Nature Engagement Project

N a ture Enga ge me nt

Office of Sustainability August 2013

Research paper presented to the Office of Sustainability at the University of Manitoba, as a requirement for conclusion of the research program of summer.

Project about improving nature engagement at the University of Manitoba by proposing outdoor classrooms and strategies that would encourage people to go outdoors during all year, even in the Winnipeg winter.

Advisors: Ian Hall + Kristina Hunter Project Manager: Isadora Riker Team: Isadora Riker + Flรกvio Marques + Fernanda Andrade + Mirela Soares + Laryssa Ribeiro

Table of Contents 07

Abstract

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A. Why Nature Engagement?

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B. References for the Design Proposal

49

C. Survey

59

D. Conceptual Design Proposal

71 References

Abstract This project is about improving students and staff’s connection with nature at the University of Manitoba by proposing outdoor classrooms and strategies that would encourage people to go outdoors during all year, even in the Winnipeg winter. The final report is consisted of four phases. The first one is a literature review about why nature engagement is important. The second one lists some references of strategies to promote connection with nature, mostly in winter cities. The third phase shows the analysis of the survey made with students and staff from the University about the topic. Finally the fourth phase presents a conceptual proposal of strategies seeking nature engagement for a section of the Fort Garry Campus.

A. Why Nature Engagement?

The power of nature has been felt throughout ages, even though this has not been proven by science. However, recently, many measures have been taken in order to evaluate how nature immersion and the lack of it could influence people’s health. What have started in 1970s, with the environment concerns, today represents a huge body of research, exactly at a time when humans are more distanced from nature [1]. In addition, the presence of people outdoors is as important for them as it is for the city livability. Therefore, the main objective of this report is to clarify how important is the contact with nature for mental health and for the city and community itself, even in Winnipeg, where the freezing weather is the biggest challenge of encouraging people to engage with nature.

“Look deep into nature, and then you will understand everything better.”

(Albert Einstein)

In 1865, a report made by the landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted, noted that immersion in nature “not only gives pleasure for the time being but increases the subsequent capacity for happiness and the means of securing happiness”, besides reducing “mental and nervous excitability, moroseness, melancholy, or irascibility”. However, in this time, the scientific basis for the theory that man is “an outdoor animal” was very

However, in the 1970s, the concerns about the environment and public health gained space in the in the scientific field.

The biologist Edward O. Wilson, redefined the Biophilia theory in the 1980s, as an “innately emotional affiliation of human beings to other living organisms”. Therefore, it demonstrates that our historical contact with nature has left a connection with it in our DNA. Wilson observed that nature influenced human mind and created innate, cognitive and behavioral reactions to it, ensuring self-preservation.

For example, these reactions would “draw us close to adequate water, nutrition and shelter, and ensure we flee from a predatory beast”. Evidence suggests that people were born with a pre-disposition to fear poisonous reptiles and spiders - even if they have never seen them - as a pose to modern threats such as guns. [1]

B. References

“For example, records of early Roman philosophers and physicians, such as Cornelius Celsus, show that walking in gardens, exposure to rooms filled with light, staying close to water and other nature-based activities were effective components of standardized plans to improve mental health and sleep”. [1]

limited, so the doctors and scientists began to distance themselves from it. In this context, anti-anxiety drugs and other chemical means of dealing with stress replaced the nature immersion. [1]

A. Why Nature Engagement?

In many ancient medical systems, elements of the nature were considered to have energy, a vital force that could be transferred to people, as a form of medicine. Historically, it has had greater impact when humans made the transition from rural to urban civilization, when there was a lack of nature, and an increasing urban stress. [1]

C. Survey

Why going outdoors is so important?

D. Conceptual Proposal

According to a 2009 study published in the Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, “the closer you live to nature, the healthier you’re likely to be.” But WHY?

Nature Engagement

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D. Conceptual Proposal

“Although humanity’s affiliation with nature might be amplified by social learning and romanticism, nature appears to fire up the brain just as it did in our primitive ancestors.”[1]

B. References

C. Survey

In 2005, Richard Louv, in his book Last Child in the Woods, introduced the concept of nature deficit disorder, linking the growing lack of nature in the lives of today’s wired generation, to disturbing childhood trends such as obesity, attention disorders and depression. [3] He also proposes a new concept for the future, the Nature Principle, which holds that “a reconnection to the natural world is fundamental to human health, well-being, spirit and survival”. This concept is about “the power of living in nature - not with it, but in it”. Louv agrees with the benefits of the Internet and the gadgetries, but states that it is important to balance it with nature. For him, the use of both nature experience and technology that “will increase our intelligence, creative thinking, and productivity, giving birth to the hybrid mind”. [4]

A. Why Nature Engagement?

“The more high-tech we become, the more nature we need.” [4]

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Nature Engagement

How can the connection with nature be achieved?

Indoors vs. Outdoors.

1. Can the viewing scenes of nature, being around plants indoors and having contact with them have influence in human’s health?

In the 1980s, Roger S. Ulrich decided to investigate if nature scenes could influence psychological well-being and stress physiology. He did some experiments around it and all of them showed that the “nature scenes tended to decrease feelings of anger and aggression, and urban scenes tended to increase them”, as they were associated with higher alpha wave amplitudes as opposed to beta waves activity. Alpha waves are good because they relate to increased serotonin production, which is a chemical related to happiness. [1] He also did research about Health Benefits of Gardens in Hospitals in 2002 for the International Exhibition Floriade.

In this research, Ulrich studied how simply looking at gardens and plants could help on the treatment of patients in the hospital. According to him: “The belief that plants and gardens are beneficial for patients in healthcare environments is more than one thousand years old, and appears prominently in Asian and Western cultures (Ulrich and Parsons, 1992). During the middle ages in Europe, for example, monasteries created elaborate gardens to bring pleasant, soothing distraction to the ill (Gierlach-Spriggs et al., 1998). European and American hospitals in the 1800s commonly contained gardens and plants as prominent features (Nightingale, 1860).” [11]

D. Conceptual Proposal Image 02: Lelé’s hospital design

Roger S. Ulrich work encouraged other research about the theme, as stated in the book “Your Brain on Nature - The Science of Nature’s Influence on Your Health, Happiness, and Vitality”, by Eva M. Selhub and Alan C. Logan [1]:

B. References

There are some hospitals that have the concept of nature connection, as the ones designed by the Brazilian architect, João Filgueiras Lima (Lelé). During many years he developed the projects of several hospitals for the same group. This group has in total nine hospitals around Brazil. All of them were designed with the concept of connection with nature to promote a better environment for the patients. The images below show how this Brazilian architect promotes nature views in his projects.

C. Survey

Gardens used to be created in hospitals with the intention of combating hospital infections, so it is possible to affirm that in the beginning there was not an intention to connect patients with nature to promote a quicker recovery.

However, a substantial body of research has proved that stress and psychological factors can significantly affect patient’s health. Therefore, according to Ulrich, because it reduces stress, “simply looking at environments dominated by greenery, flowers, or water - in contrast to built scenes lacking nature (rooms, buildings, towns) - is significantly more effective in promoting recovery or restoration from stress”. [11]

“- Older adults in residential care center in Texas were shown to produce lower levels of the stress hormone cortisol after engagement in the same mental activity (such as scanning photo books and making observations about the environment) within a garden setting as opposed to an indoor classroom.

Image 01: Lelé’s hospital design

A. Why Nature Engagement?

- The presence of plants in a room, particularly flowering plants can enhance recovery from the stress induced by an emotional video and quickly bring EEG beta wave activity back to normal, researchers at Kansas State University found.

- A group from Taiwan reported that a variety of nature scenes – streams, valleys, river, terraces, orchards, forests, farms, and bodies of water have therapeutic Nature Engagement

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D. Conceptual Proposal C. Survey

effects based on the same objectives markers of EEG, EMG, and skin conductance. For example, rural farm scenes are associated with higher alpha wave activity, particularly in the right part of the brain, which has been linked with creativity. Forest scenes and natural scenes with water promote alpha wave activity and decrease heart rate. On the contrary, an increase in muscular tension has been associated with an urban view.

2. Would immersion in nature have a greater influence in human’s health?

- Japanese researchers evaluated physiological stress markers in 119 adults who transplanted nonflowering plants from one pot to another. Compared with adults who simply filled pots with soil, the individuals working with the plants had higher alpha wave production immediately after the task; they also had less muscular tension as measured by EMG, as well as subjective reductions in fatigue.

• Levels of serotonin, a neurotransmitter that helps regulate our mood, rises when we are outdoors. A study found that regular outdoor runners were less anxious and depressed than people who ran indoors on a treadmill, and had higher levels of post-exercise endorphins - the feel-good brain chemicals associated with “runner’s high.”

B. References

- Researchers in Japan have also replicated via EKG the findings of lowered heart rate while viewing nature scenes for 20 minutes versus viewing urban scenes. A 2004 study of patients with mental illness showed that the presence of green plants (ficus species) lowers blood pressure and heart rate, and the plants also amplified alpha wave activity.”

A. Why Nature Engagement?

These studies prove that just the view of nature scenes, the contact with plant pots and the presence of plants indoors, already help to reduce stress and promote well-being.

However, remains the question: would it be better to literally be immersed in nature, walking through it and breathing it in? Or is only the view enough?

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Nature Engagement

Some studies support that is important to really go outdoors in order to have the complete benefit that contact with nature can promote in human lives. The website: http://www.athleta.net has listed some of the benefits of going outdoors, such as:

• Research by Dr. David Lewis, the man who coined the term “road rage”, found that the scent of grass has a significant calming effect on out-of-control drivers.

• You also do your lungs a favor when you exercise outdoors: According to the Environmental Protection Agency, indoor air in the U.S. is two to five times more polluted than outdoor air (meaning the outdoor air is 75% less polluted than indoor air!). Fresh air is also rich in negative ions (oxygen molecules with an extra electron), which have been linked to improved sense of well-being, heightened awareness and alertness, decreased anxiety, and a lower resting heart rate.

In addition, Denise Mitten, in research called “The need for nature for human health, development, and wellbeing”, argues that outdoor experiences are very important: “People seem to know they need to be in nature or notice that they feel better in nature. The anecdotal evidence seen in a number of books is supported by a study asking a

Image 03: Waterfall

Another way to seek for nature engagement is the concept of outdoor classrooms. The idea of teaching and learning outdoors started with outdoor kindergartens, with the first one being established in 1840, by a German educator, Friedrich Froebel. Lots of research has been done to prove that learning outdoors improves academic achievement, encourages physical activity, and offers many benefits for children’s growth and development. [2]

D. Conceptual Proposal C. Survey

Based in this kind of research, was born the concept of walking meetings. According to Emma Flight, who has tried to apply it with her Department Officers, “I think it gives staff the opportunity to have a break from their desks, get outside and have some fresh air even at busy times.

Meetings are an important part of our daily workload and so combining a walk with some constructive discussion seemed a perfect way to fit everything in and get some exercise”. The idea was appreciated by the participants, who said they felt more stimulated and highly productive.

[14] In addition, research done by Stanford Professor Dr. Katie Curhan states that work performance can improve by 30% each day if you go outside in nature, walking at least 15 minutes one or two times a day [15].

B. References

Besides that, in 1982, the Forest Agency Japanese government declared its “shinrin-yoku” plan, which means “forest bathing”. The program was created to encourage people to take advantage of the forest network in the country in order to promote public health. More detailed investigations about the shinrin-yoku, leaded to the conclusion that after 20 minutes of it, compared to the same amount of time in an urban setting, cerebral blood flow was altered in a way that indicated a state of relaxation. The shinrin-yoku can also strengthen the immune system, as it lowers stress hormone production, which can compromise immune defense.

In this sense, the state of Vermont in the United States has used the natural beauty of the area to promote a relaxing experience. Trying to combat the stress, they created a tour that is a full 8 hours of observing the green mountains, majestic waterfalls and forests. The main idea is to promote a one vacation day, when people would have the opportunity to relax and feel better and energized to return to their daily activities. They argue that: “Environmental psychologists have demonstrated that contact with nature restores attention and mental focus while also helping the mind to recover from mental fatigue (Kaplan & Kaplan, 1989).”

“An outdoor classroom is more than a field trip on a nice day or a walk along a nature trail counting how many leaves you see. The purpose is to use an outdoor setting as an established classroom area to provide a variety of educational fields.” [5] Nature Engagement

A. Why Nature Engagement?

sample of university students in San Francisco area what settings they sought when they were feeling stressed or depressed. Seventy five percent of the sampled population cited outdoor places such as wooded urban parks, places offering scenic views of natural landscape, and locations at the edge of water such as lakes or the ocean.”

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D. Conceptual Proposal

Going outdoors and city livability

C. Survey

Based on “Life between Buildings: Using Public Space (1987)” by Jan Gehl, we can classify the outdoor activities in three types. One is the Necessary Activities, which include activities where people are compelled to go out, like when they are going to take their buses or going to put the garbage out. The other classification is the Optional Activities, which is the type of activities where you just go out if the environmental conditions are favorable, like when you are planning to get some fresh air or walk with your dog. Finally Jan Gehl presents the Social Activities, which is the classification for the activities where people meet other people even if they are just hearing or looking at someone.

According to Gehl the quality of the physical environment will influence a lot in the Optional activities and as a result will make the interactions (social activities) happen. How can the quality of the physical environment be improved?

What can be done to attract people outdoors? Gehl also says that the life of a city is directly related with how much people go outdoors. Evaluating a variety of situations, like children at their neighbourhoods, people at parks, the author could detect that people are liable to go watch other people acting and not the object of the action. For example, people stopped to watch painters working rather than the painting itself. Therefore, one of the main reasons that make people want to go outdoors for an optional activity is the movement of other people within the space.

But how to encourage nature engagement outdoors in Winnipeg winters?

B. References

Freezing temperatures and long nights should not keep Winnipeggers indoors until the weather becomes nicer.

Cities that expereince harsh winters like Copenhagen and Quebec City are good examples of how people can still get together outdoors for optional activities even during the coldest months of the year. [15]

A. Why Nature Engagement?

The lack of livable public spaces should not be justified by overemphasizing the impact of the weather.

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“When people in a city use the climate as an excuse for mediocrity–and that happens in hot places where we work, too, like Dubai and Tempe, Arizona–” says Nikitin, “then I know the problem is not weather but the need for a bigger vision in that place.” [15 ] Image 04: Scheme of outdoor activities classification

Nature Engagement

More and more, winter cities have realized the importance of having public spaces that are inviting all year, in order

D. Conceptual Proposal

to create complete communities. Increasing movement in public spaces throughout the year is related to creating opportunities for public activity by focusing on local identity and providing inviting outdoor environment. [15]

Conclusion

C. Survey

This comparison of studies can lead to the conclusion that University of Manitoba can improve health, productivity and reduce stress of their students and staff by seeking for nature engagement on its campuses. This can be achieved by means of indoor measures as presence of plants indoors and the view of nature scenes, but going outdoors proved to have irreplaceable benefits for human health and city livability.

A. Why Nature Engagement?

B. References

To make people want to go outdoors is a great challenge for students and staff at the UofM because the main school year is during the fall and winter seasons, and the weather can become really unpleasant during the coldest months. However, we believe that it is worth the effort, once it could improve the health and well-being of the campus users, besides creating more social and physical activities options. It can be an opportunity for taking more relaxing breaks, gathering, promoting sustainable ways of transportation around campus, and mainly, contributing to a healthier, happier and complete community.

Nature Engagement

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B. References for the Design proposal

D. Conceptual Proposal

Winter Cities

2. Protection from the wind: In Winnipeg, the summers are typically hot, with temperatures above 25 °C, and the winters are very cold, with temperatures achieving even under -25°C [18]. The huge difference between temperatures in the winter and in the summer reflects on the strategies to deal with the wind.

During the warm seasons the wind is desirable, unlike the cold seasons when it should be avoided in order to guarantee comfort for people walking outdoors.

In the campus of the University of the University of Manitoba the reality is similar to the rest of the city. The campus is flat and most of the buildings are not very high, except the Pembina Hall Residence, which has thirteen floors, plus 50 meters high of the existent building on which it was constructed. [19] Therefore, in the entire

C. Survey

1. Accessibility in sidewalks and bike lanes: To ensure accessibility, mobility and safety of the pedestrians during the winter, it is necessary to regularly clean the snow from sidewalks, curb ramps and bike lanes.

[17]

During the winter and summer the prevailing wind is the west, and over the year the south wind acts with different intensities. The north wind should be avoided because during the winter it is a cold wind that reduces the thermal comfort of pedestrians. [20] Windbreaks can be used to assuage the effects of the winds during the winter. They should be placed perpendicular to the prevailing winds, so they would work as a barrier against the wind [21]. They can be made of evergreen trees and shrubs or artificial elements creating a mesh to soften the wind speed.

B. References

Walkability in the winter: comfort to go outdoors in the cold weather.

campus this building is the highest wind barrier, and in general the wind can reach all areas on the campus without much interference.

When using vegetation, the distance from the surrounding buildings should be 2 to 5 times the mature height of the trees. The windbreak should be located in a way that it does not prevent sunlight from reaching the buildings [21]. In terms of its position, it is better to place them in more than one direction, according to a study developed in South Dakota, USA: “windbreaks located to the west, north, and east of homes cut their fuel consumption by an average of 40 percent. Houses with windbreaks planted only on the windward side, the side of the prevailing winds, averaged 25 percent less fuel consumption than similar but unprotected homes.” [21]

A. Why Nature Engagement?

Cities that have a wintry reality should provide strategies to allow an outdoor life to their citizens, encouraging them to enjoy the weather even in lower degrees. After reviewing material about the theme, some strategies were pointed out. They are divided in Walkability in the winter: comfort to go outdoors in the cold weather and Activities or elements that attract people.

Nature Engagement

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D. Conceptual Proposal

Windbreak

LEGEND

C. Survey

Summer sun Winter sun Winter winds Summer breezes

Building

N

E

W S

Trees

Image 05: Scheme Windbreak

B. References

In terms of kinds of trees “windbreaks usually require several kinds of trees with different growth characteristics to provide foliage density at various heights over a period of years [22].” Also it is interesting to use several rows (one to five) of defense to create your windbreak. [23] Each row has to be of a different species of trees, in the image 03 there is an example of windbreak rows:

A. Why Nature Engagement?

A: Dense shrubs B: Medium evergreen C: Medium deciduous or tall evergreen D: Tall deciduous E: Flowering shrubs

3. Shelters: They provide a place where people can stop for a while and warm up. They can be a potential place for meetings, studying and even as part of an outdoor classroom. Some examples will be provided later.

4. Improve the solar gain and sunlight exposure: Besides making people warmer during the winter, sunlight also can avoid winter depression.

“Called seasonal affective disorder (SAD)*, seasonal depression and mood variation is known to be related to how much sunlight you receive.” [24] Fortunately, Winnipeg is characterized by abundance of sunlight, getting more hours of sunshine per year than Toronto, Montreal, Vancouver and Edmonton [25].

Strategies in shelters, such as the use of transparent or translucent materials, can improve the solar gain and sunlight exposure. Good examples are the greenhouses, the skylights and the Winnipeg bus stops.

prevalent wind

Image 06: Windbreak Rows 22

It is also important to consider the warm seasons, so the windbreak must be designed to reduce wind speed, but still allow a breeze for ventilation. During the summer, the trees can create shadow areas assuaging the thermal discomfort of the hot weather.

Nature Engagement

___________________ *“Seasonal affective disorder, or SAD, is a type of depression that affects a person during the same season each year. If you get depressed in the winter but feel much better in spring and summer, you may have SAD.” [26]

D. Conceptual Proposal

It promotes the greenhouse effect, keeping warmth inside the construction. One problem about this strategy is that if during the winter it is a great solution, during the summer it can become too hot to stay inside of this kind of structure.

Therefore, it is important to address this issue, adapting the constructions to the different seasons’ characteristics, such as improving the cross-ventilation during the summer months.

Image 07: Skylight

C. Survey

Another strategy to improve the solar gain is to use building materials with high thermal mass, which means that it has the ability to absorb a lot of heat, store it and release it later [27]. Construction materials with high thermal mass are usually heavyweight, such as “concrete slab on ground and insulated brick cavity walls” [27]. Dark colors also help to absorb heat, so they are a good choice for thermal mass materials [28].

B. References

Activities or elements that attract people “PPS’s experience with Placemaking projects in European, Canadian and northern U.S. cities has shown that if people are given the chance to do something they enjoy doing, they will bundle up and go outside to do it, even when temperatures are below freezing.” [29]

A. Why Nature Engagement?

1. Interesting and playful elements: Some cities use interesting and playful elements to claim people’s attention and increase enjoyment outdoors during the dark and cold winters. One of the most explored elements is the artistic lightning, which have great examples in Edinburgh, Quebec City and Paris. Mostly on main streets, they can be seen overhead, on trees, buildings, shelters and stores.

Image 08: Winnipeg Bus Stop Nature Engagement

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D. Conceptual Proposal C. Survey

Image 11: Quebec City during Christmas time.

Image 10: Lights close to traffic in Paris.

Image 12: Festival du Voyageur, Winnipeg

Public art is a great way to increase livability in cities, once people are motivated by the surprise of something that breaks the normal everyday life [30]. Beautiful examples of public art using lightning are the Bruce Munro’s Field of Light and the Giancarlo Neri’s Maximum Silence. The first one was originally conceived in Australia in 1992, and it is made of “acrylic stems, through which fibre optic cables

run, each crowned with a clear glass sphere. There are 11 external projectors; the stems themselves hold no electric power at all” [31]. The second project, installed in Paris Square in downtown Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, is “comprised of 9,000 25cm lights that change in color and intensity” [30].

A. Why Nature Engagement?

B. References

Image 09: Seasonal lighting in a Salzburg street

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Nature Engagement

D. Conceptual Proposal Image 14: “Maximum Silence”

Image 16: Lightning installation besides Chateau Frontenac, Quebec City.

C. Survey

Image 15: Changing color lightened stairs in Quebec City

A. Why Nature Engagement?

B. References

Image 13: “Field of Light”

In Quebec City, there are other good examples of creative lightning, including changing color lightened stairs and hanging lamps that move with the wind or with people’s movement among them.

Nature Engagement

25

D. Conceptual Proposal C. Survey B. References A. Why Nature Engagement?

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“It’s like any other time of the year, if there are people out, other people will come out too to see what’s going on. But there has to be a reason to be outside–a market, ice skating, music, decorative lighting or just a good place to hang out when it’s cold. No one will stay outdoors to stare at an empty plaza.” _Cynthia Nikitin, PPS (Project for Public Spaces) vice president for civic centers and downtowns [29]

Nature Engagement

Image 17: Winter Wonderland in East Princes Street Gardens, Edinburgh.

Image 18: Festival du Voyageur, Winnipeg

2. Features to support activities.

which is “the process by which some external stimulus provides a linkage between people and prompts strangers to talk to other strangers as if they knew each other” (William Holly Whyte) [33]. The external stimulus can be a sunset or other dramatic view, a water feature, an area to play sports, a sculpture, an event, a concert, or other people such as street performers or musicians [34]. For example, an ice rink attracts not just people who are going to ice skate, but also brings other people willing to watch the skaters’ performance. [29]

If there is something to do in a place people will come, if not, the space will probably be empty. It may be an obvious conclusion, but a wide range of activities offered is a key to the success of public spaces. Therefore, the use of a place will depend on the availability of features to support activities.

It is also important to provide a variety of activities happening at the same time and throughout the day, so that it would attract different kinds of users, keeping the place busy in different hours. They should include possibilities of integrating single persons or groups and also different ages and genders, in order to embrace the interests of a higher number of people. [32] Some activities also can create the idea of triangulation,

Events like festivals and markets are great promoters of a variety of activities and attractive centers for triangulation.

The winter carnival in Quebec City, the Winter Wonderland in Princes Street Gardens in Edinburgh and the Festival du Voyageur in Winnipeg are examples of successful events, that continue to attract lots of people outdoors even in the chilly winter.

D. Conceptual Proposal C. Survey Image 20: Off the Grid, a weekly street-food event in San Francisco.

3. Places with food always attract people in any season

ranging from more equipped and fancy food trucks, often called “gourmet” food trucks, to more simple ones known as “roach coaches”. [35]

If placed strategically with affordable prices, food can create an inclusive environment, making different kinds of people gather, once it creates an activity that anybody can enjoy [35]. Therefore it can transform empty plazas and even parking lots into a busy gathering place.

Mobile food vendors are becoming more and more common in North American cities such as Portland, New York, Austin, Los Angeles, San Francisco and Vancouver.

They appear either in public and private space and can offer a diversity of options to please different preferences,

During the winter, warm food and drinks are a very effective way to help people staying outdoors in the cold weather.

Food also can encourage a sense of local identity [29] and a celebration of the multicultural character of the University of Manitoba. It can be especially interesting to assuage homesickness of international students and make all them gather and get to know more about each other’s culture.

A. Why Nature Engagement?

“If you want to seed a place with activity, put out food.

Food attracts people who attract more people.” William H. Whyte in the Social Life of Small Urban Spaces.

B. References

Image 19: Food truck in Evanston’s Grey Park.

Nature Engagement

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D. Conceptual Proposal C. Survey B. References A. Why Nature Engagement?

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“Same for the Canadian capital of Ottawa, where the Rideau Canal becomes the focal point of civic life in the winter as folks strap on their blades for a chance to skate through a wintry landscape rather than just making circles around a rink or pond. People even commute to work that way.

Mississauga, the Toronto suburb where Peñalosa was Parks Director, doesn’t have a canal but they fashioned a long-distance skating course by flooding a walking trail.” [29]

“Winter cycling no longer weird in Winterpeg – Numbers seem to be slowly rising” _Winnipeg Free Press (02/15/2013) [36] Nature Engagement

Image 21: Cyclists in the Copenhagen winter

Image 22: Sweepers removing snow in Copenhagen

4. Winter transportation and winter sports

of people biking as a means of transportation has been increasing in the past two decades. The biggest challenges of biking during the winter are dressing properly and maintenance of the bike lanes. However, getting warm on a bike is not that difficult, since the cyclist is moving, and today that are many strategies to be protected from the cold weather. On the other hand, a regular snow clearing of roads and bike lanes are fundamental to ensure safety for cyclists, who will not expose themselves biking in slippery conditions.

The Red River in Winnipeg also is a focal point for ice-skating during the winter time, especially in the proximities of the Forks, one of the most important public spaces in the city. As the University is also close to the Red River, the access to the University from the river, by ice skating could be encouraged. Maybe even an artificial flooded skating trail on campus could be connected to the Red River, allowing ice skating around the campus. It could be a sustainable alternative of transportation to the University of Manitoba Fort Gary Campus and on the campus itself.

Like almost every other North American city, Winnipeg has witnessed a rise in the number of people who commute by bike during the winter.

According to Winnipeg Free Press report [36], the number

Copenhagen proves that biking in the chilly winter is possible. In there, 80% of the population bicycle during the winter, and after the snow falls, the bike lanes are cleared even before the streets [37;38]. Copenhagen is an example of vision and dreaming and investing big in a better city and life quality for its citizens.

Winnipeg The city of Winnipeg proposed one contest where designers should present ideas for shelters along the skating trail at The Forks. The goal was to create these rest and warming stops, bringing more comfort for the skaters and encouraging people to stay outdoors and enjoy winter sports.

D. Conceptual Proposal

References of huts and winter shelters in Winnipeg and around the World.

The arrangement in groups also promotes integration between people, once the shelters openings stay closer to each other.

Sustainability: Due to the minimal material use and minimal site disruption, this project is considered sustainable.

Image 25: Opening Image 23: Sketch of structure C. Survey

Shelters

Below, the winning 5 proposals from the 2011 edition: 1. Patkau Architects: Shelters [39;40] B. References

Materials: Flexible plywood (structure and spatial character).

Shape: It is irregular and it was defined according to studies of tensions and bending (prototypes were developed for that).

Image 24: Prototypes

Image 26: Opening A. Why Nature Engagement?

Openings: The big and small openings were defined according to the study of tensions and bending, protecting from the wind.

Arrangement: The shelters were prepared according to specific orientations, time of the day and environmental circumstance. They were placed in groups, where the openings of each shelter have different directions in order to improve the solar gain, accessibility and protection from the wind.

Image 27: Arrangement

Image 28: Arrangement Nature Engagement

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D. Conceptual Proposal

2. Noa Biran + Roy Talmon: Woodpile [44;45] Materials: Spatial metal frame + firewood with a camp fire inside.

Concept: The idea is that this pavilion will change according to the seasons.

C. Survey

Winter – The woodpile´s level is at its maximum, this closes the hut from its surroundings, and isolates its inner space from the winter cold.

Spring – The woodpile’s level is lower and the hut’s interior space is gradually revealed and exposed to the outside.

Image 29: Arrangement Plan

Summer – the hut’s naked construction could also serve as a shaded pavilion along the river.

A. Why Nature Engagement?

B. References

Appearance: Using the firewood through time constantly changes the hut’s appearance.

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Image 31: Structures

Image 30: Facades

Nature Engagement

Image 32: Different Seasons

D. Conceptual Proposal

3. Tri Nguyen + Jayne Chu + Ben Olschner + Jakob Seyboth: Ha(y)ven [39] Materials: Hay + Pins + Wiring + Netting.

The idea is that tower will be not only a warm point but also a landmark on the sky trail at The Forks.

B. References

Image 33: Outside

C. Survey

Concept: Hay is commonly used both as feedstock and as a natural insulation in barns/stables where it is stored and increasingly more commonly specified on the innovative side of modern architecture because it was used to protect from the cold winds. Together with the other materials, form one solid structure capable to reach great heights.

Image 36: Scheme A. Why Nature Engagement?

Image 34: 3D Model

Image 35: Blue Print

Image 37: Environment Nature Engagement

31

D. Conceptual Proposal

4. Robert B. Trempe Jr.: Under the covers [46]

C. Survey

Materials: 1. Snow 2. Flexible anchoring cage 3. Waterproof plywood shell 4. Plywood structure 5. Artificial grass 6. Wood bench 7. Artificial grass 8. Plywood decking 9. Plywood structure

B. References A. Why Nature Engagement?

Materials: Flexible fabric membrane + River water + Framing system

Below there are two shames explaining how the structural concept is.

This hut is designed to look like a pinch of fabric on the flat snowy surface alongside the trail. Different from the ha(y) ven proposal, be a landmark is not the point, simplicity is the principal goal.

Image 39: Materials

Concept: The idea is first build the structure using the framing system and the flexible fabric membrane. After, the river water will be pumped out and sprayed onto the skin, freezing it and creating a stiffened body on the skeleton it covers. The membrane will become a firm, translucent shell that will illuminate the space within and offer protection from the snow and wind.

Image 40: View along river walk

Image 38: Concept 32

5. Professor Lancelot Coar + Students Faculty of Architecture: Coccon [39]

Nature Engagement

D. Conceptual Proposal

In the 2013 edition , other new proposals were made. The five winning projects are presented below:

Plain Projects , Urbaninkand Pike Projects: Hygge House [48] Materials: Wood , Yellow Paint , Black Paint and Trees

Concept: The main idea of this shelter is: “Keeping warm together”. Because it is a big and open space that will encourage people - skaters, to take a break and keep warm.

The website speaks to the context: “The simple yet grand structure out on this natural rink is a hovering silhouette, somewhat blurred into the colours of the ice and snowy winter setting.”

The material used to cover the structure is called tyvek, this material is compound of flash spun high-density polyethylene fibers. The main feature is its ability to block the passage of water in the liquid state, as it only allows water vapor to pass.

Concept: According to the website http://www.winnipegfreepress.com: “Hygge is a Danish word meaning physical and social comfort”. These definitions represent what the architects proposed in this project, they created a house with simple wooden structure to provide support to skaters.

C. Survey

Materials: Tyvek

To advance the idea of social interaction they open the house. According to Liz Wreford – Taylor of plain projects: “We sliced it in half and opened it up to make it a place where people are open to social interaction.” The space can be transforming according to the users necessities, and the project was designed thinking in this possibility.

B. References

Atelier Big City: Big City [46]

The structure can also be used for musical performances, the multipurpose nature of the structure is part of the initial concept of integration. The colors used are very striking, inside is fluorescent yellow, Colin Grover of Pike Projects explained this choice: “We’re creating a mindscape for warmth.”

A. Why Nature Engagement?

The color used on the outside was black, the intention is to contrast the white snow and bright interior. Anotherstrategy used was the trees surrounding the area, they “planted” trees on the snow and painted them black to further protect the space and create a gathering space in front of the structure.

Image 41: Concept of the project

Nature Engagement

33

D. Conceptual Proposal

Materials: Charred wood , Industrial wool felt and Thick ivory Image 42: Frontal Elevation

Image 43: Section

Image 44: Construction Process

Concept: The project used natural materials and primitive building methods to create a unique space that provides shelter and warmth. The exterior charred wood is resistant to fire, decay and pests. The industrial wool felt is resistant to fire as well and provides both insulation and wind break.

The smokehouse has a single small entrance and a vent hole in the roof that acts like a chimney.

According to the designers: “Inside, layers of thick ivory felt line the walls and seating, creating a nest-like interior reminiscent of ancient gathering places strewn with animal pelts.�

A. Why Nature Engagement?

B. References

C. Survey

Aamodt Plumb architects: Smokehouse [49]

Image 46: Inside

Image 45: Contextualization

Image 47: Contextualization 34

Nature Engagement

D. Conceptual Proposal C. Survey B. References

Image 48: Contextualization

Myung kweon Park: Woolhaus [49] Materials: Felt

A. Why Nature Engagement?

Concept: In this project only one material was used - felt. This material is able to absorb heat, light and sound, visitors upon entering the hut are engulfed in a world of extreme insulation. According to the designers: “Woolhaus was conceived more as a piece of clothing than a building – something which you enter into and maintain constant contact with, like a warm sweater.”

The interior space is not defined, then the visitors can change and adapt to what they want through interacting with the woolen tubes. This shelter can produce different feelings and promote unique sensations.

Nature Engagement

35

D. Conceptual Proposal C. Survey

Image 49: Contextualization

The University of Manitoba Architecture Students: Weave Wave [49] B. References

Materials: Natural and manufactured materials Concept: This project is a proposal to engage people on the process. According to the creators: “Weave Wave will be constructed by the social craft of knitting and weaving: 100 materials will be woven together to create a dynamic multitextured hut, stretching 100 meters along the river.�

This project is about valuing the Red and Assiniboine Rivers and their historical importance. Engaging people in the construction of the shelter is a way to make them aware of this importance.

A. Why Nature Engagement?

Around the World

36

There are also examples of winter shelters around the world, considering cold regions that need to be concerned about this. Follow some examples.

Nature Engagement

D. Conceptual Proposal

Hidemi Nishida: Glowing Fragile Shelter Lights [50,51]

Image 50: Interior Space

Image 51: Modulo

Image 52: Integration

A. Why Nature Engagement?

B. References

Concept: The shelter is composed of a series of matching cabins in alternating elevations. It is a project to be disassembled, and then the materials can be reused. The concept is that this shelter can be adaptable to different places and situations and can be used in the winter, and in the summer the materials may have any other purpose.

The space is designed to be warm and encourage people to stay together; it is a good way to be outside even in the winter. Without obscuring nature, the transparency connects the interior space with the exterior. It was originally designed in the forest in Sapporo, Japan.

C. Survey

Materials: Timber + Plastic

Image 53: Blueprint

Nature Engagement

37

D. Conceptual Proposal

Materials: Timber and Chicken wire

Image 54: Mounting

Concept: This project is a portable fishing hut, which only requires two people to set up, and roughly 30 seconds.

According to the designers: “It has a timber frame and chicken wire cladding that is filled up with lake water to create ice walls, which provide shelter for a single inhabitant while they fish. Once folded open, the chicken wire-clad walls and roof of the hut are filled with lake water to create the icy windscreen. The architects hope that climbing plants will grow around these wire walls in the summer months.�

A. Why Nature Engagement?

B. References

C. Survey

Gartnerfuglen: Portable Fishing Hut [53]

38

Image 55: Mounting

Nature Engagement

Image 56: Structure

D. Conceptual Proposal

Vernacular Architecture Dwelling structures of Northern Aboriginal People:

This people used to build their own houses with primary resources, but that were efficient against the extreme weather. Some primary techniques from Northern Aboriginal People are exemplified below.

C. Survey

First, it is interesting to explain the term aboriginal: “Aboriginal – is an umbrella term that includes First Nations, Métis, and Inuit peoples. There are over 600 distinct Aboriginal groups in Canada, for whom distinct cultural heritage is an integral part of their identity. These represent approximately 1.2 million people, or 3.8% of Canada’s total population (Census Canada 2006).” [56] Image 58: “Beothuk Winter and Summer Wigwam - The Mamateek (Beothuk winter wigwam and summer wigwam) and Smokehouse, drawn by Shawnadithit, 1820s. First published in James P. Howley, The Beothuks or Red Indians: The Aboriginal Inhabitants of Newfoundland, 1915” [57]

A. Why Nature Engagement?

Image 57: “Wigmams - Wigwams used by the Eastern Woodlands hunters. They were covered with birch bark, skins or mats (artwork by Gordon Miller).” [57]

B. References

WIGWAM: Where: Eastern half of North America.

Material: bent poles and bark/reed mats.

Characteristics: Hole in the roof to allow the smoke from the fire to escape.

Image 59: “Ojibwa - Conical Ojibwa wigwam and campfire on the Rainy Lake lakeshore, Lac La Croix, Ont (n.d.) (courtesy Canada Science and Technology Museum/CN005666).” [57]

Nature Engagement

39

D. Conceptual Proposal

IGLOO (SNOWHOUSE): Where: Across the Arctic.

Material: Ice/Snow Characteristics: built spirally from within, “the structure derived its strength from the key block, inserted at the apex of the roof.” [57] Additional information: “Some Inuit spent most of the winter in semi subterranean houses made of driftwood and whalebone and only used the igloo when travelling.” [57]

C. Survey

TIPI: Where: eastern half of North America.

Material: buffalo skins, wood poles Characteristics: 4-6 m diameter base, smokehole at the top, 7-8 m in height, 8-12 buffalo skins and 20 poles.

B. References

Image 60: “Blackfoot Tipi - The dark portion at the top represents the sky; the dark band at the bottom represents the earth (courtesy CMC, photo 58569).” [57]

A. Why Nature Engagement?

Image 62: Building an Igloo - Contemporary Inuk man building an igloo (Corel Professional Photos) [57]

40

Image 61: “Tipis - Tipis at an Ojibway Encampment (painting by Frederick Arthur Verner, courtesy Library and Archives Canada/C-094103).” [57] Nature Engagement

Image 63: Snowhouse (Igloo) - Section through a snowhouse, Davis Strait region, NWT. Drawing by Franz Boas from Boas, the Central Eskimo, 1888” [57]

Image 64: “Exterior of Reconstructed Longhouse - Ste-Marie Among the Hurons, near Midland, Ontario. Built c. 1640, reconstructed 1960s (photo courtesy Ste-Marie Among the Hurons).” [57]

THULE WINTER HOUSE: Where: Artic Material: flagstones, whale bones, skins and slabs of rock and sod.

Characteristics: floors and lower walls are made with flagstones; roof structured by whale bones; skins and sod cover the roof.

Image 65: Hypothetical reconstruction of a house constructed using a low-cost/high-maintenance building strategy. [58]

Image 66: Pit House Cross Section - Archaeologist James Teit drew this plan and cross section of a pit house built by the Thompson Indians in the Nicola Valley during the 1890s. Note the successive layers of logs and sod used to cover the roof (courtesy American Museum of Natural History).” [57]

D. Conceptual Proposal C. Survey

“In addition to meeting the primary need for shelter, structures functioned as integral expressions of their occupants’ spiritual beliefs and cultural values. (…) Dwellings performed dual roles - providing both shelter and a tangible means of linking mankind with the universe. Buildingforms were often seen as metaphorical models of the cosmos, and as such they frequently assumed powerful spiritual qualities which helped define the cultural identity of a people over hundreds or even thousands of years.” [57]

B. References

PIT HOUSE: Where: Rocky Mountains Material: logs and sod, wood poles Characteristics: successive layers to cover the roof, semisubterranean, entrance at the top.

A. Why Nature Engagement?

LONGHOUSE: Where: Northern part of New York state Material: Flexible poles, cedar-bark, elm-bark Characteristics: Flexible poles into the ground at fixed intervals bent over and lashed together. Cedar-bark or elmbark as sheathing of the structure. [57]

Image 67: “Pit House - (artwork by Gordon Miller).” [57] Nature Engagement

41

D. Conceptual Proposal

Dwelling structures of Non-Northern Aboriginal People: BRUSH SHELTERS: Where: North America Material: Wood, branches, leaves and grass Characteristics: cone-shaped or tent-shaped, usually temporary.

Image 68: Adobe House

Image 70: Winter Shelter with a campfire inside by Allan “Bow” Beauchamp. [62]

Image 69: Adobe House

Image 71: Winter Shelter frame by Allan “Bow” Beauchamp. [62]

A. Why Nature Engagement?

B. References

C. Survey

ADOBE HOUSES: Where: All around the world.

Material: sand, clay, water and fibrous or organic material Characteristics: Desirable proportion is 15% clay, 10-30% silt and 55-75% fine sand. [59]

42

Nature Engagement

Image 72: Chinkees

Image 73: Wall structure

D. Conceptual Proposal

WATTLE AND DAUB HOUSES: Where: Central Europe, North America, Western Asia, South America.

Material: wooden stripes, soil, clay, sand, animal dung and straw.

Characteristics: The wattle is attached to a pole structure and then is covered by clay and fiber composition (usually the same composition of the adobe).

B. References

C. Survey

CHIKEES: Where: Primarily in Florida Material: Palmetto thatch, Cypress [63] Characteristics: “thick posts supporting a thatched roof and a flat wooden platform raised several feet off the ground.� [64]

Image 74: Wattle and Daub house example

A. Why Nature Engagement?

GRASS HOUSE: Where: East Texas Material: Wood (small trees/branches) and Grass/Thatch Characteristics: Conical frame of poles (taken from small trees) attached with branches and covered by grass/thatch.

[65]

Image 75: Grass House

Image 76: Wall structure

Image 77: Structure Nature Engagement

43

D. Conceptual Proposal

ANTARCTIC RESEARCH STATION

C. Survey

Completely different from the vernacular shelters discussed above, this is an interesting and kind of utopic example of how nomadic people could live in inhabited places nowadays using technology.

The project was inspired in the Ron Herron’s 1964 Walking City project where he tried to promote the idea of living in an indoor habitat, with everything that a person need to live independent of the place or weather conditions of the environment outside of the structure.

B. References

Image 78: Antartic Research Station

A. Why Nature Engagement?

“The project’s description is pure Archigram in spirit: “an innovative concept (of) hydraulically elevated ski based modules, ensuring the station can be relocated inland periodically as the ice shelf flows towards the sea.”[67]

Image 79: Antartic Research Station 44

Nature Engagement

D. Conceptual Proposal

Outdoor Classrooms OUTDOOR CLASSROOM North Carolina STATE UNIVERSITY [71,72] Location: Faculty in the College of Humanities and Social Sciences, North Carolina State University

C. Survey

Project: Outdoor classroom as an amphitheater

B. References

Description: Constructed in the surroundings of buildings in University of North Carolina State, the outdoor classroom is in the shape of an amphitheater with capacity for 20 people and is surrounded by vegetation.

Image 80: Outdoor Classroom NCSU

PAVILION AT CHICAGO’S LINCOLN PARK ZOO [73, 74] Location: Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago Project: Studio Gang Architects, 2010

Image 81: Outdoor Classroom Pavilion at Chicago`s Lincoln Park Zoo

A. Why Nature Engagement?

Description: The South Pond Pavilion for yoga brought to the urban pond of Lincoln Park Zoo the concept of enjoying nature as an ecological habitat, recovering the degraded park. As an outdoor classroom, the pavilion makes the interaction between nature and urban life, working as a roofed area. The prefabricated structure is made of bent-wood membranes and a series of interconnected fiberglass pods that make the surface curve.

Nature Engagement

45

D. Conceptual Proposal

MANASSAS PARK ELEMENTARY SCHOOL and PRE-K [75] Location: Manassas Park, VA

C. Survey

Project: Bio-retention area and outdoor classroom

Image 82: Manassas Park Elementary School

Description: The bio-retention area that works as a storm water collector can accommodate a 100-year storm water event and takes advantage of the topography to serve as outdoor classroom. This place is a part of the design of the new Manassas Park Elementary School and Pre-Kindergarten

B. References

OUTDOOR CLASSROOM BURNHAM CIRCLE [76,77,78] Location: Drury University, Springfield, Missouri, USA Project: Designed by Jody Sarkodee-Adoo

A. Why Nature Engagement?

Description: Jody Sarkodee-Adoo had developed an interesting and sculptural shape made by concrete and spread in 10 spots on Drury University.

Image 83: Outdoor Classroom Burnham Circle 46

Nature Engagement

D. Conceptual Proposal

OUTDOOR CLASSROOM HERONSGATE SCHOOL [79,80,81,82] Location: Heronsgate School, London, UK Project: Burd Haward Architects, 2007.

Image 84: Outdoor Classroom Heronsgate School

C. Survey

Description: Burd Haward Architects developed one prototype of an outdoor classroom collaborating with “Greener London” initiative to be used mainly by primary schools. It has the capacity to accommodate 30 children and was an economic, custom-made construction. The prototype is formed by timber beams shaped with CNC technology cover with fabric (UV-stable/water-resistant polyester covering) and on the top an acrylic roof skylight.

Furthermore, it is totally mountable and can be assembled in three days.

B. References

OUTDOOR CLASSROOM and ECO ENERGY FOR SCHOOLS [83,84] Location: Holston View Elementary School in Bristol, TN

A. Why Nature Engagement?

Project: Solar Outdoor Classroom Pavilion, an educational facility open to the public Expected Installation and System Online Completion Date – July 22nd Description: The outdoor classroom’s roof is made of solar panels that will produce 50,000 watts of power.

Image 85: Outdoor Classroom and Eco Energy for Schools Nature Engagement

47

C. Survey

1. We began with a simple question to introduce the respondents to the subject. “Do you wish you could spend less time indoors in the winter?” With simple answers: “yes/no”. The majority answered “yes”, they stated that they missed being more outdoors during the winter. Even some of them who answered “no”, said that they would go more outdoors if they did not had to experience the harsh temperature. As said above this was the kind of answer to introduce the people to the subject, and did not provide much relevant information.

D. Conceptual Proposal C. Survey

We joined related activities to make the analysis clearer: Necessities/Food Leisure/Healthiness Exercise (20) Dog Walking (1) Snowboard/Skiing (1) Play in the snow (1) Take sun (1) Ice Fishing (1) Hunt (1) Leisure/Social

Necessities/Work Go to Friends/ Relatives places (3) Parties (2) Festivals (1) Night Life (2) Going Out (6) Shopping (10) Have Fun (2) Smoking (1)

Go Lunch (1)* Get Food Somewhere (1) Eat (1) Necessity (6) Bus Stop (1)

B. References

This survey was done in July 15, 2013 around the Fort Garry campus through paper forms filled out by the interviewer according to the oral responses provided by 52 respondents (Students, faculty and staff members of the University of Manitoba). The purpose was to understand how people feel about going outdoors during the winter. If they would spend more time outside, what factors would encourage them to go outside in the cold weather, what would be the situations/activities that would make them go more outside and which activities they do during the summer that they miss doing in the winter?

With these answers we expect to understand more about preferences and behaviors of campus users and come up with ideas that can make people, firstly the UofM community, venture more outdoors during the winter which, according to the research, would make them healthier and happier.

Were interviewed 25 men, 27 women, 47 students, 5 staff members and 1 US student. This totalizes 52 people, almost all students.

2. In order to get more insight into why more people are not outdoors during the winter, we asked a second question: “What makes you go outdoors during the winter?”

Two people answered that nothing would make them do it.

Regarding the other responses, the activities pointed can be separated into two groups: “Necessities” and “Leisure”.

Into “Necessities” there were answers such as: Go Lunch, Get Food somewhere, Classes/School, Work, Eat, and Wait at the Bus Stop. Into “Leisure” answers were related to Shopping, Sports/Exercise, Going out, Sun, Have Fun, Ice Fishing, Play in the Snow, Go to Friends/Relatives Places, Hunt, Smoke, Parties, Festivals, Dog Walking, Snowboard/ Skiing and Night Life. Therefore, we can perceive 2 subcategories from Necessities: Food and Work, and 2 from Leisure: Healthiness and Social.

Classes/School (17) Job (8) A. Why Nature Engagement?

Survey Analysis

*In parentheses there is the number of people that chose that answered.

Nature Engagement

51

52

A. Why Nature Engagement?

B. References C. Survey

D. Conceptual Proposal

2nd Question Answers

Nature Engagement

Some of the answers as, “have a car” are outside our control since we cannot provide cars to someone, and it would not be an outdoors activity. These answers were classified as beyond the scope:

D. Conceptual Proposal

• Interesting Buildings • Shelters • Not have wet socks • Less layers of clothes • Balance study time with leisure time • Ice Fishing • Less Strong Wind • Transportation facilities • Warmer clothes • Things to do • More snow games or Sports • Heated Bus stops • Nothing

C. Survey

• Better temperature • Less Snow • Warmer Environments • More places offering outdoor activities • Have a car • Free Hot Chocolate or Coffee outdoors • More Parties • Nightlife • Friends • Have fun • Fun Activities • Sports • Events

B. References

3. In complement to the second question the idea of the third one is to create in the respondents’ minds an ideal situation, where they would be able to go outdoors more if it were possible. “What do you think would make you go outdoors more in the winter?” This is a kind of brainstorm of ideas that can help us give to people things that they really miss and that would make them want go outdoors more. These responses crossed with the answers of the second generate an interesting picture. Most of the things that the people would do more are things that they already do in the winter that means that they feel that they lack activities and facilities to play sports outside, more events or festivals, more transportation facilities, etc.

The answers are listed below:

Beyond the scope Have a car (3)* Friends (1) Not have wet socks (1) Fewer layers of clothes (1) Balance study time with leisure time (1) Warmer clothes (1)

A. Why Nature Engagement?

Based on what we see above, we understand that people tend to spend most of their outdoor time during the winter in Leisure/Social activities. An interesting point about this conclusion is that people tend to gravitate towards social gatherings and places where other people are. It is important to highlight the relevance of doing sports/ exercise in these people lives. We can infer that with more outdoor structures or events promoting a bigger range of sports would increase the number of people going outside to maintain their healthiness instead of stay into the gym.

According to this, if we work on to improve the quality of the structures of these social activities, the means for these activities reach the own activities and the quality of itself. That would engender a progressive effect, where people would go increasingly more to outdoor places at the university. People usually go outdoors more as a means of transportation to social gatherings. But, if we create conditions to some gatherings happen outdoors, maybe people would not just pass by outdoors, but actually stay.

*In parentheses there is the number of people that chose that answered.

Nature Engagement

53

D. Conceptual Proposal C. Survey

Achievable ideas More places offering outdoor activities (9)* Free Hot Chocolate or Coffee outdoors (1) Have fun/Fun Activities (2) Sports (1) Events (7) Shelters (1) Ice Fishing (1) Less Strong Wind (1) Transportation facilities (3) Things to do (1) More snow games or Sports (1) Heated Bus stops (1) Warmer Environments (25) More parties/Nightlife (1) Interesting Buildings (1)

Three people answered “nothing” (nothing makes them go outdoors during the winter).

A. Why Nature Engagement?

B. References

On the other hand, we got some interesting answers that can easily be used as recommendations about how to enhance the number of people going outside during the winter.

These answers were called “achievable ideas”:

*In parentheses there is the number of people that chose that answered.

54

Nature Engagement

A. Why Nature Engagement?

B. References

C. Survey

Nature Engagement

D. Conceptual Proposal

3rd Question Answers

55

D. Conceptual Proposal

One interesting idea that must be highlighted because of its simplicity is the idea of having free coffee and hot chocolate outside. This allied to the idea of shelters (that the project aims to address) would possibly give a very positive response.

Finally we asked a fourth question, seeking to discover if there are some activities that are commonly associated to the summer but that can be done in the winter, or if there are some summer activities with potential to be adapted to the winter.

C. Survey

The question is: “Which activities you are used to do during the summer but you cannot do during the winter?�

B. References

We asked ourselves how the summer affects the willingness of people to participate in some activities that could perhaps be done in the winter if they had a better structure and / or greater motivation. The answers to this question were organized based on the facility to continue doing the activities during the winter. All the activities cited at the answers are considered to be outdoors. How difficult is to continue them?

A. Why Nature Engagement?

Hard

Soccer (6)* Go to the beach/Swim (24) Sit on the grass (1) Volleyball (1) Boating (1) Wear light clothing/Wear shorts (3)

*In parentheses there is the number of people that chose that answered.

56

Nature Engagement

Medium

Go to the park (3) Biking (15) Hiking (3) Wait the bus outside the shelter (1) Camp (2) Relax outside enjoying the sun (9) Baseball (1) Gardening (3) Walk under the sun (2) Sports (4) Walk around the city (1) Fishing (2)

Easy

Go out with friends/Hangout with people (4) Take a walk (8) Paint bowling (1) Running/Jogging (9) Sports (1) Go out at Patios (1) Bird Watching (1) Eat outside (2) Look outside at nature/Watching the stars (1) Play Outdoors (2)

A. Why Nature Engagement?

B. References

C. Survey

Nature Engagement

D. Conceptual Proposal

4th Question Answers

57

D. Conceptual Proposal

D. Conceptual Proposal

SHELTERS

B. References

encourage ACTIVE TRANSPORTATION

C. Survey

Strategies to the conceptual design proposal

A. Why Nature Engagement?

More people going outdoors all year

MORE NATURE ENGAGEMENT Nature Engagement

61

Main source of transportation and examples of the residents’ profile

C. Survey

D. Conceptual Proposal

80% Automobile

81.2% Automobile

13.9% Public Transport

10.6% Public Transport

5.6% Bike 0.0% Walk

7% Active Transportation Over 90% of dwellings are owner-occupied

Majority of population is University Educated, and over 55 years old.

85% Automobile 11.4% Public Transport

65.8% Automobile 19.4% Public Transport 14% Active Transportation Mixed Use area. 39% population between 20-29 years old (large university student population).

Minneton-

2.7% Active Transportation Over 86% of dwellings are owner-occupied

AgasMont-

82% Automobile 11% Public Transport B. References

6.2% Active Transportation

University of Manitoba

Waverley Heights

Normand Park

88.9% Automobile 11.1% Public Transport

97.4% Automobile

0.0% Active Transportation Currently still being developed A. Why Nature Engagement?

0.0%Public Transport 0.0% Bike All dwellings are owner-occupied.

85% Automobile

0.25 0.5 0.75

Nature Engagement

Richmond *Information retrieved from [86] and [87].

Red R

Km 1

Fort Rich-

iver

12% Public Transport

0

62

2.6% Walk

Fairfield Park

2.6% Active Transportation 84% of dwellings are owneroccupied

River Park

75% Automobile 14.4% Public Transport

9.7% Active Transportation Very high percentage of renters, although 64.7% of dwellings are owned occupied.

N

St. Vital Center

St. Vital Park hop

Bis

lv.

nB

di ran

G

D. Conceptual Proposal

Pembina

Highway

Land Use and Important Areas

C. Survey

Pembina Crossing

Victoria General Hospital

Henteleff Park

Re d

Superstore

Richmond Kings Community Center

Riv

er

King’s Park

Maple Grove Park

N 0

0.25 0.5 0.75

Km 1

A. Why Nature Engagement?

University of Manitoba

Waverley Heights Community Center

B. References

St. Amant

Margareth Grant Pool Nature Engagement

63

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D. Conceptual Proposal

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IV E S E I NE R

South Winnipeg Parkway

South Winnipeg Trail Surfaces

R

Sidewalk or Street

There is already a proposal of a parkway network in Winnipeg made by the Winnipeg Trails Association.

Asphalt Path Granular Path >>>>>>>>>>

Grass Path

|||||||||||||||

Future Path

Other Elements Park | Open Space Distance from The Forks

C. Survey

2 km

e

Trail Condition Caution Trailhead Other Parkways Other City Trails

B. References

0

.5

N

1.5 km

1

Winnipeg Riverbank Parkway System The Parkway System consists of 1

both paths and roadways. Cars,

RE

2 3

cyclists, in-line skaters and

4

pedestrians all share portions

5

6

of it. Please stay alert, use

A. Why Nature Engagement?

common sense and respect others.

St. Vital Trail

64

1

North Winnipeg Parkway

4

South Assiniboine Parkway

2

Kildonan Parkway

5

Boni-Vital Parkway

3

North Assiniboine Parkway

6

South Winnipeg Parkway

Points of Interest 1

Riverview Health Centre

9

Wildwood C.C.

2

Riverview C.C.

10

Fort Garry C.C.

3

Fort Rouge Leisure Centre

11

Crescent Drive Golf Course

4

Earl Grey C.C.

12

Southwood Golf Club

5

Lord Roberts C.C.

13

Waverly Heights C.C.

6

Bridge Drive In

14

Richmond Kings C.C.

7

MB Electrical Museum

15

Margaret Grant Pool

8

Canoe Club C.C.

16

St Norbert C.C.

Nature Engagement

Image 86: South Winnipeg Parkway

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B. References

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Image 87: Proposal: More connections in the South Winnipeg Parkway

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Southwood area, which is still under development. The closer connections would encourage people to engage into active transportation instead of the use of automobile, leading to more nature engagement. |

The proposed connections can create more permeability in the Parkway already proposed by the Winnipeg Trails Association besides creating direct connections among the St. Vital area and the University and the

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D. Conceptual Proposal

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C. Survey

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Proposal: More connections in the South Winnipeg Parkway

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Blv

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Winnipeg Riverbank New connections Parkway System The Parkway System consists of 1

both paths and roadways. Cars, pedestrians all share portions of it. Please stay alert, use

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cyclists, in-line skaters and

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Nature Engagement

common sense and respect others.

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D. Conceptual Proposal

Active Transportation Map Red

LEGEND

A. Why Nature Engagement?

B. References

C. Survey

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Nature Engagement

Image 88: Active Transportation Map

River

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Hierarchy of Main Active Transportation Flows

D. Conceptual Proposal

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C. Survey

This study map was based on observation of active transportation flows.

B. References

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LEGEND Pedestrian and cyclist flow

Image 89: Hierarchy of Main Active Transportation Flows

Nature Engagement

A. Why Nature Engagement?

Predominant winds during the winter

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Different kinds of shelters were created in order to attend to different demands that different localizations on campus require. They should also have different sizes according to the localization and ammount of people they are expecting to attend.

C. Survey

D. Conceptual Proposal

Different types of shelters and windbreaks

A. Why Nature Engagement?

B. References

Tunnel Shelter:

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People are able to pass through it and stop inside it if they want, so it encourages socialization. The blue balls represent activities that could happen inside the shelter, working as attractive centers for triangulation. The structure of the shelter should be flexible enough to support different kinds of activity, such as shows, concerts, food places, sitting areas to take breaks, etc.

Nature Engagement

Windbreak: Reserved Shelter:

People would not be able to pass through it, so they would enter the shelter just if it was already their intention or if there is a very attractive center for triangulation.

This kind of shelter should also be flexible enough to support different kinds of activities, such as outdoor classrooms, plays, study spaces, food places, areas to take breaks, etc.

It would work just as a windbreak, so would not be a place for people to stay.

Red

ICE RINK

River

Proposal of Flooded Ice Skating Trail and Shelters

D. Conceptual Proposal

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Bridge

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C. Survey

RESTAURANT: The restaurant could attend the students and staff from the University and also the residents of the neighbourhood and people visiting the stadium.

ICE RINK S LEGEND Temporary Shelter type 1 Shelters type 1 Existent shelter - type 1 Existent shelter - type 2 Shelter type 2 Proposed food place Bus Stop Flooded Ice Skating Trail

A. Why Nature Engagement?

GROCERY STORE: The grocery store could attend the students and staff from the University and also the residents of the neighbourhood.

B. References

Predominant winds during the winter

Proposed Bridge Image 90: Proposal of Flooded Ice Tral and Shelters.

Nature Engagement

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References

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