PREVALENCE OF GASTROINTESTINAL PARASITES IN SHEEPS IN AND AROUND SHANKARAGHATTA, SHIMOGA, KARNATAKA

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PREVALENCE OF GASTROINTESTINAL PARASITES IN SHEEPS IN AND AROUND SHANKARAGHATTA, SHIMOGA, KARNATAKA Shwetha A*1, H Ashwini*2 , H Mahesh kumar*3, S K Kavana*4 *1,2,3,4Department of PG Studies in Applied Zoology, Jnana sahyadri, Kuvempu University, Shankaraghatta 577451, Karnataka, India.

ABSTRACT Prevalence of Gastrointestinal parasites in sheeps in and around Shankarghatta, Shimoga were studied for a period of four months from January 2019 to April 2019. Total of 50 faecal sample of sheeps were collected from different area were of shankarghatta. Out of 50 samples 40 were positive. The associated risk factor with the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites showed that male (55%)were significantly more susceptible than in female (45%).The sheep aged above 6 month have highest infection (47.5%).

The sheep of age 4-6 month and 0-3 month had rate of 35% and 17.5% respectively. There are 5 species were identified in Protozoa, Nematode and cestode. They are Eimeria oocyst (34%), Strongyle sp (6%) Amphistome (4%), Trichuris and Moneizia mixed infection (36%) were identified.

Keywords: Sheep, Gastrointestinal parasites, Prevalence, Shimoga, Infection.

I.

INTRODUCTION

Gastrointestinal parasitism is one of the serious problems by affecting rumen, motality, rumen pH and the hormonal system regulating the appetite and feed intake of small ruminants worldwide.

The marginal farmers in rural areas of India depend on small ruminants rearing for their income(Velusamy et al., 2015). As pastoral grazing system has a risk of parasitic infections. The gastrointestinal infections in sheep and goat are much economic important. The antihelminthic drug resistance is now more common for many gastrointestinal parasitic species.

Due to GI parasitic infections the productivity of animals is contrived that can cause comprehensive results such as reducing animal performance to mortality. Occasionally Subclinical GI parasitic infections deject feed intake and animal productivity that includes impair tissue deposition and lower growth rate.

Mortality in herds may exceed 40%, particularly in young animals, while weight losses of 6-2 kilogram per year per animal may occur.

In developing countries, GI parasites are associated strongly with grazing management since pastures are usually not provided. Most pastures for animal owners without any regulations or guidelines. It is essential to control of cattle parasites because it has more gainful effects related to productive capacity including increased weight gain, feed conservation, milk production, reproductive performance, quality and resistance status, and many reduce death rate((Shah et al., 2012).

Younger sheep, goat and cattle are more frequently infected Gastrointestinal parasites infections, hence it is global problem causing the production losses upto 50% (Lashri and rasawar 2011). seen in sheep that usually include Strongyle spp, Strongyloids spp, Eimeria spp, Namatoddirus spp and Moneizia spp. Mainly age, sex, body weight and also breed of the host most necessary elements which influences the frequency of Gastrointestinal parasites in sheep in Kashmir (Bhat et al., 2012).

II.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Study area : The current coprological study was an attempt made to document to provide preliminary information about prevalence and gastrointestinal parasites of sheep. The findings presented here are based on field survey, carried out for a period of four months from month of January 2019 to April 2019 in and around Shankaraghatta. Shankaraghatta and its surrounding located 29km towards south from District head quaters Shivamogga and 24 km from Bhadravathi.

The total coverage of the area is 3 km2. The average temperatures vary during the year by 6.3ยบC and rainfall ranges 363 mm respectively. It geographically located in Bhadra wild life sanctuary latitude 13o www.irjmets.com

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43' 56.2" N and longitude 75ยบ 37' 52" E according to the geology department. This area has a tropical wet and dry climate and agricultural activities are mainly mixed type with cattle, Sheep, goats, rearing and crop production side by side.

Different faecal samples of sheep were collected than these faecal samples were brought to the Laboratory for morphological examination of the parasites with their developmental stages. After collecting 5-10 gm of feces from different faecal samples it should be kept in separate polythene bag, tied carefully, numbered properly and preserved in refrigerator.

In the laboratory, fecal samples were examined for detection of helminth eggs using standard procedures of direct, floatation and sedimentation methods as prescribed by Soulsby (1982). Methodology Qualitative methods of faecal examination 1. Direct Smear Method: 2. Concentration technique: A. Sedimentation techniqueB. Floatation technique :

III.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The present study was focused on frequency of gastrointestinal parasites and sheeps in and around Shankaraghatta which was surveyed from January to April 2019. A total of 50 samples from 50 sheep were collected among which 40 samples were infected with gastrointestinal parasites.

The present coprologial study, a total 50 samples from a sheep were examined taking species age, sex as predisposing risk factor. In which about 80% were found infected with two or more gastrointestinal parasites accordingly in sheep. Among which 5 genera of gastrointestinal parasites were detected in our present study namely Eimeria or Coccidian oocyst species (protozoa), Strongyle species (Nematodes), Trichuris species (nematode), and Amphistome species (trematode), Moniezia Species (cestode) by direct, sedimentation and flotation methods.

Age of the host had a significant effect on the pervasiveness of gastrointestinal parasites in Sheep. As age wise prevalence the sheep above 6 months (adults) (47.5%) most susceptible to infection followed by 4-6 month (young) (35%) and 0-3 month (lamb) (17.5%) are less susceptible to infection (Fig 1). Which supported the findings of Padmaja et al., in 2007, who reported the prevalence of gastrointestinal nematodiasis was recorded highest in the age group of host in which highest in above 6 months followed by 0 -6 month. This is due to our study area contains more adult sheep (above 6 months) than young one.

Table-1: Age-wise percentage prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in sheep Age (Months)

No. of Examined

0-3

No. of positive cases

Percentage prevalence

9

7

17.5

4-6

17

14

35

Above 6

24

19

47.5

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samples

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Age-wise percentage prevalence of GIP in sheep 0-3 17% >6 48%

4-6 35%

Fig. 1: Age-wise percentage prevalence of GIP in sheep The Further study reveals that the acceptance of gastrointestinal parasitic infection was higher in male (55%) than in female (45%). (Fig 2) This result differs from Sangma et al. (2012), was observed that the prevalence of helminths infections was higher in females (83.3%) than in male (79.3%). In our present study area males are reared more than female sheep this is due to the females are more susceptible for parasitic infection, this may lead to alternations in the physiological condition during pregnancy, lactation, pasteurition as well as stress leading to immune suppression may be associated with the phenomenon and also in females higher level of prolactin and progesterone hormones make the female individual more susceptible than male.

This is the reason the hitherto study deals with higher male sheep than females. In the current trials, the identified gastrointestinal parasites were Strongyle, Trichuris, Amphistome, Moneizia and Eimeria oocyst (Fig 3). It shows sheeps (36%) which is infected by two or more parasites known as mixed infection.

The gastrointestinal protozoa (Eimeria oocyst) were more prevalent in sheep (34%) followed by Nematode (Strongyle) (6%) which is followed by Cestode (Amphistome) (4%). The multiple parasites on a single host considered to be main cause of morbidness loss of production in sheep (Fig 3).

Table-2: Sex-wise percentage prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in sheep Sex of animal

No of samples examined

No of positive cases

Percentage prevalence

Male Female

26 24

22 18

55% 45%

Sex-wise percentage prevalence of GIP in sheep 0%

female 45%

male 55%

0%

Fig: 2: sex wise percentage prevalence of GIP in sheep

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Table 3: Over all prevalence of Gastrointestinal Parasites in Sheeps by age and sex-wise Categor y

No. of samples examine d

No. of positive cases

Strongyl e

Trichuri s

Amphistrom e

Moniezi a

Eimeria oocyst

Mixed Infection

9

7 (77.77% )

1 (11.11%)

0

0

0

3 (33.33% )

3 (33.33% )

0

0

0

0 6 (35.29% )

8 (47.05% )

8 (33.33% 17 (34%)

7 (29.16% ) 18 (36%)

7 (26.92% )

12 (46.15% )

10 (41.66% ) 17(34%)

6 (75%)

Agewise 0-3 months 4-6 months

Above 6 months

Total

17 14 (82.35% ) 24

50

2 (8.33%) 19 (79.16% ) 40 (80%)

0

2 (8.33%)

3 (6%)

0

2(4%)

Sex – wise Male

26

Female

24

22 (84.61% ) 18 (75%)

Total

50

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40(80%)

1 (3.84%)

0

2 (7.69%)

0

2 (8.33%)

0

0

0

3(6%)

0

2(4%)

0

18(36%)

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Over all Percentage prevalenvce of gastrointestinal parasite 40% 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0%

Strongyle Trichuris Amphistome Moniezia Eimeria ocyst mixed

Fig 3: Showing over all percentage prevalence of GIP in sheep

IV.

CONCLUSION

The present study indicated that age and sex are important factor which influence the pervasiveness of gastrointestinal parasite infection in sheep.

The higher regularity of gastrointestinal parasites may be related to the management of sheep under extensive pastoralism, inadequate animal care infrastructure and grazing nature of sheep which enhances the acquirement chances of infective larvae from contaminated herbage. Host age, breed variety, different parasitic species and the hygiene are the certain factor related to lower acceptance of sheep gastrointestinal parasites (Tembely et al., 1997).

Further study should be follow out to decide the economic losses due to gastrointestinal parasites of sheep and to develop effective control measures against it (Sangma et al., 2012). The infections may be very important economically leading to obstructive growth, downturn productivity and animals are more adaptable to other infection.

However the combination of correct use of anti-interference drugs and good management could improve the control of gastrointestinal parasite infection in sheep. This data should be helpful in the build out proper education, control and prevention strategies of gastrointestinal parasites of sheep in around Shankaraghatta (Olorunfemi Jegede et al., 2015). The polyparasitism is an important problem of a sheep in present review.

Moreover the proper sheep walk (grazing land) and animal hygiene is a key factor managing gastrointestinal parasites in sheep operations. After gyration (rotation) grazing and by avoiding cooperating grazing with other animals help to keep away cross parasite contamination. The ole of veterinarians in giving professional advices regarding protective and regulating measure against gastrointestinal parasite should be prominent to prevent drug abuses (Tesfaheywet Zeryehum, 2012).

PLATE: Eggs of different endoparasites

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Figure 4: Strongyle egg

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Figure 5: Trichuris egg

Figure 6: Eimeria oocyst

Figure 7: Moniezia egg

Figure 8: Amphistome egg

V. [1] [2] [3]

[4]

[5]

[6] [7]

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