HYDRO ELECTRIC POWER PLANT

e-ISSN: 2582-5208 International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science Volume:03/Issue:03/March-2021

Impact Factor- 5.354

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HYDRO ELECTRIC POWER PLANT Yash Sharma*1, Vipul Sharma*2, Mr. JP Kesari*3 *1,2UG

Students, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, DTU Solaris, Delhi Technological University, Bawana Road.

Delhi -110042, India.

*3Associate

Professor, Faculty Head, DTU Solaris Department of Mechanical Engineering, DTU Solaris, Delhi Technological University, Bawana Road. Delhi -110042, India.

ABSTRACT India is also known as the land of energy plants. Hydropower Plant is the most important renewable energy source, accounting for 17% of the world's total electricity generation. Hydropower is the largest renewable energy source in 2016 with more than double the contribution from all other renewable resources combined. In addition to power supply, the power plant can provide many of the most important services to the power grid that help maintain system stability and feed security by providing frequency regulations, power support, emergency depots, load tracking, and first black service. Hydropower plays an even more important role in conserving electricity, balancing other renewable energy services such as wind power and solar energy and water management services in ponds, such as flood management, water supply, irrigation, and transportation.

There are still great potential for further development as more than 25% of the technological energy used is utilized. Hydropower is more competitively competitive as compared to other renewable energy sources, and also compared to hot energy, a much higher rate of energy charge and very low gas emissions. The remaining energy is associated with higher energy bills, lower costs, and lower greenhouse gas emissions leading to many different studies that energy prices will increase from the current value of 4100 TWh per year by 2 or more by 2050.

I.

INTRODUCTION

The term hydropower means to use falling water to produce energy - usually in the form of electricity (eg hydroelectric power). Historically Hydropower is also used for grinding grain or pumping water. Other sources of energy for compression (water) are waves and waves. Hydropower remains a highly developed, widely used and long-lasting renewable energy source. Hydropower installations are often combined with other uses, including flood control, Water supply, and subsequent tap water storage Electrical energy. It is measured on all scales, from the largest (GW) to the smallest (KW) power; however, the chances are highly dependent on the size of the area And rainfall to provide adequate flow and fall (head).

The world's best electricity distribution in 1881 based on kW scale hydro turbines. By 2008 the hydropower capacity had arrived Approximately 875 GW, excluding ~ 131 GW of hydro storage discharged. The potential for complete globalization continues to increase approximately 2% per annum, with electricity supply of about 16% of the world Electricity this rate can also increase, be driven National energy security considerations and climate mitigation Change. However, environmental and social concerns Frequency are the biggest challenges in continuous use; so be careful Management is important. Electricity generation depends on annual rainfall, water retention and, Of course, power is included. Reviews hydroelectric energy as well Generation by continent and regions of various countries; usually there has great untapped potential, especially in Africa. Norway, Venezuela, The Brazilian and Canadian hydro power generates more than half the total electricity.

As the world develops, sites with greater capacity are often used firstly, therefore the national increase in total power generation tends to decrease and time. By the 1940's, the old industrialized nations were gaining ground Their priority areas. Now most of the increase is in new developed countries, especially China, Brazil, and India.

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e-ISSN: 2582-5208 International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science Volume:03/Issue:03/March-2021

Impact Factor- 5.354

II.

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REVIEW OF LITRATURE

The world's first hydroelectric project was used to light a single lamp in a house in the country of Cragside in Northumberland, England, in 1878. Four years later, the first commercial and commercial customer supply plant was opened in Wisconsin, USA, and within a decade, hundreds of power plants were operating.

In North America, power plants were installed in Grand Rapids, Michigan (1880), Ottawa, Ontario (1881), Dolgeville, New York (1881), and Niagara Falls, New York (1881). They were used to move mills and to light other local buildings.

By the end of the century technology was spreading around the world, when Germany produced the first threephase electric power system in 1891, and Australia introduced the first public-owned plant in the Southern Hemisphere in 1895. In 1895, the world's largest power development plant, the Edward Dean Adams Power Plant, was created in Niagara Falls.

By 1900 hundreds of low-power plants were in operation as emerging technologies spread throughout the world. In China, in 1905, a hydroelectric power station was built on the Xindian River near Taipei, with an installed capacity of 500 kW.

III.

MATHEMATICAL FORMULA

Water of the volume per second Q and density ρ falls down a slope. The mass falling per unit time is ρQ, and rate of potential energy lost by the falling fluid isPo=ρQgH When g is accelerated due to gravity and H is the upper part of the waterway.

Turbines convert this energy into shaft power. Unlike thermal energy sources, there is no basic thermodynamic or motivating reason why the output power of the hydro system must be below the electrical input power P0, without the loss of a collision which can be very small in proportion. Because area with a pool of water, H is fixed and Q is replaced. Therefore the power outages are controlled immediately, or less, by the output of the project, as long as there is enough water. Note that overcrowding pure water at temperatures of 1000 kg / m3 and almost no air 1.2 kg / m3, which is the main reason for the difference in medium width water propellers and wind turbines are the same output power.

The main disadvantages of hydropower plant is the site must have sufficient Q and H.

IV.

IMPULSE TURBINES

Impulse turbines are easier to understand than reaction turbines. We first consider a specific stimulus turbine: the Pelton wheel turbine The potential energy of the lake water is converted to kinetic. The capacity of one or more jets. Each plane then hits a series of buckets or ‘cups’ Placed on the edge of a straight wheel, the Decreased fluid effect changes the intensity of Liquid. The cup has used the force of the liquid, so the liquid has it. www.irjmets.com

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e-ISSN: 2582-5208 International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science Volume:03/Issue:03/March-2021

Impact Factor- 5.354

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Likewise affected the energy in the cup. Tangential force applied to the wheel causes it to turn.

Although an ideal turbine efficiency is 100%, in practice, values range from 50% for small units to 90% for accurately machined large trading systems. The construction of the Pelton utility wheel aims at the well-defined performance. For example, microphones are adjusted so that the water jets hit the cups moving differently in a fully related speed to transmit high pressure. Worthy will not be achieved in operation, as the incoming flight may be interrupted by the indicated flight and the next cup surrounding its location. Pelton made several improvements to the turbines of his time (1860) Overcoming this difficulty. Notes on the tops of the cups give the jets better access to water-turning cups. The shape of the cups is filled with intermediate division phase so that water jets are shown remotely incoming water.

V.

WHAT IS GENERATING POWER

Naturally, energy cannot be built or destroyed, but it can change from one form to another. In power generation, no new energy is generated. Basically one type of energy is converted into another type. To make electricity, water must flow. This is the kinetic (moving) force. When running water becomes a generator, the form is converted into mechanical (mechanical) power. The turbine converts a rotor generator that continuously converts this machine to another form of power i.e. electricity. Since water is the primary source of energy, we call this simply electricity generated by fossil fuels or fossil fuels. In buildings called hydroelectric power plants, hydroelectric power is generated. Some power stations are located in rivers, streams and canals, but to get reliable water, dams are needed. Dams store water for dad to drain, for purposes such as irrigation, domestic and industrial use, and power generation. The dam works just as well as a battery, saving water from draining where it is needed for energy.

Some study about turbines As there are only two basic types of turbines (power and response), but there are different variations. The type of turbine to be used in power stations is not selected until all performance studies and cost estimates have been done. The turbine used depends largely on site conditions. A rotating turbine is a straight or straight wheel that works with a fully inflated tire, which is a feature that reduces turbulence. According to us, the turning turbine acts as a sprinkling of rotating grass when the water in the navel is under pressure and overflows at the end of the thighs, causing circulation. Reaction turbines are the most widely used type.

An explosive turbine is a straight or vertical wheel that uses the kinetic energy of water hitting its blades to provide rotation. The tire is covered by a house and the blades are designed to change the flow of water about 170 degrees inside the house. After turning the blades, water fell on the wheels and came out.

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e-ISSN: 2582-5208 International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science Volume:03/Issue:03/March-2021

Impact Factor- 5.354

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COST The International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) reports the average investment costs for large energy storage plants typically ranging from $ 1,050 / kW to $ 7,650 / kW, with the distance for minute power plants projects between $ 1,300 / kW and $ 8,000 / kW. Summing the additional capacity to existing power works or current dams outside the power plant can be costly, and can cost up to $ 500 / kW. Then the cost of a hydropower plant application varies depending on many factors, namely large system size, head and turbine type. For a quick overview of operating expenses use the table below, if we had a specific program size and are interested in using the chart High power output: Estimated annual operating costs 5 kW: £ 2,200 25 kW: £ 4,000 50 kW: £ 6,300 100 kW: £ 11,000 250 kW: £ 25,000 500 kW: £ 48,300 Production costs are between $ 40 and $ 110 / MWh (usually $ 75 / MWh) for big hydro power plants, between $ 45 and $ 120 / MWh (typically, $ 83 / MWh) for small plants, from - $ 55 to $ 185 / MWh ($ 90 / MWh) on VSHP.

VI.

ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES

ADVANTAGES 1.

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No fuel charges.

Maintenance cost is low.

Running cost is low No fuel transportation is required.

No ash and flue gas problems and does not pollute environment These plants are being used for flood control and irrigation purpose They provide Long life in comparison with thermal and nuclear plants.

Less supervising.

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e-ISSN: 2582-5208 International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science Volume:03/Issue:03/March-2021

Impact Factor- 5.354

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DISADVANTAGES 1.

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Initial cost is high Long time for construction power plants.

These plants located in hilly areas far away from the load centre and thus they require long transmission lines and losses in them will be more.

VII.

CONCLUSION

Hydropower is very important in terms of performance as it doesn’t require "suspension" time, as it does with many heating technologies. Although it can increase or decrease the amount of energy that the system provides almost immediately to meet the changing needs. With this critical volume of power tracking, high power and dynamic power, electricity plays an unparalleled role in ensuring reliable electricity supply and meeting the needs of customers in the market-driven industry. And tap water storage facilities are the only important way to store electricity.

Hydropower's ability to provide maximum power, loading, and frequency control helps prevent system failures that can lead to mechanical damage and even redness or blackout. Electrical power, in addition to nonremovable and renewable have the above performance benefits which provide an improved value to the electrical system for efficiency, safety, and reliability of the most important factor. The benefits of electricity provided by hydropower plants are critical to the success of our National effort to eradicate the law from the electricity industry.

Water is one of our most important resources, and electricity uses this renewable resource. As a National leader in energy management, Reclamation helps Indigenous people to meet their current and future needs in that a way that protects the environment by improving energy projects and utilizing them efficiently.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We would like to express our greatest appreciation to the all individuals who have helped and supported us throughout the project. We are thankful to our basic mechanical engineering teacher JP Kesari sir in Delhi Technological University for his ongoing support during the project, from initial advice, and provision of contacts in the first stages through ongoing advice and encouragement, which led to the final report of this BME project.

A special acknowledgement goes to our colleagues who helped us in completing the project by exchanging interesting ideas and sharing the experience.

We are thankful to our parents as well for their undivided support and interest who inspired us and encouraged us to go follow our own way, without them, we would be unable to complete the project.

At the end, we wish to thank our companions who displayed appreciation to the work and motivated us to complete the work.

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REFERENCES

Electrical4u- https://www.electrical4u.com/hydro-power-plant-construction-working-and-history-ofhydro-power-plant Slide share- https://www.slideshare.net/khubaibr1/hydroelectricpowerplant https://www.energy.gov/eere/water/types-hydropower-plants https://www.nsenergybusiness.com/features/hydroelectric-power-plants-india/ https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/hydropower/ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Uhjhufhg3Xk https://www.yourelectricalguide.com/2018/05/working-principle-hydroelectric-power-plantadvantagesdisadvantages.html#:~:text=The%20water%20turbine%20changes%20the,mechanical%20energy%2 0into%20electrical%20energy. https://learnmechanical.com/hydroelectric-power-plant/

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