6-Ε079 Αρχες Ηλεκτρολογιας & Ηλεκτρονικης - ΠΕΡΙΕΧΟΜΕΝΑ

¶ÚfiÏÔÁÔ˜ ∆Ô ·ÚfiÓ ¤ÚÁÔ ·ÔÙÂÏ› Ù·˘Ùfi¯ÚÔÓ· ‰È‰·ÎÙÈÎfi ‚È‚Ï›Ô Î·È ÂÁ¯ÂÈÚ›‰ÈÔ, ÙfiÛÔ ÁÈ· Û¯ÔÏÈ΋ ¯Ú‹ÛË, fiÛÔ Î·È ÁÈ· Â·ÁÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÂÈÌfiÚʈÛË Â¿Óˆ ÛÙȘ ‚·ÛÈΤ˜ ·Ú¯¤˜, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÛÙȘ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁÈΤ˜ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ¤˜ Ù˘ ∏ÏÂÎÙÚÔÏÔÁ›·˜ Î·È Ù˘ ∏ÏÂÎÙÚÔÓÈ΋˜. ∂›Ó·È ۯ‰ȷṲ̂ÓÔ Î·Ù¿ Ù¤ÙÔÈÔ ÙÚfiÔ ÒÛÙ ӷ ·Ú¤¯ÂÈ ÙË ıÂÌÂÏÈÒ‰Ë ÁÓÒÛË Ô˘ ··ÈÙÂ›Ù·È ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Â›Ï˘ÛË ÙˆÓ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÙÔ˘ ÎÏ¿‰Ô˘. ™Ùfi¯Ô˜ ÙˆÓ Û˘ÁÁڷʤˆÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÂÈÌÂÏËÙÒÓ Â›Ó·È Ó· ÂÈÙ¢¯ı› Ë ÂÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ Î·È ÛÔ˘‰·ÛÙÒÓ ÛÙȘ ‚·ÛÈΤ˜ ·Ú¯¤˜ Ù˘ ∏ÏÂÎÙÚÔÏÔÁ›·˜ Î·È Ù˘ ∏ÏÂÎÙÚÔÓÈ΋˜, ¤ÙÛÈ ÒÛÙ ӷ Â›Ó·È Û ı¤ÛË Ó· Û˘Ó‰¤Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ Ú·ÎÙÈ΋ Ì ÙË ıˆÚËÙÈ΋ ÁÓÒÛË Î·È Ì ٷ Ê˘ÛÈο ÌÂÁ¤ıË. ∆Ô ÂÚ›ÁÚ·ÌÌ· Î·È Ë ÂÈÏÔÁ‹ ÙˆÓ ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓˆÓ ÎÂÊ·Ï·›ˆÓ Â›Ó·È ÚÔÛ·Ó·ÙÔÏÈṲ̂ӷ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ·Ó·Ï˘ÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ÛÎÔÔ‡˜ ÙÔ˘ ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜ ÛÔ˘‰ÒÓ Ù˘ ∞' Ù¿Í˘ ÙÔ˘ ∂¶∞§. ∏ ‡ÏË ÙÔ˘ ‚È‚Ï›Ô˘ Â›Ó·È ‰È·Ù˘ˆÌ¤ÓË Û ·Ï‹ Î·È Î·Ù·ÓÔËÙ‹ ÁÏÒÛÛ·, ¯ˆÚ›˜ ··ÈÙ‹ÛÂȘ ÁÈ· ȉȷ›ÙÂÚ˜ Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ ÁÓÒÛÂȘ Î·È ÂÌÏÔ˘ÙÈṲ̂ÓË Ì ·Ú·ÛÙ·ÙÈο Û¯¤‰È· Î·È ÂÈÎÔÓÔÁÚ¿ÊËÛË ÁÈ· fiÏ· Ù· ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓ· Ô˘ Ú·ÁÌ·Ù‡ÂÙ·È, ÒÛÙ ӷ Â›Ó·È fiÛÔ ÙÔ ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÓ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ Â‡ÏËÙË Î·È Î·Ù·ÓÔËÙ‹ Î·È Ó· ÈηÓÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È ÛÙÔ Ì¤ÁÈÛÙÔ ‰˘Ó·Ùfi ‚·ıÌfi Ô ÛÎÔfi˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô ÚÔÔÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ÙÔ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ ‚È‚Ï›Ô. √È Ù¯ÓÈΤ˜ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ¤˜, ηıÒ˜ Î·È Ù· ·Ú·‰Â›ÁÌ·Ù· Ô˘ Û˘ÓÔ‰Â‡Ô˘Ó Ù· ÂÚÈÁÚ·ÊfiÌÂÓ· ı¤Ì·Ù·, Û˘ÓÙÂÏÔ‡Ó Û ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ ‚·ıÌfi ÛÙËÓ Â›Ù¢ÍË ÙÔ˘ ÚÔ·Ó·ÊÂÚı¤ÓÙÔ˜ ÛÎÔÔ‡. √È ·Û΋ÛÂȘ Î·È Ù· ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· Ô˘ ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ıÔ‡Ó ÛÙÔ Ù¤ÏÔ˜ οı ÎÂÊ·Ï·›Ô˘ ˘Ô‚ÔËıÔ‡Ó ÛÙËÓ Î·Ï‡ÙÂÚË Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛË Ù˘ ıˆڛ·˜ Î·È ÙˆÓ Ù¯ÓÈÎÒÓ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁÒÓ, Ì ÛÙfi¯Ô ÙËÓ Ï‹ÚË ÂÌ¤‰ˆÛË Ù˘ ·Ú¯fiÌÂÓ˘ ÁÓÒÛ˘. ™Â fiÏË ÙËÓ ¤ÎÙ·ÛË ÙÔ˘ ¤ÚÁÔ˘ Á›ÓÂÙ·È ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙˆÓ ÌÔÓ¿‰ˆÓ ̤ÙÚËÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ ¢ÈÂıÓÔ‡˜ ™˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ (SI), ηıÒ˜ Î·È ÙˆÓ ‰ÈÂıÓÒ˜ ηıÈÂÚˆÌ¤ÓˆÓ Û˘Ì‚ÔÏÈÛÌÒÓ, Ù˘ÔÏÔÁ›ˆÓ Î·È ÈӿΈÓ. √ ‰È‰¿ÛÎˆÓ ·Ó¿ÏÔÁ· Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÎÔÔ‡˜ ÙÔ˘ Ì·ı‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ¤¯ÂÈ ÙË ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· Ó· ÂÈϤÍÂÈ ‹ Ó· ·Ú·Ï›„ÂÈ ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔȯ˜ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ¤˜. √È Û˘ÁÁÚ·Ê›˜ Î·È ÔÈ ÂÈÌÂÏËÙ¤˜ ¢¯·ÚÈÛÙÔ‡Ó fiÏÔ˘˜ fiÛÔÈ Û˘Ó¤‚·Ï·Ó Ì ÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ¿ ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙËÓ ÔÏÔÎÏ‹ÚˆÛË ÙÔ˘ ‚È‚Ï›Ô˘ Î·È Â›Ó·È ‰ÂÎÙÈÎÔ› Û οı ˘fi‰ÂÈÍË ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÚ·ÈÙ¤Úˆ ‚ÂÏÙ›ˆÛ‹ ÙÔ˘.

√È ÂÈÌÂÏËÙ¤˜

¶ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓ· ¢π¢∞∫∆π∫√ ¶∂¢π√ 1: ∞ƒÃ∂™ ∏§∂∫∆ƒ√§√°π∞™ 1 ∏ÏÂÎÙÚÈÎfi ÊÔÚÙ›Ô ..........................11 1.1 ∏ÏÂÎÙÚÈο ÊÔÚÙ›· – ¢ÔÌÈÎÔ› Ï›ıÔÈ Ù˘ ‡Ï˘ .......................13 1.2 ∞fi‰ÂÈÍË Ù˘ ‡·Ú͢ ËÏÂÎÙÚÈÎÒÓ ÊÔÚÙ›ˆÓ .............14 2 ∏ÏÂÎÙÚÈÎfi ‰›Ô ............................15 2.1 ¶·Ú¿ÛÙ·ÛË Ì¤Ûˆ ‰˘Ó·ÌÈÎÒÓ ÁÚ·ÌÌÒÓ ‰›Ô˘....................15 2.1.1 2.1.2

¢Ú¿ÛË ·Î›‰ˆÓ.............................16 £ˆÚ¿ÎÈÛË ËÏÂÎÙÚÈÎÒÓ ‰›ˆÓ ...17

2.2

∆¯ÓÈΤ˜ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ¤˜ .............17

2.2.1

∞ÓÙÈÎÂÚ·˘ÓÈ΋ ÚÔÛÙ·Û›· ÎÙËÚ›ˆÓ (·ÏÂÍÈΤڷ˘Ó·) .............17 √ÌÔ·ÍÔÓÈο ηÏ҉ȷ..................18 ∏ÏÂÎÙÚÔÛÙ·ÙÈ΋ ‚·Ê‹................18 ∏ÏÂÎÙÚÔÛÙ·ÙÈ΋ Û˘ÏÏÔÁ‹ ÛÎfiÓ˘ (ËÏÂÎÙÚÔÛÙ·ÙÈ΋ ·ÔÎÔÓ›ˆÛË) ...............................18

2.2.2 2.2.3 2.2.4

3 ∏ÏÂÎÙÚÈ΋ Ù¿ÛË..............................20 3.1 ¢ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· Ù¿Û˘.................20 3.2 ¶ËÁ¤˜ Ù¿Û˘ .........................21 4 ∏ÏÂÎÙÚÈÎfi Ú‡̷ ...........................22 4.1 ∏ÏÂÎÙÚÈÎfi ·Îψ̷ ..............23 4.2 ŒÓÙ·ÛË Ú‡̷ÙÔ˜.................24 4.3 ∞ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· ËÏÂÎÙÚÈÎÔ‡ Ú‡̷ÙÔ˜ ...........24 4.3.1 4.3.2

£ÂÚÌÈο Î·È ÊˆÙÂÈÓ¿ ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· ............................24 ª·ÁÓËÙÈο ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù·..........25

4.4

ª¤ÙÚËÛË Ù¿Û˘ Î·È ¤ÓÙ·Û˘ Ú‡̷ÙÔ˜ ................25 5 ¶˘ÎÓˆÙ‹˜ Ì ·Ú¿ÏÏËϘ ϿΘ............................................27 6 º·ÈÓfiÌÂÓ· ËÏÂÎÙÚÈ΋˜ ·ÁˆÁÈÌfiÙËÙ·˜.................................31 6.1 ∞ÁˆÁÈÌfiÙËÙ· Ú‡̷ÙÔ˜ ÛÙ· ÛÙÂÚ¿ ˘ÏÈο .........................31 6.1.1 6.1.2

ªÂÙ·ÏÏÈÎÔ› ·ÁˆÁÔ› .....................32 ªÔÓˆÙ¤˜ .....................................32

6.2

∞ÁˆÁÈÌfiÙËÙ· Ú‡̷ÙÔ˜ ÛÙ· ˘ÁÚ¿.......................................33

6.2.1 6.2.2

∏ÏÂÎÙÚÔχÙ˜ .............................33 ∏ÏÂÎÙÚfiÏ˘ÛË ..............................34

6.3

∞ÁˆÁÈÌfiÙËÙ· Ú‡̷ÙÔ˜ ÛÙ· ·¤ÚÈ·......................................34

6.3.1 6.3.2 6.3.3 6.3.4

∂ÎΤӈÛË Ì ÛÈÓı‹Ú· ..............34 º˘ÛÈÎÔ› ÎÂÚ·˘ÓÔ›........................35 ∏ÏÂÎÙÚÈÎfi ÙfiÍÔ...........................35 §·ÌÙ‹Ú˜ ÊıÔÚÈÛÌÔ‡...............36

7 ∏ÏÂÎÙÚÈ΋ ·ÓÙ›ÛÙ·ÛË.....................37 7.1 ¡fiÌÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘ Ohm ..................37 7.2 ∞ÓÙ›ÛÙ·ÛË ·ÁˆÁÔ‡ ................39 7.3 £ÂÚÌÔÎÚ·Ûȷ΋ ÂÍ¿ÚÙËÛË ·ÓÙ›ÛÙ·Û˘ ............................42 7.4 ∆¯ÓÈΤ˜ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ¤˜ .............43 7.4.1 7.4.2

7.4.3

∏ÏÂÎÙÚÈΤ˜ ·ÓÙÈÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ .............43 ª¤ÙÚËÛË ıÂÚÌÔÎÚ·Û›·˜ Ì ÌÂÙÚËÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ·ÈÛıËÙ‹Ú˜ ·ÓÙ›ÛÙ·Û˘..................................45 ∂ÈÌË΢ÓÛÈfiÌÂÙÚ· ......................46

8 ™˘Ó‰ÂÛÌÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ ËÏÂÎÙÚÈÎÒÓ ·ÓÙÈÛÙ¿ÛˆÓ...................................48 8.1 ™˘Ó‰ÂÛÌÔÏÔÁ›· ÛÂÈÚ¿˜ .........48 8.2 ∆¯ÓÈΤ˜ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ¤˜ .............50 8.2.1 8.2.2

8.3 8.4 8.4.1 8.4.2

∂Ï¿ÙÙˆÛË Ù¿Û˘ Ì ·ÓÙ›ÛÙ·ÛË ÙÒÛ˘ Ù¿Û˘ ............................50 ∂¤ÎÙ·ÛË Îϛ̷η˜ ̤ÙÚËÛ˘ ‚ÔÏÙfiÌÂÙÚˆÓ ..............................51

¶·Ú¿ÏÏËÏË Û˘Ó‰ÂÛÌÔÏÔÁ›· ·ÓÙÈÛÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ ..........................53 ∆¯ÓÈΤ˜ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ¤˜ .............55 ™‡Ó‰ÂÛË ËÏÂÎÙÚÈÎÒÓ Û˘Û΢ÒÓ ÛÙÔ ‰›ÎÙ˘Ô...................................55 ∂¤ÎÙ·ÛË Îϛ̷η˜ ̤ÙÚËÛ˘ ·ÌÂÚfiÌÂÙÚˆÓ............................55

8.5

ªÂÈÎÙ¤˜ Û˘Ó‰ÂÛÌÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ ·ÓÙÈÛÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ ..........................57

8.5.1

∂ÂÎٷ̤ÓË Û˘Ó‰ÂÛÌÔÏÔÁ›· ÛÂÈÚ¿˜ .........................................57 ∂ÂÎٷ̤ÓË ·Ú¿ÏÏËÏË Û˘Ó‰ÂÛÌÔÏÔÁ›· ...........................58

8.5.2

¶ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓ· 8.5.3

¢ÈÎÙ˘ÒÌ·Ù· ·ÓÙÈÛÙ¿ÛˆÓ...........58

8.6

∫‡Îψ̷ Á¤Ê˘Ú·˜ Wheatstone............................59 9 ∏ÏÂÎÙÚÈÎfi ¤ÚÁÔ Î·È ËÏÂÎÙÚÈ΋ ÈÛ¯‡˜ .............................................62 9.1 ∏ÏÂÎÙÚÈÎfi ¤ÚÁÔ .....................62 9.2 ∏ÏÂÎÙÚÈ΋ ÈÛ¯‡˜ ....................64 9.3 µ·ıÌfi˜ ·fi‰ÔÛ˘ ................65 10 ∆ÚÔÊÔ‰ÔÛ›· Ú‡̷ÙÔ˜ Î·È ËÏÂÎÙÚÈΤ˜ ÂÁηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ ............68 10.1 ¢›ÎÙ˘Ô ÁÚ·ÌÌÒÓ ....................68 10.2 ∏ÏÂÎÙÚÈ΋ Û‡Ó‰ÂÛË...............70 10.2.1 ∫·Ï҉ȷ (ÁÚ·Ì̤˜ Ú‡̷ÙÔ˜) ...70 10.2.2 ºˆÙÈÛÙÈο Î·È Ï·ÌÙ‹Ú˜ ÔÚÔÊ‹˜ .......................................70 10.2.3 ƒÂ˘Ì·ÙÔÏ‹Ù˜ (ÊȘ)..................71 10.2.4 ¢È·ÎfiÙ˜ ...................................72

10.3

∞ÛÊ¿ÏÂȘ ÚÔÛÙ·Û›·˜ ........72

10.3.1 ∆ËÎfiÌÂÓ˜ ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂȘ ................72 10.3.2 ∞˘ÙfiÌ·Ù˜ ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂȘ ................73

11 ∫›Ó‰˘ÓÔÈ ·fi ÙÔ ËÏÂÎÙÚÈÎfi Ú‡̷ .............................................74 11.1 ∂ȉڿÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘ ËÏÂÎÙÚÈÎÔ‡ Ú‡̷ÙÔ˜ ÛÙÔ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓÔ ÛÒÌ·......................................74 11.1.1 º˘ÛÈÔÏÔÁÈΤ˜ (‹ ‚ÈÔÏÔÁÈΤ˜) ÂȉڿÛÂȘ ..................................74 11.1.2 ∂Áη‡Ì·Ù· ..................................75 11.1.3 ¢È¤Ï¢ÛË Ú‡̷ÙÔ˜ ̤۷ ·fi ÙÔ ÛÒÌ· ÙÔ˘ ·ÓıÚÒÔ˘ .............75

11.2 11.3

∆‡ÔÈ ÛÊ·ÏÌ¿ÙˆÓ Î·È Â›‰Ë Â·Ê‹˜ ..................................77 ª¤ÙÚ· ÚÔÛÙ·Û›·˜ ...............78

11.3.1 ª¤ÙÚ· ÚÔÛÙ·Û›·˜ ¤Ó·ÓÙÈ ¿ÌÂÛ˘ Â·Ê‹˜ ..........................78 11.3.2 ª¤ÙÚ· ÚÔÛÙ·Û›·˜ ¤Ó·ÓÙÈ ¤ÌÌÂÛ˘ Â·Ê‹˜ ........................78 11.3.3 ª¤ÙÚ· ÚÔÛÙ·Û›·˜ Ì ·ÁˆÁfi ÚÔÛÙ·Û›·˜ Î·È ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂȘ ........79 11.3.4 ¢È·ÊÔÚÈÎfi˜ ‰È·ÎfiÙ˘ Ú‡̷ÙÔ˜ (·ÓÙÈËÏÂÎÙÚÔÏËÍÈ·Îfi˜ ‹ ‰È·ÎfiÙ˘ FI) ..............................79 11.3.5 ¶ÚÔʇϷÍË Î·Ù¿ ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË ËÏÂÎÙÚÈÎÒÓ Û˘Û΢ÒÓ ................80

7

¢π¢∞∫∆π∫√ ¶∂¢π√ 2: ∏§∂∫∆ƒ√ª∞°¡∏∆π™ª√™ 12 ª·ÁÓËÙÈÛÌfi˜..................................85 12.1 ª·ÁÓËÙÈο ˘ÏÈο ...................85 12.2 π‰ÈfiÙËÙ˜ ÙˆÓ Ì·ÁÓËÙÒÓ .......87 12.3 ¶ÚԤϢÛË ÙÔ˘ Ì·ÁÓËÙÈÛÌÔ‡..........................88 13 ª·ÁÓËÙÈÎfi ‰›Ô............................91 13.1 ¶·Ú¿ÛÙ·ÛË Ì¤Ûˆ Ì·ÁÓËÙÈÎÒÓ ‰˘Ó·ÌÈÎÒÓ ÁÚ·ÌÌÒÓ..............91 13.2 ÷ڷÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο Ì·ÁÓËÙÈÎÔ‡ ‰›Ô˘....................................92 13.3 ª·ÁÓËÙÈÎfi ‰›Ô °Ë˜ ............93 14 ∏ÏÂÎÙÚÔÌ·ÁÓËÙÈÛÌfi˜.....................95 14.1 ª·ÁÓËÙÈÎfi ‰›Ô ·ÁˆÁÔ‡ .....95 14.2 ∞ÁÒÁÈÌÔÈ ‚Úfi¯ÔÈ Î·È ËÓ›· ...97 14.2.1 ∂Ó›Û¯˘ÛË Ì ¤Ó·Ó ˘Ú‹Ó· Ì·Ï·ÎÔ‡ Ûȉ‹ÚÔ˘ .......................98

14.3

ª·ÁÓËÙÈο ÌÂÁ¤ıË ................99

14.3.1 ŒÓÙ·ÛË Ì·ÁÓËÙÈÎÔ‡ ‰›Ô˘ ∏....99 14.3.2 ¶˘ÎÓfiÙËÙ· Ì·ÁÓËÙÈ΋˜ ÚÔ‹˜ µ..100 14.3.3 ¶˘ÎÓfiÙËÙ· Ì·ÁÓËÙÈ΋˜ ÚÔ‹˜ ËÓ›ˆÓ ¯ˆÚ›˜ ÛȉËÚÔ˘Ú‹Ó· ...100 14.3.4 ¶˘ÎÓfiÙËÙ· Ì·ÁÓËÙÈ΋˜ ÚÔ‹˜ ËÓ›ˆÓ Ì ÛȉËÚÔ˘Ú‹Ó·.........101

14.4

∂Ê·ÚÌÔÁ¤˜ ËÏÂÎÙÚÔÌ·ÁÓËÙÈÛÌÔ‡ ..........102

14.4.1 ª·ÁÓ‹Ù˘ ·Ó‡„ˆÛ˘ ...............102 14.4.2 ¢È·ÎfiÙ˘ ÚÔÛÙ·Û›·˜ ............102 14.4.3 ∏ÏÂÎÙÚÔÓfiÌÔÈ Î·È ·˘ÙfiÌ·ÙÔÈ ‰È·ÎfiÙ˜..................................103 14.4.4 ¢È·ÎfiÙ˘ Ûʇڷ˜ (Ûʇڷ Wanger) ....................................104 14.4.5 ªÂÁ¿ÊˆÓ· ................................104 14.4.6 ∫ÂÊ·Ï‹ ÂÁÁÚ·Ê‹˜-·Ó¿ÁÓˆÛ˘105 14.4.7 ∆Ú¤Ó· Ì·ÁÓËÙÈ΋˜ ·ÈÒÚËÛ˘ ...105

15 ¢˘Ó¿ÌÂȘ ·ÛÎÔ‡ÌÂÓ˜ ̤۷ Û ̷ÁÓËÙÈÎfi ‰›Ô...........................107 15.1 ∞ÁˆÁfi˜ ̤۷ Û ̷ÁÓËÙÈÎfi ‰›Ô ....................................107 15.2 ¢‡Ó·ÌË Lorentz ...................109 15.3 ∞ÁÒÁÈÌÔ˜ ‚Úfi¯Ô˜ ÂÓÙfi˜ Ì·ÁÓËÙÈÎÔ‡ ‰›Ô˘ ..............110 15.3.1 ∫ÈÓËÙ‹Ú·˜ Û˘Ó¯ԇ˜ Ú‡̷ÙÔ˜ ..................................111

∞Ú¯¤˜ ∏ÏÂÎÙÚÔÏÔÁ›·˜ Î·È ∏ÏÂÎÙÚÔÓÈ΋˜

8

15.4

ªË¯·ÓÈÛÌfi˜ ÔÚÁ¿ÓÔ˘ ̤ÙÚËÛ˘ ÎÈÓËÙÔ‡ ËÓ›Ô˘ ...112 15.5 ªË¯·ÓÈÛÌfi˜ ÔÚÁ¿ÓÔ˘ ̤ÙÚËÛ˘ ÎÈÓËÙÔ‡ Ûȉ‹ÚÔ˘.113 15.6 º·ÈÓfiÌÂÓÔ Hall ....................114 16 ª·ÁÓËÙÈ΋ Â·ÁˆÁ‹ ....................116 16.1 ∂·ÁˆÁ‹ ·fi ΛÓËÛË ·ÁˆÁÔ‡ ̤۷ Û ̷ÁÓËÙÈÎfi ‰›Ô ....................................116 16.2 ∂·ÁˆÁ‹ ·fi ÌÂÙ·‚ÔÏ‹ Ì·ÁÓËÙÈ΋˜ ÚÔ‹˜ .................118 16.3 ¢ÈÓÔÚ‡̷ٷ........................120 16.4 ∞˘ÙÂ·ÁˆÁ‹ ........................121 16.5 ∆¯ÓÈο ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· ·˘ÙÂ·ÁˆÁ‹˜ ......................123 17 ∆¯ÓÈΤ˜ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ¤˜ Â·ÁˆÁ‹˜..125 17.1 °ÂÓÓ‹ÙÚȘ Î·È Â›‰Ë ÚÂ˘Ì¿ÙˆÓ.............................125 17.1.1 °ÂÓÓ‹ÙÚÈ· ÂÓ·ÏÏ·ÛÛfiÌÂÓÔ˘ Ú‡̷ÙÔ˜ ..................................125 17.1.2 ÷ڷÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο ÌÂÁ¤ıË ÂÓ·ÏÏ·ÛÛfiÌÂÓÔ˘ Ú‡̷ÙÔ˜ .....128 17.1.3 °ÂÓÓ‹ÙÚÈ· ÙÚÈÊ·ÛÈÎÔ‡ Ú‡̷ÙÔ˜ ..................................128 17.1.4 °ÂÓÓ‹ÙÚÈ· Û˘Ó¯ԇ˜ Ú‡̷ÙÔ˜ ..................................130

17.2

ªÂÙ·Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈÛÙ‹˜ ...............132

17.2.1 ¢ÔÌ‹ Î·È ÙÚfiÔ˜ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜..132

17.3

∆¯ÓÈΤ˜ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ¤˜ ÌÂÙ·Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈÛÙÒÓ ................134

17.3.1 ªÂÙ·ÊÔÚ¿ Ú‡̷ÙÔ˜ ...............134 17.3.2 ÷ÌËÏ‹ Ù¿ÛË ÚÔÛÙ·Û›·˜........135 17.3.3 ¶·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹ ˘„ËÏ‹˜ Ù¿Û˘ Û ËÏÂÎÙÚÔÓÈΤ˜ Û˘Û΢¤˜ ...........137

18 ∏ÏÂÎÙÚÔÎÈÓËÙ‹Ú˜ .......................138 18.1 ∫ÈÓËÙ‹Ú˜ Û˘Ó¯ԇ˜ Ú‡̷ÙÔ˜ .............................138 18.2 ∆ÚÈÊ·ÛÈÎÔ› ÎÈÓËÙ‹Ú˜..........140 ¢π¢∞∫∆π∫√ ¶∂¢π√ 3: ∞ƒÃ∂™ ∏§∂∫∆ƒ√¡π∫∏™ 19 ∏ ¤ÓÓÔÈ· Ù˘ ËÏÂÎÙÚÔÓÈ΋˜ .........147 20 ∏ÌÈ·ÁˆÁ¿ ˘ÏÈο ...........................149 20.1 º·ÈÓfiÌÂÓ· ·ÁˆÁÈÌfiÙËÙ·˜ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ËÌÈ·ÁˆÁÔ‡˜ ..............149

20.2 ∏ÌÈ·ÁˆÁÔ› Ù‡Ô˘ ¡.............151 20.3 ∏ÌÈ·ÁˆÁÔ› Ù‡Ô˘ ƒ .............151 21 ¢›Ô‰ÔÈ ËÌÈ·ÁˆÁÒÓ........................153 21.1 ∂·Ê‹ Ù‡Ô˘ ƒ¡ ................153 21.2 ¢›Ô‰ÔÈ ËÌÈ·ÁˆÁÒÓ ...............154 21.3 ¢›Ô‰ÔÈ ËÌÈ·ÁˆÁÒÓ ˆ˜ ·ÓÔÚıˆÙ¤˜...........................156 21.3.1 ∫‡Îψ̷ ËÌÈ·ÓfiÚıˆÛ˘..........156 21.3.2 ∫‡Îψ̷ Ï‹ÚÔ˘˜ ·ÓfiÚıˆÛ˘ Ì Á¤Ê˘Ú· ............157

22 ºˆÙÔËÌÈ·ÁˆÁÔ›............................158 22.1 ºˆÙÔËÏÂÎÙÚÈο ÛÙÔȯ›· Î·È ËÏȷο ·ÙÙ·Ú· .............158 22.2 ºˆÙÔ‰›Ô‰ÔÈ..........................159 22.3 ¢›Ô‰ÔÈ ÊˆÙÔÂÎÔÌ‹˜ (LED) ....................................160 22.4 ºˆÙÔ·ÓÙÈÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ.................161 23 ∆Ú·Ó˙›ÛÙÔÚ...................................162 23.1 ¢ÔÌ‹ Î·È ÙÚfiÔ˜ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜..........................162 23.2 ∆Ú·Ó˙›ÛÙÔÚ ˆ˜ ÂÓÈÛ¯˘Ù‹˜ ...164 23.3 ∆Ú·Ó˙›ÛÙÔÚ ˆ˜ ‰È·ÎfiÙ˘ ..165 24 µ·ÛÈο ÏÔÁÈο ΢ÎÏÒÌ·Ù· ..........166 24.1 §ÔÁÈ΋ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· AND ......166 24.2 §ÔÁÈ΋ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· NOT ......167 24.3 §ÔÁÈ΋ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· OR.........168 24.4 ™˘Ó‰˘·ÛÌÔ› ÏÔÁÈÎÒÓ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÈÒÓ .........................168 24.5 ∏ÏÂÎÙÚÔÓÈ΋ ˘ÏÔÔ›ËÛË ÏÔÁÈÎÒÓ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÈÒÓ ...........168 25 ¢ÔÌ‹ ËÏÂÎÙÚÔÓÈÎÒÓ ÌÂÚÒÓ ÌÈ·˜ Û˘Û΢‹˜ .............................170 25.1 √ÏÔÎÏËڈ̤ÓÔ Î‡Îψ̷ ‹ IC ......................................170 25.2 ªÈÎÚÔËÏÂÎÙÚÔÓÈ΋...............171 25.3 ∆˘ˆÌ¤Ó· ΢ÎÏÒÌ·Ù·.........171 25.4 ∂ÂÍÂÚÁ·ÛÙ‹˜ ‹ ÌÈÎÚÔÂÂÍÂÚÁ·ÛÙ‹˜ ............172 ¶›Ó·Î·˜ ¶ÂÈÚ·Ì¿ÙˆÓ ..........................174 ∂˘ÚÂÙ‹ÚÈÔ ...........................................175