Week 03 Summary
Structural Elements
Mass Materials
Strut – carry load parallel to its long axis, compression. E.g. column. Tie – carry load parallel to its long axis, tension. E.g. cables on bridge. Beam – horizontal element carrying a vertical load, top in compression, bottom in tension. Slab/plate – horizontal element, vertical load, resisting the loads in two directions. Panels – deep vertical element, vertical or horizontal loads. •Walls – carry and transfer loads. •Shear diaphragm – act as a bracing, prevent a building overturning. (Newton, 2014)
Strong in compression, weak in tension. Good producers of thermal mass and quite durable sturdy materials. E.g. Stone/Earth-mud brick/Clay-brick/Concrete. Modular: Clay brick/Mud brick/Concrete block Non-modular: Concrete/Rammed earth/Monolithic stone.
Footings and Foundation Foundation System – a substructure of the building, partly or wholly below the ground. Function: transfer all loads acting on the building structure to the ground. Consideration: rock/soil/water below the ground, live/dead loads up above the ground. Footing System – concrete that sitting on the top of the foundation. Consideration: the shape/weight/materials of the superstructure. Settlement – the gradual subsiding of a structure as the soil beneath its foundation consolidates under loading. Shallow Footings – used when the soil is stable •Pad Footings – spread a point load over a wider area. •Strip Footings – spreads loads in a linear manner from walls or a series of columns. •Raft Footings – joins the individual strips together as a single mat, providing increased stability. Deep Foundation – used when soil conditions are considered unstable, or for use on a high rise building. •End bearing piles – extend to rock or soil. •Friction piles – residence of the surrounding earth (Newton, 2014)
Masonry Materials Buildings generally made of various materials that can either be natural or manufactured; mortar is typically the bonding agent. BOND > COURSE > JOINT > MORTAR •Stone(slab/ashlar blocks/rubble stone) •Earth(mud bricks/adobe) •Clay(bricks/honeycomb blocks) •Concrete(blocks/commons) Construction: walls, column/piers, beams/lintels, arches, vaults, domes
Equilibrium A state of balance or rest resulting from the equal action of opposing forces. ∑ V=0, ∑ H=0, ∑ M=0
Moment of Force The tendency to make an object or a point rotate. Moment is the product of FORCE and DISTANCE. Units: Nm/kNm Mo = F x D = 5KN x 2m=10kNm