e-ISSN: 2582-5208 International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science Volume:03/Issue:03/March-2021
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EFFECT OF SALINE WATER ON CBR AND SWELLING CHARACTERISTICS OF SOIL Nazim Nisar Memon *1, Aneel Kumar*2, Zaheer Ahmed Almani*3, Qazi Moiz Ali*4, Ali Raza Lashari*5 *1,2,3,4,5Civil
Engineering Department Mehran UET, Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan.
ABSTRACT In massive demand of water usage and its availability in our daily life, in construction and in material (sample) testing. We use potable water which is expensive water in terms of its short availability in the earth. Out of 100% earth comprises of 30% sweet water and rest is saline water. This research has been carried upon to introduce saline water usage in only Geotechnical properties of soil. Water percolation in the soil influences the different geotechnical properties of soil. It modifies soil behavior and generates a geotechnical issue that increases Alkalinity and TDS value the effect of water salinity on creation properties of clay soil is addressed in this thesis. The properties (results) obtained from tests conducted on samples combine with sea water are contrasted with samples mixed with tap water. Five samples were examined with different proportion of water was mixed with each other. First sample was pure tap water 100%, second sample was proportioned with 75% of tap water and 25% of saline water, third sample was proportioned at half of both 50% of tap water and other 50% of saline water, fourth sample was proportioned with 25% of tap water and 75% of saline water and last sample fifth sample was complete saline water 100%. Different tests have been carried out to measure the Atterberg limit, Compaction Characteristics, CBR (Un-soaked and Soaked) and Swelling Potential. It was observed and found that Atterberg limits (L.L and P.L) decreases with increase in salinity of water along with this Plasticity index decreases on the addition of sea water. On the other side, Maximum Dry Density (MDD) slightly increases and Optimum Moisture Content (OMC) decreases with the increases in sea water concentration and CBR value at 5mm penetration is more as compared to 2.5mm in both un-soaked as well as soaked. Keywords: Saline Water, TDS, Liquid and Plastic Limit, MDD and OMC.
I.
INTRODUCTION
Water characteristics which are used in many activities during construction are used in many activities during construction follows rules, regulations and international standards such as concrete. But if we talk about soil, there are no specific standard rules and regulations about water characteristics (Ajalloeian,R., et al, 2013). Although soil structures such as concrete structures, water which is in contact with them do not affect and consequence of pore water characteristics could be considerable in particular conditions to the core medium of earthen dam. Speaking truly, geotechnical behavior of lot of soils is depending upon chemistry of pore fluid. However, supplying the needed water content to soil in laboratory, drinking water is usually used (Pyne, R.E., 1955). By using special type of H2O in construction the nature of properties in Geotechnical cum soils makes totally no change is incorrect in explaining, but when using non-portable water during site for mainly purpose in providing require moisture in managing of earthen dam core, the same water must be significantly in observable characteristics (Chen, F.H.,1981). Further saline water has great impact on engineering properties of clayey soil, like montmorillonite. In fine grained soil, properties of soil rely on science of pore liquid. Because of extreme siphoning of ground water, saline water interruption happens which causes momentous alterations in geotechnical properties of soil (Ghafoori, N., and Cai, Y., 1997). Coastal zones contain some of most thickly populated territories on the earth which present the best condition for productivity. These are the areas which face numerous hydrological issues because of violent winds, wave flood and drinking freshwater shortage because of effect of salt which is present in water that makes undrinkable. Saltwater interruption lessens capacity of new water in coastal aquifers and can bring about abandonment of freshwater supply dividers when concentration of dissolved particles overpasses freshwater norms (Ghafoori, N., 2000) . The level of salt water varies for various areas and hydro geologic settings. Due to interruption of ocean water in seashore area, soil gets influenced and causing aggravations in super structure development and framing soil salinization. Soil www.irjmets.com
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e-ISSN: 2582-5208 International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science Volume:03/Issue:03/March-2021
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salinization is the method in which free salts are building up to gather which prompts to debasement of soil and vegetation (López-Lara, T., and Castaňo V.M., 2001). The degree of adjustment relies on the nature of contaminant as well as type of soil just as the chemical, physical and mineralogical properties. Per capita water available in year 1951 was 5269 m3 which reduced to 1000 m3 in year 2016 and is likely to be reduce to 860 m3 by coming year i.e. 2025 (Muntohar A.S., and Hantoro, G., 2020).
Figure 1: Total proportion of water on earth From the Fig. 1 on pg.09 it can be observed that out of 100% major quantity is of saltwater of about 97.5 % about 1,365,000,000 km3 and a small portion is of freshwater i.e. 2.5% about 35,000,000 km3.
II.
LITERATURE REVIEW
1-USE OF BASRA GULF (PERSIAN GULF, AND ARABIAN GULF) CONTAINING FIVE HUNDRED AND THREE GRAMS OF SALT PER LITER OF WATER: (Alainachi, I.H. and Alobaidy, G.A. 2010): They used water of Basra Gulf (Persian Gulf, and Arabian Gulf) containing five hundred and three grams of salt per liter of water. As a result, it was observed that MDD increased and OMC decreased. In addition to that as they added water of Basra Gulf, CBR values range obtained were between 35% to 64%, from which they concluded that CBR of soil samples increased very significantly. So, we can say that this water is effective as well as economical for soil stabilization. 2- USE OF DISTILLED WATER AS WELL AS SALT SOLUTION: (Arasan, S. and YETİMOĞLU, T. 2008): This research was done by using four different types of salt solutions. Salt solutions which were used as leachate compounds were following; Ammonium Chloride (NH4Cl), Potassium Chloride (KCL), Copper Sulfate (CuSO4), and Iron Sulfate (FeSO4). By using distilled water as well as salt solutions, consistency limit tests were conducted on both CL-Class (Low) and CH-Class (High) plasticity commercial clays. It was observed that L.L (Liquid Limit) increases with increase in salt concentration for CL-Clay and L.L (Liquid Limit) decreases with increase in salt concentration for CH-Clay. While in CL-Clay, P.L (Plastic Limit) increases with increase in salt concentration but up to certain value and in CH-Clay P.L (Plastic Limit) decreases at low salt concentrations while increase at high salt concentrations.
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e-ISSN: 2582-5208 International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science Volume:03/Issue:03/March-2021
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3- USE OF SODIUM CHLORIDE INORGANIC SALT SOLUTION: (Naeini, S.A. and Jahanfar, M.A. 2011): The aim of this research work was to know the effect on NaCl (Sodium Chloride) inorganic salt solution at three concentrations of 2, 5 and 10%. Tests which were done include, direct shear and Vane shear test on three compacted clays with low, medium and high plasticity. Results showed that as we add salt solution, undrained shear resistance increases sharply upto two percent of NaCl which is due to change in chemical structure of clay. Within the salt solution range (0 to 10%) done in this research, it can be concluded that as Plasticity Index (P.I.) increases, undrained shear resistance non-linearly increases. It was also seen that if we compare direct shear box test and vane shear test, plasticity of soil increases. 4- USE OF SODIUM HYDROXIDE SALT SOLUTION: (Sivapullaiah and Manju, 2005): They worked to know the reaction of NaOH (Sodium Hydroxide) solution on soil on different properties which are having liquid limit percentage 38 means low plasticity. It was observed that as we go on increasing NaOH, liquid limit goes on increasing. The reason is that alkali while doing reaction with clay forms new swelling compounds. 5- USE OF SEA WATER ON CLAYEY SOIL: (Amar Prit Singh Arora et al, 2018) studied the effect of sea water on geotechnical properties of clayey soil. It was found that as the salinity of water goes on increasing the Atterberg Limits goes on decreasing. In addition to as the amount of saline water is increased, MDD (Maximum Dry Density) as well as shear strength parameters are increased.
III.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
BASE SOIL: Base soil which is used in this research is taken from Abdullah Sports Towers (Makhdom Jamil Zaman Rd), Qasimabad, Hyderabad. From the classification it is concluded that soil is ‘A-4’. Following photographs shows soil to be used for research.
Figure-2: Soil Taken from Abdullah Sports Tower The choice of selecting this soil is that it will help us make same samples which will give us good comparison. Some of basic geotechnical properties of bentonite are determined using standard tests and results which are shown in table 1.
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e-ISSN: 2582-5208 International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science Volume:03/Issue:03/March-2021
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Table-1: Basic Geotechnical Properties of A-4 Soil Property
Value
Liquid Limit
29
Plastic Limit
21
Plasticity Index
9
MDD (gm/cc)
1.93
OMC (%)
12.4
CBR (Un-soaked) (2.5mm & 5mm)
9.81 & 14
CBR (Soaked) (2.5mm & 5mm)
8.22 & 11.81
Testing Programme: The saline water is mixed in five percentages including natural sample i.e. 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% saline. Each of the sample is tested for moisture-density relation and California bearing ratio test. Moisture-density relationship is calculated with the help of modified proctor test according to ASTM D1556 – 12 €1. First the untreated soil is compacted on modified compacting effort then the specified proportions of saline water is mixed and the maximum dry density and optimum moisture content is obtained. California bearing ratio of A-4 soil have been done using CBR test procedure under un-soaked and soaked conditions. For each of the sample, total three samples of different compacting energy (65 blows, 30 blows and 10 blows) and all have same W.C which is known from OMC of moisture-density relationship of that particular type of sample. As all the three moulds have been made now these three moulds are placed on CBR test machine for checking. Incase of un-soaked condition, all the three moulds are placed one by one on CBR test machine instantly after the preparation, values of load and penetration are obtained. Incase of soaked condition, the three moulds made are dumped in a tub containing water for about 96 hours. After that all the samples will be placed for readings on CBR machine.
Figure-3: CBR Test Machine Recorder
IV.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Moisture Density Relationship: Moisture density relationship on each sample is calculated in order to know the effect of saline water on maximum dry density and optimum moisture content. Compaction curve for each sample is shown in figure 3. www.irjmets.com
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Compaction Curves at Various Percentages
Dry Density (gm/cc)
2
0% Saline 25% Saline
1.95
50% Saline
1.9
75% Saline
1.85
100% Saline
1.8
1.75 1.7
1.65 0
5
10
15
20
Water Content (%) Figure-4: Compaction Curves From figure 4, it is found that as percentage of saline increases, the maximum dry density slightly increases and optimum moisture content decreases.
Un-Soaked CBR at 2.5mm & 5mm
California Bearing Ratio: CBR test in un-soaked and soaked condition is concluded in figure 5 and figure 6 respectively. The addition of saline water, CBR value at 5mm penetration is higher than that of 2.5mm penetration under both un-soaked and soaked conditions.
Various % of Saline Water vs Unsoaked CBR (2.5mm & 5mm) 40
Various % of Saline Water vs Unsoaked CBR at 2.5mm
32
Various % of Saline Water vs Unsoaked CBR at 5mm
24 16 8 0 0%
25%
50%
75%
100%
Saline Water Percentages Figure 5: Saline Percentages vs Un-soaked CBR (2.5mm and 5mm)
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Soaked CBR at 2.5mm & 5mm
Various % of Saline Water vs Saoked CBR (2.5mm & 5mm) Various % of Saline Water vs Soaked CBR at 2.5mm
30
Various % of Saline Water vs Saoked CBR at 5mm
20 10 0 0%
25%
50%
75%
100%
Percentages of Saline Water Figure-6: Saline Percentages vs Soaked CBR (2.5mm and 5mm)
V.
CONCLUSION
From the research following conclusions are made: 1. Atterberg limits (Liquid Limit and Plastic Limit) decreases with increase in salinity of water. Plasticity index also decreases on the addition of sea water. 2. From Moisture Density Relationship of all the specimens, it is found that as percentage of saline increases, the maximum dry density slightly increases and optimum moisture content decreases. 3. As percentage of saline is increases, M.D.D is increased i.e. From 1.92 g/cc to 1.98 g/cc at 25% saline water and then goes on decreasing. 4. From the compaction results, the highest value achieved is 1.98 g/cc at 25% saline water. 5. From CBR test results, it is observed that, for all the specimens, CBR value at 5mm penetration is higher than that of 2.5mm penetration under both un-soaked and soaked conditions.
VI.
RECOMMENDATIONS
Following are the points recommended for future work: 1. It is recommended for future work to increase the percentage of saline water to get the optimum saline water. 2. Also, saline water should be mixed with different soils to know behaviour. 3. It is also, recommended that there is huge scope for analysing different reinforcing agents affecting the strength of A-4 soil. Also, compare them with each other to produce more authentic and optimum way of reinforcing the A-4 soil.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank Almighty Allah who blessed me to complete this research work successfully. Secondly, I would like to express sincere and heartfelt gratitude towards Prof. Dr. Aneel Kumar Professor of Civil Department and Dean FOST, Mehran UET, Jamhoro, Sindh, Pakistan and I am deeply indebted to Him for valuable and remarkable supports during conducting and preparing this research paper.
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