e-ISSN: 2582-5208 International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science Volume:02/Issue:09/September-2020
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FLOOD SIMULATION AND TERRAIN ANALYSIS BETWEEN 2018 AND 2019 IN THE NIGER DELTA: A CASE STUDY OF YENAGOA AND ITS ENVIRONS Eteh, Desmond Rowland*1, Akana Tombra Susan*2 *1 PhD
Student, Faculty of Science, Department of Geology, Niger Delta University, Wilberforce Island, Bayelsa State. *2 Lecturer,
Faculty of Science, Department of Geology, Niger Delta University, Wilberforce Island, Bayelsa State.
ABSTRACT In recent times, due to climate change and other environmental factors, flooding has been a recurrent problem in most parts of the world, the Niger Delta inclusive. Governments are constantly in search of ways to combat this environmental crisis to save life and property. This research, therefore, uses flood simulation to determine flood prone regions in the study area and when these flood zones are safe for people to occupy. It also uses terrain analyses to determine the drainage pattern within the study area. This research explores the use of Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission (SRTM) data and Borehole data to monitor flood prone areas and digital elevation models (DEM) to determine the drainage patterns with the aid of Arc Scene 10.6 and Arc Map 10.6 software. Results show that the study area has 147 catchment areas, a dendritic drainage pattern, and elevation ranging from -14m to 38m. Borehole water level monitoring revealed that the flooding episode of 2018 was outsized by that of 2019. The flood simulation models indicate that flooding within the study area is cyclic in nature with floodwaters beginning to rise slowly in the middle of the year, peaks in November and drops sharply by December. From simulations. Based on this work, the south-western areas in the study area would require a lot more flood mitigation processes to prevent loss of lives and properties during the flood season and would be safe for habitation in the early months of the year. KEYWORDS: Flood simulation, GIS, Remote Sensing, drainage channel, 3D Modelling, SRTM
I.
INTRODUCTION
Floods are one of the most common of all environmental hazards regularly claiming over 20,000 lives per year and adversely affecting around 75 million people worldwide [13]. It is estimated that of the total economic loss caused by all kinds of disasters, 40% are due to flooding [6]. Flood is a major disaster and for the past decades, it has plagued not only the Niger Delta but the world at large [1]. The United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development [14] earmarked some probable causes of flooding to include heavy tropical storm, high intensity of rainfall, climate changes, deforestation, and the dam burst. [4] and [5] both suggest that the major causes of flooding within the Niger Delta are caused by an increase in rainfall, blockage of natural drainages and disregard of Town Planning and Urban Laws especially during constructions. The need for development and growth within the Niger Delta has also led to the increase of human settlements on river flood plains and low-lying regions effectively blocking drainage pathways. Thus, the incidence of recurrent flooding in the Niger Delta region is still a problem yet to be fully addressed. However, the simulation of floods and drainage patterns in the environment provides information and visual representation that can assist decision making of the government and individuals when flood zone areas may be safe for people to occupy [9]. Geographic Information System (GIS) has also been applied extensively to flood studies [5] as it reflects all kinds of spatial data in the real world. It can input, output, store, search, display, analyze, and be applied under certain support of software and hardware. The integration of GIS techniques on flood simulation and terrain analysis calls for a consign by applying GIS tools to monitor flood and the effect of drainage systems on flooding. This is to detect the drainage channel, its elevation and response to water flow direction, and determine the flood simulation model during and after the flood with the response to water increase. [15] and [8], both carried out a community-based flood risk assessment of San Sebastian using GIS and were able to develop detailed www.irjmets.com
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