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Introduction, Therapeutic Applications and Nanoparticle Toxicities
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PharmaNews PARO #11
INTRODUCTION, THERAPEUTIC APPLICATIONS AND NANOPARTICLE TOXICITIES Keywords: NanopartĂcules, Drugs, Toxicology, Nanotechnology
INTRODUCTION Nanoparticles are a broad class of materials that include particulate matter, which have a dimension of at least 100 nm and have different dimensions 0D, 1D, 2D, or 3D. NPs are not simple molecules, they are composed of three layers, i.e. (a) The surface layer, which can be functionalized with a variety of small molecules, metal ions, surfactants, and polymers. (b) The shell layer, which is a chemically different material from the nucleus in all respects, and (c) The core, which is essentially the central part of the NP. Because of this and its exotic characteristics, these materials are of great interest to researchers in different multidisciplinary fields.
APPLICATIONS IN DRUGS AND MEDICINE Inorganic
particles
of
nanometric
TOXICITY OF NP
sizes
have
physicochemical properties that make them very special
and
nanodevices
important in
in
different
the
development
applications,
such
of as
physical, biological, biomedical, and pharmaceutical. NPs are well known for being able to deliver medication in optimal dose ranges, often resulting in greater therapeutic efficacy, fewer adverse drug reactions,
and
better
patient
outcomes.
The
implementation of hydrophilic NPs as drug carriers has been one of the greatest interest, the NO of polyethylene oxide (PEO) and polylactic acid (PLA) NPs have been revealed as a very promising system for intravenous drug administration.
drugs, to ensure drugs effectively join the target site, increases
the
size,
high
reactivity,
and
large
capacity,
could
become potentially lethal factors by inducing toxic and adverse harmful cellular effects, unusual in micron-sized counterparts. NPs can enter the body through ingestion or inhalation and then move to various organs and tissues, where NPs can exert reactivity and be toxic to humans and other living beings. They can also generate adverse biological results in proteins, fibrillation, and loss of enzymatic activity, as the release of toxic ions from NPs favors dissolution in a suspension medium in a biological environment. This is caused by the thermodynamic properties of NPs. Finally, these particles tend to accumulate in seawater, where they can affect the natural and organic particles present in the water,
Different polymers were used for the delivery of which
The advantages of magnetic NPs, such as their small
therapeutic
benefit
and
consequently
causing
ecotoxicity,
generating
pH
alterations, salinity, and the presence of organic materials.
minimizes side effects.
CONCLUSIONS
Most semiconductor and metallic NPs such as Gold
Although NPs are of paramount importance in the
(Au) Silver (Ag) have immense potential for cancer
development of new drugs, in providing better
diagnosis
health
absorption
and and
therapy
due
scattering
to of
their light
improved
by
to
patients,
and
in
achieving
greater
surface
treatment effectiveness, there are problems related
plasmon resonance (SPR). Antimicrobial inorganic
to their toxicity and the danger they can present to
NPs are also more potent and less toxic to biological
the environment if massive contamination of these
systems. These NPs are functionalized with several
particles occurred. Students and health professionals
groups to selectively overcome the microbial species,
must reflect, be conscious of these problems and
thus being very effective when it comes to bacterial
how to solve them in the future in the case of their
infections.
use.
Figure I: Different forms of gold NP, synthesized using different techniques.
All credits for the scientific information go to the authors of the scientific article! References: Khan, I. K. (2019). Nanoparticles: Properties, applications and toxicities. Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 908931. Link to Scientific Journal: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1878535217300990
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