ENVIRONMENTAL RISKS AND POLICIES OF DISCARDED CIGARETTE BUTTS IN BANGLADESH

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ENVIRONMENTAL RISKS AND POLICIES OF DISCARDED CIGARETTE BUTTS IN BANGLADESH Sabiha Momtaz Tisha *1, Mohammad Tipu Sultan *2 *1Department

of Environmental, Water Resources and Coastal Engineering, Military Institute of Science and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh. *2Department of Law, Independent University, Dhaka, Bangladesh. (*Both authors contributed equally to the work)

ABSTRACT Discarded cigarette butts are an obscure form of plastic waste. In Bangladesh, almost 18% of adult smokers produce toxic non-biodegradable waste every day in the form of cigarette filters. This non-biodegradable waste is a threat to marine and coastal life as well as the ecosystem. The purpose for which these cigarette filters were introduced in the first place was to reduce the health risk of tobacco consumers yet there is a wide range of contradictory arguments regarding the purpose and use of cigarette filters. Used cigarette butts usually contain heavy metals and toxic chemicals that are carried from the streets to drains to rivers, farming lands, then to oceans and sea beaches. In Bangladesh, there is no specific policy regarding the tobacco industry waste but there are Tobacco Control Act and the guideline from WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO FCTC), which does not address the environmental pollution due to cigarette filter. The Environmental Conservation Act limits to a broad concept of environmental pollution. Certain measures or policies could be adapted to reduce the impact of cigarette butt pollution such as using degradable filters, educating the consumers, creating smoking zones, strict implementation of laws (for example, smoking and tobacco product usage policy), introducing large fines and penalties for littering butts, along with applying polluter pay principle to grasp the multi-national tobacco companies.

Keywords: Cigarette butts, Marine, Environmental risk, Policy, Awareness.

I.

INTRODUCTION

Cigarette butts (CB) are the most ubiquitous litter in a plastic form that has a catastrophic ramification on health and the environment through the exposure of nicotine, tobacco smoke, and other noxious chemicals.

Most of the CBs are transported by wind, rain, waterways, and marine streams to coastal regions when they are littered directly to the environment. From 5 to 6 trillion cigarettes were smoked around the world each year by one billion smokers mostly living in low- and middle-income nations [1]. In the year 2016, worldwide ingestion of cigarettes was 5.7 trillion as per the report of 'The Tobacco Atlas (2018)’. Furthermore, it was disclosed that cellulose acetate which is an improved natural polymer was used to make 97% of the cigarette butts [2].

‘Tobacco Transformation Index 2020’ (The Foundation for a Smoke-Free World's study) has reported that 83.5 billion cigarette sticks have been sold in Bangladesh solely in 2019 which is the second-highest cigarette retail sale, almost three times more than the retail of the neighboring country India and Pakistan [3]. Some specific developed countries have already devised powerful laws for tobacco control to convey the threat of smoking and as a result, noteworthy depletion in smoking was accentuated in those certain nations. However, reduction in smoking is inconsequential comparing the accumulated number of cigarette consumers worldwide [4].

Cigarette filters composed of cellulose acetate are indestructible to break down as they decompose slowly and can be in the environment for the long haul (almost up to 18 months) which poses an extreme risk in terms of toxic waste and litter disposal [5]. All urban and coastal litter collected around the world consist of almost 3040% dis-carded cigarette butts. These are consistently being the single most collected litter item around the world as almost 5.6 trillion discarded CBs are littered each year comprising up to 770,000 metric tons in waste [6]. In the course of Clean Beach campaigns, CBs are being stockpiled the most these days [7]. Cigarette butts in the environment are not anymore, a smoking issue rather it became the litter issue. The destruction of the environment causes by the percolation of poisonous chemicals that got trapped in the CB filters [8]. CBs are swallowed by marine life misinterpreting as food and cause acute digestive problems which lead them to death

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[1]. Though Bangladesh has some laws regarding tobacco control, these laws do not directly address the environmental pollution caused by cigarette butts.

The objective of this study is to investigate the environmental effects of discarded cigarette butts and the policy options to reduce the environmental impact of CB litter in Bangladesh.

II.

THE HISTORY AND FUNCTION OF CIGARETTE FILTERS

During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, people used to ingest tobacco in the form of cigars or through chewing tobacco. However, during the late 20th century, tobacco smoking practice was favored by the locals since it was cheap and this form was easy for nicotine assimilation. Presently, tobacco is the most commonly used addictive substance within the world, growing in a minimum of 124 nations and possessing more than 4.3 million hectares of land, which is comparable to the whole land impression of Switzerland. A sense of disquietude mounts up among people regarding the impact of smoking on health by 1950. Analysts found a measurable association between smoking and lung cancer, and a noteworthy number of articles were published in medical and academic journals with the discourse on the adverse impact of smoking on health. After these discoveries, the tobacco industry reacted by fabricating low-tar and sifted cigarettes [4]. As a result, the cellulose acetate filter was joined to cigarettes in that year 1950. The machine-measured yields of tar and nicotine in smoked cigarettes were decreased by the filters, and initially, this appeared to be a healthy innovative improvement within the cigarette item [9].

After burning cigarettes, the remaining part tar is one of the most harmful chemical compounds and accounts for the leading health dangers related to smoking, including cancer, whereas nicotine is the chemical that causes addiction. The filter gives a mouthpiece for smokers and anticipates the discharge of tobacco pieces into the smoker’s mouth. Subsequent to the adjustments made to cigarettes, the nicotine abdicates per smoked cigarette diminished from 2.7 to 0.85 mg, and the tar yields diminished from 38 to 12 mg amid the period 1953 to 1996 [4].

Cellulose acetate, a plastic product is used to compose cigarette filters and for over the last 50 years, smokers moved completely (99%) to filtered cigarettes in the United States [9]. However, filters do not safeguard the smoker from the repercussions of health issues was stated by the U.S. Surgeon General in 1964 [10]. Moreover, filters encourage the youth to commence smoking rather than quitting as they still hold on to the faith that sifted cigarettes are defensive to their health; hence, filters may have generally a negative impact on health as well as on the environment by leaching the toxic chemicals from discarded CBs [9]. Due to the natural contamination caused by discarded butts, some specialists have in fact advised removing the filters [10].

According to a report, 20,000 or more filter cigarettes can be produced per minute by a single machine which is comparable to 333 cigarettes per second and in every 40s almost 67 cartons of cigarettes are being manufactured [4].

III.

COMPOSITION OF CIGARETTE BUTSS

Cellulose acetate is the main component of the cigarette butts, which is very slow to biodegrade. They contain plasticizers, glue, and other chemicals, and were designed to assemble small particles and some volatile compounds from the inhaled smoke [10]. Among over 5000 compounds present in cigarettes, minimum 150 (of which 44 are found in great quantity) are extremely noxious, due to their carcinogenic and mutagenic potential [7]. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), N-nitrosamines, aromatic amines, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, benzene, and toxic metals such as cadmium and nickel combine to form more than 60 chemicals that are known to be carcinogenic [8]. Filter, cigarette paper, tobacco, tipping paper, and additives are the major components for modern cigarettes [4]. Filters are a bar of approximately 12,000 fibers, and parts of this material ended up being separated from the filter during the fabricating process and maybe discharged during inhalation of a cigarette [9].

IV.

PROBLEMS WITH CIGARETTE BUTTS

The Discarded CBs pose high organic content and severe toxic substances. Landfilling and incineration of these wastes are not the ultimate disposal solution since these techniques may result in the release of hazardous fumes which can be detrimental to the environment. Both the disposal methods are neither environmentally

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sustainable nor economically feasible [5,11]. Cigarette butts are commonly discarded onto shorelines, sidewalks, lanes, parks, and in other open places where children, domestic animals, and wildlife are exposed to the waste and may inadvertently ingest them. Such accidental ingestion of cigarettes and cigarette butts among children, (mainly those under six years old) has been reported. Even ingested cigarette butts can clog or poison the digestive system of an animal or a sea creature. The increasing number of discarded cigarette butts in our environment should be a concern for parents, pet owners, environmental activists, and health care providers [10].

In Bangladesh, 43.3% of adults (41.3 million) currently use tobacco in smoking and/or smokeless form [12].

Table-1: Tobacco Use in Bangladesh [12] Tobacco Smokers

Overall (%)

Men(%)

Women(%)

Current tobacco smokers

18.0

36.2

0.8

Daily tobacco smokers

16.4

33.1

0.7

Current cigarette smokers

14.0

28.7

0.2

Current manufactured cigarette smokers

14.0

28.7

0.2

Current tobacco smokers

18.0

36.2

0.8

V.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

The detrimental impact of cigarette smoking is widely recognized which affects public health but the littering issues of cigarette butts are still not getting proper attention. Various phases of tobacco including planting, processing, consumption, and littering risks our natural surroundings and the habitat [7]. Cigarette filters hold a severe litter and toxic waste disposal problem. Cellulose acetate, a modified synthetic polymer, is photodegradable but not bio-degradable. When smokers tossed the filters, they not only dump the plastic but also the toxic nicotine, heavy metals (Pb, As, Cd), and other poisonous chemicals into the surrounding environment. CBs never drive away from nature rather it substantially gets diluted in water or soil although ultraviolet lights from the sun would eventually break the filter into fractional parts under specific environmental conditions yet the source material never disappears [9,13]. Hazardous chemicals from the littered filters leach out chemicals into the environment and contaminate both soil and water systems [6].

Furthermore, 1000 L of water can be polluted by one single CB leachate which is a menace to the quality of urban waters as it results in contaminated drinking water supplies as well as bioaccumulation of hazardous chemicals in fish and other sources of food, potentially posing a severe health hazard to humans [6,7]. From a recent study, it is discovered that cigarette butts inhibit plant growth [13]. Two processes are mainly responsible for CB impacts in natural environments: the leaching of CB compounds by rainwater and its transference to water bodies through urban runoff [7]. As Bangladesh is a riverine country, leaching of cigarette butts in water and soil has the utmost impact on the people. Rural and urban residents are absolutely dependent on underground reservoir water for drinking and crops for fodder requirements, therefore, contamination of soil and water system can have serious health risks for them.

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Soil Contamination

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Transports Through Drains

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Washed Away by Rain

Water Contamination Erratic Dumping of CBs Figure 1: Arbitrary Disposal of Cigarette Butts in the Environment Impacts on Coastal Environment Distinctive impacts on society, economy, and the environment can be caused by discarded CB on beaches by direct littering or transported from other zones. Mal-practice of littering them may support their durability and predominance on shorelines therefore beach cleaning services are vital in deciding the levels of contamination of beaches. Leaching of metals from CB can change the coastal and marine environment as well as the local population of microbes [7]. According to the Washington DC-based Ocean Conservancy’s global beach cleanups, CBs have been the most commonly collected debris item every year since the beginning of the campaign in 1986 (CNN Health, 2019) [4]. In 1998, volunteers collected almost 1,616,841 CBs from the beach during international cleanup. Cigarette butts as litter not only create an aesthetic problem in the environment but also a consequent toxic effect when they enter into the aquatic environment [8]. Though Bangladesh has the longest sea beach (Cox’s Bazar) in the world, it lacks a beach cleanup campaign due to the improper law implementations. As a result, the coastal environment is being deteriorated day by day.

Impacts on Biota

CBs also hold a significant warning to biological organisms living in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Smoked CBs are destructive to sea creatures, snails, mussels, insects, fishes, plants, and also can interfere with bird behavior as per the report of some scientists [14]. Compounds in discarded cigarette butts (the filter and the remaining tobacco) are biohazards to all the organisms.

Due to the lack of concern and instability of policies regarding CB litter in Bangladesh, fishes and marine life are being endangered. The increase of global occurrences of pollution effects including climate change, global warming is also a crucial impact and needs to be considered [15]. CB has been discovered in the stomach of marine fauna (fish, birds, whales) that are inadvertently consumed by them. In addition to ingestion, chemicals pose in cigarettes can also be seriously injurious to aquatic organisms [7].

VI.

LAWS AND POLICIES RELATED TO TOBACCO USE AND MANUFACTURE

Developing countries like Bangladesh have always been encumbered economically by the devastating health hazard due to uncontrolled tobacco use and manufacture [16]. The Government of Bangladesh was able to grasp the socio and economic impact of tobacco and as a result, they were the first among the developing countries to sign the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO FCTC) in 2003 which was ratified in 2004 [17]. In 2005 the government of Bangladesh enacted the Smoking and Using of Tobacco Products (control) Act 2005, later the Act was amended in 2013. In Bangladesh, the first law related to smoking could be traced to the Railways Act 1890 [18] and later in The Juvenile Smoking Act 1919 [19]. The purpose of the tobacco control Act was to make Bangladesh a tobacco-free country in a sustainable manner. The Act addresses

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the public health issues and provides strategical measures to reduce tobacco use and manufacture but it is unable to adequately assess the negative environmental impact caused by cigarette litters such as burnt cigarette butts, cigar tips and product packaging.

VII.

TOBACCO INDUSTRY’S EXTENDED RESPONSIBILITY AND POLICY SUGGESTION TO REDUCE CB LITTER

Cigarette butts are one of the most obscure forms of litter in Bangladesh. The impact of tobacco waste on the environment is given a minimal cognizance as very less is known about it. The tobacco industry has firmly been denying the responsibility of cigarette waste and has always tried to convey the responsibility of the consumers [20]. The tobacco companies in Bangladesh have taken very few initiatives to reduce the impact of littered cigarette butts as there is no specific law that holds the companies accountable for the pollution caused due to littered filters. Almost 8350 corers used cigarette filters were discarded solely in last year. Moreover, there is no appropriate record of those disposals. The government and the tobacco industries are insouciant about the situations though Bangladesh Environmental Conservation Act 1995 can hold the companies liable under the extended producer responsibility (EPR) [21]. Due to policy loopholes and its heavy influence over the oblivious government, it is quite difficult to hold the companies liable. A strong policy or legislation is required to address the issues. From the perspective of tobacco control, certain measures could be taken by the government collaborating with tobacco industries to minimize the environmental impacts of nonbiodegradable cigarette butt waste. These measures include labeling, waste tax, litigation, fines, deposit mandatory filter biodegradability, an awareness campaign for the consumer, and commencement of cleanup projects [22]. A Tobacco Waste Act should be enacted by the Bangladesh government, based on the principle of EPR. The core ideology of EPR is to protect the environment by expanding the responsibility of the producer across the product's full life cycle [21]. The principle addresses three core objectives, first to incorporate the environmental cost into the product's retail price; second to shift the economic liability of managing the toxic waste or other environmental hazards to the producers from the local governments and taxpayers; third to provide incentives to incorporate environmentally friendly designs to their products [23].

The government and the tobacco industry can also develop a strategic partnership with non-governmental organizations (NGOs) to reduce the littering of tobacco product waste. A social media campaign could be initiated by the Bangladesh Environmental Ministry to make people aware of the adverse environmental ramification, due to the disposal of cigarette filters. Clean-up arrangements in beaches and coastal areas should be organized and sponsored in collaboration with both the tobacco industry and government [10]. The law enforcement agency should further ensure that the existing law regarding smoking and tobacco use is being strictly followed within the jurisdiction. Furthermore, governments and NGOs should conduct more surveys and research regarding the management of tobacco product waste disposal [22]. Besides, a national environmental tobacco waste control cell under Bangladesh Environmental Ministry could be created to monitor the tobacco waste impact on the environment as like the National tobacco control cell which is under the Bangladesh Ministry of Health and Welfare.

The government can also approach a high taxation policy for the tobacco industry using non-biodegradable cigarette filters and create a lubricate proposal for industries approaching sustainable environmentally friendly product design. Besides, the sale of single sticks in local shops should be banned. This would eventually decrease the percentage of tobacco consumption, as the expense of a whole packet would undermine the affordability of different classes of people. Therefore, arbitrary consumption of smoking would be reduced, and in turn, this would shrink the percentage of anonymous disposal of cigarette filters in the environment. It would eventually minimize the exposure of children to tobacco as well. Furthermore, the government can ban the nonbiodegradable filters which would be a very wise step regarding the government's goal of being a Tobacco-Free Country by 2040 [24].

VIII.

CONCLUSION

Cigarette butts are one of the most common and hazardous forms of litter in Bangladesh. The remnant toxic chemicals of tobacco absorbed by cellulose acetate filters effortlessly leach out into the water and the soil and contaminate the nature. The above discussions highlight the severe environmental risk regarding cigarette filters, and the suggested policies would offer assistance to minimize the risk by executing them. Littering of cigarette butts is ubiquitous due to the lack of awareness among the people and the proper implementation of

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laws in Bangladesh. To combat the issue, social campaign, and awareness programs involving the youth should be initiated by the government collaborating with the NGOs. Rigid steps must be ensured by the government, with more restrictive laws regarding tobacco waste products, and also the existing laws should be obeyed firmly by both the consumer and the producer. Public information campaigns involving all stakeholders would be crucial no matter how the policy is formulated regarding the disposal of cigarette butts. Raised awareness of the butt litter problems would be followed by increasing the tax and also banning the sale of single cigarette sticks in local shops. This would eventually bring a drastic change in the littering rate.

Bangladesh has the longest sea beach Cox’s Bazar and thousands of rivers all over the country therefore, coastal regions and riverside should be restricted for smoking with conventional policies. Fines can be incorporated for disobeying the laws. The illegal retailing of cigarettes should be banned. Though Bangladesh has always been concerned about the health risk caused by tobacco use and manufacture, the country has not been able to assess the impact of tobacco wastes, especially tobacco filters. The country needs more research and awareness to overcome the devastating effect of this pollutant. Traditional media platforms (Television, Radio) and social media (Facebook, Twitter, YouTube) can play a vital role in the awareness campaign. More surveys and activities must be conducted by government and non-government organizations to enact strong laws for tobacco-related wastes mainly for the cigarette butts.

IX. [1]

[2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9]

[10] [11]

[12] [13] [14]

[15] [16]

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