CLIMATOLOGY
Geography 3ยบ E.S.O. Teacher Ms. Isabel
WEATHER AND CLIMATE • The weather is a group of characteristics that present the atmosphere in an established time and place. • The climate is the periodic succession of different types of weather over the years. Because of this, it is necessary to analyze a region during 30 years to establish the climate of a region. • The science that deals with predicting what the weather will be like in a certain zone is called Meteorology. • The science that studies different types of climate is referred to as Climatology. Geography 3º E.S.O. Teacher Ms. Isabel
CLIMATE Elements & factors
Geography 3ยบ E.S.O. Teacher Ms. Isabel
ELEMENTS OF THE CLIMATE
Geography 3ยบ E.S.O. Teacher Ms. Isabel
ELEMENTS OF THE CLIMATE The elements of climate are those elements that appear in the atmosphere and that are observable and quantifiable. The main ones are: •Temperature •Precipitation •Atmospheric pressure •Wind Geography 3º E.S.O. Teacher Ms. Isabel
TEMPERATURE Degree of heat that the air has. • Representation: through lines that join points of equal temperature called isotherms. • Measurement: temperature is measured with the thermometer. • It is expressed in either degrees Celsius or degrees Farenheit.
Geography 3º E.S.O. Teacher Ms. Isabel
PRECIPITATION Is the water that falls, solid or liquid, from the clouds. • Classification • It is classified according to the causes that provokes it: • Orographic (produced by relief), frontal or dynamic (due to the contact between two different air masses) and convective (due to the heating of the Earth's surface). • Representation • Through lines that join points of equal precipitation called "isoyetas“ lines. • Measurement • Precipitation is measured with a pluviometer. It is expressed in millimeters or in liters per square meter. Geography 3º E.S.O. Teacher Ms. Isabel
RELIEF RAIN
Geography 3ยบ E.S.O. Teacher Ms. Isabel
FRONTAL RAIN
Geography 3ยบ E.S.O. Teacher Ms. Isabel
CONVECTIVE RAIN
Geography 3ยบ E.S.O. Teacher Ms. Isabel
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE It is the force that is caused by the weight of an air column above the surface. The pressure at the sea level is 1013mlb. • It is expressed in millibars. Geography 3º E.S.O. Teacher Ms. Isabel
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE โ ข Representation: through lines that join points of equal pressure, called isobars.
Geography 3ยบ E.S.O. Teacher Ms. Isabel
WIND Wind is horizontal displacements of air created by differences in pressure. The displacements go from high pressure zones to low pressure zones, but they are affected by the Earth's rotation (Law of Coriolis). • Representation: Isobars are used to see wind direction. In the Northern Hemisphere, in the anticyclones the winds go clockwise and the low pressure areas go counter-clockwise. In the Southern Hemisphere it's the opposite. Geography 3º E.S.O. Teacher Ms. Isabel
WIND • It also allows us to find out its force because the closer together the isobars are, the greater the speed of wind. • Measurement: we use an anemometer. It is expressed in kilometers per hour or meters per second. • Direction: it is indicated by the weather vane. Geography 3º E.S.O. Teacher Ms. Isabel
OTHER ELEMENTS OF CLIMATE They are: • the cloudiness • the humidity • the mist • the dryness • the evaporation, etc.
Geography 3º E.S.O. Teacher Ms. Isabel
CLIMATE FACTORS We can classify them in three groups: • Astronomics. •Physical. •Dynamic.
Geography 3º E.S.O. Teacher Ms. Isabel
ASTRONOMIC FACTORS: LATITUDE
Geography 3ยบ E.S.O. Teacher Ms. Isabel
CLIMATE ZONES The latitude or angular distance between whichever point and the Equator, determines climates and different climate zones. As we get farther away from parallel zero, temperature decreases. Distancing from parallel zero also creates seasonal differences.
Geography 3ยบ E.S.O. Teacher Ms. Isabel
CLIMATE ZONES
Geography 3ยบ E.S.O. Teacher Ms. Isabel
PHYSICAL FACTORS • The relief. • Proximity to or distance from the sea. • Sea currents.
Geography 3º E.S.O. Teacher Ms. Isabel
RELIEF
Geography 3ยบ E.S.O. Teacher Ms. Isabel
PROXIMITY TO THE SEA The sea acts as a thermal regulator, it heats up and cools more slowly because the temperature changes are less extreme on the coast than inland.
Geography 3º E.S.O. Teacher Ms. Isabel
SEA CURRENTS
Geography 3ยบ E.S.O. Teacher Ms. Isabel
DYNAMIC FACTORS • • • •
Jet stream. Centers of action. Air masses. Fronts.
Geography 3º E.S.O. Teacher Ms. Isabel
DYNAMIC FACTORS • Centers of action: They are high and low pressure. The existence of permanent centers of action on Earth determines the different types of climate. • Air masses: They are portions of air with certain characteristics of pressure, humidity and temperature. • Fronts: They are zones of separation between air masses of different characteristics. Geography 3º E.S.O. Teacher Ms. Isabel
JET STREAM Are very strong winds. • There are two currents in each hemisphere: the polar zone with a latitude of approximately 60 degrees and the tropical zone with a latitude of 30 degrees. Its displacements and undulations influence in the general circulation of the atmosphere.
Geography 3º E.S.O. Teacher Ms. Isabel