PIVOTAL ROLE OF DIFFERENT TECHNOLOGIES IN WASTE MANAGEMENT AMONG URBAN COMMUNITIES IN INDIA

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PIVOTAL ROLE OF DIFFERENT TECHNOLOGIES IN WASTE MANAGEMENT AMONG URBAN COMMUNITIES IN INDIA Meghana Salins*1, Sujaya H.*2, P. S. Aithal*3 *1,2,3Research

Scholar, College of Management & Commerce, Srinivas University, Mangalore, India ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9579-5579

ABSTRACT Purpose – The purpose of this paper emphasizes the status and management of waste generation and explores numerous technology needed for waste management in urban cities, which aim at smartly improving the city and the environment. This was achieved through the study of various technologies that have been used in the waste management sector in urban segments.

Methodology – The paper uses secondary data gathered from comprehensive literature, case-studies, journal and internet review are used for this literature review.

Findings – The analysis shows that technology has fully revolutionized the world and brought people together.

Every area of the application of ICT has achieved the latest technological advancements. This would clarify and improve the public and the community's working using technologies. Different technologies need, however, to be respected in different industries, especially in urban areas, because population growth is high.

Research limitations/implications – Waste is one of India's main issues, and the ferocious epidemic has removed the city's life. But the clean lines of the city have now been acutely deteriorated due to its quick urbanization and insufficient waste management.

Originality/value – With the rise in population and urbanization, cities have to transform themselves into a Smart City and smart technology can be used to solve different problems impacting society. This study addresses to the problem of waste generated in urban communities and using the technologies to have a smoother flow in the line of waste sector.

Key words: Urban cities, Waste management, Technologies.

I.

INTRODUCTION

The rising population of the planet has taken place in cities. In the next decade the population will reach up to 5 billion people. According to Census 2011, around 31% of India’s population lives in urban cities and contributes to 63% GDP. India with its rising economy on the threshold of steadfast rise in urbanization, industrialization and various other sectors have given much importance to innovation and technology unlike other nations. With the matter of fact people tend to flock to cities every day because of the notion that city is a center of economic and social change where it provides many opportunities in search of a better future and a better lifestyle [1].

A country like India faces major challenges concerning competition and urban development problems. It has become a necessity for the country to go for certain changes in technological aspects and economic related problems [2]. Apart from all of these the rise in human population has contributed in giving a crowded rise in urban region which is also causing to an alarming scenario to pollution and waste. The major issue in urban areas which causes unhygienic livelihood and disease spread will be overflow of waste and garbage. Quite clearly, this problem has affected the quality of urban sector and environmental conditions. The difficult condition must be addressed by citizens living in urban areas before suitable solution is enforced.

In an attempt to curb out issues faced in urban regions, the idea of Smart City was introduced. The concept of Smart city collaborates Smart technologies using Internet of Things (IoT). Using these networks will help improve the conditions of operations effectively also to solve the problems of the economy [3, 4].

Understanding the value of smart cities and technologies the government has focused to start with the Smart City Mission so that the country infrastructure will help achieve a quality life to the citizens. Inevitably it leads to smart solutions for problems faced by the country in a smarter manner [5]. Moreover, the government likes to construct 100 number of smart cities with an idea of using technology in order to improvise the condition of the management and services with a motive to secure the environment and other natural resources where with an increasing urbanization, urban areas facing the problem of waste and various other problems on the economy can be improved with the use of technology in smarter way [6].

Prime Minister Narendra Modi had launched "100 Smart Cities Mission" on 25 June 2015. The Indian Cabinet had authorised ₹ 98,000 crore for the development of smart cities and ₹50,000 crore was sanctioned for Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT). A total of ₹7,016 crore was allocated by Finance Minister Arun Jaitley to 150 smart cities [7, 8]. www.irjmets.com

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For a sustainable waste management Swachh Bharat Mission, a national campaign on ‘Clean India’ was launched on Oct 2nd 2014 [9]. It seeks to provide service in all urban areas from door to door waste collection.

The campaign has been developed primarily to make society conscious of the waste crisis. More than 100 cities in India, 3, 35,000 people participated in the Swacch Bharat communities. To solve problems at less cost, the waste generation can be reduced and the system will flow more efficiently with these intelligence resources [10]. In other countries, Smart city technology has evolved using a smart garbage facility that helps to address the garbage overflow. Different sensors are used with smart technology to measure the density of a litter bin.

Wi-Fi modules allows the sending of cloud data and tells the related waste and the collector to clean the waste bin [11].

The waste problem can be resolved in a way to adapt smarter solutions of retracting the issue with less manual work to overcome enormous waste in cities with the help of smart technology and techniques. The result is not only a more liveable city but also a more productive place for businesses to operate with a suitable environment [12].

II.

RELATED WORK

It is the work of the organization to its body of knowledge and understanding that it takes chances to encash opportunities to provide technology solutions that need to be dealt with smartly for any issue that pertains in the society.

As the problem of waste has become a great concern in the urban communities of India, the use of Smart technology can be regarded as a mechanism to provide a smarter solution for the management to handle problems very efficiently. Many authors are likely to their understanding have contributed their works over the issue of waste on how Smart technology can be used to revive the issue of waste faced in urban cities as mentioned below in Table 1. [13, 14].

Table 1: Review on important contributions of Smart waste Management in Urban areas.

Sl. No 1.

2

2.

3.

Authors

Contributions

Title

Kansal A

The digestion of anaerobic products is a biochemical multi-stage process that can stabilize various types of organic material. The process is used for MSW since it produces two marketable goods, methane and manure, and not one with compostability. The system is the most economic stabilization alternative.

In this research, the goal was to reduce avoidable waste of construction material by rewarding employees by the quantities and values of the material saved in a groupbased incentive compensation program (IRP). The barcode technique helps to handle building materials efficiently on the premises.

Solid Waste management Strategies for India

H.Li, Z.Chen, C.t.Wong

3

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E. Pongracz, P. S. Phillips

This article states that a theory is necessary while one is searching for a scientific systematization and ultimately for the creation of an explaining and predictive

Year of Publication 2002 [15]

Barcode Technology to reduce construction waste

2003 [16]

Theory of Waste Management: Concepts

2004 [17]

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order between the problems.

It concludes that further theoretical study of waste management options is scientifically established and optimally chosen.

4.

4

O. Osibanjo et. al.,

5.

5

Loana Lonel

6.

6 M. Khurrum S. Bhutta

7.

8

8.

1 G. Kalyan Chakravarthi 0 et. al.,

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Istudor Ion et. al.,

The adoption of Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR), commodity reuse establishment by refabrication, and the introduction of reliable recycling facilities include effective management. The Registration and Labelling of second-hand export equipment in developed countries is important to track the export of electronic recycled items (e-scarp) to other hand devices.

Combustion, fermentation, and recycling can be used to turn the waste disposal into a corporation and at the same time reduce the environmental harm caused by huge waste volumes. Clean burning and waste cocombustion is a priority, and methods are used to transform waste's energy quality into other renewable energy sources.

At any point of the life cycle of a computer, device recycling offers environmental advantages, from the initial process it is manufactured to the end process.

Relevant information, such as waste content, substance origin, contamination type, contamination degree, etc. is registered in the device, using bar-code technology. Details in bar codes is readily available, making it easy to track containers that specifically screen waste before storage.

Most households use trashcans, for example, for storing food and kitchen waste, leaves, inorganic wastes and waste. The waste is deposited manually and

Challenge Of Electronic Waste Management

2007 [18]

Clean Technology from Waste Management

2010 [19]

Electronic Waste: Growing Concern

2011 [20]

A

Role Of Technologies In Waste Management

2014 [21]

Smart Solid Waste Management in Amaravathi

2019 [22]

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9.

1 Sébastien Faye et. al., 1

10. 1 Mohammad Aazam 2 et. al.,

11. 1 Alexy Mendvedev, et al., 3

12. 1 Gopal Kirshna Shyam et 4 al.,

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Impact Factor- 5.354 mechanically. In order to find out, which systems are ideally fit for the chosen area.

As a result of the dramatic rise in air emissions and traffic congestion, environmental problems were seen as a severe situation. The waste-recycling sector has increasingly grown in value, and the competitive opportunity for smart cities now lures significant interest.

Present developments in waste management are inadequate to gain a better productive system. Therefore to provide a systematic way of managing waste, it is not only informed in time of waste disposal, but also that all stakeholders know in time what kind of waste is created at what time. This would not only help draw and identify partners but also help to establish more efficient recycling and waste minimization strategies and to improve productivity and the climate during waste management.

For Smart Cities, effective collection of waste is considered a basic function.

Smart cities forming an advanced framework for new technologies can be found through internet. Ineffective waste disposal in remote areas of these cities are handled by the system.

Surveillance cameras are included to record the problem spots and supply the officials with documentation.

In smart cities it is possible to achieve best technical innovations by bringing diverse stakeholders together.

In partnering with policymakers to allow innovative solutions, system integrators, network operators and technologies providers are accountable.

However, it is a challenge to create those solutions on a

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Smart Waste Management

2019 [23]

Cloud-based smart waste management

2016 [24]

Waste Management in Smart Cities.

2015 [25]

Smart waste management

2017 [26]

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13. 1 Castro Lundin et al., 5

14. 1 Rahul Kumar Borah et.

6 al.,

15. 1 Mahajan S. A. et. al., 7

16. 1 Tran Anh Khoa et. al., 8

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Impact Factor- 5.354 standard open collaboration network, which can be used continually.

This paper discusses the feasibility of using sensors to optimize waste monitoring and collection in public trash cans.

The findings demonstrate that current technologies are advanced enough to create and apply cost-effective additional sensors to the operations of trash bins and that the usage of this system will provide the insights needed to simplify waste management procedures, prevent overfilled containers, and enhance citizens' experience.

An intelligent and powerful waste sensor aims to ensure that its status is measured effectively while taking less time. Solid waste disposal in India and the larger part of nations of the world are a big problem for urban societies.

To stop this dilemma, the best and trendsetting approach is intelligent management of waste.

This proposed framework would have embedded sensors for public dust tanks and will help to track the amount of waste in waste tanks in real-time. To include an optimal path for collecting garbage trucks, details on the waste rate will be used, which will lower fuel costs. The load sensors will improve the performance of waste.

In addition to the growth technology, a major problem has arisen in waste management. There has lately been a tendency to merge waste management techniques by procuring emerging technologies. This article suggests a new way of achieving the management of waste by forecasting the possibility the level of waste in baskets with vigor and quality. The method will

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2017 [27] A Case Study in Waste Monitoring and Management

IoT based smart garbage collection system

2018 [28]

Smart Waste Management System using IoT

2017 [29]

2020 [30] Waste Management System Using Machine Learning

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17. 1 V. Pavan Sankeerth et 9 al.,

Impact Factor- 5.354 minimize the aggregation of waste with the shortest possible duration by using machine learning and graph theory.

The most significant problem in India is the managing the waste, considering the fast population growth.

This spreads deadly diseases and illnesses. This study utilizes a clever system for waste management that tackles adequate waste disposal. The system suggested uses the WLAN, the ULS, and the Web Server microcontroller.

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Smart Waste Management System Using IoT

2019 [31]

III. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY (1) To explore the impact of Municipal Solid Waste in India through review of literature.

(2) To analyse the solid waste composition of urban cities.

(3) To determine the waste generation in India.

(4) To investigate the use of technologies for providing solution in waste management in urban communities.

IV. METHODOLOGY

This article discusses the use of different solid waste technologies in cities. This case study is based on secondary data. Published waste management sources from various journals and internet sources are used in the data review.

V. ANALYSIS OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

Wastes are a quantity of undesirable waste generated by human activity in residential, commercial and agricultural areas attributable to various lifestyles. Due to the mass production and demand processes, which are directly comparable to the socio-economic condition of the urban population [32]. The system of Solid Waste Management (SWM) provides disposal technique urban waste management. This method entails supervision, processing, movement, recycling and disposal. This method helps the Solid Waste Disposal to eradicate the hazardous problem and environmental and human health implications [33].

5.1 CLASSIFICATION OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT: There have been no studies of waste generation in developed countries, which consider the problem of municipal solid waste (MSW): households, trade, and industry [34].The lack of technological expertise and resources ensures that studies are not available in most developed countries. For a city, the expense of the economic analysis of solid waste (SW) composition consume most financial and human capital allocated to the management of SW over 1 year by the local government. Due to this, such studies are difficult to conduct at the appropriate frequency. In the study some methods are described; others are theoretical and aim to characterize MSW [35].

The waste created by different sections of the community can be categorized depending on its objective and its composition. This categorization is important for it makes relevant selection, recycling and the most relevant target easier to identify. These solid waste collections by towns are an extremely heterogeneous amount of material and a much greater volume of factory and medical waste [36]. A selection is currently for the careful disposal of waste and the world-wide main strategy for recycling. It is essential that the classification is performed previously for the waste management system based on IoT, since unique containers must be considered for and form of waste. In London, for instance, solid waste disposal is conducted according to selective collection criteria. They use bin bags or cans which are coloured like red hazardous waste, yellowcolored and blue-colored hospital waste, black domestic waste, and glass bottles separated in green, black, brown, colour categories, into separate containers [37].

5.2 SOURCES OF WASTE AND ITS COMPOSITION www.irjmets.com

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In the source classification of waste, three categories are considered which are urban, industrial, and rural; given under Table (2). In human settlements, the urban division comprises solid waste sources with the population size. The city is divided into two parts which is subdivided into two sections which originate from the classes of sources: residential (households) and non-residential (commercial, institutions, and building/destruction).

The second class includes the wastes that can be dangerous to human life or environment under the materials or items that are used for commercial activities. All the facilities are covered under a single industrial class, irrespective of their size. Agricultural and animal husbandry are all resources of the rural division which comprise an agricultural and animal husbandry class.

Table 2: Sources of Waste and Composition of Waste Bio degradable Waste ( Wet waste)

Non-biodegradable (Dry Waste)

Vegetables, fruits, egg shells, bones, paper textile, wood, sanitary waste, yard waste, cooked/uncooked food, waste from food stalls etc.

Division

Source Based

Type Based

Households,

URBAN

Institutions and Commercial outlets

Combustible and NonCombustible

Residues from fire

Street waste

Street sweeping dust , leaves residues etc.

Any dead animals/ birds/reptiles etc.

Dead Animals Abandoned Vehicles

Class

Including wastes generated from street walks, parks, beaches etc.

Including wastes generated from street walks, parks, beaches etc.

Organic and inorganic Heavy auto parts , tyres , large appliances, furniture, trees, branches, large crates etc.

Bulky wastes

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Description Leftover food, vegetable/fruits peels from dwellings.

Market scraps, waste from meat produce, storing and handling.

Garbage

Ashes and Residues (H)

Municipal /Open Area

Plastic,glass,cans,metals,cardboards,cartons,r ags,rubber,ashes,foils,wraps,tetra boxes, electronic items, clothing, furniture, dust etc.

Including wastes generated from street walks, parks, beaches etc.

Dry leaves, plant sludge, dust and demolition scraps generated from municipal activities.

Spare parts and automobiles.

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INDUSTRIAL

Muncipal subsume Industrial

Impact Factor- 5.354 Construction and demolition waste (H) Sewage treatment residue

Industrial Wastes Industrial

Hazardous wastes

RURAL

Agricultural Waste

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Broken concrete pieces, wiring and pipes, roofing scraps etc.

Coarse screening grit, septic tank, dewatered sludge Wastes that is generated from wood, metal and plastic scraps, waste from food processing, cinders etc.

Explosives, Radioactive materials, Pathological wastes etc.

Manure, crop residues,

Animal and agricultural waste

This mainly consists Factories and power plants of construction and demolition scraps, ashes; processing wastes from industrial activities.

It consists of spoilt vegetables, litter, agricultural wastes etc.

Different types of waste are classified according to the sources: 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

Waste from Municipal: All the facilities are covered and formed by a single industrial class, irrespective of their size. Agricultural and animal husbandry are all resources of the rural division which comprise an agricultural and animal husbandry class.

Industrial Solid Waste: In certain situations, this component is referred to as hazardous waste because it can contain extremely inflammable, poisonous, or respond to such things, such as gasses.

Hospital waste: Infectious waste, usually syringes, bandages, cotton swabs, body fluids and human excrete is a matter of nature, including waste such as sharps, soil waste, disposable waste, anatomical waste, seeds, expired drugs, chemical waste. If not scientifically controlled and discriminated against, this causes threat to the people.

Residential Waste: The waste is created by the household's cookery, refurbishment, empty cans, packaging, book scraps, clothes, old furniture.

Commercial Waste: Solid waste originating from shops, hotels, offices, markets etc. Some are categorized as litter, and others are classified as scrap.

Garbage: Garbage is a term used in the disposal, collection, selling, preparation, and serving of animal and vegetable waste. Such waste contains putrescible organic matter that creates heavy smells and attracts rats and flies. In preparation, processing, and recycling, needs urgent attention.

Institutional Waste: Institutional waste is created from colleges, universities, hospitals, and institutes of science.

Ashes: Ash is commonly classed as non-hazardous and can also be regarded as a sub basic material for different uses, such as road construction and fire residues.

5.3 WASTE COMPOSITION IN INDIA www.irjmets.com

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The population in city regions eats more packaged materials, demonstrating that the composition of waste is influenced by higher concentrations of plastic, paper, glass and metals [38, 39].

The solid waste management may also contain wastes which can be hazardous in nature which includes pesticides, fertilizers, batteries etc. Wastes which is of a bio medical nature like sanitary materials, blood materials, syringes as listed by Bio Medical Waste Rule 1998 and Amended Rules should not be combined with any Solid waste materials [40, 41].

Sold wastes rely on the waste composition the community generates. A varied set of aspects, such as living conditions and places, composes and explores the waste [42]. Solid waste is composed of separate components such as waste from the kitchen, paper, earth, and fine materials, slaughterhouse waste, metal sheets, etc. [43].

The solid waste distribution comprises 51% bio-destroyable (wet waste), 32% neutral waste (C&D, soil, water) and non-organic water (plastic, paper, and glass), and 17% recyclable waste. However, Table (3) provides a true condition of the variance of MSW composition across Indian cities shows that there is the rise of paper and plastic over years and the quantity of inert has come down. Therefore, the waste that is produced rises in relative with the population and effects the disposal [44-48].

Region/ City Metros

Table-3: Composition of MSW and Regional variation in urban areas Composition of Muncipal Solid Waste Compostable Recyclables Inerts Moisture C.V. C.V. (%) (%) (%) (%) (MJ/kg) (kcal/kg) 50.89 16.28 32.82 46 6.4 1523

Other 51.91 Cities East 50.41 India North 52.38 India South 53.41 India West 50.41 India Overall 51.3 Urban India Source: Earth Engineering centre

MSW (TPD) 51,402

19.23

28.86

49

8.7

2084

2,723

21.44

28.15

49

6.8

1623

6835

16.78

30.85

46

9.8

2341

380

17.02

29.57

51

7.6

1827

2343

21.44

28.15

46

9.8

2341

380

17.48

31.21

47

7.3

1751

130000

5.4 DIVISIONS BASED ON GEOGRAPHIC AREAS History has demonstrated reliable solid waste sources based on geographical locations [49]. The waste can be segmented into different categories depending on its source. This, therefore, covers the following parts of the population, including Industrial areas, Rural and Urban areas as shown in Table 4 [50].

Industrial Areas

Table 4: Divisions on the basis of geographic areas Rural Areas Urban Areas

Includes Waste

Agricultural Waste and Animal Waste

Industrial

Non-Residential

Residential

Includes wastes from Institutions, Commercial outlets Open Areas, Construction and Demolition.

Residential/Households

VI. URBANIZATION AND SOLID WASTE GENERATION IN INDIA 1) Urbanization: India is increasingly urbanizing. Global case stories demonstrate that urbanization rises with the population [51]. In the period 2001-2011, India's urbanization rates have increased from 28% to 32%, and up to 50% of Indians are predicted to live in towns over the coming 10 years [52]. This is www.irjmets.com

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attributed primarily to the decline in rural opportunities and the transition between the low-wage and higher-paying urban occupations [53]. The sum of MSW is projected to rise dramatically in the future and it plans to become a developed nation by 2020. In the future, it is expected that it will be an industrialized country [54-56]. As urban growth in the world rises significantly, it has been the source for the rise in waste dumps and high waste generation (table 4). The municipal authorities also increased the function of collecting waste from each bag in the city. This rise in population has resulted in an overall rise in the waste generation which was based on an overview of the relationship between MSW generation and population growth in India which is reflected under Table 5 [57, 58].

Table 5: Urban Population growth in India 2010-2019 Urban Population Sl.No

Percentage of Total

Changes in the population for the Year period of 10 years 1.

2019 471,031,527 2.

2018 460,295,676 3.

2017 449,789,368 4.

2016 439,498,771 5.

2015 429,428, 652 6.

2014 419,568,458 7.

2013 409,909,186 8.

2012 400,417,727 9.

2011 391,040,303 10.

2010 381,763,165 Source: World Bank, Macro Trends India Urban Population 1960-2021

34.47 34.03 33.60 33.18 32.78 32.38 32.00 31.63 31.28 30.93

2) Waste Generation in India: The current situation in India with the rapid rise of urbanization has caused waste from physical, geographical, social, economic, ecological, and linguistic diversity to be produced [59].

The population of India was shocking at 1366 million this year compared to 1252 million. Table 6 as given below estimates indicates a large uptick in population growth [60].

Sl.No 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

Table 6: Solid waste generation rates in different states in India *tonnes per day – TPD Municipal Muncipal Muncipal Total waste No. of solid waste Solid waste States Population generation per day Cities TPD TPD (2009(2020) (2000) 2011) Andhra 32 10,845,907 3943 11500 6,141 Pradesh Assam 4 878,310 196 1146 1,432 Gujarat 21 8,443,962 3805 7379 10,274 Karnataka 21 8,283,498 3118 6500 10,000 Kerala 146 3,107,358 1220 8338 2,696 Madhya 23 7,225,833 2286 4500 6,424 Pradesh Maharashtra 27 22,727,186 8589 19204 22,080 Manipur 1 198,535 40 113 174 Meghalaya 1 223,366 35 285 268 Orissa 7 1,766,021 646 2239 2,721 Punjab 10 3,209,903 1001 2794 4,100 Rajasthan 14 4,979,301 1768 5037 6,500 Tamil Nadu 25 10,745,773 5021 12504 15,437 Tripura 1 157,358 33 360 450 Uttar Pradesh 41 14,480,479 5515 11585 15,500 West Bengal 23 13,943,445 4475 5054 7,700

Delhi

1

8,419,084

4000

7384

10,500

Source: CPCB (2000b, 2013). Source: Status of MSW generation, collection, treatment and disposal in class-I cities (CPCB, 2000). Waste Generation under SBM as of January 2020 www.irjmets.com

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VII. VARIOUS TECHNOLOGIES TO HANDLE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT New smart technologies are considered the most ideal technology for any use since it solves basic needs-related challenges and complicated societal concerns based on preferences such as waste management [61]. In this sense, the Information’s and Communications Technology (ICT) is the right technology for all purposes. It will serve as a visibility network on both sides and offer solutions to activities from storage to waste disposal, including artificial intelligence, Internet of Things (IoT), cloud technologies, etc. [62, 63].

7.1 Collection and transportation of Waste: Collecting and transporting the waste systems are not frequently capable of managing the volume of waste produced by larger cities with an increasing population. Waste which is discarded is publicly burnished and is highly detrimental to the environment. The following are the most up-to-date developments under the solid waste recycling and transportation phase [64].

(1) Underground Collection Technology System: These types of systems include underground where semi-underground storage systems using huge containers and waste bins. The waste is collected and transported with specific types of vehicles, which are best designed for areas with a high environment where waste is stored at low temperatures, ranging from recyclables to organic oil waste. That accounts for less maintenance [65], [66].

(2) Web Based Technology - GIS (Geographic Information System): GIS provides a versatile framework for map and database integration and analysis. GIS plays a major role in expanding the handling the usage of services worldwide [67]. GIS is an organized application for tracking the whole waste chain from production sites to dumps, storage and processing facilities [68]. By optimizing and automating every cycle step, municipalities can manage the whole waste cycle. This technology can sketch the landmark and roads so that the collection of waste will be much easier with the help of this. In conjunction with other applications GIS will provide information on the most secure paths, number of people, number of contracts, validations and possible fraud [69].

(3) Waste Bin Monitoring Technology – GSM (Global System of Mobile): The GSM system will track and control the whole collection process for solid waste collection.

The incorporation of networking technology such as GSM, vehicle tracking system and Zigbee are included a solid waste management scheme. GSM modem has a microcontroller interface [70, 71]. When the bin box is loaded up and the driver of the truck is alerted to clear the waste bin it signals to the controller office.

The data is forwarded to the driver or GSM via SMS [72].

(4) Electric garbage trucks for collecting and transporting of waste: The waste trucks have been updated continuously, with a focus on their ability to produce a green engine.

Recently, the Tesla Corporation has been investigating the development of an electric waste truck "zeroemission" Not only can accumulate, but the fuel consumption increased. These electric trucks solve the problem of greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution as well as a life-saving effort creating a good environment [73].

7.2 Segregation and Sorting of Municipal Waste: Separation and sorting of municipal waste ensure that the products used to be separated from the waste.

During this process, the quantity of waste is minimized at the facility. For advanced technologies, a long-term sustainable strategy has been developed, which can be applied to isolate and manage waste sources efficiently [74].

(1) Compartment Multi- Trash Cans: The multi-department garbage is to be created and introduced through segregated fruit, cardboard, and plastic waste in the bay areas. This kind of definition aims to reconsider waste management, promote waste procedure, improvements in behaviour and change barriers between public and private community efforts, and leads to improving environmental ethics [75].

(2)

Optical sensor based sorting of Waste :

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The technology helps consumers to dispose of their waste in various colours, such as dry waste, food waste, glass bottles, etc. This is how the wastes from trash trucks are gathered and shipped through optical inspection and stored. For waste classification, UV sensors are used and are categorized by type. This technology helps consumers, according to the waste list, to dispose of their waste [76, 77].

(3) Automated Bottle sorting streamline: This technology separates the bottles along with the colour recognition sensors into plastic and glass bottles .When the bottles are unloaded selectively, the waste is packed onto the conveyor and delivered to a splitter system. The bottles are pointed on a toothed shaft until they are done so that transport to the conveyor belts is smoother. The plastic passes to a hopper and silo before being sent to a stage where the metals are extracted.

There are two subsequent magnets or overbands which can eliminate contaminants [78].

(4) Mechanical Biological Treatment (MBT): MBT plants divide biodegradable waste into processes by using a recovery facility for recovering materials, such as rubber, glass, and other valuable metals, which is a technology in solid waste management. MBT plants are combined with biologic stabilization of organic matter by processes such as anaerobic digestion or composting, in the mechanical removal of multiple waste forms used in MSW. These systems aim to isolate the easy biodegradable waste fraction and to retrieve recyclable materials from mixed waste streams [79].

7.3 Recycling of solid waste: Solid waste management recycling includes reducing the quantity of wastes generated and reuse of items from resource sources such as steel, glass, plastics, paper etc. There are various technologies used in the process of recycling of waste [80].

(1) De-inking Mechanism for recycling of Paper: In most developed countries, de-inking technologies for paper recycling have been implemented. The 2-way processes are done through enzymes through the use of chemicals. Both involve the combining of the old or discarded paper with water and chemical compounds, then shredding and heating it to form pulp and slurry. It is then stretched and de-inked by eliminating unnecessary materials such as plastic or glue [81].

(2) Glass Recycling Technology: This system recycles waste glass bottles or broken glass screens by a melting process of high temperature in which broken glass, such as cullets, is reshaped into the glass or other glass components which can be reused [82].

7.4 Processing: The processing mostly aims to minimize the amount of waste in waste dumps and recover valuable processing outputs, including compost, steam and treatment electricity [83].

1) Autoclave Treatment Technology: The framework is designed to maximize waste recycling. A mechanical thermal processing system is required which is subjected to high temperature and steam pressure from 140°C to 160°C. This facility extracts the water content and removes the marks from the cans, tubes, glass bottles etc. Material or other waste is moved to the landfill site. [84].

2) Fluff Fuel Technology: In this method of technology, organic matter is recycled in a form of organic pulp, known as fluff, from waste.

Wastes like paper, glass, metals are shredded and reduced to centimetres in size and transported in a conveyor belt to remove the metallic products. This reduced waste is exposed to high temperatures, killing bacteria and reducing the water content. The waste is further separated and the residual substance appears as granules or sand-like fluff. In this way, the waste volumes in the landfills are minimized and the fluff can be used as a soil alteration, because of its organic aspect and its nitrogen content [85, 86].

3) Waste Melting Systems: The method of melting or thermal therapy is achieved at an unbelievably high temperature by electrical treatments. The result is metal waste that can be recycled and used for building. The technology thus developed eliminates the issue of fly ash and decreases the amount of waste at waste disposal sites [87]. www.irjmets.com

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4) Incineration Treatment Technology : Incineration is a high-temperature mechanism for the oxidation of ash and biomass waste material. The waste material is distributed across the environment in the form of pollutant-free gasses using this technology. The electrical power generated by incineration in the heat treatment here. Thereby, the waste volume can be minimized by around 70% with the aid of this method [88].

5) Vermi composting: In the global recycling of the agricultural waste with earthworms as a bioenergy reactor, vermicomposting therapy is used. The rest is called vermicast with a large content of potassium, phosphorous and nitrene which can be used as a bio-fertilizer for plant processing [89-90].

7.5 Recovery : The method of recovering energy is the waste generated method of manufacturing. In a manufacturing facility for the manufacturing of materials and drugs, plastics, metals and glass included, solids of all sizes will be recycled. This reduces the quantity of waste produced and reduces waste and buys [91].

1) Thermochemical Conversion Technology: High-temperature chemical solutions can be convertible into solids, liquids and gas compounds by thermochemical processes. The intensely harmful liquid and gas heat contaminators and condensable as minor goods degrade material such as plastic rubbers, farm waste. The treatment of thermochemical consists of 3 processes including gasification, pyrolysis and torrefaction [92]. a.

Gasification: Gasification is the safest form of resource development and promotes the environmental policy at sites [93]. Gasification is applied as thermal refining for the conversion of high-temperature organic matter or waste feedstocks in the process of gassing compounds such as industrial gas or synthetic gas [94]. b.

Pyrolysis: The technology for thermal-chemical steam processing breaks down municipal and agricultural waste at 800°C without oxygen [95]. Products are processed into a stable mixture of ash, biomass, liquid and gas in limited quantities. The products collected include syngas, bio-oil and char [96]. c.

Torrefaction: Torrefaction is a process in which organic raw materials are processed to a fine fuel at temperatures of 220–350 degrees C without any oxygen present [97]. The processed materials partially decompose and leave a black carbonous substance known as a biofuel [98, 99]. d.

Bio Conversion: Biochemical conversion is a treatment for biomass that typically transforms wet biomass into usable sources of fuel. One process is anaerobic digestion from which methane, biodiesel and biogas are converted to waste [100]. e.

Anaerobic Digestion: The mechanism of anaerobic digestion is the disposal of biomass of methane, thermal or electricity, such as waste and agricultural waste. The Indian market has rising demand and concern for bio waste conversion into anaerobic digestion systems energy sources [101].

7.6 Waste Disposal: This is the last stage that comes under process of waste management. Disposal includes a series of measures from the storage, delivery and recycling steps to the disposal or landfill area for waste that is not usable. Several waste disposal activities deteriorate civilization, including open landfills and open fire. Smart technologies were introduced in this region to get away from this issue [102].

1) Stabilized Landfill technology: Waste from waste disposal causes dangerous gas outbreaks by volatility which is more harmful to the environment than carbon dioxide. To avoid this problem, stabilized waste disposal technologies are used to monitor waste flow volumes and detect unnecessary materials such as plastics that enter the facility [103]. The systems manage all waste and are part of the waste fraction phase that makes social and environmental benefits in the waste disposal plant more diversified [104].

2) Bio reactor Technology: Bioreactor technology transforms the biomass by degrading it by using fluid and air to boost the microbial process. The policy seeks to minimize long-term environmental threats [105]. It increases the moisture control of the waste dumping by breaking down organic matter and reducing the chance www.irjmets.com

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of handling less hazardous chemicals. This will help reduce the number of waste disposal thanks to airspace moisture [106].

VIII.

FINDINGS OF THE STUDY

(1) The amount of municipal solid waste generated is determined by factors such as population density, urbanization, demography etc. Overall, the Solid waste procedures currently used in India are insufficient.

(2) Present services need to be expanded into a smart waste management system so that waste is better handled by implementing the technologies to function smoother.

(3) Solid waste recycling through the dumping stage can be carried out conveniently using eco-friendly zeroemission vehicles, and thus can be minimized to a certain degree.

(4) The adequate implementation of the new Solid Waste management technology will play a very important role in maintaining an environment that is both free of emissions and sustainable.

IX. SUGGESTIONS The people in society should be informed about issues related to waste in order to maintain a healthy environment by raising awareness through information on the negative effects of waste. In developed countries, government initiatives should be taken to provide financial incentives for implementing waste management technologies in cities so that these resources can be used to increase productivity. The help of smart and innovative technologies will incorporate an efficient management system that will assist in handling municipal waste which thereby will help to reduce problems in the society and human community are safeguarded.

X. CONCLUSION

Owing to the growing population and accelerated urbanization, the handling of waste has become a major issue.

In India, approximately 160,000 tonnes of waste are made. The government has to generalize a functional atmosphere for establishing a sustainable management mechanism and implementing modern technology to promote and address the issues by handling the waste from collection to disposal. With ICCT advances in waste stream technology, it has offered developing economies a great deal of opportunity to improve the right waste transportation facility, monitor waste volume, convert waste into energy, stabilize sites, etc., mainly for environmental purposes and protect the human society's health concerns. The concept of smart technologies has been promoted and accepted in countries throughout the world. The help of smart and innovative technologies has allowed the world to become more resilient. India must refine and incorporate emerging technology due to behavioural shifts, so that engagement in the society is feasible, as everyone has to reflect on and follow the principles of an efficient management system to protect the climate. The right application of the technology and policies will also assist in the handling of municipal waste and can thus help reduce pollution and ensure that the human community is safeguarded.

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