Week 03 Summary
Structural Elements
Mass Materials
Strut – carry load parallel to its long axis, compression. E.g. column. Tie – carry load parallel to its long axis, tension. E.g. cables on bridge. Beam – horizontal element carrying a vertical load, top in compression, bottom in tension. Slab/plate – horizontal element, vertical load, resisting the loads in two directions. Panels – deep vertical element, vertical or horizontal loads. •Walls – carry and transfer loads. •Shear diaphragm – act as a bracing, prevent a building overturning. (Newton, 2014)
Strong in compression, weak in tension. Good producers of thermal mass and quite durable sturdy materials. E.g. Stone/Earth-mud brick/Clay-brick/Concrete. Modular: Clay brick/Mud brick/Concrete block Non-modular: Concrete/Rammed earth/Monolithic stone.
Footings and Foundation Foundation System – a substructure of the building, partly or wholly below the ground. Function: transfer all loads acting on the building structure to the ground. Consideration: rock/soil/water below the ground, live/dead loads up above the ground. Footing System – concrete that sitting on the top of the foundation. Consideration: the shape/weight/materials of the superstructure. Settlement – the gradual subsiding of a structure as the soil beneath its foundation consolidates under loading. Shallow Footings – used when the soil is stable •Pad Footings – spread a point load over a wider area. •Strip Footings – spreads loads in a linear manner from walls or a series of columns. •Raft Footings – joins the individual strips together as a single mat, providing increased stability. Deep Foundation – used when soil conditions are considered unstable, or for use on a high rise building. •End bearing piles – extend to rock or soil. •Friction piles – residence of the surrounding earth (Newton, 2014)
Masonry Materials Buildings generally made of various materials that can either be natural or manufactured; mortar is typically the bonding agent. BOND > COURSE > JOINT > MORTAR •Stone(slab/ashlar blocks/rubble stone) •Earth(mud bricks/adobe) •Clay(bricks/honeycomb blocks) •Concrete(blocks/commons) Construction: walls, column/piers, beams/lintels, arches, vaults, domes
Equilibrium A state of balance or rest resulting from the equal action of opposing forces. ∑ V=0, ∑ H=0, ∑ M=0
Moment of Force The tendency to make an object or a point rotate. Moment is the product of FORCE and DISTANCE. Units: Nm/kNm Mo = F x D = 5KN x 2m=10kNm
Summary 第 # 期:[日期]
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Clay Bricks
Concrete Blocks
Stones
Picture
Definition
A standard size masonry unit made out of clay.
Colour
Depends on manufacture 230x110x76
A standard size masonry unit made out of concrete. Could be added
3 basic types: Igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic. Depends on type
390x90x190
x
Extruded and wire-cut. Machine moulded(pressed) Handmade(convictmade) Wall Arch Paving
Cement, sand, gravel,water. Mixing, moulding, curing.
x
Wall Decorative wall
Hardness
Medium high
Medium high
Fragility
Medium
Medium
Wall Paving Cladding Aggregates Igneous>metamorphic> sedimentary Geometric dependent
Ductility
Very low
Low
Low
Flexibility
Very low
Low
Very low
Porobility
Medium low
Medium
Depends on type
Permeability
Low
Medium
Large range
Density
Medium
Medium
Varies
Conductivity (heat) Durability
Poor
Poor
Poor
High
Very high
Very high
Reusability
High
Medium
Very high
Carbon footprint Cost
Positive
Positive
High environmental cost
Effective
Effective
Depends on labours
Other
Expand over time
Shrink over time
x
Size Manufacture
Use
(Newton, 2014)
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Studio Report (Campus Lab 1) 第 # 期:[日期]
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WALK AROUND CAMPUS IN STUDIO GROUPS; IDENTIFY THE BASIC STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS, CONSTRUCTION SYSTEMS AND MATERIALS.
Lot 6 •Solid Structure •Columns and beams •Concrete columns and beams, Glass curtain walls. The function of the building is a café, the building is restricted on a certain site, the structure styled in contrast with the surrounding heritage buildings. The columns and beams construction transfer loads efficiently to the ground.
Frank Tate Pavilion •Skeletal structure •Frame system •Zinc cladding, steel columns and beams, concrete foundation, timber roof and floor Zinc avoid rust and have a self-healing property, columns and beams transfer the loads to the foundation. The joints between timbers are pin joint since they are bolted; other joints are fixed joints. 3
第 # 期:[日期] Studio Report (Campus Lab 1)
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Arts West student Centre •Skeletal structure •Frame system. •Upper part is Zinc; lower part is made form metamorphic stones, beams are timber. Triangles shape is to ensure the truss is strong to support tension and compression. The wooden beam is for decoration since the steel is thick enough to hold itself up.
New ABP Building •Hybrid structure •Steel, white precast concrete, glass, zinc decorative elements hanging outside
Old Geology South Lecture Theatre Entry •Skeletal structure •Frame system •Steel beams and columns, glass wall, concrete roof Bricks are part of the enclosure system; they are set to connect back to the existing structure.
The concrete curve on the east side of the building is a typical cantilever. New ABP Building is surrounded by several mass construction clay brick heritage buildings.
第 # 期:[日期] Studio Report (Campus Lab 1)
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Beaurepaire Centre Pool •Solid structure •Frame system •Struts – aluminum steel, glass curtain wall, bricks Struts are load bearing and transfer loads down to the concrete part; bricks are part of the enclosure systems. Oval Pavilion New structure: Skeletal structure/Frame system/Steel column, glass wall, timber column and roof Old structure: Solid structure/Column & beams/concrete & bricks
South Lawn Car Park •Surface structure •Mass construction •Reinforce concrete Trees are well-arranged on South Lawn where each independent column down the ground are acting as a strut and takes loads of trees and everything above, a concrete pad is built under the column distribute the pressure to ground. The white salt can be seen on the column due to the ground water seeping.
第 # 期:[日期] Studio Report (Campus Lab 1)
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Union House West •Suspension structure •Stairs – galvanized steel Suspension strips are acting as ties, which are tension elements. Pin joints connect ties and beams, they allow rotations because the structure may take dynamic impacts such as wind and humans activities. The joint of beams and the support are fixed joints which fix the structure at the bottom.
North Court Union House •Membrane Structure •Membrane – UV-resistance & heat-resistance, long slender columns, tension cables The structure is held by ties which are tension elements. Its surface carries loads primarily through the development of tensile stresses. Also, the joints between membrane and columns/bass and cables are pin joints in order to reduce the influence of winds.