ∂ÈÏÔÁ‹ ÙˆÓ Ì¤ÛˆÓ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ Î·È ÙˆÓ ‚ÔËıËÙÈÎÒÓ Ì¤ÛˆÓ ......................................151 ∂ÎÙ¤ÏÂÛË ÙÔ˘ ͢ڛÛÌ·ÙÔ˜ .................................152 ¢È·ÌfiÚʈÛË Ù˘ ÁÂÓÂÈ¿‰·˜ ..............................153

4

∂ÚÁ·Û›Â˜ ÌÂÙ¿ ÙÔ ÎÔ‡ÚÂÌ· ‹ ÙÔ Í‡ÚÈÛÌ· ..154

4.1 4.2

¶ÂÚÈÔ›ËÛË ÎÔ„ÈÌ¿ÙˆÓ ......................................154 ∫·ı·ÚÈÛÌfi˜ Î·È Û˘ÓÙ‹ÚËÛË ‹ ¤Ù·Ì· ÙˆÓ Ì¤ÛˆÓ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ ..........................................154 ¶·Ú¿ÚÙËÌ·: ∆· ˘¤Ú Î·È Ù· ηٿ ÌÈ·˜ ·Ú·‰ÔÛȷ΋˜ Ù¯ÓÈ΋˜ – ∆Ô Í‡ÚÈÛÌ· ˆ˜ ·fiÏ·˘ÛË ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ¿ÓÙÚ·..............................156

3.1.1 3.1.2 3.1.3 3.1.4 3.2 3.2.1

5

¢È‰·ÎÙÈÎfi ‰›Ô 6 ∞ÏÏ·Á‹ ÊfiÚÌ·˜ Ì·ÏÏÈÒÓ ÌÈÎÚ‹˜ ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ·˜ (Î˘Ì·ÙÈÛÌfi˜) ..........................................................157 1 2 3

πÛÙÔÚÈ΋ ·Ó·‰ÚÔÌ‹ ÙˆÓ ·ÏÏ·ÁÒÓ ÊfiÚÌ·˜ ........................................................158 ∂ÚÁ·Û›· «∏ ÔÌÔÚÊÈ¿ ̤۷ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ·ÈÒÓ˜» ...............161 ™ËÌ·ÓÙÈο ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο Ù˘ ÙÚ›¯·˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÏÏ·Á‹ ÊfiÚÌ·˜ ÌÈÎÚ‹˜ ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ·˜ .......162

3.1 3.2 3.2.1 3.2.2 3.2.3 3.2.4 3.3 3.3.1 3.3.2 3.3.3 3.3.4 3.4

¢ÔÌ‹ Ù˘ ÙÚ›¯·˜.................................................162 º˘ÛÈΤ˜ ȉÈfiÙËÙ˜...............................................162 ∂Ï·ÛÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·......................................................163 ¶Ï·ÛÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· .....................................................163 ¢È·ÛÙ·ÏÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·.................................................163 πηÓfiÙËÙ· ·ÔÚÚfiÊËÛ˘ ÓÂÚÔ‡........................163 ÕÏÏ· ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο ÙˆÓ Ì·ÏÏÈÒÓ ...................164 ¢È‡ı˘ÓÛË ·Ó¿Ù˘Í˘ ÙˆÓ Ì·ÏÏÈÒÓ ..................164 º˘ÛÈÎfi˜ Î˘Ì·ÙÈÛÌfi˜ ..........................................164 ¢‡Ó·ÌË Ù˘ ÙÚ›¯·˜ .............................................165 ªÔÚʤ˜ ‰È·ÙÔÌ‹˜ ..............................................165 π·ÙÚÈ΋ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ÙˆÓ Ì·ÏÏÈÒÓ ...........................166

4

∂ÈÏÔÁ‹ ÂÚÁ·Ï›ˆÓ Î·È ÚÔ˚fiÓÙˆÓ ÛÙ·ıÂÚÔÔ›ËÛ˘ ......................167 7

¶ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓ· 4.1 4.1.1 4.1.2 4.2 4.2.1 4.2.2 4.2.3 4.3 4.4 4.4.1 4.4.2 4.4.3 4.4.4 4.4.5 4.4.6 4.4.7 4.5

∞·ÈÙ‹ÛÂȘ Ô˘ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÏËÚÔ‡Ó Ù· ÂÚÁ·Ï›· ....................................167 ÃÙ¤Ó˜ .................................................................167 µÔ‡ÚÙÛ˜............................................................167 ÃÚ‹ÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÚÁ·Ï›ˆÓ ........................................167 ƒfiÏÂ˚ Ù˘Ï›ÁÌ·ÙÔ˜................................................167 µÔ‡ÚÙÛ˜............................................................168 ÃÙ¤Ó˜ .................................................................168 ∫·ı·ÚÈÛÌfi˜ ÙˆÓ ÂÚÁ·Ï›ˆÓ ..............................169 ¶ÚÔ˚fiÓÙ· styling .................................................170 ™Ù·ıÂÚÔÔÈËÙ‹˜ Ì·ÏÏÈÒÓ...................................170 ∞ÊÚfi˜ ÛÙ·ıÂÚÔÔ›ËÛ˘ ....................................170 ∆˙ÂÏ Ì·ÏÏÈÒÓ ......................................................170 ∫ÂÚ› Ì·ÏÏÈÒÓ ......................................................170 ∫ڤ̷ ÎÔÌ̈ÙÈ΋˜ .............................................170 ™Ú¤È Ì·ÏÏÈÒÓ ....................................................170 §·Î Ì·ÏÏÈÒÓ .......................................................171 ™˘ÛÙ·ÙÈο ÙˆÓ ÚÔ˚fiÓÙˆÓ ÙÂÏÂÈÒÌ·ÙÔ˜ ............171

5

∆¯ÓÈΤ˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÏÏ·Á‹ ÊfiÚÌ·˜ ÌÈÎÚ‹˜ ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ·˜ .........................................172

5.1 5.1.1 5.1.2 5.1.3

∆¯ÓÈΤ˜ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ Î˘Ì·ÙÈÛÌÒÓ ....................172 √ÓÙÔ˘Ï¿ÚÈÛÌ· (Í¿ÛÈÌÔ) .....................................172 ¢ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· Î˘Ì·ÙÈÛÌÒÓ Ì ÙÔ ¯¤ÚÈ ...................172 ¢ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· Î˘Ì·ÙÈÛÌÒÓ Ì ÙË ¯Ù¤Ó· ÛÙÂÁÓˆÙ‹Ú·....................................173 ∆¯ÓÈΤ˜ ÁÈ· ÙË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ‚ÔÛÙÚ‡¯ˆÓ............173 ∆‡ÏÈÁÌ· ...............................................................173 ∆‡ÏÈÁÌ· Û ÚfiÏÂ˚ ÁÈ· ÙË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· fiÁÎÔ˘ ......175 ∆¯ÓÈ΋ Ì ÙÔ ÈÛÙÔÏ¿ÎÈ .....................................176 ºÔÚÌ¿ÚÈÛÌ· ÛÙË ‚¿ÛË ÙˆÓ Ì·ÏÏÈÒÓ .................176 ºÔÚÌ¿ÚÈÛÌ· ηٿ Ì‹ÎÔ˜ ÙˆÓ Ì·ÏÏÈÒÓ Î·È ÛÙȘ ¿ÎÚ˜ ÙÔ˘˜............................................176 ¢ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· fiÁÎÔ˘ Î·È Î›ÓËÛ˘ ÛÙ· Ì·ÏÏÈ¿ Ì ÙÔ ÈÛÙÔÏ¿ÎÈ ...............................177 ºÔÚÌ¿ÚÈÛÌ· Ù˘ ÎfiÌ̈Û˘ Ì ٷ ‰¿¯Ù˘Ï· ....................................................177 ∆¯ÓÈΤ˜ ¯ÙÂÓ›ÛÌ·ÙÔ˜ .........................................178 µÔ‡ÚÙÛÈÛÌ· Î·È ¯Ù¤ÓÈÛÌ· ÙˆÓ Ì·ÏÏÈÒÓ.............178 ∫ÚÂ¿ÚÈÛÌ· ÙˆÓ Ì·ÏÏÈÒÓ Î·È ÊÔÚÌ¿ÚÈÛÌ· ......178 ÃÙÂÓ›ÛÌ·Ù· Ì ÏÂÍ›‰Â˜ Î·È ¯ÙÂÓ›ÛÌ·Ù· Ì ÎfiÙÛÔ˘˜......................................179 ∂ȉÈΤ˜ Ù¯ÓÈΤ˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔ ÙÂÏ›ˆÌ·.......................179

5.2 5.2.1 5.2.2 5.3 5.3.1 5.3.2 5.3.3 5.3.4 5.4 5.4.1 5.4.2 5.4.3 5.4.4

6 7

∆ÂÏÈΤ˜ ÂÚÁ·Û›Â˜ .........................................180 ¶·Ú¿ÚÙËÌ·: ¢ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· „ËÏÒÓ ¯ÙÂÓÈÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ ................181

7.1

∂ÙÔÈÌ·Û›· ÂÓfi˜ ÎÏ·ÛÈÎÔ‡ „ËÏÔ‡ ¯ÙÂÓ›ÛÌ·ÙÔ˜ – µ‹Ì·-‚‹Ì·..................................181 ∂ÙÔÈÌ·Û›· ÂÓfi˜ ÌÔÓÙ¤ÚÓÔ˘ „ËÏÔ‡ ¯ÙÂÓ›ÛÌ·ÙÔ˜ – µ‹Ì·-‚‹Ì·..................................182

7.2

4.1 ∆¯ÓÔÏÔÁÈΤ˜ ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜ Ù˘ ÂÚÌ·Ó¿ÓÙ ........190 4.1.1 ¶ÂÚÈÔ›ËÛË ÚÈÓ ·fi ÙËÓ ÂÚÌ·Ó¿ÓÙ ................190 4.1.2 ¢È·ÛÙÔÏ‹ Î·È Ì·Ï¿ÎˆÌ· Ù˘ ÎÂÚ·Ù›Ó˘ ÙˆÓ Ì·ÏÏÈÒÓ........................................................191 4.1.3 ∞ÏÏ·Á‹ ÊfiÚÌ·˜ Ù˘ ÎÂÚ·Ù›Ó˘ .........................191 4.1.4 ™Ù·ıÂÚÔÔ›ËÛË Ù˘ ·ÏÏ·Á‹˜ ÊfiÚÌ·˜ (ºÈÍ¿ÚÈÛÌ·)...........................................191 4.1.5 ¶ÂÚÈÔ›ËÛË ÌÂÙ¿ ÙËÓ ÂÚÌ·Ó¿ÓÙ.......................191 4.1.6 ∞ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· Ù˘ ·ÏÏ·Á‹˜ ÊfiÚÌ·˜....................192 4.2 ™˘ÛÙ·ÙÈο ...........................................................192 4.2.1 ™˘ÛÙ·ÙÈο ÙˆÓ ˘ÁÚÒÓ ÂÚÌ·Ó¿ÓÙ......................192 4.2.2 ™˘ÛÙ·ÙÈο ÙˆÓ Ì¤ÛˆÓ ÊÈÍ·Ú›ÛÌ·ÙÔ˜ (ÛÙ·ıÂÚÔÔ›ËÛ˘) ..............................................192 4.3 ∂›‰Ë ÂÚÌ·Ó¿ÓÙ ..................................................193 4.3.1 ª¤ÙÚÈ· ·ÏηÏÈΤ˜ ÂÚÌ·Ó¿ÓÙ ............................193 4.3.2 ¶ÂÚÌ·Ó¿ÓÙ Ì ÙËÓ Â›‰Ú·ÛË ıÂÚÌfiÙËÙ·˜.........193 4.3.3 ¶ÂÚÌ·Ó¿ÓÙ ‰‡Ô Ê¿ÛÂˆÓ ....................................193

5

∏ ‰È·‰Èηۛ· Ù˘ ÌfiÓÈÌ˘ ·ÏÏ·Á‹˜ ÊfiÚÌ·˜..........................................194

5.1

¶ÚÔÂÙÔÈÌ·Û›· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÎÙ¤ÏÂÛË Ù˘ ÂÚÌ·Ó¿ÓÙ....................................................194 5.2 ∂Ê·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ̤ÙÚˆÓ ˘ÁÈÂÈÓ‹˜ ...............................194 5.3 §Ô‡ÛÈÌÔ ..............................................................194 5.4 ¶ÚÔÂÚÁ·Û›·........................................................194 5.5 ¶ÂÚÌ·Ó¿ÓÙ ÚÈÓ ‹ ÌÂÙ¿ ÙË ÎÔ‹ ÙˆÓ Ì·ÏÏÈÒÓ ..195 5.6 ∆‡ÏÈÁÌ· ÙˆÓ Ì·ÏÏÈÒÓ .........................................195 5.6.1 ∂›‰Ë ÌÈÎÔ˘Ù› ......................................................195 5.6.2 ∆ÔÔı¤ÙËÛË ÙˆÓ ÌÈÎÔ˘Ù›..................................195 5.6.3 ¢È¿Ù·ÍË ÙˆÓ ÌÈÎÔ˘Ù› .........................................197 5.7 ∂Ê·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ÙÔ˘ ÚÔ˚fiÓÙÔ˜ ÂÚÌ·Ó¿ÓÙ...............199 5.8 ÃÚfiÓÔ˜ Â›‰Ú·Û˘ .............................................199 5.9 ºÈÍ¿ÚÈÛÌ· ...........................................................199 5.10 ¶ÂÚÈÔ›ËÛË ÌÂÙ¿ ÙËÓ ÂÚÌ·Ó¿ÓÙ.......................201 5.11 ªÂÙ¿ ÙËÓ ÂÚÈÔ›ËÛË .........................................201 5.12 ∆È̤˜ ÂÚÌ·Ó¿ÓÙ ................................................201

6

™Ê¿ÏÌ·Ù· ηٿ ÙËÓ ÂÚÌ·Ó¿ÓÙ Î·È ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ˜ ‰ÈfiÚıˆÛ‹˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ..............201

6.1 6.2

™Ê¿ÏÌ·Ù· ηٿ ÙËÓ ÂÚÌ·Ó¿ÓÙ .........................201 ¢˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ˜ ‰ÈfiÚıˆÛ˘ ·ÔÙ˘¯ËÌ¤ÓˆÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÂÚÌ·Ó¿ÓÙ ...............................204

¢È‰·ÎÙÈÎfi ‰›Ô 8 ªË ÔÍÂȉˆÙÈ΋ ‚·Ê‹ Ì·ÏÏÈÒÓ – ¢ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÙfiÓÔ˘ ..................................................205 1

¶ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· ÂÚÈÔ›ËÛ˘ ÁÈ· ·ÏÏ·Á¤˜ ÙÔ˘ ¯ÚÒÌ·ÙÔ˜ ÙˆÓ Ì·ÏÏÈÒÓ ........................206

1.1

¢ÈÂÚ‡ÓËÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÈı˘ÌÈÒÓ Ù˘ ÂÏ¿ÙÈÛÛ·˜ ..................................................206 ∂ͤٷÛË Ù˘ ηٿÛÙ·Û˘ ÙˆÓ Ì·ÏÏÈÒÓ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ‰¤ÚÌ·ÙÔ˜ ...............................................206 ™˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈ΋ ÂÚÈÔ›ËÛ˘..............................207 ™‡ÛÙ·ÛË ÚÔ˚fiÓÙˆÓ ÂÚÈÔ›ËÛ˘ Î·È ÛÙ¿ÈÏÈÓÁÎ .......................................................207

¢È‰·ÎÙÈÎfi ‰›Ô 7 ªfiÓÈÌË ·ÏÏ·Á‹ Ù˘ ÊfiÚÌ·˜ ÙˆÓ Ì·ÏÏÈÒÓ (¶ÂÚÌ·Ó¿ÓÙ) ...........................................................183

1.2

1

¶ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· ÂÚÈÔ›ËÛ˘ ÁÈ· ÂÚÌ·Ó¿ÓÙ .............................................184

2

1.1 1.2

¢ÈÂÚ‡ÓËÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÈı˘ÌÈÒÓ Ù˘ ÂÏ¿ÙÈÛÛ·˜ .....184 ∂ÎÙ›ÌËÛË Ù˘ ηٿÛÙ·Û˘ ÙˆÓ Ì·ÏÏÈÒÓ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ‰¤ÚÌ·ÙÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ÎÂÊ·ÏÈÔ‡........................184 ™˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈ΋ ÂÚÈÔ›ËÛ˘..............................185 ™‡ÛÙ·ÛË ÚÔ˚fiÓÙˆÓ ÂÚÈÔ›ËÛ˘ Î·È ÛÙ¿ÈÏÈÓÁÎ .......................................................185

µ·ÛÈΤ˜ ·Ú¯¤˜ Ù˘ ıˆڛ·˜ ÙÔ˘ ¯ÚÒÌ·ÙÔ˜ ..............................................208

2.1 2.2 2.3

¢È¿Ù·ÍË ÙˆÓ ¯ÚˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ......................................208 ŒÁ¯ÚˆÌË fiÚ·ÛË ................................................209 ¶ÚÔÛıÂÙÈ΋ Î·È ·Ê·ÈÚÂÙÈ΋ ·Ó¿ÌÂÈÍË ¯ÚˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ ...........................................209

3

∂›‰Ú·ÛË ÙˆÓ ¯ÚˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ Î·È ¯ÚˆÌ·ÙÈ΋ ‰È·ÌfiÚʈÛË..............................210 ∫ÔÓÙÚ¿ÛÙ ¯ÚˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ ..........................................210 ∞ÚÌÔÓ›· ¯ÚˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ ............................................210 ∫›ÓËÙÚ· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÏÏ·Á‹ ¯ÚÒÌ·ÙÔ˜ ...................212 ∂ͤٷÛË ÙÔ˘ ¯ÚˆÌ·ÙÈÎÔ‡ Ù‡Ô˘ .......................212

1.3 1.4

1.3 1.4

2

∏ ÈÛÙÔÚ›· Ù˘ ÂÚÌ·Ó¿ÓÙ............................186

2.1 2.2 2.3

ª¤ıÔ‰ÔÈ ·ÏÏ·Á‹˜ Ù˘ ÊfiÚÌ·˜ ÙˆÓ Ì·ÏÏÈÒÓ Û ·ÏÈfiÙÂÚ˜ ÂÔ¯¤˜ ..................186 ªfiÓÈÌÔ˜ Î˘Ì·ÙÈÛÌfi˜ ..........................................186 æ˘¯Ú‹ ÂÚÌ·Ó¿ÓÙ ..............................................187

3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4

3

÷ڷÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο ÙˆÓ Ì·ÏÏÈÒÓ .....................188

4

º˘ÛÈÎfi ¯ÚÒÌ· Ì·ÏÏÈÒÓ ...............................213

3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4

πÛÙÔÏÔÁ›· Ù˘ ÙÚ›¯·˜..........................................188 ∆ÚȯÔÂȉ‹˜ ˘Ê‹ Î·È ∞ÔÚÚÔÊËÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· ...........189 ¢‡Ó·ÌË Î·È ÌÔÚÊ‹ ‰È·ÙÔÌ‹˜ .............................189 ¢ÔÌ‹ ÙˆÓ Ì·ÏÏÈÒÓ..............................................190

4.1 4.2 4.3

¢ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÙÔ˘ ¯ÚÒÌ·ÙÔ˜ ÙˆÓ Ì·ÏÏÈÒÓ...........213 ∞ÓÙ·Ó¿ÎÏ·ÛË Î·È ‰È¿ıÏ·ÛË ÙÔ˘ ʈÙfi˜ ............214 ¢È¿Ù·ÍË ÙˆÓ ¯ÚˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÙˆÓ Ì·ÏÏÈÒÓ ................214

5

∏ ıˆڛ· Ù˘ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ ÙfiÓÔ˘ ..............216

4

∏ ıˆڛ· Ù˘ ÂÚÌ·Ó¿ÓÙ............................190

5.1

ÀÏÈο ÁÈ· ÙË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÙfiÓÔ˘..........................216

8

¶ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓ· 5.2

ªË¯·ÓÈÛÌfi˜ ÚÔÛÎfiÏÏËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ˘ÏÈÎÒÓ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ ÙfiÓÔ˘ .........................217

6

∏ ‰È·‰Èηۛ· Ù˘ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ ÙfiÓÔ˘.........218

6.1 6.1.1 6.1.2 6.1.3 6.2

™˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈ΋ Î·È ‰È¿ÁÓˆÛË ............................218 ¶ÚÔÂÙÔÈÌ·Û›· .....................................................218 ∂ÎÙ¤ÏÂÛË.............................................................218 ∆¯ÓÈΤ˜ ..............................................................219 ∆‹ÚËÛË ÙˆÓ Î·ÓfiÓˆÓ ÚÔÛÙ·Û›·˜ Ù˘ ˘Á›·˜ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙÔ˜....................219

7

¢ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÙfiÓÔ˘ ÌÂ Ê˘ÙÈΤ˜ ‚·Ê¤˜ Ì·ÏÏÈÒÓ ............................................220

7.1 7.2 7.3 7.3.1

∏ ÈÛÙÔÚ›· ÙˆÓ Ê˘ÙÈÎÒÓ ‚·ÊÒÓ ..........................220 º˘ÙÈΤ˜ ‚·Ê¤˜ Ì·ÏÏÈÒÓ .....................................221 º˘ÙÈΤ˜ ‚·Ê¤˜ ÁÈ· ÙË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÙfiÓÔ˘ ..........221 πηÓfiÙËÙ· Î¿Ï˘„˘ Ù˘ Ê˘ÙÈ΋˜ ‚·Ê‹˜ Î·È ‰È·Ù‹ÚËÛË ÙÔ˘ ÙfiÓÔ˘ ...................................222 7.3.2 ¶ÚÔÂÙÔÈÌ·Û›· .....................................................223

2.1 ∆· Ó‡¯È· ..............................................................245 2.1.1 §ÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· ..........................................................245 2.1.2 ¢ÔÌ‹ Î·È ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ............................................245

3

∞Ó·ÁÓÒÚÈÛË ·ÏÏÔÈÒÛÂˆÓ ÛÙ· Ó‡¯È· Î·È ÂÚÈÁÚ·Ê‹ ÙˆÓ ·ÈÙ›ˆÓ...........................247

3.1 3.2

∞ӈ̷ϛ˜ ÙˆÓ Ó˘¯ÈÒÓ .......................................247 µÏ¿‚˜ ÙˆÓ Ó˘¯ÈÒÓ.............................................247

4

∂ÚÁ·Ï›· Î·È ˘ÏÈο ......................................248

4.1 4.2

∂ÚÁ·Ï›·.............................................................248 ÀÏÈο ...................................................................249

5

∏ ‰È·‰Èηۛ· ÙÔ˘ Ì·ÓÈÎÈÔ‡Ú........................250

5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5

¶ÂÚÈÔ›ËÛË ÙˆÓ Ó˘¯ÈÒÓ......................................250 ¶ÂÚÈÔ›ËÛË ÙˆÓ ¯ÂÚÈÒÓ......................................252 µ¿„ÈÌÔ ÙˆÓ Ó˘¯ÈÒÓ.............................................254 ™¯Â‰È·ÛÌfi˜ Ó˘¯ÈÒÓ.............................................256 ∂ÚÁ·Û›· Ë̤ڷ˜: ™¯¤‰ÈÔ Ì·ÓÈÎÈÔ‡Ú ..................257

6

™˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¤˜ Î·È ÂȉÈΤ˜ ¤ÓÓÔȘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÚÈÔ›ËÛË ÙˆÓ Ó˘¯ÈÒÓ..................259

¢È‰·ÎÙÈÎfi ‰›Ô 9 µ·Ê‹ Î·È Í¿ÓÔÈÁÌ· ÙˆÓ Ì·ÏÏÈÒÓ...........................225

6.1

∞ÁÁÏÈÎÔ› fiÚÔÈ ÁÈ· ÙÔ Ì·ÓÈÎÈÔ‡Ú..........................259

7

∆‹ÚËÛË ÙˆÓ Î·ÓfiÓˆÓ ˘ÁÈÂÈÓ‹˜...................260

1

¶ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· ÂÚÈÔ›ËÛ˘ ÁÈ· ‚·Ê‹ Î·È Í¿ÓÔÈÁÌ· ................................226

7.1 7.2

ÀÁÈÂÈÓ‹ ηٿ ÙË ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ· ÙÔ˘ Ì·ÓÈÎÈÔ‡Ú............260 ÀÁÈÂÈÓ‹ ÌÂÙ¿ ÙÔ Ì·ÓÈÎÈÔ‡Ú..................................260

1.1 1.2

¢ÈÂÚ‡ÓËÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÈı˘ÌÈÒÓ Ù˘ ÂÏ¿ÙÈÛÛ·˜ .....226 ∂ÎÙ›ÌËÛË Ù˘ ηٿÛÙ·Û˘ ÙˆÓ Ì·ÏÏÈÒÓ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ‰¤ÚÌ·ÙÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ÎÂÊ·ÏÈÔ‡........................226 ™˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈ΋ ÂÚÈÔ›ËÛ˘..............................226 ¶ÚfiÙ·ÛË ÚÔ˚fiÓÙˆÓ ÂÚÈÔ›ËÛ˘ Î·È ÛÙ¿ÈÏÈÓÁÎ .................................226

1.3 1.4

2 3

∏ ÈÛÙÔÚ›· Ù˘ ‚·Ê‹˜...................................227 ÷ڷÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο Ù˘ ÙÚ›¯·˜.........................227

3.1 3.2 3.3

∞ÔÚÚÔÊËÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· Î·È ‰È·ÛÙÔÏ‹ ......................227 ¢ÔÌ‹ Î·È ‰‡Ó·ÌË Ù˘ ÙÚ›¯·˜ .............................228 µÏ¿‚˜ ηٿ ÙË ‚·Ê‹ ........................................228

4

•¿ÓÔÈÁÌ· ......................................................229

4.1 4.1.1 4.1.2 4.2 4.2.1 4.2.2

∏ ıˆڛ· ÙÔ˘ Í·ÓÔ›ÁÌ·ÙÔ˜ ................................229 ÀÏÈο Í·ÓÔ›ÁÌ·ÙÔ˜ .............................................229 ∆¯ÓÔÏÔÁÈΤ˜ ‰ÈÂÚÁ·Û›Â˜ Í·ÓÔ›ÁÌ·ÙÔ˜ .............230 ∏ ‰È·‰Èηۛ· ÙÔ˘ Í·ÓÔ›ÁÌ·ÙÔ˜ ..........................231 ∆¯ÓÈΤ˜ Í·ÓÔ›ÁÌ·ÙÔ˜ ........................................231 ∂ÎÙ¤ÏÂÛË ÙÔ˘ Í·ÓÔ›ÁÌ·ÙÔ˜................................232

5

µ·Ê‹ ............................................................233

5.1 5.1.1 5.1.2 5.1.3 5.2 5.2.1

∏ ıˆڛ· Ù˘ ‚·Ê‹˜ ..........................................233 ÀÏÈο ‚·Ê‹˜ .......................................................233 √‰ËÁ›· ÁÈ· ÙȘ ‚·Ê¤˜ ÔÍ›‰ˆÛ˘ ......................234 ∆¯ÓÔÏÔÁÈΤ˜ ‰ÈÂÚÁ·Û›Â˜ ηٿ ÙË ‚·Ê‹ ...........234 ∏ ‰È·‰Èηۛ· Ù˘ ‚·Ê‹˜ ....................................235 ¶·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜ Ô˘ ÂȉÚÔ‡Ó ÛÙË ‚·Ê‹ ÙˆÓ Ì·ÏÏÈÒÓ.......................................235 5.2.3 ∆¯ÓÈΤ˜ ‚·Ê‹˜ ..................................................237

6

ÕÏϘ ‚·Ê¤˜ ÔÍ›‰ˆÛ˘.............................239

6.1 6.2

ŒÓÙÔÓÔ˜ ÙfiÓÔ˜ (∫ÔÏÔÚ·ÛÈfiÓ)............................239 √˘Û›Â˜ Ô˘ Â·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔ˘Ó ÙÔ Ê˘ÛÈÎfi ¯ÚÒÌ·....239

7

∞ÔÊ˘Á‹ Î·È ‰ÈfiÚıˆÛË ÛÊ·ÏÌ¿ÙˆÓ Î·Ù¿ ÙËÓ ÂÚÁ·Û›· ........................................240

7.1 7.2 7.3

¶ÚÔÛÙ·Û›· Ù˘ ˘Á›·˜ .......................................240 ¶ÚÔÛÙ·Û›· ÙÔ˘ ‰¤ÚÌ·ÙÔ˜..................................240 ¢È·Ì·ÚÙ˘Ú›Â˜ ÂÏ·ÙÒÓ Î·È Ë ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛ‹ ÙÔ˘˜ ..........................................240 ∞Èٛ˜ ÙˆÓ Ï·Óı·ÛÌ¤ÓˆÓ ¯ÚˆÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ ..................................................241 ¢ÈfiÚıˆÛË Ù˘ ‚·Ê‹˜.........................................241

7.4 7.5

¢È‰·ÎÙÈÎfi ‰›Ô 11 ª·ÎÈÁÈ¿˙ (ª¤˚Î-·)................................................261 1

™¯Â‰›·ÛË Î·È ÚÔÂÙÔÈÌ·Û›· ÂÓfi˜ Ì·ÎÈÁÈ¿˙...............................................263

1.1

1.1.5 1.1.6

¢ÈÂÍ·ÁˆÁ‹ Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈÎÒÓ Û˘˙ËÙ‹ÛÂˆÓ ÁÈ· ÙÔ Ì·ÎÈÁÈ¿˙....................................................263 ¢ÈÂÚ‡ÓËÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÈı˘ÌÈÒÓ Ù˘ ÂÏ¿ÙÈÛÛ·˜ ..................................................263 ∞Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ÙÔ˘ Ù‡Ô˘ Ù˘ ÂÏ¿ÙÈÛÛ·˜ Î·È ÙˆÓ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ ÙÔ˘ ÚÔÛÒÔ˘ .........263 ∫·Ù·ÁÚ·Ê‹ Ù˘ ‰È·‰Èηۛ·˜ ÂÚÈÔ›ËÛ˘........264 ¶ÚfiÙ·ÛË ÂȉÈ΋˜ ÂÚÈÔ›ËÛ˘ ·fi ÚÈÓ ÙÔ Ì·ÎÈÁÈ¿˙ ..........................................265 ¶ÚfiÙ·ÛË Ì·ÎÈÁÈ¿˙ ..............................................265 ∂ÙÔÈÌ·Û›· ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÂÚÈÔ›ËÛ˘............265

2

¢È·‰Èηۛ· Ì·ÎÈÁÈ¿˙ ....................................266

2.1 2.2 2.2.1 2.2.2 2.3 2.3.1 2.3.2 2.4

ª¤ÙÚ· ˘ÁÈÂÈÓ‹˜...................................................266 ¶ÚÔÂÙÔÈÌ·Û›· ÙÔ˘ ‰¤ÚÌ·ÙÔ˜ .............................266 ∞Ï‹ ÚÔÂÙÔÈÌ·Û›· ............................................266 ∂ȉÈ΋ ÚÔÂÙÔÈÌ·Û›· ÙÔ˘ ÚÔÛÒÔ˘.................269 ¢È¿ÊÔÚ· ›‰Ë Ì·ÎÈÁÈ¿˙ .......................................273 ª·ÎÈÁÈ¿˙ Ë̤ڷ˜ ................................................273 °ÈÔÚÙÈÓfi Ì·ÎÈÁÈ¿˙................................................274 µÔËıËÙÈο ̤۷ Î·È ÂÚÁ·Ï›· ÁÈ· ÙÔ Ì·ÎÈÁÈ¿˙....................................................274 ™ÊÔ˘ÁÁ·Ú¿ÎÈ· ....................................................274 ¶ÈӤϷ Î·È ÛÊÔ˘ÁÁ·Ú¿ÎÈ· ÁÈ· ÙȘ ÛÎȤ˜ ............274 µÔ˘ÚÙÛ¿ÎÈ· ÁÈ· Ù· ÊÚ‡‰È· Î·È ÙȘ ‚ÏÂÊ·Ú›‰Â˜ ...................................................275 µÔËıËÙÈο ̤۷ .................................................275 ¶ÚÔ˚fiÓÙ· Ì·ÎÈÁÈ¿˙ ..............................................275 ¶ÚÔ˚fiÓÙ· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Î¿Ï˘„Ë ‹ ÙË ‰ÈfiÚıˆÛË ·ÙÂÏÂÈÒÓ Î·È È‰È·ÈÙÂÚÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ..............................276 ¶ÚÔ˚fiÓÙ· ÁÈ· ÙË ‚¿ÛË ÙÔ˘ Ì·ÎÈÁÈ¿˙ ..................276 ¶Ô‡‰Ú˜ - ¶ÚÔ˚fiÓÙ· ÛÙ·ıÂÚÔÔ›ËÛ˘ Ù˘ ‚¿Û˘ ..............................278 ¶ÚÔ˚fiÓÙ· ‰È·ÌfiÚʈÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ Û¯‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ÚÔÛÒÔ˘ Î·È ÚÔ˘˙ ...................278 ¶ÚÔ˚fiÓÙ· ÁÈ· ÙÔ Ì·ÎÈÁÈ¿˙ ÙˆÓ Ì·ÙÈÒÓ ...............279 ¶ÚÔ˚fiÓÙ· ÁÈ· ÙÔ Ì·ÎÈÁÈ¿˙ ÙˆÓ ¯ÂÈÏÈÒÓ ...............280 ∆¯ÓÈΤ˜ Ì·ÎÈÁÈ¿˙ ...............................................280 ∆¯ÓÈΤ˜ Ì·ÎÈÁÈ¿˙ ÁÈ· ÙÔ ¿ψ̷ Ù˘ ‚¿Û˘ Î·È ÙË ‰ÈfiÚıˆÛË ·ÙÂÏÂÈÒÓ......................280 ∆¯ÓÈΤ˜ Ì·ÎÈÁÈ¿˙ ÁÈ· ÙË ÛÙ·ıÂÚÔÔ›ËÛË Ù˘ ‚¿Û˘ Î·È ÙÔ Ô˘‰Ú¿ÚÈÛÌ· ........................284 ∆¯ÓÈΤ˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔ Ì·ÎÈÁÈ¿˙ ÙˆÓ Ì·ÙÈÒÓ .................285 ∆¯ÓÈΤ˜ Ì·ÎÈÁÈ¿˙ ÁÈ· ÙË ‰È·ÌfiÚʈÛË ÙÔ˘ ÛÙfiÌ·ÙÔ˜ Î·È ÙˆÓ ¯ÂÈÏÈÒÓ ...........................289 ™˘Óı‹Î˜ ʈÙÈÛÌÔ‡ ...........................................290

1.1.1 1.1.2 1.1.3 1.1.4

2.4.1 2.4.2 2.4.3 2.4.4 2.5 2.5.1 2.5.2 2.5.3 2.5.4

∞Û΋ÛÂȘ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÌÔ‡˜ ÌÂÈÁÌ¿ÙˆÓ ....................................................242

2.5.5 2.5.6 2.6 2.6.1

¢È‰·ÎÙÈÎfi ‰›Ô 10 ¶ÂÚÈÔ›ËÛË ¯ÂÚÈÒÓ Î·È Ó˘¯ÈÒÓ .............................243

2.6.2

8

1 2

¶Ï¿ÓÔ ‰È¿ÁÓˆÛ˘ ÁÈ· ÙÔ Ì·ÓÈÎÈÔ‡Ú............244 ∆Ô ¯¤ÚÈ - °ÂÓÈΤ˜ ÁÓÒÛÂȘ ÁÈ· ÙË ‰ÔÌ‹ ÙˆÓ ¯ÂÚÈÒÓ ..............................245

2.6.3 2.6.4 2.7

9

¶ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓ·

3

∂ÚÁ·Û›Â˜ ÌÂÙ¿ ÙÔ Ì·ÎÈÁÈ¿˙ Î·È ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË ÙÔ˘ ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·ÙÔ˜ ................291

3.1 3.2

ŒÏÂÁ¯Ô˜ ÙˆÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÙÔ˘ Ì·ÎÈÁÈ¿˙ .....291 ∫·ı·ÚÈÛÌfi˜ Î·È ÂÚÈÔ›ËÛË ‹ ¤Ù·ÁÌ· ÙˆÓ Ì¤ÛˆÓ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ ..........................................292

¢È‰·ÎÙÈÎfi ‰›Ô 12 ∂ȯÂÈÚËÛȷΤ˜ ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜..................................293 1

™¯Â‰›·ÛË Î·È ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛË ÂȯÂÈÚËÛÈ·ÎÒÓ ‰È·‰ÈηÛÈÒÓ .................................................294

1.1 1.2 1.2.1 1.2.2 1.2.3 1.2.4 1.3 1.3.1 1.3.2 1.3.3 1.4 1.4.1 1.4.2 1.4.3

∂ȯÂÈÚËÛȷ΋ ÌÔÚÊ‹ ÙÔ˘ ÎÔÌ̈ÙËÚ›Ô˘...........294 ∂ȯÂÈÚËÛȷΤ˜ ·ÔÊ¿ÛÂȘ................................295 ¶ÚԉȷÁڷʤ˜ ÔÈfiÙËÙ·˜..................................297 ¢È·¯Â›ÚÈÛË ¯ÚfiÓÔ˘ .............................................298 √Ì·‰È΋ ÂÚÁ·Û›·................................................298 ∞Ó·ÙÚÔÊÔ‰fiÙËÛË (Feedback) ...........................298 ∂͈ÙÂÚÈ΋ ÂÈÎfiÓ· ÙÔ˘ ÎÔÌ̈ÙËÚ›Ô˘ .................299 ∂ˆÓ˘Ì›· ............................................................299 §ÔÁfiÙ˘Ô............................................................299 πÛÙÔÛÂÏ›‰· ..........................................................300 ∂ÈÏÔÁ‹ ÔÚÁ·ÓˆÙÈÎÒÓ Ì¤ÛˆÓ ............................300 ∏ÌÂÚÔÏfiÁÈÔ ........................................................300 ∫·Ú٤Ϙ ÂÏ·ÙÒÓ .............................................301 ∏ÏÂÎÙÚÔÓÈ΋ ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛË ÙˆÓ ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÙˆÓ ÂÏ·ÙÒÓ .......................................................301 °Î¿Ì· ÚÔ˚fiÓÙˆÓ ...............................................302 ¶ÂÚÈÁÚ·Ê‹ Áο̷˜ ÚÔ˚fiÓÙˆÓ ..........................302 ¢È·ÌfiÚʈÛË Áο̷˜ ÚÔ˚fiÓÙˆÓ .......................303 ºÚÔÓÙ›‰· Áο̷˜ ÚÔ˚fiÓÙˆÓ .............................304 ¶ÚÔÌ‹ıÂȘ.........................................................304 ¶ÔÛfiÙËÙ· Î·È Î·Ù¿ÏÏËÏÔ˜ ¯ÚfiÓÔ˜ ·Ú·ÁÁÂÏ›·˜.......................................................304 ™˘Ìʈӛ· ·ÁÔÚ·ˆÏËÛ›·˜ ................................304 ¢È·¯Â›ÚÈÛË ·ÔıÂÌ¿ÙˆÓ .....................................306 ∞ÔÁÚ·Ê‹...........................................................306 ∂›‰Ë ·ÔÁÚ·Ê‹˜ ................................................306 ª¤ıÔ‰ÔÈ ·ÔÁÚ·Ê‹˜..........................................306

1.5 1.5.1 1.5.2 1.5.3 1.6 1.6.1 1.6.2 1.6.3 1.7 1.7.1 1.7.2

2

∂ÚÁ·Ï›· Ì¿ÚÎÂÙÈÓÁÎ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·fiÎÙËÛË Î·È ÙË ‰È·Ù‹ÚËÛË ÂÏ·Ù›·˜ .......................308

2.1 2.1.1 2.1.2 2.1.3 2.1.4 2.2 2.2.1 2.2.2

∂ÚÁ·Ï›· Ì¿ÚÎÂÙÈÓÁÎ .........................................308 ¶ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ÚÔ˚fiÓÙÔ˜ ............................................308 ¶·ÚÔ˘Û›·ÛË ÚÔ˚fiÓÙˆÓ .....................................309 ¶ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ÙÈÌÒÓ ....................................................313 ∂ÈÎÔÈÓˆÓȷ΋ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ......................................316 ¢È·Ù‹ÚËÛË ÂÏ·Ù›·˜.........................................317 ∞ÓÙÈÚÚ‹ÛÂȘ ÂÏ·ÙÒÓ .........................................318 ¢È·Ì·ÚÙ˘Ú›Â˜......................................................320

3

∞ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË ÂȯÂÈÚËÛÈ·ÎÒÓ ‰È·‰ÈηÛÈÒÓ .................................................322

¢È‰·ÎÙÈÎfi ‰›Ô 13 ¶·ÚÔ¯‹ Û‡ÓıÂÙˆÓ ˘ËÚÂÛÈÒÓ ..............................323 1

∫Ô˘ÏÙÔ‡Ú· ...................................................324

1.1 1.2 1.2.1 1.2.2 1.2.3 1.2.4 1.2.5 1.3

∏ ¤ÓÓÔÈ· Ù˘ ÎÔ˘ÏÙÔ‡Ú·˜ ..................................324 √È ÎÔ˘ÏÙÔ‡Ú˜....................................................324 ∞Û›·.....................................................................324 ∞Ó·ÙÔÏ‹ ..............................................................325 ∞ÊÚÈ΋ ................................................................326 ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋ ...............................................................326 ∂˘ÚÒË...............................................................327 ÀÔÎÔ˘ÏÙÔ‡Ú˜ ..................................................327

2

ªfi‰· ............................................................328

2.1 2.2 2.3

∏ Ìfi‰· Î·È ÙÔ Ó‡̷ Ù˘ ÂÔ¯‹˜ ....................328 ªfi‰· Î·È Ù¿ÛÂȘ .................................................329 ∏ Ìfi‰· Û ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈΤ˜ ÂÔ¯¤˜.......................329

3

•Â¯ˆÚÈÛÙ¤˜ ÂÚÈÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ ÛÙË Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓË ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· ..............................330

3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4

∏ Â›ÛËÌË ÚfiÛÎÏËÛË .......................................331 ∂›ÛËÌË ˘Ô‰Ô¯‹...............................................331 µÚ·‰ÈÓ¤˜ ÂΉËÏÒÛÂȘ ........................................331 ŒÍÔ‰Ô˜ ÛÙËÓ fiÂÚ· ‹ ÛÙÔ ı¤·ÙÚÔ ...................332

10

3.5 3.6 3.7 3.7.1 3.7.2 3.7.3

∆Ô ¿ÚÙ˘.............................................................332 ∫·ÚÓ·‚¿ÏÈ...........................................................333 ¶ÚÔÛˆÈΤ˜ ÂÔÚÙ¤˜ ...........................................333 °¿ÌÔ˜..................................................................333 µ¿ÙÈÛË, ¯Ú›ÛÌ·/ÚÒÙË ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·, ÁÂÓ¤ıÏÈ· .....333 ∫ˉ›·.................................................................333

4

•Â¯ˆÚÈÛÙ¤˜ ÂÚÈÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ – ÛÙ¿‰È· ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜..........................................334

4.1 4.1.1 4.1.2 4.1.3 4.1.4

∆ÔÌ›˜ ۯ‰ȷÛÌÔ‡ ............................................334 ∞ÊÔÚÌ‹ Î·È ı¤Ì·................................................334 ∞Ó¿ÌÓËÛË Î·È ‰È¿ÁÓˆÛË.....................................335 ™¯Â‰›·ÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÈ̤ÚÔ˘˜ ÛÙ·‰›ˆÓ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ ....335 ¢ÈÂÍ·ÁˆÁ‹ ÙˆÓ ÂÈ̤ÚÔ˘˜ ÛÙ·‰›ˆÓ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ ..............................................335 4.1.5 ∞ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË.........................................................335 4.2 °ÂÁÔÓfi˜ 1: ºˆÙÔÁÚ¿ÊËÛË ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ˘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÔÛÙÔÏ‹ ÙˆÓ ÊˆÙÔÁÚ·ÊÈÒÓ Û ‰È¿ÊÔÚ· Ú·ÎÙÔÚ›· ÌÔÓ٤ψÓ....................339 4.3 °ÂÁÔÓfi˜ 2: ∂›ÛËÌÔ˜ ¯ÔÚfi˜.............................343 4.4 °ÂÁÔÓfi˜ 3: ¶ÚfiÎÏËÛË ÛÙ· ÂÁη›ÓÈ· Ì›·˜ ÓÙÈÛÎÔ٤Π....................................................347 4.5 °ÂÁÔÓfi˜ 4: ∆Ô˘ÚÈÛÙÈ΋ ¤ÎıÂÛË ..........................351

µ·ÛÈΤ˜ ÁÓÒÛÂȘ Ê˘ÛÈÎÒÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÒÓ Î·È Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ....................................................355 1

µ·ÛÈΤ˜ ÁÓÒÛÂȘ ¯ËÌ›·˜ ...........................356

1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14

ªÂ›ÁÌ·Ù· ............................................................356 ∞ÏηÏÈΤ˜ Ô˘Û›Â˜ ...............................................356 √ͤ·....................................................................357 ∏ ‰È·‰Èηۛ· Ù˘ ÔÍ›‰ˆÛ˘ .............................357 ∏ ‰È·‰Èηۛ· Ù˘ ·Ó·ÁˆÁ‹˜ ..............................357 ∆ÈÌ‹ PH ...............................................................358 ¢È·‰Èηۛ˜ ÂÍÔ˘‰ÂÙ¤ÚˆÛ˘ .............................358 ƒ˘ıÌÈÛÙÈΤ˜ Ô˘Û›Â˜ ............................................359 ∫·ÙÈÔÓÈΤ˜ Î·È ·ÓÈÔÓÈΤ˜ ‰Ú·ÛÙÈΤ˜ Ô˘Û›Â˜ ......359 ∞ÏÎÔfiϘ ............................................................360 §È·Ú¤˜ Ô˘Û›Â˜...................................................360 ∆·ÛÈÂÓÂÚÁ¤˜ Ô˘Û›Â˜ Û ÚÔ˚fiÓÙ· ÎÔÌ̈ÙÈ΋˜.........................................361 ¶ÔÏ˘ÌÂÚ‹ Û ÚÔ˚fiÓÙ· ÎÔÌ̈ÙÈ΋˜..................361 °·Ï·ÎÙÒÌ·Ù·......................................................362

2

µ·ÛÈΤ˜ ÁÓÒÛÂȘ Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ..................363

2.1 2.2 2.2.1 2.2.2 2.3 2.3.1 2.3.2 2.3.3 2.3.4 2.4 2.4.1

µ·ÛÈΤ˜ Ú¿ÍÂȘ.................................................363 ∏ ̤ıÔ‰Ô˜ ÙˆÓ ÙÚÈÒÓ.........................................365 ∞Ï‹ ̤ıÔ‰Ô˜ ÙˆÓ ÙÚÈÒÓ ...................................365 ™‡ÓıÂÙË Ì¤ıÔ‰Ô˜ ÙˆÓ ÙÚÈÒÓ..............................366 ÀÔÏÔÁÈÛÌfi˜ ÔÛÔÛÙÔ‡.....................................367 ÀÔÏÔÁÈÛÌfi˜ Ù˘ ÔÛÔÛÙÈ·›·˜ ÙÈÌ‹˜ ................367 ÀÔÏÔÁÈÛÌfi˜ ÔÛÔÛÙÔ‡.....................................368 ÀÔÏÔÁÈÛÌfi˜ Ù˘ ‚·ÛÈ΋˜ ÙÈÌ‹˜........................369 ∞˘ÍË̤ÓË Î·È ªÂȈ̤ÓË µ·ÛÈ΋ ÙÈÌ‹ ................370 ÀÔÏÔÁÈÛÌfi˜ Ù˘ ηٷÓÔÌ‹˜ ˘ÏÈÎÒÓ ................371 ÀÔÏÔÁÈÛÌfi˜ Ù˘ ηٷÓÔÌ‹˜ ˘ÏÈÎÒÓ, fiÙ·Ó Â›Ó·È ÁÓˆÛÙ‹ Ë ·Ó·ÏÔÁ›· ÙÔ˘ Ì›ÁÌ·ÙÔ˜.....................................................371 ÀÔÏÔÁÈÛÌfi˜ Ù˘ ηٷÓÔÌ‹˜ ˘ÏÈÎÒÓ, fiÙ·Ó Â›Ó·È ÁÓˆÛÙ¤˜ ÔÈ ÔÛfiÙËÙ˜ ÙˆÓ ˘ÏÈÎÒÓ ..........................................................372 ÀÔÏÔÁÈÛÌfi˜ ÌÂÈÁÌ¿ÙˆÓ ....................................373 ÀÔÏÔÁÈÛÌfi˜ ÌÂÈÁÌ¿ÙˆÓ π (∏2O2 Î·È ¡ÂÚfi) ......373 ÀÔÏÔÁÈÛÌfi˜ ÌÂÈÁÌ¿ÙˆÓ ππ (∏2O2 Î·È ∏2O2)......375 ÀÔÏÔÁÈÛÌfi˜ ÌÂÈÁÌ¿ÙˆÓ Ì ¯È·ÛÙfi Û¯‹Ì· (ÛÙ·˘Úfi˜ ÙÔ˘ ∞Á›Ô˘ ∞Ó‰Ú¤·) ............................377 ÀÔÏÔÁÈÛÌÔ› ÎfiÛÙÔ˘˜ ........................................379 ÀÔÏÔÁÈÛÌfi˜ ÙÔ˘ ÎfiÛÙÔ˘˜ ÚÔ˚fiÓÙˆÓ ..............379 ÀÔÏÔÁÈÛÌfi˜ ÙÔ˘ ÎfiÛÙÔ˘˜ ·Ú¯fiÌÂÓ˘ ˘ËÚÂÛ›·˜ Ì ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË ÚÔ˚fiÓÙˆÓ...................381 ÀÔÏÔÁÈÛÌfi˜ ÙÔ˘ ÎfiÛÙÔ˘˜ ·Ú¯fiÌÂÓ˘ ˘ËÚÂÛ›·˜ ¯ˆÚ›˜ ¯Ú‹ÛË ÚÔ˚fiÓÙˆÓ ..................382 ∞ÓÙ›ÛÙÚÔÊÔ˜ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÌfi˜ ÙÔ˘ ÎfiÛÙÔ˘˜ ..........383 ™·˙ÔÎÂÊ·ÏȤ˜ ÁÈ· ¤Í˘Ó˜ ÎÔÌÌÒÙÚȘ ..........385

2.4.2 2.5 2.5.1 2.5.2 2.5.3 2.6 2.6.1 2.6.2 2.6.3 2.6.4 2.7

ºˆÙÔÁڷʛ˜ .........................................................386 ∂˘ÚÂÙ‹ÚÈÔ fiÚˆÓ ....................................................387