IDENTIFICATION OF GROUND WATER POTENTIAL ZONES IN APCRDA REGION OF GUNTUR DISTRICT USING GEOSPATIAL

e-ISSN: 2582-5208 International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science Volume:02/Issue:10/ October -2020

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IDENTIFICATION OF GROUND WATER POTENTIAL ZONES IN APCRDA REGION OF GUNTUR DISTRICT USING GEOSPATIAL TECHNIQUES N. Hari Pavan*1, A.V. Anil Reddy*2, K. Gopi Chowdary*3, P. Satya Narayana*4, Y. Gnana Sagar*5, K.S.N.V. Krishna*6 *1Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Gudlavalleru Engineering College, India. *2,3,4,5,6Student, Department of Civil Engineering, Gudlavalleru Engineering College, India.

ABSTRACT India is the largest consumer of ground water in the world and caters greater than 60% for agriculture and up to 85% for ingesting purposes. Ground water is an essential aid for contributing extensively in whole annual supply. However, over exploitation has depleted floor water availability extensively and it leads to ground water scarcity at some places. So figuring out the workable zones of ground water is extremely essential for planning and management of floor water.

The conservation and sustainable advancement of soil and water belongings is one of the vital requirements for enchantment of arid and semi-arid regions. Ground water conceivable zones can be identified with the assist of RS&GIS techniques. The present study is to identify the groundwater potential zones in APCRDA region of Guntur district.

Groundwater doable zones will be delineated using GIS equipment and various thematic maps have to be developed to reap the result. The thematic maps that are wanted for figuring out the floor water workable zones are soils, slope, drainage, geology, rainfall, and these are generated using satellite data, SOI Toposheets and GSI maps. The groundwater attainable map has to be organized the use of weighted overlay model. All the subject matters and their aspects have been assigned with weights according to their relative significance and their normalized weights had been calculated after the rating by pair sensible assessment of weighted overlay analysis. The obtained consequences have to be validated with the particular yield of the aquifer in the find out about area. Then the proposed model can be significantly used by decision maker to discover the floor water potential zones, which is a top thing for the planning and development.

Keywords: RS&GIS techniques, Ground water.

I.

INTRODUCTION

Water is an important phase of our day to day life. Human more often than not depends on the water for their survival. About seventy-one percent of earth surface is included with water. In that the oceans keep about 96.5 percent of earth’s water and 3.5 percentage holds clean water. Water also exists in the air as water vapour, rivers, lakes, icecaps, glaciers and in the floor as soil moisture and in aquifers. The majority of water on the earth surface is saline and it does no longer appropriate for ingesting &Amp; agricultural purposes.

The 3.5 proportion of glowing water is no longer enough for each consuming and agricultural purpose.

Generally, this water is reachable in the sources like surface and sub-surface. The surface water is now no longer on hand at some stage in the year due to loads much less rainfall and warmness climate. So the alternate supply is sub-surface water. According to Hindu enterprise line(paper) in the present day survey [15-dec-2019] India is great consumer of groundwater in the world for caters greater than 60 proportion for agriculture and additionally up to 85 proportion for eating purpose.

Groundwater is used intently for vary functions due to the reality it can be accessed greater cheaply and easily. So it consequences in relying of ground water. Due to excessive extraction, the amount of flooring water stage decreases day by means of way of day. There will be a serious floor water issue interior subsequent years. The extraction of water takes region at a tempo which does now no longer allow the water desk to get higher its losses. Recharge technique in inadequate assessment to fee of extraction. As a

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stop end result of this shallow aquifers are drying up and drought like stipulations is happening over the numerous elements of the us of an in the past than the pre-monsoon season.

Identification of ground water achievable zones is very necessary for most fulfilling utilization and conversation of this resource. Test drilling and Stratigraphy evaluation are the conventional and dependable strategies for deciding the location of aquifers but this method is very steeply priced and time eating process. Remote sensing and geographic information gadget technologies have emerged as an essential tool for mapping the ground water resources. Several factors such as soils (Geology), slope, drainage, density, geomorphic units, land use and land cover. Researchers have successfully used RS&Amp; GIS techniques to integrate these factors for modelling the ground water potential zones in different zones.

Delineation of ground water practicable zones through proper modelling approach is critical to handle the water shortage hassle of drought susceptible regions. The goal of this learn about is to became aware of the groundwater manageable zones of CRDA region of Guntur district via RS-GIS and Weighted Overlay Method.

RS and GIS applications in groundwater: Remote sensing and GIS plays an integral position in growing of water and land resources management.

The benefit of the usage of far flung sensing is to develop information on spatial technological knowledge which is beneficial for assessment and evaluation. Remote Sensing is the science of acquiring information about the earth surface decide being contact with it. This is executed with the useful resources of sensing, recording, inspecting and applying the information. GIS is a series of pc hardware, software applications and geographic statistics for capturing, storing, analysing, and manipulating facts for geographical information. For getting the soil, geology, rainfall, drainage density, slope data excessive decision satellite television for computer graphics are taken for mapping of groundwater zones.

National Remote Sensing Agency (NRSA) used to be first discover the far off sensing and GIS statistics for mapping of groundwater workable zones. GIS approach is used to classify the consequences of faraway sensing, assign the fabulous weights to the related maps. These maps are used to perceive the groundwater flow and recharge zones. Remote Sensing and GIS performs an imperative function in delineation of groundwater attainable zones. From the satellite records we can become aware of the water keeping potential for one-of-a-kind geomorphological and structural units. From the land use, slope and rainfall records we can become aware of the groundwater first class of the learn about area. Remote Sensing and GIS approach has proved that it is time saving procedure and low fee for obtaining slope, drainage density, geology, (Sharma, 2016).

II.

LITERATURE REVIEW

Many researchers have come out with the tactics of special methods for generating the groundwater potential zone maps by identifying remote sensing based on spatial layers of groundwater controlling parameters using GIS. Integrated approach of far off sensing and GIS to decide the groundwater potential zones inside an arid region of Kachchh district, Gujarat Prabir Mukherjee (2012); Delineated Groundwater potential zones in Baghmundi Block of Purulia district, West Bengal using built in strategy of remote sensing and Geographic Information System (GIS) Nag (2005); Integrated approach of remote sensing and GIS to delineate groundwater prospective zones in Narava basin, Visakhapatnam region Narender (2013); Groundwater prospect in Rishikesh region based on hydro- geomorphological mapping of the area by applying probability-weighted approach Mondal (2008);Assessment of ground water potential zones in Vellore district, tamilnadu, India using geospatial techniques Elango Lakshmana, N.S.Magesh(2018); Determined groundwater doable zone in tropical river basin (Kerala, India) the use of use of remote sensing and GIS techniques Jobin Thomas (2011).

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STUDY AREA Andhra Pradesh Capital Region is the Megalopolis area surrounding Amaravati, the new capital town of Andhra Pradesh and consist of fundamental ancient cities of Vijayawada, Guntur, Tenali. Andhra Pradesh capital area is one of the largest populated urban areas in the world, with its suburbs Vijayawada, Guntur, Tenali being the 3rd, 24th, 41th most densely populated cities in the world.

Vijayawada is the most densely populated city in India while Guntur is 11th and Tenali is the most populated city of 14th area in Andhra Pradesh. Andhra Pradesh capital place is the most populated metropolitan area in the state of Andhra Pradesh and 8th in India. Entire vicinity is beneath the jurisdiction of Andhra Pradesh Capital Region Development Authority, and covers an area of 8,603 km2 (3,322 sq. mi) underneath 58 mandals, of which 29 are in Krishna district and 29 in Guntur district. The capital vicinity covers 18 mandals entirely and 11 mandals in part in Guntur district.

In Krishna district, it covers 15 mandals utterly and 14 mandals partly underneath the jurisdiction of APCRDA. The capital city is an Urban Notified Area, and will cover 217.23 km2 (83.87 sq. mi), inside the Andhra Pradesh Capital Region.

Details regarding the data sources: Different types of data were being collected for the present study purpose; such as satellite data, topographic maps, groundwater data, metrological data.

Attribute Geology Slope Rainfall Soil Drainage density data

Source Geological survey of India (scale SRTM DEM, USGS (scale 1:25000 or 1:50000) Directorate of Economics and Statistics 1990 to 2015 NBSS & LUP (National bureau of soil survey and Land utilisation planning) SRTM DEM,USGS

III.

METHODOLOGY

Preparation of Various Data Maps

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Soil: Infiltration capacity heavily relies upon the soil texture. Porosity and permeability are directly influenced by means of texture. Infiltration capacity of the fine grained soil is low in contrast to coarse grained soil because of porosity and permeability. The soils of the district can extensively be categorized below three categories: (1) zonal (2) intra-zonal and (3) azonal. The zonal soils, which are developed insitu, are of purple sandy type, dispensed in components of Macherla, Sattenapalle, Narsaraopeta and Vinukonda taluks. These soils are right for agriculture, if true manure and irrigated. Under the intrazonal class calcium rich, deep black soils and blended black and red soils manifest over pretty massive tract. The deep black soils are distributed along a linear strip in parts of Palnad, Vinukonda and Narsaraopet taluks. These soils are somewhat productive. A foremost phase of the location along the sea coast in the southeast and adjacent to Krishna River in the north is occupied via deltaic alluvial soils.

These soils are especially productive excessive in water tight hold and keeping the district in exact stead in respect of agriculture.

SOIL MAP Geology: It deals with the physical shape and substance of the earth, their history and The region is underlain through variety of geological formations of different age groups ranging from Achaean to Recent. The Achaean basement complicated comprising the granite-gneisses, Schists, Khondalites, Charnockites and basic dykes of dolerites form the predominant rock sorts in the central part. The granitoids and granitic gneisses are intruded by using variety of Gabbro’s, Norite and Dolerite dykes. The Upper Gondwana team of sandstones and shales out crop is seen at places between Guntur and Tenali.

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The youngest rock kinds of the district show up to be of Mio-Pliocene age observed via the alluvial deposits of Recent to Sub-Recent age.

Basic Charnokites are exposed in the applied area in the structure of boulders. They are made up of Hypersthene, Quartz, Biotite and Grey Feldspar and different mafic minerals. These rocks belong to Granulite facies of metamorphism and they are anticipated to have been formed due to palingnetic fusion of and metamorphism. These rocks signify the Precambrian basement of Easternghat province. The khondalites of this place are Melanocratic (dark colour), crystalline. Size of the grains tiers from very medium to coarse grained Anhedral to subhedral porphyritic texture is the attribute feature.

GEOLOGY MAP Drainage Density: A drainage basin is a natural unit draining runoff water to a common point. This map consists of water bodies, rivers, tributaries, perennial, ponds. Drainage density and type of drainage offers records associated to runoff, infiltration alleviation and permeability.

Dendritic drainage shows homogenous rocks, the trellis, rectangular and parallel drainage patterns indicate structural and lithological controls. The coarse drainage texture suggests especially porous and permeable rock formations; whereas best drainage texture is extra frequent in less pervious formations.

Major faults, lineaments occasionally connect two or more drainage basins and act as conduits (Interconnecting channel ways). Flow of groundwater along these week zones is a mounted fact. Drainage pattern reflects floor traits as nicely as subsurface formation. Drainage density (in terms of Km/Km2) suggests closeness of spacing of channel as nicely as the nature of floor material, hence providing a quantitative measure of common length of circulate channel for whole basin. It has been discovered from drainage density size made over a huge vary of geologic and climatic kind that a low drainage density is more in all likelihood to occur in region and fantastically resistant of relatively permeable subsoil cloth

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below dense vegetative cover and place comfort is low. High drainage density is the resultant of susceptible or impermeable subsurface material, sparse vegetation and mountainous relief. Low drainage density leads to coarse drainage texture while high drainage density leads to best drainage texture. The drainage density characterizes the runoff in an area or in other words, the quantum of relative rainwater that could have infiltrated. Hence the lesser the drainage density, the greater is the chance of recharge or practicable groundwater zone.

DRAINAGE DENSITY MAP Slope: The slope or gradient of a line describes its steepness, incline, or grade. A greater slope price shows a steeper incline. The slope is defined as the ratio of the altitude exchange to the promote infiltration and groundwater recharge, and steeply sloping grounds motivate run-off and little or no infiltration. Groundwater potentiality is expected to be increased in the flat and gently sloping area.

Flatter topography then will supply more danger for groundwater accumulation. If the slope is less the weightage is high, slope is medium weightage is given as average and slope is high weightage is low.

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SLOPE MAP Rainfall: Rainfall is major supply for recharging the groundwater and also for all hydrological process.

The annual rainfall information amassed from 1990 to 2015 is taken from the Directorate of economics and records for annual rainfall measurements from every rain gauge stations in the find out about region.

By using Inverse distance weighted (IDW) interpolation determines cell values using a linearly weighted aggregate of a set of sample points. The weight is a feature of inverse distance. If the rainfall is high the weightage given as high, rainfall is medium the weightage given as moderate, rainfall is low the weight age given as low.

RAINFALL MAP

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Over Laying of Thematic Maps using weighted overlay Technique: Depending upon the groundwater potentiality, every class of the main five thematic layers (slope, drainage density, geology, soil, land use/land cover) are roughly positioned into one of the following group’s viz., I. Very good ii. Good iii. Moderate iv. Poor v. Very poor. Suitable weighted on a scale of ‘1-5’ has been given to each category of a specific thematic layer based totally on their contribution toward

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ground water potentiality. The % influence of each thematic map is been given based upon its contribution toward ground water. The weighted and % of influence assigned for a range of classes on all thematic layers are proven. All the thematic maps have been integrated. A final groundwater viable map is prepared with application of above technique.

Assigned ranks after the overlaying of all themes: Categorized

Suitability rank

Very Good

5

Good

4

Moderate

3

Poor

2

Very Poor

1

IV.

RESULTS

Groundwater potential zones: The groundwater attainable area consists in figuring out areas beneficial for the occurrence of groundwater. The parameters or factors used for GWPZ are composed of some influencing factors. Five most important influencing factors, such as slope, geology, rainfall, soil, and drainage density have been identified to delineate the groundwater possible zones. Each aspect is weighted according to its strength.

The consultant weight of a factor of the manageable quarter is the sum of all weights from each factor. A component with a higher weight price shows a larger affect and an aspect with a decrease weight costs shows a smaller have an effect on groundwater workable zones. Integration of these factors with their potential weights is computed via weighted overlay evaluation in ARC GIS 10.3.

GROUND WATER POTENTIAL ZONES MAP

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Substantiate with the bore well data: Substantiate is one of the most important criteria for to understand whether or not the work is proper or wrong. Ground water statistics is accrued from the bore well diggers and respective authorities’ departments for to validate the floor water practicable zone. The classification is achieved and based on the depth of common place water level. These are labelled into three categories as high (3 and <3m), moderate (>3 up to 4.5m) and low (>4.5m). The facts can be represented in the given below table.

S.no

Bore well no.

Latitude

Longitude

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

16.5028N 16.4987N 16.4395N 16.5011N 16.4505N 16.4532N 16.5257N 16.3067N 16.3960N 16.3398N

80.5790E 80.5787E 80.5598E 80.5579E 80.5669E 80.5265E 80.4688E 80.4365E 80.1493E 80.4912E

V.

Ground water level in (m) 2.5 3 3.5 2.5 4.5 4 5 5.5 TO 6 5 5

Yield class High High Moderate High Moderate Moderate Low Low Low Low

CONCLUSION

Particularise the groundwater attainable zones in APCRDA region shut through of Guntur district, Andhra Pradesh using Geospatial and weighted overlay analysis is positioned surroundings super to stop the time, labour and money and thereby lets in quickly decision-making for sustainable water property management. Satellite imagery, topographic maps and unique preferred statistics had been used to put collectively the thematic layers of drainage density, soil, geology, rainfall and slope. The larger than a few thematic layers are assigned extraordinary weight age with the beneficial useful resource of way of the utilization of weighted overlay analysis method and then built-in in the GIS surroundings to put mutually the groundwater achievable shut via the usage of map of the show up at about area. According to the groundwater manageable regional map, APCRDA vicinity of Guntur district has been labelled into five distinct zones, in precise ‘very good’, ‘good’, ‘moderate’, ‘poor’, and ‘very poor’. The penalties of the cutting-edge day analyse about can serve as pointers for planning future synthetic recharge initiatives in the seem up about vicinity in order to make excessive first-rate sustainable groundwater utilization. This is an empirical technique for the exploration of groundwater manageable zones the utilization of systems off sensing and GIS, and it succeeds in proposing manageable web net websites for groundwater zones.

This method can be relatively utilised to a terrific sized nearby with now no longer truly in hard rock terrain addition in pinnacle notch terrains for the exploration of internet websites extradinary for groundwater exploration.

VI. [1]

[2]

[3] [4]

REFERENCES

Prabir Mukherjee (2012); Integrated approach of remote sensing and GIS to determine the groundwater potential zones within an arid region of Kachchh district, Gujarat published by research gate in 2012.

Nag (2005); Delineated Groundwater potential zones in Baghmundi Block of Purulia district, West Bengal using integrated approach of remote sensing and Geographic Information System (GIS)published by springer in 2005.

Narender (2013); Integrated approach of remote sensing and GIS to delineate groundwater prospective zones in Narava basin, Visakhapatnam region published by springer in 2013 Mondal (2008); Groundwater prospect in Rishikesh region based on hydro- geomorphological mapping of the area by applying probability-weighted approach published by springer in 2007.

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Elangolakshmanan, N.S. Magesh (2018); Assessment of ground water potential zones in Vellore district, tamilnadu, India using geospatial techniques Jobin Thomas (2011); Determined groundwater potential zone in tropical river basin (Kerala, India) using remote sensing and GIS techniques published by springer in2011.

M.L. Waikarand Aditya P. Nilawar; Identification of Groundwater Potential Zone using Remote Sensing and GIS Technique published by IJIRSET in May 2014.

Sumit Das1¡ Sudhakar D. Pardeshi Integration of different influencing factors in GIS to delineate groundwater potential areas using IF and FR techniques: a study of Pravara basin, Maharashtra, India published by springer in 2018.

Ronald C. Estoque; Analytic Hierarchy Process in Geospatial Analysis published by (https://www.researchgate.net/publication/261296459) research gate in 2012.

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