e-ISSN: 2582-5208 International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science Volume:02/Issue:09/September -2020
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EFFECT OF NANO ADDITIVES AND PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF DIESEL ENGINE USING BIOFUEL BLENDS WITH DIESEL J. Senthil kumar*1, R. Periya Sakthivel*2, S. Sakthi Vignesh*3, R. Sathish*4 *1Assistant
Professor, School of Mechanical Engineering, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India. 2.3 ,4Final Year U.G Student, Department of Mechanical Engineering Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India.
ABSTRACT Energy demand is the hot topic of all developing and developed countries. Every day Energy demand increases in a big rate. So it is necessary to find an eco-friendly alternative solution, biodiesel is a promising alternative solution for this problem. The main purpose of this paper is to test and compare the performance of diesel engine using pure Lemon grass oil and Ginger grass oil blended with blended with diesel and cerium oxide is used as a catalyst. Lemon grass oil and Ginger grass oils were esterified using the transestrification method. Then samples A10, A20, A30, C10, C20 and C30 were prepared using magnetic stir ration process. The measuring parameters are break power; break thermal efficiency, specific fuel conception, and volumetric efficiency. Result shows that C10 gives better performance than D100 and other biodiesel samples. Keyword: Biodiesel, Lemon grass oil, Ginger grass oil, cerium oxide, break thermal efficiency, specific fuel consumption.
I.
INTRODUCTION
Diesel engines, are used in a variety of applications, such as, power generation, transportation ,agriculture ,offshore drilling, military marine ,telecommunication eneratorsets ,and elsewhere[1–These are the back bone of nation’s economy especially for the developing countries, like India. This attribute dtoit fundamental dvantagesinthe for mofhigh torque, turbo charging capability, high efficiency, and lower main- tenancy [1,3]. However, as the use of diesel engines increasing, the stock of diesel is diminishing vary rapidly, with a continuous increase in harmful pollution.Thes include oxides of nitrogen (NOX), oxides of carbon (COandCO2), oxidesofsulfur(SOX), hydrocarbon (HC) ,smoke,etc. [3].countries who import fossil fuels from other countries for their current energy requirements, economic growth and progress are very much worried about their fast depletion , it might create in the event of our not being able to find a suitable alternative fuel [4]. This has pushed the researchers all over the world to find a suitable alternative energy sources like, photovoltaic, hydrogen fuel and bio fuels and emerge themselves as energy independent nations [5].Among the available options, biodiesel looks to be the most promising solution to the fuel calamity [6].Usage of vegetable oil in a diesel engine is not a new concept. Rudolph Diesel, who invented diesel engine, himself, had tried peanut oil in his engine. Vegetable oil has both positive and negative influence on the engine. Cold flow properties, the viscosity and volatility of vegetable oils are noted as negative impacts on the diesel engine and may lead to engine reduced performance and chocking. [7].On the other hand, their rich oxygen content, biodegradability, renewability and emission reduction are their merits [8].Researchers Puhan et al. [9] observed that there is a increase in oxides of nitrogen emission as on increasing the injection pressure researchers Jaichandar and Annamalai [10] studied the influence of open combustion geometry with pongamia biodiesel and showed that Toroidal combustion chamber geometry caused thermal efficiency to increase due to better air and fuel mixing. Xue [11] reviewed the effect of biodiesel on engine emissions and performance, and concluded that, blends with a less than 50% of biodiesel are technically feasible as alternative fuels in a CI engine with no or minor changes to the engine. . Hansen [12] reviewed the ethanol-diesel fuel blend for engine performance, emissions and durability. Riberio [13] reviewed the role of additives for diesel and biodiesel blended (biodiesel or ethanol) fuels. Gürü [14] observed that the manganese additive had a stronger impact on the reduction of the fuel's freezing point, and also the exhaust emission of the fuel. Jung [15]. They observed that the addition of cerium to the diesel shows significant changes in number e weighted size distributions, kinetics of oxidation, and light off temperature.
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II.
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METHODOLOGY
Lemon grass and Ginger grass oils were bought from the local market of Chennai. Both the oils were esterified using the transestrification method. The base catalysed trans-esterification process is the reaction of a triglyceride (Fat/oil) with an alcohol to form ester and glycerol in the presence of a base catalyst, which in most of the cases is either Potassium Hydroxide (KOH). Or sodium hydroxide (NaOH) to remove free fatty acids and to get properties closer to the diesel with reduced viscosity. The oil properties were checked after the oils were esterified and the free fatty acid value is 0.312 for Lemon grass oil and o.243 for Lemon grass oil. The transesterification process was followed by magnetic stir ration which is a common technique used to mix liquids. A magnetic mixer is a laboratory device that employs a rotating magnetic field to cause a stir bar ( also called “flea�) immersed in a liquid to spin very quickly at a speed of 1200 rpm at room temperatures, thus stirring it. The rotating field created by a rotating magnet placed beneath the vessel with the liquid. Totally six samples namely A10, A20, A30, C10, C20 and C30 were prepared. C10 contains a mixture of 90% of diesel, 10% of Lemon grass biodiesel and cerium oxide nano additive 30 ppm. C20 contains a mixture of 80% of diesel, 20% of Lemon grass biodiesel and 30 ppm of cerium oxide nano additive. C30 contains a mixture of 70% of diesel, 30% of Lemon grass bio diesel and 30 ppm of cerium oxide. A10 contains a mixture of 90% of diesel, 10% of Ginger grass biodiesel and 30 ppm of cerium oxide nano additive. C20 contains a mixture of 80% of diesel, 20% of Ginger grass biodiesel and 30 ppm of cerium oxide nano additive. A30 contains a mixture of 70% of diesel, 30% of Lemon grass biodiesel and 30 ppm of cerium oxide nano additive. All three samples allowed mixing in the magnetic stirring machine for 30 minutes each. After 20 minutes all the six samples were ready to test in the engine.
III.
EXPERIMENTAL SET UP
A single-cylinder has 4-stroke, direct injection Kirloskar TV1 diesel engine with a maximum rated output of 5.20 kW at 1500 rpm was utilized to obtain the set of experimental data required .The engine has a compression ratio of 17.5. The engine has a swept volume of 661.45 (cc), bore diameter of the engine is 87.50 mm and stroke length of 110.00 mm. Injection pressure is 210 bar maintained constantly throughout the process.
Figure1: Engine Setup Table 1. Engine Specification Engine model Kirloskar TV1 Power 5.20 kW Speed 1500 rpm Number of cylinders Single Cylinder Number of stroke 4 stroke
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Cooling system Cylinder Bore Stroke Length Connecting Rod length Compression Ratio Swept volume Injection pressure
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Water Cooled 87.50(mm) 110.00(mm) 234.00(mm) 17.50 661.45 (cc) 210 Bar
1. Pure Diesel (D100) Pure diesel is tested in diesel engine to compare the performance and emission parameters of Lemon grass oil bio fuels .The results obtained from the performance and emission test are tabulated below. Table 2. Engine Test result Pure Diesel BP(kw) 0 0.87 1.75 2.62 3.5
BTHE (%) 3.6 17.12 23.65 30.3 32.52
SFC (kg/kWh) 2.38 0.5 0.36 0.28 0.26
Vol Eff. (%) 85.82 85.75 85.32 84.81 84.38
2. Sample 1 C10 sample is prepared by trans-estrification and magnetic stir ration process. Lemon grass oil is esterified by trans-estrification process to remove the free fatty acids present in it .Then 10% of Lemon grass Oil is mixed with 90% of pure diesel and 30 ppm of serium oxide nano additive then this mixture is stirred using magnetic stirring machine at 1200 rpm .Then this mixture is tested in Diesel engine .Results are plotted below in the table. Table 3. Engine Test result Sample.1 BP(kw)
Vol Eff. (%)
SFC (kg/kWh)
BTHE (%)
0 0.87 1.75 2.62 3.5
86.48 86.31 86.01 85.45 85.14
3.97 0.62 0.42 0.32 0.29
2.16 13.84 20.43 26.78 29.52
3. Sample 2 B20 sample is a mixture of 20% of esterfied Lemon grass oil, 80 % of pure diesel and 30 ppm of serium oxide nano additive mixed using magnetic striation machine. The below table shows the emission and performance parameters of B20 Sample. Table 4. Engine Test result Sample.2 BP(kw) 0 0.87 1.75 2.62 3.5
Vol Eff. (%) 86.82 86.6 86.33 85.78 85.3
SFC (kg/kWh) 0 0.61 0.4 0.3 0.28
BTHE (%) 0 13.94 21.58 28.35 30.78
4. Sample 3 B30 sample is a blend which contains 30% of esterfied Lemon grass oil, 70 % of pure diesel and 30 ppm of serium oxide nano additive stirred using magnetic striation machine. The below table shows the and performance emission parameters of B30 Sample.
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Table 5. Engine Test result Sample.3 BP(kw) 0 0.87 1.75 2.62 3.5
Vol Eff. (%) 86.51 86.45 86.26 85.83 85.33
SFC (kg/kWh) 3.9 0.63 0.37 0.32 0.3
BTHE (%) 2.2 13.56 23.03 26.58 28.51
5. Sample 4 A10 sample is prepared by trans-estrification and magnetic stir ration process. Ginger grass oil is esterified by trans-estrification process to remove the free fatty acids present in it .Then 10% of Ginger grass Oil is mixed with 90% of pure diesel and 30 ppm of serium oxide nano additive then this mixture is stirred using magnetic stirring machine at 1200 rpm .Then this mixture is tested in Diesel engine Results are plotted below in the figure. Table 6. Engine Test result Sample.4 BP (kW) 0 0.82 1.75 2.62
SFC (kg/kWh) 4.65 0.54 0.4 0.29
Vol Eff. (%) 86.53 86.29 86.21 86.08
BTHE (%) 1.84 15.94 21.43 29.52
3.5
0.25
85.29
33.97
6. Sample 5 A20 sample is a mixture of 20% of esterfied Ginger grass oil, 80 % of pure diesel and 30 ppm of serium oxide nano additive mixed using magnetic striation machine. The below table shows the performance parameters of A20 Sample. Table 7. Engine Test result Sample.5 BP(kw) 0 0.87 1.75 2.62 3.5
Vol Eff. (%) 86.56 86.45 85.97 85.59 85.31
SFC (kg/kWh) 4.98 0.61 0.37 0.28 0.26
BTHE (%) 1.72 14.07 22.88 30.08 32.42
7. Sample 6 A30 sample is a blend which contains 30% of esterfied Ginger grass oil, 70 % of pure diesel and 30 ppm of serium oxide nano additive stirred using magnetic striation machine. The below table shows the and performance of A30 Sample. Table 8. Engine Test result Sample.6 BP(kw) 0 0.87 1.75 2.62 3.5
IV.
Vol Eff. (%) 86.51 86.31 86.08 85.6 84.92
SFC (kg/kWh) 4.01 0.62 0.4 0.31 0.27
BTHE (%) 2.14 13.77 21.43 27.91 31.27
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
1. Brake Thermal Efficiency
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D100
40 35
A10
30 BTHE(%)
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C10
25 20
A20
15
B20
10 A30
5 0 0
0.87
1.75
2.62
3.5
B30
BREAK POWER(KW) Figure2: Brake Power Vs Brake Thermal Efficiency Brake thermal efficiency of the engine is defined as how well the fuel is burnt inside the cylinder and gets converted into useful mechanical output. Shows the variations of brake thermal efficiency for diesel fuel, Lemon grass oil, Ginger grass oil and its blends. The main parameters that have a major influence on the brake thermal efficiency are kinematic viscosity, calorific value, and oxygen content that are present in the fuel. From the figure it is obvious that C100-D90 blend lies closer to diesel in full load condition compared with the other Lemon grass and Ginger grass blends. It is due to the influence of higher presence of oxygen content and heating value in the biofuel. 2. Specific Fuel Consumption
Specific fuel consumption(kg/kWh)
6 5
A10
4
A20
3
A30 C10
2
C20
1 0
C30 0
0.87
1.75
2.62
3.5
D100
Break power(KW) Figure3: Brake Power Vs Specific Fuel Consumption Performance characteristics of the diesel engine tested with D100, Lemon grass and Ginger grass and its blends, above bar chart represents the specific energy consumption variation with different brake power. Specific fuel consumption is defined as the ratio of energy got by burning fuel to the brake power of the engine or the amount of energy used by the engine per kW power in one hour. At 3.5 maximum break powers C10 gives best results when compared with D100 and other blends of Lemon grass and Ginger grass bio fuels.
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Volumetric efficiency (%)
3. Volumetric Efficiency
87.5 87 86.5 86 85.5 85 84.5 84 83.5 83
A10 A20 A30 C10 C20 C30 0
0.87
1.75
2.62
3.5
D100
Break power(KW) Figure3: Brake Power Vs Volumetric Efficiency The ratio of air volume drawn in to the cylinder to the cylinder’s swept volume is called volumetric efficiency. Generally in diesel engines volumetric efficiency varies from 80-90 % .In our research work almost all the biofuel samples shows have volumetric efficiencies around 85%.At maximum break power volumetric efficiency reduced by one percentage.
V.
CONCLUSION
All the main points of the research work are written in this section. Ensure that abstract and conclusion should not same. Graph and tables should not use in conclusion. Thus with the performance characteristics and Results obtained,
Production of Ginger grass and Lemon grass oils were done successfully. The viscosity of bio diesel seems to be little higher than diesel.
Blends of Ginger grass and Lemon grass oils were tested successfully in a single cylinder diesel engine without any changes in the engine. Test runs were also made with pure diesel in order to compare the performance of biofuel samples. Tabulations and Bar charts were plotted for performance parameters. The Break thermal efficiency of C10 is 5% greater than that of diesel, were other samples gives Break thermal efficiency closer to that of diesel. C10 shows Specific fuel closer to diesel Than any other blends of diesel used. Volumetric efficiency is almost same for all the Biodiesel blends but greater than that of diesel.
VI.
REFERENCES
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