PHYSIOCHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL PARAMETER ANALYSIS OF POTABLE WATER SOURCE FROM THONNAKKAL

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PHYSIOCHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL PARAMETER ANALYSIS OF POTABLE WATER SOURCE FROM THONNAKKAL Dr. Noha Laj *1, Abhinsha Z *2, Dr. Raishy R Hussain *3 *1Associate

*2M.Sc

Professor, Department of Microbiology, A J College of Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India.

Microbiology Student, Department of Microbiology, A J College of Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India.

*3Associate

Professor, Department of Biotechnology, A J College of Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India.

ABSTRACT Water is the most precious and important natural resource in life. A major objective of this study was to analyse the wholesome quality of potable water sources. The detection of coliform and chemicals in the samples will help to array some recommendations to the public.

Keywords: potability, pH, COD, BOD, Acidity

I.

INTRODUCTION

Water is the most precious and important natural resource in life. Water that is contaminated constitutes a threat to the public health worldwide because of the presence of microorganisms especially coliforms. The major objective of the study was to analyze the wholesome quality of potable water sources.

Our college is very close to the clay factory and thus the water may contain chemicals. In this background we have taken survey from hundred houses and analyzed drinking water by collecting water samples in and around our college. The study generated some essential baseline information for certain parameters as per the standard for drinking water recommended by various agencies. Although there are some bacteria in all ground waters, and in general they carry out beneficial processes, some bacteria or other microorganisms (e.g., protozoa, viruses) may cause disease in humans. Naturally some microorganisms have learned to live on or in the human body. Many of these microorganisms do no harm, and are even beneficial because they compete with other microorganisms that might cause disease if they could become established in or on our bodies. A few microorganisms (called pathogens) can cause disease in humans. Some of these disease-causing microorganisms are closely associated with humans and other warm-blooded animals. These pathogens are transmitted from one organism to another by direct contact, or by contamination of food or water. Many of the pathogens which caused gastrointestinal disease is in this category. Several human gastrointestinal pathogens produce toxins which act on the small intestine, causing secretion of fluid which results in diarrhea. Cells of the pathogen are shed in the faces, and if these cells contaminate food or water which is then consumed by another person, the disease spreads. Other pathogens are “opportunists�: they may not be closely associated with humans or other mammals and they rarely cause disease in healthy adults. Instead, these may be common bacteria or fungi which exist in soil or water, but may cause disease in persons already weakened by a preexisting disease.

Sewage consist of approximately 99.9% water, 0.02-0.03% suspended solids and other soluble organic and inorganic substances. Through the amount of the solids appear small on a percentage basis, the tremendous volume of material handled every day by a major municipal plant contains about 100 tons of solids. BOD is used a s parameter to express the strength of sewage. The BOD is a way of expressing the amount of organic matter in sewage as measured by the volume of oxygen required by bacteria to metabolize it. If there is more dissolved organic matter in the sewage, more oxygen will be utilized by bacteria to mineralize it, in other words the BOD of sewage will be higher.

The purity drinking water is evaluated by testing for the presence of coliforms as evidence of faecal contamination. The coliform bacteria include E. Coli Streptococcus faecalis and Clostridium welchii. Of this E. coli is the most predominant coliform the only natural source of coliforms in the intestine of humans and other mammals. Although these bacteria are usually non-pathogenic when ingested by healthy persons their www.irjmets.com

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presence in water indicates faecal contamination and thus possible presence of water borne pathogens. Water is considered safe for drinking only if it contains fewer than four faecal coliforms per 100ml as determined by the membrane filter method coliform bacteria in water are also detected by a multiple tube fermentation test that includes three test, i.e. presumptive conformed and completed which are performed sequentially on each water sample.

BOD and COD are not analyzed for drinking water samples. Here it was estimated only to merely check the presence of organic matter.

II.

METHODOLOGY

Collection and preservation of water samples 25 water samples were collected randomly from the 100 houses surveyed and categorized into 10 for the ease of analysis and the water were preserved in closed bottles.

Physical analysis Taste: Taste was determined as reported by the house owners. Usually the water samples are examined for the taste by taking a mouthful of it.

Odour: Odour is normally measured by single individual on the basis of sense of perception of odour.

Colour: Colour is measured by visual comparison using distilled water. pH: It was measured electrometrically using pH meter.

Chemical analysis Acidity: CO2 evolved during the respiration of aquatic plants and animals and the atmospheric CO2 dissolve in water and form carbonic acid. This carbonic acid is responsible for the acidity of water sample. ppm of CO2 = 10 x volume of 0.0227N NaOH used in titration (ml) Alkalinity: The total alkalinity of the water sample is due to the presence of carbonate and bicarbonate present in it. The number of bases such as carbonates, bicarbonates, hydroxides, phosphate, nitrates, silicates etc. contribute to the alkalinity of natural water.

Carbonate alkalinity = No. of ml of 0.02N H2SO4 used during titration with methyl orange x 20.

Bicarbonate alkalinity = No. of ml of 0.02N H2SO4 used during titration with methyl orange x 20 Total Alkalinity = Carbonate alkalinity + Bicarbonate alkalinity COD: COD is a measure of oxygen equivalent of the organic content of a sample that is susceptible to oxidation by a strong chemical oxidant.

Cod of sample = 8 x C x (B – A) S where C = Concentration of titrant (m mol/l) A = Volume of titrant used for blank (ml) B = Volume of titrant used for sample (ml) S = Volume of water sample taken (ml) Biological analysis MPN: It is a group of 3 tests used for checking the portability of drinking water. a. Presumptive test b. Confirmatory test c. Completed test BOD: Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) of the sample is measured as the quantity of dissolved oxygen required to effect stabilization of aerobic bacterial action of the portion of the dissolved organic matter which could be oxidized in five days at 20oC in dark. www.irjmets.com @International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering, Technology and Science

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D.O(mg/l) = 8 x 1000 x N x v V

V =Volume of sample taken v= volume of titrant used N= Normality of the titrant 8= constant since 1ml of 0.025 sodium thiosulphate solution is = to 0.2 mg O2 BOD = D1 – D2 D1 = Initial DO in sample D2 = Do after 3 days incubation

III.

OBSERVATION AND RESULTS

Taste (table no:-1) Sample I

II

III IV

Taste

1.

Agreeable

2.

Agreeable

3.

Agreeable

1.

Agreeable

2.

Agreeable

3.

Agreeable

1.

Agreeable

2.

Agreeable

1.

Agreeable

2.

Agreeable

As reported by the house owners.

Odour (table no:-2) Sample

Odour

I

1.

Odourless

2.

Odourless

3.

Odourless

1.

Odourless

2.

Odourless

3.

Odourless

1.

Odourless

2.

Odourless

1.

Odourless

2.

Odourless

II

III IV

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Colour (table no:-3) Sample

Colour

I

1.

Colourless

2.

Colourless

3.

Light Yellow

1.

Colourless

2.

Colourless

3.

Colourless

1.

Colourless

2.

Colourless

1.

Colourless

2.

Colourless

II

III IV

pH (table no:-4) Sample

pH

I

1.

6.5

2.

6.4

3.

6.3

1.

6.1

2.

6.0

3.

6.4

1.

6.4

2.

6.1

1.

6.3

2.

6.4

II

III IV

Acidity (table no:-5) Sample

Acidity

I

1.

18

2.

20

3.

17

1.

24

2.

20

3.

16

1.

8

2.

10

1.

16

2.

18

II

III IV

Acidity was found in negligible amounts.

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Alkalinity (table no:-6) Sample

Alkalinity

I

1.

4

2.

3

3.

4

1.

2

2.

1

3.

1

1.

3

2.

1

1.

2

2.

3

II

III IV

Here in the water sample bicarbonates were found to be absent or null. The water sample reacts only with methyl orange and indicates the presence of carbonate in the water sample.

COD (table no:-7) Sample

COD

I

1.

0.0144

2.

0.0146

3.

0.0141

1.

0.0192

2.

0.0190

3.

0.0199

1.

0.0272

2.

0.0275

1.

0.0112

2.

0.0110

II

III IV

COD was found to be very low in all the water samples.

BOD (table no:-8) Sample I 1.

2.

3.

II 1.

2.

3.

III 1.

2.

IV 1.

2.

BOD 0.2 0.5 0.3 0.5 0.2 0.8 0.3 0.6 0.8 0.7

Like COD, BOD was also found to be very low in all the water samples. www.irjmets.com

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MPN (table no:-9) Presumptive test: Sample

10 ml

1 ml

0.1 ml

MPN index/ml

Lower limit

Upper limit

I

1.

3

2

1

150

30

440

2.

3

3

2

1100

180

4100

3.

3

2

1

150

30

440

1.

2

3

1

36

87

94

2.

1

0

0

3.6

0.17

18

3.

0

0

0

< 3.00

-

-

1.

3

3

1

460

90

2000

2.

3

3

2

1100

180

4100

1.

2

3

1

36

87

94

2.

3

2

3

290

90

1000

II

III

IV

Confirmatory test: Tubes that showed both gas production and colour change were streaked to EMB agar and biochemical test was done.

Some tubes showed metallic sheen colonies. And confirmed the presence of E. coli and Enterobacter sps . From biochemical test we can thoroughly confirm that the organisms found in some samples has the presence of E. coli and Enterobacter sps.

IV.

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS



All the tests were preliminary based on a single collection.



Further tests can be done based on seasonal collection of samples or collection on a monthly/quarterly basis.



Further tests like heavy metal detection, TDS etc. can be carried out in the near future.

Normal values pH The optimum pH will vary in different supplies according to the composition of the water and the nature of the construction materials used in the distribution system, but is often in the range is 6.5–9.5. (APHA, ASTM, Barnes, K.H., J.L. Meyer, and B.J. Freeman, 1998).

Total Dissolved Solids Concentrations of TDS from natural sources have been found to vary from less than 30 mg/litre to as much as 6000 mg/litre, depending on the solubilities of minerals in different geological regions. (WHO/UNEP, GEMS. Global freshwater quality. Oxford, Alden Press, 1989.)

Dissolved Oxygen The maximum amount of oxygen that can be dissolved in water at 0°C is 14.6 mg/L. (Water Quality and Management, Dr Anuba Joel) Biological Oxygen Demand BOD level (ppm) 1-2

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Water quality Very Good: There will not be much organic waste present in the water supply. @International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering, Technology and Science

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3-5

Fair: Moderately Clean

6- 9

Poor: Somewhat Polluted Usually indicates organic matter is present and bacteria are decomposing the waste.

100 or greater

Very Poor: Very Polluted Contains organic waste.

NOTE: Generally, when BOD levels are high, there is a decline in DO levels. This is because the demand for oxygen by the bacteria is high and they are taking that oxygen from the oxygen dissolved in the water. If there is no organic waste present in the water, there won't be as many bacteria present to decompose it and thus the BOD will tend to be lower and the DO level will tend to be higher. (Barnes, K.H., J.L. Meyer, and B.J. Freeman, 1998. Watershed Protection Plan Development Guidebook).

Chemical Oxygen Demand The COD of normal drinking water is 10mg/l. (Drinking Water Standards of BIS (IS: 10500: 1991. Sri Lanka Standards for potable water – SLS 614: 2013).

V. [1] [2] [3]

[4] [5] [6] [7] [8]

REFERENCES

APHA (1989) Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater, 17th ed. Washington, DC, American Public Health Association.

ASTM (1976) Standard test for pH of water and waste water. In: Annual book of ASTM standards. Part 31.

Philadelphia, PA, American Society for Testing and Materials, p. 178.

Barnes, K.H., J.L. Meyer, and B.J. Freeman, 1998. Sedimentation and Georgia’s Fishes: An analysis of existing information and future research. 1997 Georgia Water Resources Conference, March 20-22, 1997, the University of Georgia, Athens Georgia.

Drinking Water Standards of BIS (IS: 10500: 1991).

K.R Aneja Experiments in Microbiology, plant pathology and biotechnology ( 4 edition ) Sri Lanka Standards for potable water – SLS 614: 2013 Water Quality and Management, Dr Anuba Joel WHO/UNEP, GEMS. Global freshwater quality. Oxford, Alden Press, 1989

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