TUSKANTIMES
VOLUME 13 ISSUE 1
COMB JELLIES
CULTURE
SOUTH KOREA: ROMANTICIZED OR NOT?
FORMULA ONE
OPINION
MOVIE REVIEW: THE JOKER BOOK REVIEW: KINDRED
FRONT COVER: EZRA PAVONCELLI
This piece is related to the concept of deep-fakes, specifically in South Korea, in relation to how men are increasingly mistreating women. This painting depicts a female figure that has been given multiple faces based on the unrealistic desires of men, invalidating her identity and humanity.
BACK COVER: EZRA PAVONCELLI
OLIVIA DICK
Dear Readers,
Welcome to the latest edition of the Tuskan Times, hot off the press! Our writers, editors, designers, and artists have worked hard to help bring this issue to life
In this edition, you will find a plethora of articles that suit all areas of interest; ranging from Miyu Li’s “Why is South Korea not the heaven you think it is” to Téa Mijatovic’s burgeoning series featuring Viale Michelangelo to a recap of Community Service Day by Tatjana Hellawell in the Local section
You can also find a broad range of opinion reviews on various facets of media and entertainment; a movie review of Joker by Stamatios Baltos and Allegra Di Florio’s literary review of Kindred by Octavia Butler and more
Whether an attentive reader or just leafing through the sections, you’re sure to find something that catches your eye!
Lastly, we’re happy to introduce Eliot Richards as the Tuskan Times’ new Head of Layout! Eliot brings creativity and experience, since he has been an active participant in the paper, particularly in the layout sector, for over two years We wish him the best of luck in his new role!
Sincerely, Olivia Dick & Elena Sofia Uzielli Editors-in-Chief
EDITORS-IN-CHIEF
OLIVIA DICK
ELENA SOFIA UZIELLI
ASSISTANT
EDITOR-IN-CHIEF
COCO FERRARI-ROSS
HEADOFLAYOUT
ELIOT RICHARDS
SUPERVISOR
TESS HITCHCOCK
EDITORS
ELENA SOFIA UZIELLI
OLIVIA DICK
COCO FERRARI-ROSS
LYRA PIRES
STAMATIOS BALTOS
AUDREY EAGLY-CUMMINGS
TATJANA HELLAWELL
JULIUS GUTBROD
ART
EZRA PAVONCELLI
LAYOUT
ELIOT RICHARDS
CALVIN YE
NICCOLÒ GIORGI
AMELIA WINKLER
GINEVRA CIRIO
M E E T T H E T E A M
CR E A T I V E
THEFLY
By Brian Deng ‘26
Moving in to my new home, I’m met with a most flawless room
The room was spotless, Twas perfectly new.
And thus, I Was Content.
But with the arrival of spring, Together with the blooming of flowers I first encounter my most obtrusive foe.
As in the corner of my eye, Past the pertinence of my studies I spot a singular fly.
At first I thought to let him be, But sadly my mind would not agree
Then to rid of him I tried, Though he would evade my every stride.
And since that day It hurts me to say, He haunts my every move.
Never in the forefront Yet never truly gone
Sometimes it seems he’s left For his absence could be felt.
And thus I check again.
Yet there he always is Sat, in the corner of my eye.
L O C A L
BRINGINGTHECOMMUNITYTOGETHER: COMMUNITYSERVICEDAY
By Tatjana Hellawell ‘25
Tuesday the 15th of October marked ISF’s Second annual Community Service Day, where students across all grade levels participated in various activities aimed at connecting with local organisations, raising awareness about community challenges, and promoting values central to our school’s values/mission. The goal of the event was to foster a sense of unity within the school and the broader community, while educating students about social responsibility
Ms. Szablinski has been planning the event since last year with the help of student leaders, who explained that the main aim of Community Service Day is to “unite our school in a shared mission to serve others, raise awareness about global issues and develop skills that can benefit others”. Through activities like first aid training, cleaning up the city, and learning about sustainability, students were able to engage with pressing issues and gain new perspectives.
"Throughactivitieslikefirstaid training,cleaningupthecity,and learningaboutsustainability, studentswereabletoengagewith pressingissuesandgainnew perspectives."
Each grade participated in unique projects Grade 6 focused on creativity and charity, rotating between making toys out of wood and learning how to crochet keychains for the charity AILO (American International League of Florence) Grade 7 learned about world hunger and nutrition, balancing sports activities with research on diet. Meanwhile, Grade 8 worked on beautifying the school’s upper field, planting herbs and weeding, while also participating in a biodiversity treasure hunt to explore the school’s environment
Older students took their community involvement beyond the campus. With Grade 9 exploring sustainable transportation with Firenze in Bici, where they discovered the benefits of biking around Florence to reduce pollution. Grade 10 partnered with Angeli del Bello to clean up the city, picking up trash along Viale Michelangelo. Grade 11 learned life-saving skills with the Croce Rossa, including CPR and mental health strategies
Grade 11 students learned First Aid with Croce Rossa
Grade 6 students making wooden toys for AILO
Angeli del Bello: Grade 10 students picking up trash
Grade 12 had a range of options, from supervising younger students to working with organisations like Caritas, which aims at supporting and feeding the homeless, and Pane ai Bisognosi, where they prepared meals for those in need, and Wheelchair padel, which aimed to sensitise students to the challenges faced by individuals with disabilities and to emphasise the importance of equal access to sports for all
“Thevarietyofactivities highlightedthemessageof thedaybeingthat communityservicetakes manyforms,allofwhich contributetomakingthe worldabetterplace.”
The variety of activities highlighted the message of the day being that community service takes many forms, all of which contribute to making the world a better place "Whether it’s cleaning up the city, feeding the homeless, or learning how to save a life, we’re all working together to improve the community.” - Aurora Tovo, student coordinator of Community Service Day 2024.
It is confirmed that the event will continue in the coming years, as it’s not only a source of pride for the school but also an essential way for students to connect with and contribute to their community Through such hands-on experiences, students were able to form a deeper understanding of the challenges that their community faces and how they can be part of the solution
A heartfelt thank you goes out to all involved in the planning and organisation of such an event
Pane ai Bisognosi: Grade 12 students preparing food for the homeless
Rondinella Padel Club: Grade 12 students learn about wheelchair padel tennis
Grade 8 students after working to clean the Upper Field
SECRETSOFTHEVIALE
By Téa Mijatovic ‘27
This column unravels the often “unknown” history of the VIALE, while also searching for a solution to the cellular connection problem that so many experience daily on this important, historical road.
POGGI CONNECTS FLORENCE, YET IS
DISCONNECTED
“What time do you want…?” (call disconnects) reconnecting
“Do you want to meet to go over ?” (call disconnects)
… reconnecting …
“What time are we…?” (call drops)
We all take one road to ISF the Viale We admire the beautiful views of Florence and the elegance of the enormous historical trees that line this wonderful street. We all know the “Viale” by the name, Viale Michelangelo, or Viale Galileo, but the winding panoramic road from Porta Romana to Piazza Ferrucci is also called Viale dei Colli, Avenues of the hills. This road cuts through a series of hills bordering the Oltrarno, known as Colli Fiorentini, or Florentine Hills.
Yet, how can it be that in 2024 it's impossible to make a simple call on the most important street in Florence? No matter which way you’re coming, phone calls are dropped, students are unable to scan QR codes for Mobikes and tourists cannot connect to Maps to find their way to landmarks
“Howcanitbethatin2024it’s
The Viale was created as an expansion plan for the city by Giuseppe Poggi in 1869 when Florence was still the capital of Italy.
I can only imagine Poggi walking down the Viale, in complete serenity, watching each wobbly cobblestone as he places one foot in front of the other slowly making his way to Porta Romana, to oversee the grand opening of the new entrances of the gate The Viale attracted trade and travel, which all benefited the infrastructure of Florence, but never touched the city’s unparalleled beauty.
Starting from Porta Romana, passing beautiful villas and parks, up the winding road to San Miniato where Carlo Collodi, creator of Pinocchio, was buried and where Galileo Galilei was observing the phases of Venus.
At the center of the Viale dei Colli sits Piazzale Michelangelo with Michelangelo's David, the symbol of strength, towering over the picturesque views of Florence. A part of the Terrazza is La Loggia, which, in 1865, was originally built to be a museum, to hold the masterpieces of Michelangelo. Instead, in 1876, La Loggia became a restaurant, and today still has the most spectacular views, but unfortunately, weak cellular connection
After passing the distant sights of the Duomo, the Uffizi and the Ponte Vecchio, a rural residence with a 15th-century tower begins to come into view… ISF Today, students walk down the Viale to Piazza Ferrucci The very piazza where we all love to grab coffee at Ditta is named after Florentine hero, Francesco Ferrucci, who gave his life defending Florence in 1530 and is a symbol of the Republic of Florence. This brief history is only a blink of the mysteries this one street holds We will delve deeper into the specific secrets of this majestic avenue. Until then, embrace the alluring history that surrounds you, as Poggi intended, while you are commuting to work or school…even if your call is dropped 10 times along the way
“...imagineifPoggiwerehere today,andhiscallswere constantlydisconnectedas hestrolleddowntheveryroad hecreatedtoconnectallof Florence.”
It’s disappointing for us, but imagine if Poggi were here today, and his calls were constantly disconnected as he strolled down the very road he created to connect all of Florence.
Author’s Note: I reached out to the mayor‘s office to see if there is already a solution set in place, in regards to the cellular connection problem, for the safety of the students of ISF, the tourists visiting Florence and the citizens who take this road every day I will keep you updated
COBALTCRISISINTHEDRC
By Coco Ferrari-Ross ‘26
Whilst our technology is developing and expanding at a tremendous pace, making the lives of millions more convenient, an estimated 40,000 children and 15,000 men and women in the Democratic Republic of Congo are still at risk – with popular tech companies at fault. Do the positive aspects of technological development truly outweigh the violations of human rights? And how will we be able to create essential renewable energy for reducing the carbon dioxide in our atmosphere without jeopardizing entire populations?
With the growing demand of “clean energy,” tech companies such as Tesla, Apple, Google, and Microsoft have begun relying on expensive metals such as cobalt and copper, for making lithium-ion batteries. 70% of these metals reside in the Democratic Republic of Congo. In order to receive these metals cheaply and conveniently, these companies have been forcibly evicting entire communities from their homes. This is done by either tricking community leaders with a lack of legal representation into signing off their freedom or by being threatening, intimidating, or even becoming violent These large and powerful companies have been ransacking Congolese people of their land and its natural resources and leaving community members in fear with little to no compensation.
These communities are then stripped of their access to food, clean water, work, and education (Al Jazeera 2024). As a result, they are forced to either flee as refugees or work in the mines that were once their community. Cobalt mining has even resulted in widespread contamination of water, soil, and air in the mining region This means that agricultural practices will become impossible to perform and communities will lack the ability to provide their own resources – they will inevitably become dependent on the mining companies (Amnesty International 2023)
Furthermore, in these mines, workers are exposed to extremely dangerous conditions with little to no pay translating to about four U S dollars an hour Sexual assault, arson and beatings are rampant. This is especially horrifying considering that the majority of the mine workers are barely above the age of ten
Throughout history, the DRC has been debilitated by health crises such as the Ebola outbreaks and violent ethnic and religious conflict and corruption. The country's instability is a key factor in its challenge of regulating the mining sector Powerful countries such as China and the United States of America have had investment control over the region since the early 2000’s, Exploiting the country and leaving the DRC more vulnerable to civil war, famine and pandemics
This cobalt crisis demonstrates that not only is the situation unethical, but it also violates human dignity, fails to protect children, disregards the health of the environment, lacks transparency and corporate responsibility, and breaches community rights.
Companies should strive to be as transparent as possible throughout their supply chain For example, companies such as Ford, Huayou Cobalt, IBM, LG Chem, and RCS Global have been using blockchain technology as, “an advanced database mechanism that allows transparent information sharing within a business network,” to ensure ethical transparency Samsung SDI has recognized this crisis by implementing due diligence processes and sustainability governance structures to address ethical concerns in their supply chain. Businesses such as Umicore have been employing thorough and diligent procedures, such as consistent evaluations of suppliers, site inspections, and strict tracking mechanisms. (Umicore, ethical cobalt 2022)
Promoting just treatment and pay for employees, honoring the rights of local communities, and fairly sharing the advantages of cobalt mining are all elements of fairness that ethical participants in the supply chain should aim for Businesses should use balance in their business models, and for wages, motivating other businesses to align their objectives with moral values and eco-friendly methods.
Corporations and individuals involved in the mining industry should be showing genuine concern for individuals working in the mines. These individuals must be older than eighteen to ensure they receive education and are not made vulnerable to abuse Furthermore, if these corporations wished to quickly solve this issue, they could simply avoid reliance on the DRC for sourcing cobalt and copper. For example, BMW recently signed a $110 million dollar deal for cobalt from Morocco's Bou Azzar Mine
Not to mention, we as consumers should be aware of corrupt companies such as Tesla, Apple, Google, and Microsoft and do our best to limit our purchasing from such companies and instead support more ethical companies like Umicore, BMW, Samsung and Ford.
We must remember that the lives of 40,000 children and 15,000 men and women are at risk
“Wecannotoutway technological developmentforthe violationofhumanrights.”
Entire populations are in jeopardy and corporations as well as consumers are at fault Governments, corporations, and consumers need to work together in addressing the ethical issues associated with the cobalt crisis.
THEFARRIGHTINAUSTRIA
By Julius Gutbrod '25
In a historic turn of events, the Freedom Party of Austria (FPÖ) led by Herbert Kickl has secured the recent elections in Austria with around 29% of the vote. This marks the first time since the Second World War that a right-wing party has managed to come out on top in the Austrian national elections (Voice of Vienna) While this achievement is significant, especially for conservative ranks, the FPÖ still needs to form a coalition due to not gaining a majority on their own, having received less than 50% of the votes The parties who attained second and third place in the elections were the Austrian People’s Party (ÖVP) and the center-left Social Democrats (SPÖ), respectively. Their former coalition partner, the Greens, suffered a considerable loss of support a trend echoed in many European countries such as Germany (Voice of Vienna)
Kickl focused his campaign on issues such as the economy, COVID-19 restrictions, and migration. The latter is a common theme in right-wing populist movements throughout Europe, such as the Alternative for Germany (AfD) and the French Rassemblement National (RN). Under the banner "Fortress Austria," the FPÖ emphasized a firm stance toward immigration, including increasing deportations and suspending asylum rights (DW)
Another key point made by Kickl’s party was its call for suspending sanctions against Russia, which drew both criticism and support from like-minded right-wing leaders, including Viktor Orbán of Hungary, Marine Le Pen from France, and Matteo Salvini of Italy. These leaders celebrated the FPÖ's victory as part of a broader rightward shift in European politics (Politico; DW)
“However,evenastheFPÖ securedanelectoral victory,therearestillmany obstaclestoforminga coalition.”
Austrian President Alexander Van der Bellen emphasized the importance of "reaching out to each other, talking to each other, negotiating to find good, solid compromises" (DW) However, it remains uncertain whether the FPÖ will succeed in collaborating with other parties, especially considering that Austrian Chancellor and leader of the ÖVP, Karl Nehammer, has expressed his unwillingness to work with Kickl personally: "What I said before the election, I also say after the election " He went further by describing Kickl as a "security risk" for Austria, though he did not completely rule out a coalition with the FPÖ if Kickl is not part of the government (ITV News). Similarly, the SPÖ has also refused to partner with them (Voice of Vienna) International support for the FPÖ, on the other hand, is clear from figures such as Geert Wilders, leader of the Dutch Party for Freedom, who said, "We are winning! Times are changing! Identity, sovereignty, freedom and no more illegal immigration/asylum is what tens of millions of Europeans long for!" highlighting rising confidence in conservative circles across Europe (Politico).
(Figure 1: “National Elections Austria --- Preliminary Endresults” - Tagesschau)
With no straightforward coalition in sight, an alternative being suggested is a grand coalition involving the ÖVP and SPÖ, potentially including the liberal NEOS or the Greens to balance ideological differences (Devdiscourse; Voice of Vienna) However, this would require overcoming longstanding friction between these parties, raising questions about the stability of such a coalition (Devdiscourse; Voice of Vienna). Over the coming months, much negotiation will take place, and the feasibility of a coalition involving the FPÖ will be put to the test Their best chance to form a coalition involves negotiating with one or more of Austria's smaller parties or making substantial concessions to gain the cooperation of larger ones like the ÖVP possibly even removing Kickl from leadership to meet Nehammer's demands (DW) If the FPÖ remains unable to form a coalition, there is the possibility that Kickl will attempt to form a minority government, which would require negotiating support from other parties on a case-by-case basis However, minority governments are rare in Austria and generally unstable, often leading to gridlock and a lack of effective governance (DW). Another possible outcome is snap elections, which the President may call if a prolonged stalemate occurs, giving voters another chance to express their preferences (Devdiscourse)
If the FPÖ does manage to secure a coalition and form a government, Austria could witness a shift towards far-right policies. This would mean stricter immigration controls, reduced asylum rights, and a closer relationship with Russia contrary to EU norms
Such a shift could strain Austria's relationship with the European Union, as the FPÖ's critical stance towards EU policies, particularly sanctions on Russia, contrasts with the broader EU agenda (DW). Domestically, these policies could exacerbate political polarization in Austria, deepening social divides and creating friction within the government itself, echoing past experiences with FPÖ-led coalitions, which often faced internal instability and collapsed prematurely (Voice of Vienna). If these scenarios play out,
“Austriacouldexperiencea drastictransformationinits politicallandscape,moving awayfromitstraditionally centrist,EU-alignedpath towardsamoreisolatedand polarizedfuture.”
Ultimately, it is apparent that throughout Europe, there is a clear trend of voters leaning towards the right In this specific case, we do not know how it will develop, but in any case, a coalition will likely be formed. Over the past few years, we have seen many examples of supposed far-right-wing leaders with extreme agendas being elected Italy’s Prime Minister Meloni for one was the leader of the Brothers of Italy party, who took office in 2022 with a platform focusing on nationalism, antiimmigration, and economic conservatism. Although there were fears, Meloni has shown a rather pragmatic approach If Kickl succeeds in forming a coalition it might evolve into a similar situation As the future remains undetermined, whether Austria will embrace far-right policies under the FPÖ or seek compromise with other political forces will shape not only its future but also the broader trajectory of European politics
(Figure 2: Kickl and nehmann; Source: DevDiscourse)
S C I E N C E
COMBJELLIES
By Olivia Dick ‘25
“Withonlyfivepercentofour Earth’soceansexplored,the possibilityofdiscoveryis unimaginableasthewaters teemwithunknownlife.”
Amid new knowledge constantly being dredged from the oceans’ floors, it’s easy for findings to get lost in a vortex of blaring news But ctenophores, more commonly known as comb jellies, have lived in our waters since the Cambrian era. Often unnoticed or confused with jellyfish today, comb jellies are widely considered some of the strangest animals alive Evolutionarily unique, they were among the first groups to branch off from the primordial animal, developing distinct muscular and digestive systems. (Ryan) While ctenophores don’t have “brains,” they do have web-like nets of nerve cells whose differences to our brains may hold the key to understanding the evolution of various nervous systems and be able to unearth information regarding the development of the human brain (National Marine Sanctuary Foundation)
Scientists believe ctenophores hold many answers to other intricate branches of animal biology. These answers begin with Dr Kei Jokura, a biologist who spent the summer of 2023 studying how comb jellies use light to navigate their environment at the Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA. After his daily netting of ctenophores, belonging to the species, Mnemiopsis leidyi, commonly known as sea walnuts, Dr Jokura noticed something wrong Typically the size of a golf-ball, when Dr. Jokura observed a sea walnut twice that size, he began to investigate. What he found was two mouths on one sea walnut
With the help of his colleagues, Dr. Jokura observed the animal more closely and found that when he prodded it, two individuals contracted separate muscles – the abnormal comb jelly was actually two individuals that had fused together. (Zimmer)
In a whirlwind of scientific excitement, Dr Jokura and his team began experimenting with this newfound property. The scientists conducted experiments in which they cut sections of the comb jellies from two separate individuals and placed them next to each other In nine out of the ten trials, the sections had fused together by the morning The team found that it took about two hours for the jellies to fuse, during which the jellies’ nervous systems and digestive tracts had merged into one individual. (Zimmer) Ctenophores possess an impressive ability to quickly and effectively regenerate large portions of their body – when cut in half, after two hours, their missing halves will have regrown. This ability of the comb jellies has made them a source of much scientific inquiry into the evolution of the regeneration capabilities of animals (Ramon-Mateu et al )
Following this discovery, the question of whether this ability to fuse is present in the wild arose, or if it was influenced by the controlled conditions of the tank (which may have increased the likelihood of the fusion). Regardless, the ability of the comb jellies is significant in its own right Generally, animals “attack foreign tissue as soon as their immune systems sense it.” (Zimmer) This is known as allorecognition and is common throughout the animal kingdom, indicating that allorecognition evolved hundreds of millions of years ago and has been present in the Earth’s animals since then The absence of allorecognition in comb jellies provides evidence that ctenophores branched off before this trait arose – 700 million years ago (Zimmer).
“Thisincredibletraitofcomb jelliestoseamlesslyand efficientlyfusewitheach othercouldbeappliedacross otherbranchesofscience.”
From advancements in tissue engineering and wound healing processes, to the robotics’ industry of “design systems with autonomous repair capabilities, mimicking biological systems,” the possibilities are vast (Gajbhiye) This recent discovery of a remarkable attribute of comb jellies indicates an exciting future for the study of regenerative science.
C U L T U R E
SOUTHKOREA:ROMANTICIZEDORNOT?
By Miyu Li ‘25
In recent years, South Korea has gained a global reputation for being one of the leading countries in entertainment and technological advances. Holding soft power from its compelling music industry, which amounted to a contribution to profits of 12.45 billion USD as of 2021 (Park), and film industry, South Korea has created a consecrated image of itself around the world, to the extremes of having its every aspect romanticized. However, such romanticization acts as a facade for the rampant sexual exploitation of women and minors, hence undermining their gravity
Contrary to popular belief, South Korea is not new to scandals regarding sexual exploitation. There have been a series of events in which several individuals, including K-pop idols, actors and authorities were involved in the sexual exploitation of women in a private club called “Burning Sun”. It is crucial to point out the nature of the crimes that were carried out in the club. Many witnesses have come forward, testifying that women who were guests in the club, once eyed by higher-paying customers were drugged and brought into secret rooms within the club, and get sexually violated in numerous horrifying ways, which would be, for the most cases, recorded and shared in a Kakaotalk chatroom (BBC)
While the Burning Sun Scandal is the most known case of digital sexual exploitation to this day, there was a continuous pattern in the usage of technology and chatrooms in the spreading of the phenomenon. South Korea is one of the most connected nations in the world digitally, with a high rate of smartphone usage, advanced internet infrastructure, and significant social media penetration. While these could lead to positive outcomes, they also boost sex crime and sex offense rates through the internet It is arguable that the heavy implementation of digital appliances in our everyday lives could have a negative impact in this regard, as the proliferation of messaging apps and anonymous chatrooms has created a place for predators to target and exploit vulnerable individuals, a high percentage of which are women and minors As these technologies continue to advance, criminals have been able to find new ways to evade law enforcement, which is argued to be extremely fickle as members of high authorities themselves take part in sexual offenses (Barr), pushing the boundaries of anonymity to commit their acts in secrecy.
Another example of a transgression event that occurred in recent years is the Nth Room Scandal This caught the public’s attention for the first time in 2020, with 103 confirmed victims, 25 of which still underage. (김수연). It was a horrific case of organized cybersex trafficking and exploitation that shook the entire country of Korea, due to both the disgusting degrees in which exploitation was perpetrated upon the victims, and the sheer number of participants being more than 260 000 (De Souza). The scandal centered on a series of Telegram chatrooms, known collectively as the “Nth rooms,” where women and underaged girls were blackmailed into performing recorded degrading acts such as sexual exploitation. It is documented that the perpetrator’s chatroom operators under the leading figure of “Doctor”, whose real name is Cho Ju-Bin, operated with meticulous cruelty in a perpetual cycle: they’d first lure victims through the offer of modeling jobs or the hacking of their personal information. Once they were coerced in sending compromising materials of sexual nature, the criminals used them to blackmail the victims further, as they threatened to send said material to friends or family of the victim, unless they complied with increasingly severe demands (BBC, “Chatroom Sex Abuse Suspect Named after Outrage”)
“Victimscommonly underwentsexual exploitationbybeing forcedintoperforming sexualacts,self-harmor actsofextreme humiliation,whichwere thenuploadedtothe chatrooms,fortheusers whoweresubscribedto see ”
The members of the chatrooms paid fees (ranging from 200 to 1200 USD) to gain access to the content The membership also followed a rankingbased system, as the members were offered increasingly explicit or brutal content, as they climbed the “ranks” (Hankyoreh).
To put the numbers into perspective, if we were to consider the total male population of South Korea in 2020, which is 25 897 329, and calculate the percentage that the approximate number of users involved would make up of that value, we’d obtain 1%. That signifies that 1 out of 100 males in South Korea, during 2020 was involved in the case Furthermore, the values do not include the amount of people to which the videos and materials were shared to from the members of the chatrooms.
While the Nth rooms’ case ended with the arrest of Cho Ju-Bin, it certainly did not mark the end to the countless unacceptable behaviors that Korean men have displayed online. In 2024, there has been a surge of sexually explicit deepfakes being shared in similar chatrooms It is reported that the number of deepfakes cases has increased by a horrifying 90.38% from 2021 to July 2024 (Barr). Such is potentially intercorrelated with the advancements made in the field of artificial intelligence, as deepfake technology uses AI to manipulate or create hyperrealistic images and videos, placing the faces of victims onto existing explicit content, majorly amplifying the already present problem of sexual exploitation in South Korea (News).
Victims directly involved in these cases have come forward, reporting that there are specific chatrooms dedicated to students in university, highschools or even middle schools. There have been more than 500 schools targeted and most of the victims, from what has been found so far, are all under the age of 16 (Mackenzie, “South Korea: The Deepfake Crisis Engulfing Hundreds of Schools”). Perhaps, the most shocking fact that has arisen from the scandal is the fact that the users in the chatrooms would upload images of their friends or family to turn into sexually explicit deepfakes (Mackenzie, “South Korea Faces Deepfake Porn ‘Emergency’”) Such infers to a larger number of male individuals compared to the Nth rooms case, making the former comparison to the overall male demographic made even more appalling and alarming In fact, the largest chatroom exploited for these illegal pieces of pornography counts around 220 000 (Barr), but, unfortunately, it certainly isn’t the only one.
“Whiledigitalplatforms haverevolutionized communicationand information-sharing,they alsocreatenew opportunitiesfor exploitationwhenused improperly,astheyareused inthesepresentedcases”
The anonymity provided by encrypted messaging apps like Telegram made it difficult for law enforcement to track down perpetrators and stop the spread of exploitative content. All of these events surrounding digital sexual exploitation, and, as some would call it, sexual slavery, shed light on a much larger issue: the misogyny and gender inequality deep-rooted in Korean society The systematic abuse of women in these chatrooms is not just part of a series of isolated incidents, but a small part of a much larger pattern of genderbased violence that exists both online and offline Sexual exploitation extends itself to the real world too, with sexual offenses being alarmingly common, with cases involving spycams and sexual assaults being known to locals as the “norm”.
These scandals are only some examples of the real life phenomena that could affect thousands of South Korean women in this instant. In fact, aggressions of this genre are common in South Korea’s digital world, which raises a doubt over the double-edged nature of technology and its developments
HOWWILLFORMULA1EVOLVEINTHE2026 REGULATIONSANDISTHISAPOSITIVECHANGE?
By Adam Karasconyi ‘25
The modern era of Formula 1 has been plagued by boring, unentertaining and inactive race weekends, where more often than not the race result could be predicted after the qualifying session that took place the day before. Though many consider the dependence on power enhancing electronic systems and the drag reduction system (DRS) (the read wing flap that opens at the designated zones when a following car is close enough to another car) to be a key cause of the frequently monotonous overtaking seen during races, it has to be considered that these systems were originally designed to aid the issue of the lack of overtaking in the first place. The former gave a power boost to the power unit, while the latter gave a large decrease in drag, and a massive increase in aerodynamic efficiency whilst driving in the designated zones In response to the criticism that has been repeated by fans, drivers and team members alike, the Fédération Internationale de l’Automobile (FIA) aimed its traditional quadrennial regulation changes to attempt to guide the teams in a direction that initiates a degeneration of the mentioned notion. The regulation changes cover virtually every aspect of the motorsport, from changes to the power unit, chassis, aerodynamics and general dimensions of the car However, do the amendments to the technical regulations really have the desired effect that it promises? A similar objective was also put into place for the 2021 (later delayed to 2022) regulations, yet up until the current 2024 season was considerably underway, equal racing was hardly seen for the last three years. Hence, will the 2026 regulations benefit the motorsport compared to the promised results by F1 Liberty Media (the owners of the Formula 1 Group)?
TheIssuewithModern Formula1:
Car dimensions
One of the more pressing issues of Formula 1 in recent years has been the continuous enlargement of the vehicles in both mass and the general dimensions of the car, coming in at 5630 mm in length, 2000 mm in width, 950 mm in height and a minimum weight of 798 kg.
To put this into perspective, the championship winning car in 2004, the Ferrari F2004 had a length of 4550 mm in length, 1770 mm in width, 950 mm in height and a mass of 605 kg The most significant change is the mass of the two cars, with an increase of 31.9% between 2004 and 2024, a change often attributed to the visibly sluggish cars of the modern era Moreover, the increase of overall size does not necessarily act in coordination with the increase of track size, most famously on street circuits like Monaco or Baku, Azerbaijan. The effect of the enlargement is that the current cars are gigantic compared to their counterparts from 20 years ago, and have a rather difficult time passing each other due to the lack of space on tracks prompting the drivers to gamble with dangerous overtaking attempts, increasing the risk of accidents. As this can result in a team losing points, such high-risk, high-reward overtakes are frowned upon by teams, and drivers are discouraged from attempting more overtakes, leading to dull races.
The Issue of One Constructor Domination
Another aspect of the motorsport often called the “traveling circus,” which is seen negatively by the viewers is the trend of single constructor domination in a post-regulation change era, such as the Ferrari dominance of 2000-2004, or the Mercedes dominance between 2014-2020 The general tendency of regulation changes is that a single constructor is able to get a design prototype implemented correctly and is considerably faster than the other constructors, who then attempt to copy and build onto what the leading team had designed
“Theregulationchanges resultinasingularteam spearheadinga developmentpathfortheir designphilosophy,while otherteamsattemptto catchuptothemusing theoutdatedideasutilized bythewinning constructor”
Consequently, the regulation changes result in a singular team spearheading a development path for their design philosophy, while other teams attempt to catch up to them using the outdated ideas utilized by the winning constructor It is once again very likely that the regulation changes will lead to a constructor, more often than not a major team (that has already had its fair share of dominance in their respective prime eras) with a comfortable budget like Mercedes, Red Bull, Ferrari or McLaren, taking the lead for at least the first, perhaps even multiple seasons before any real competition arrives, such as the infamous 2021 season involving the championship rivalry between Sir Lewis Hamilton and Max Verstappen after seven years of the “Silver Arrows’” domination between 2014-2020.
EngineRegulations:
Changes to the Internal Combustion Engine (ICE)
The 2026 regulations will include a complete overhaul of the power unit towards a more sustainable solution. Luckily for those worrying about the total power output of the power unit, the FIA had promised for the total power to remain the same for new engines, meaning the performance of the cars power wise should remain the same. However, what has been changed is the power distribution of the power unit. The turbocharged internal combustion engine’s (ICE) capacity of 550 kW has been lowered to 400 kW, while the electrically powered components have increased from 120 kW to 350 kW, an almost 300% increase of electric power. In addition, the overall energy storage in the battery has been increased by a factor slightly larger than 2, from 4 0 MJ (1 1 kWh) to 8 5 MJ (2 36 kWh), allowing for a more versatile energy recovery system (ERS). Though this can momentarily be overruled by the push to pass function given to drivers that give an extra push of power when in the proximity of other drivers, similarly to how the current DRS works In addition to the changes above, the MGU-H, a system which converts the rotational energy of the turbocharger spool among the heat energy to convert it to electric energy, making it ready to be once again deployed
“Theobjectivesofthe engineregulationchanges leantowardsimproving thesustainabilityimageof Formula1anditscarefor theenvironment,as opposedtofan entertainment”
Finally, the fuels used in the ICE’s have been set to be carbon neutral, having been created from natural reasons and being able to be broken down easily The objectives of the engine regulation changes lean towards improving the sustainability image of Formula 1 and its care for the environment, as opposed to fan entertainment. However, the engine regulations could still increase the latter, given the possibility of initial reliability issues between teams as they are adapting to the new stresses experienced by the engine. Overall, this will not have a large impact on improving closer racing, but rather on publicitizing the motorsport's wish to help the environment, attracting companies that would have been disinterested in sponsoring due to unsustainable practices. However, due to the promised move towards sustainability, engine constructors like Audi and Toyota GRT have decided to initiate projects with current Formula 1 teams, increasing the global image of the motorsport with the inclusion of another pair of powerhouses in the automotive industry. These two new manufacturers will bring new interest and more importantly, more sponsors to give a larger spending budget for all parties involved, including the constructors developing the cars.
ChassisandDimension Regulations
Changes to the Overall Dimensions
The 2026 regulations will bring smaller cars onto the grid, lowering essentially all metrics of the vehicles from length, width, height and the mass of the cars The wheelbase of the car will be decreased by 200 mm to 3400 mm, which is a significant decrease in length, and the width was decreased by 100 mm to 1900 mm Finally, the minimum weight of the cars have been decreased to 768 kg, roughly a 30 kg decrease from 798 kg, increasing the nimbleness of the cars. In addition, the set of wheels designed by Pirelli is said to decrease, however, the tyre company promised that the mechanical grip of the tyres will remain the same
The author believes that this particular set of rule changes will have a significant impact on the state of racing in motorsport, as the cars will require much less space between each other to pass in corners that were not possible before due to the oversizing of the cars in the past It would be interesting to see how the 2026 cars will race at narrow circuits like Monaco compared to their 2024 counterparts
“Theshorterwheelbasewill provideamuchmore snappycar,appealingto boththetrackperformance engineersandtheviewers fromthetelevisionthatwill beabletoseeabetter representationofthepower inthosevehicles”
Nevertheless, some might still argue that the weight reduction was not enough for it to be effective, but on the contrary, the 30 kg is a rather ambitious goal, given the continuous effort to improve safety of the sport. Overall, the changes made to the dimensions of the car, theoretically, should lead to the increase in entertainment from the fans’ perspective as a result of tighter, and potentially more intense battles with new or forgotten defensive tactics.
AerodynamicsRegulations
Front Wing, Rear Wing, and Bodywork Adjustments
An interesting development in the regulation changes will be the aerodynamics of the cars. One of the more noticeable changes to the 2026 car is the front and rear wing The former will have a 3 element cap put in place instead of 4, and will be decreased in width from 2000 mm to 1900 mm, while the latter will re-introduce rear wing endplates. In addition to the mentioned changes, a bargeboard of sorts is created near the Venturi tunnels to direct airflow cleanly towards the rear wing or to the diffuser The listed changes are said to decrease the downforce by 30%, and aerodynamics drag by 55%, both of which are significant numbers, and will lead to greater decelerations and accelerations across a lap
“Theregulationchanges favorhardbrakingzonesfor overtaking,whichisa strongimplicationastohow racingmaylooklikein 2026”
The regulation changes favor hard braking zones for overtaking, which is a strong implication as to how racing may look like in 2026. In addition to the previously mentioned changes, the Drag Reduction System (DRS) will be removed from the car in favor of other systems This change in combination with active aerodynamics (which will be discussed later in the article) will likely result in greater acceleration times and larger top speeds at straights. The removal of DRS may lead to the increase of more entertaining overtakes, where teams will not wait until the low risk low rewards scenarios, instead it will allow them to be more aggressive and therefore entertaining to the audience.
Active Aero and the removal of DRS
As previously stated, DRS will be removed in favor of another system called active-aerodynamics. Active aerodynamics are systems that control the aerodynamic characteristics of a vehicle and are adjusted to assist the driver in gaining an advantage across the track
The FIA revealed that there would be an X-mode and a Z-mode that the driver can switch between on the appropriate sections of the track X-mode is the configuration of the car that alters the components to a minimal drag setup, allowing for faster top speeds, closer following and more bunched up cars, as well as better accelerations. X-mode can be activated and deactivated by the pilot, while it also works when the pilot presses on the brakes Meanwhile, Z-mode is the setup used to create a maximum downforce setup, being beneficial in cornering and in scenarios requiring high downforce loads Similarly to X-mode, Zmode can be directly controlled by the pilot with the difference that it turns on under braking unlike its counterpart which goes through the opposite effect. The cars will alternate between the modes using the front and rear wing elements, the upper two on the both the former and the latter that will be moveable on command, rather than the gradual sinking like it was observed on the McLaren before the summer break. The modes will not be dependent on the relative track position of other cars, and pilots will be able to use it as they please around the permitted areas of the track
The large deficit in downforce that was caused by the reduction of the wing sizes and bargeboard will lead to significantly slower lap times Hence, critics question whether Formula 1 would remain the pinnacle of motorsport if there are faster lap times set by different series. To answer that question, what must be considered is the atmosphere in the motorsport, where innovation had always taken place, such as the infamous F-duct by McLaren or the double diffuser by Brawn GP that sprung teams to copy and master their own version, this hypothetical “issue” will be resolved quite quickly knowing the rapid developments in Formula 1 engineering
Meanwhile, the implementations of the X-mode and Y-mode, alongside the aerodynamic and dimensional changes look to leave a positive impact on the “wheel-to-wheel” aspect of the sport, theoretically increasing fan entertainment However, the concern over how the regulation changes will bring forth a “one team domination” are still quite valid, and will most likely be an inevitable consequence for all preceding regulation changes, given that the FIA cannot entirely control how teams develop their machines around the rules. Nevertheless, the new regulation changes will certainly bring a lot of excitement to the sport, bringing interest from previous or new partners to collaborate with the sport, and though it cannot be entirely predicted, hopefully an increase in the enjoyment for the followers of the sport.
O P I N I O N
MOVIEREVIEW:JOKERFOLIEADEUX
By Stamatios Baltos ‘25
Given the success of the first installment, “Joker,” in 2019, expectations for its sequel, Todd Philip’s, “Joker: Folie à deux,” were high, with many hoping to see a continuation of Arthur Fleck’s or Joker’s troubling journey Unfortunately, while visually remarkable, the film falls short in almost all key areas, leaving audiences with a sequel that feels lackluster, disjointed, and overall flat compared to the depth and intensity found in its predecessor Reasons for this could sincerely originate from many characteristics of the sequel, such as the shift in genre from a psychological thriller to a musical focusing on the Joker’s (Joaquin Phoenix) new relationship with Harley Quinn (Lady Gaga), rather than expanding on the protagonist’s psychological state and the to say the least densely brutal conclusion of the first installment.
“Regardlessofthemost tragicelementsofthis film,“Joker:Folieàdeux” istriumphantwhenit comestoitsvisual direction.”
Regardless of the most tragic elements of this film, “Joker: Folie à deux” is triumphant when it comes to its visual direction The lighting and cinematography are breathtaking, with the use of shadows, colors, and masterful framing to create the dark and haunting atmosphere of Gotham and Arkham Asylum But while it is important for any movie to be somewhat visually appealing, when it comes to producing a sequel it is more important to surpass its predecessor in all categories; something that “Joker: Folie a Deux” fails to commit
While the visual direction shines, the musical aspect, the core feature of a movie under the genre of a musical, proves to be this film’s very downfall. The music, rather than enriching the narrative or adding emotional weight to key moments, feels tedious and out of place Songs in musicals are supposed to advance the story, offer insights into the characters’ thoughts and emotions, and possibly raise emotional stakes. “Joker: Folie à Deux” does none of that The songs are repetitive, uninspiring, and fail to push the narrative and the characters forward
e s a hindrance to the narrative and the actual enjoyment of the movie What could have been moments of emotional depth or of narrative significance are replaced with a soundtrack that adds little to zero value. Because of this, the film’s pacing also suffers, making a 2.5 hour movie feel like 4 hours
The plot itself is another significant area where the film disappoints. The first “Joker” offered a raw and intense character study of Arthur Flex, delving into his mental illness, isolation, and transformation into the Joker Meanwhile, this sequel fails to recapture or even relate to any of that intensity.
Arthur’s struggles with his mental health, a central factor in the original film, are for some reason nearly absent, only expressed in specific scenes that are overshadowed by the overall musical element of this disaster The narrative itself is thin to say the least, lacking the complexity of the original and failing to successfully provide any growth or evolution from the events and the Joker’s psychological depth from the first installment Additionally, the film loses sight of the very identity of the protagonist. The dark and unsettling figure of the Joker, a man on the edge of insanity, is replaced by a character that no longer disturbs or intimidates the audience ; the psychological weight that once drove the narrative is reduced to mere background noise and scraps, leaving those watching detached from any of the Joker’s or Arthur Fleck’s internal struggles and growth.
“Thedarkandunsettling figureoftheJoker,aman ontheedgeofinsanity,is replacedbyacharacter thatnolongerdisturbsor intimidatesthe audience.”
In conclusion, this sequel to Todd Philip’s, “Joker.” is a visually captivating but deeply flawed attempt to continue the Joker’s story Though the lighting, direction, and cinematography are stunning, the shifting of genre from a psychological thriller to a musical causes the music, plot, dialogue, and characterization to fall unbelievably short The musical numbers are repetitive and uninspired, making the film unnecessarily long and exhausting to sit through, while the plot fails to capture any complexity and emotional weight that made the first installment an Oscar-winning success.
The lack of any tangible or enjoyable substance throughout the entirety of the movie makes it a lackluster and simply disgusting continuation of the Joker’s story
BOOKREVIEW:KINDRED
By Allegra Di Florio ‘27
Octavia Butler, described as “One of the most significant literary artists of the twentieth century" (Junot Diaz), is the author of Kindred, the novel I will be reviewing today I was gifted Kindred for my birthday maybe two years ago, and I had put off reading it due to the fact that it was outside of the genres I tend to gravitate towards. However, after much pestering from my father, I finally read it!
First of all, Octavia Butler was a pioneering African American female writer in the world of science fiction. Butler is known for winning countless awards (including being the only Sci-Fi author to get the MacArthur ‘Genius’ Grant) but more importantly for opening the genre of science fiction to other African American and female authors. She wrote novels regarding a plethora of topics, including racism, climate change, women’s rights, and political disparity. Butler graduated from Pasadena City College in 1968, but continued taking classes at California State University and then UCLA, where she studied writing as well as taking classes in anthropology, psychology, physics, biology, geology, and more. Octavia Butler wrote 12 more books after selling her first two stories in the early 1970s
Kindred, now considered a modern day classic, was inspired by Butler hearing young African Americans minimizing the severity of slavery Kindred was written to spread awareness of the horrendous reality of those enslaved in the United States in the 1800s.
Kindred tells the story of an American African female author, Dana, who has the ability to time travel between California in 1976, and a plantation in Maryland in 1815. It is quickly discovered that Dana’s time traveling is connected to keeping Rufus, the son of the plantation owner and one of Dana’s ancestors, safe and alive
Every time that she is brought back to Maryland, Rufus grows and her time spent there lengthens, although time passes differently in present day. Months in the past are really only minutes or hours in the present With the increase of time comes the increase in severity of events, allowing readers to see what slaves had to live with day to day as they fought to survive.
I am glad that I finally got around to reading Kindred but was a little disappointed after reading the steller reviews
“Whileadvertisedasa feminist,empoweringstory,I feltasthoughDanawasoften allowingherselftobe overshadowedbythemale whitecharacters,specifically herhusbandinpresenttime, Kevin.”
While advertised as a feminist, empowering story, I felt as though Dana was often allowing herself to be overshadowed by the male white characters, specifically her husband in present time, Kevin.
In addition to this, it was strange to me how Dana remained so compassionate and affectionate with Rufus after all the horrendous things that occurred to her under his ‘care’ While I understand the potential message of exposing current relationship power dynamics between male and female, and white and african american, I wish that there had been more development in Dana’s character to allow her to grow into her full potential Having said that, Dana, while occasionally unlikeable and not a hero in any means, finds ways to make a difference in history by taking initiative and advocating for herself, and by the end has the reader rooting for her
I found the descriptions of slavery and other injustices to be powerful, moving, and occasionally hard to get through I believe that Butler did an excellent job in bringing attention to the atrocities of slavery and what people were forced to do to survive.
Her manner of expressing the complex emotions and inner conflicts of the characters is so compelling and truly forced me to reflect on the disturbing reality of human nature and our history. I am looking forward to reading more of Butler’s work in the future
bringingattentiontothe atrocitiesofslaveryandwhat peoplewereforcedtodoto survive.”
Overall, I would recommend Kindred to high school students as it contains some disturbing themes that are difficult to read about Kindred is perfect for those searching to learn more about slavery in the 1800s or wanting to read a novel with a history-centered plot. In the end, Kindred provokes difficult discussions that must be had and ultimately, should be read and studied
ALLEGRA DI FLORIO
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“Kindred: The ground-breaking masterpiece - Butler, Octavia E. - Libri.” Amazon.it, https://www amazon it/Kindred-Octavia-Butler/dp/1472258223 Accessed 19 October 2024
Rothberg, Emma, and Ruth Bader Ginsburg “Biography: Octavia Estelle Butler ” National Women's History Museum, https://www.womenshistory.org/educationresources/biographies/octavia-estelle-butler. Accessed 13 October 2024.
COCO FERRARI ROSS
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Kelly, Amund, et al "Environmental and social impacts of cobalt mining: The sustainability challenge of the electric vehicle transition " Energy Policy, vol 166, 2022, 112981 ScienceDirect.
Luke, Hannah. "Why Cobalt Mining in the DRC Needs Urgent Attention." Council on Foreign Relations, 29 Oct. 2020, CFR.
Sovacool, Benjamin K "The precarious political economy of cobalt: Balancing prosperity, poverty, and brutality in artisanal and industrial mining in the Democratic Republic of the Congo " The Extractive Industries and Society, vol 6, no 3, 2019, pp 915-939 ScienceDirect.
TEA MIJATOVIC
Carocci, Guido “ · Conosci Firenze :: Il Portale di Firenze ” · Conosci Firenze :: Il Portale di Firenze, https://www conoscifirenze it/i-vecchi-libri-raccontano/572-viale-deicolli1.html. Accessed 17 October 2024.
“Luxury restaurant in Florence | La Loggia.” La Loggia Firenze, https://www.ristorantelaloggia.it/en/chi-siamo/. Accessed 17 October 2024. “Piazzale Michelangelo ” Italy Museum, https://www florence-museum com/piazzalemichelangelo php#:~:text=In%201869%20Florence%20was%20the,the%20left%20side%20 a%20panoramic.
“the sixteenth century: Francesco Ferrucci – Calamecca.” Calamecca, http://www.calamecca.it/en/the-sixteenth-century-francesco-ferrucci/. Accessed 17 October 2024
“Viale dei Colli ” Regione Toscana, 27 May 2016, https://www regione toscana it/-/vialedei-colli. Accessed 17 October 2024.
“Villa Torri di Gattaia » Risorgimento Firenze.” Risorgimento Firenze, 9 September 2016, https://www.risorgimentofirenze.it/villa-torri-gattaia/. Accessed 17 October 2024.
“A walk on the Viale dei Colli in Florence ” Feel Florence, https://www feelflorence it/en/node/12776
B I B L I O G R A P H Y
RB I B L I O G
MIYU LI
Barr, Heather. “South Korea’s Digital Sex Crime Deepfake Crisis.” Human Rights Watch, 29 Aug. 2024, www.hrw.org/news/2024/08/29/south-koreas-digital-sex-crime-deepfakecrisis.
BBC “Burning Sun: Exposing the Secret K-Pop Chat Groups - BBC World Service Documentaries ” YouTube, 18 May 2024, youtu be/9EEp1q iMYc?si=GUbaZYNt10MSD6fY Accessed 19 Oct. 2024.
--. “Chatroom Sex Abuse Suspect Named after Outrage.” BBC News, 25 Mar. 2020, www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-52030219.
De Souza, Nicole “The Nth Room Case and Modern Slavery in the Digital Space | Lowy Institute ” Www lowyinstitute org, 20 Apr 2020, www lowyinstitute org/theinterpreter/nth-room-case-modern-slavery-digital-space.
김수연. “Yonhap News Agency.” Yonhap News Agency, 6 Apr. 2020, en.yna.co.kr/view/AEN20200406002200315.
Hankyoreh “I Saw Deepfakes When Exposing the Nth Room Case 5 Years Ago the Government’s Lax Response Is to Blame for Their Proliferation Today ” Hankyoreh, 2024, english.hani.co.kr/arti/english_edition/e_national/1157369.html.
Mackenzie, Jean. “South Korea Faces Deepfake Porn ‘Emergency.’” Bbc.com, BBC News, 28 Aug. 2024, www.bbc.com/news/articles/cg4yerrg451o.
--- “South Korea: The Deepfake Crisis Engulfing Hundreds of Schools ” Bbc com, BBC News, 3 Sept 2024, www bbc com/news/articles/cpdlpj9zn9go News, PBS “In South Korea, Rise of Explicit Deepfakes Wrecks Women’s Lives and Deepens Gender Divide.” PBS News, 3 Oct. 2024, www.pbs.org/newshour/world/in-south-korearise-of-explicit-deepfakes-wrecks-womens-lives-and-deepens-gender-divide.
Park, Jinheon. “From Cultural Export to Economic Engine: Examining the Role of K-Pop in the Growth of the South Korean Economy ” Open Journal of Business and Management, vol 11, no 5, Aug 2023, pp 2198–214, https://doi org/10 4236/ojbm 2023 115121
World Bank Group. “World Bank Open Data.” World Bank Open Data, 2022, data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL.MA.IN?
end=2020&locations=KR&most recent year desc=false&start=1960. Accessed 19 Oct. 2024
OLIVIA DICK
Gajbhiye, Sanjana. “Comb jellyfish can 'fuse' with a friend and become one creature after injury.” Earth.com, 8 October 2024, https://www.earth.com/news/comb-jellyfish-canfuse-with-a-friend-and-become-one-creature-after-injury/ Accessed 13 October 2024 National Marine Sanctuary Foundation “Sea Wonder: Comb Jelly ” National Marine Sanctuary Foundation, 16 April 2021, https://marinesanctuary.org/blog/sea-wondercomb-jelly/. Accessed 13 October 2024.
Ramon-Mateu, Julia, et al. “Regeneration in the ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi occurs in the absence of a blastema, requires cell division, and is temporally separable from wound healing ” BMC Biology, 2019 Accessed 13 October 2024
Ryan, Joseph F “Comb jellies gives scientists hints of our nervous system's past ” Allen Institute, 29 August 2023, https://alleninstitute.org/news/comb-jellies-gives-scientistshints-of-our-nervous-systems-past/. Accessed 13 October 2024.
Zimmer, Carl. “When Two Sea Aliens Become One.” The New York Times, 7 October 2024, https://www nytimes com/2024/10/07/science/comb-jellies-fusing-bodies html
Accessed 13 October 2024
TÈA MIJATOVIC
Carocci, Guido “ · Conosci Firenze :: Il Portale di Firenze ” · Conosci Firenze :: Il Portale di Firenze, https://www.conoscifirenze.it/i-vecchi-libri-raccontano/572-viale-deicolli1.html. Accessed 17 October 2024.
“Luxury restaurant in Florence | La Loggia.” La Loggia Firenze, https://www ristorantelaloggia it/en/chi-siamo/ Accessed 17 October 2024
“Piazzale Michelangelo ” Italy Museum, https://www florence-museum com/piazzalemichelangelo php#:~:text=In%201869%20Florence%20was%20the,the%20left%20side%20 a%20panoramic.
“the sixteenth century: Francesco Ferrucci – Calamecca.” Calamecca, http://www calamecca it/en/the-sixteenth-century-francesco-ferrucci/ Accessed 17 October 2024
“Viale dei Colli ” Regione Toscana, 27 May 2016, https://www regione toscana it/-/vialedei-colli. Accessed 17 October 2024.
“Villa Torri di Gattaia » Risorgimento Firenze.” Risorgimento Firenze, 9 September 2016, https://www.risorgimentofirenze.it/villa-torri-gattaia/. Accessed 17 October 2024.
“A walk on the Viale dei Colli in Florence ” Feel Florence, https://www feelflorence it/en/node/12776
JULIUS GUTBROD
Baumann, Meret, and Nina Belz. “Regierungsbildung in Österreich: Vier Optionen Nach Wahl ” Neue Zürcher Zeitung, 15 Oct 2024, www nzz ch/pro/regierungsbildung-inoesterreich-vier-optionen-nach-wahl-ld 1852514
Körömi, Csongor. “Orbán, Le Pen and Wilders Are Buzzing Over Austria’S Far Right Winning Election.” POLITICO, 30 Sept. 2024, www.politico.eu/article/far-right-across-europecelebrates-victory-austria-freedom-party-herbert-kickl-anti-immigration. Vichtl, Wolfgang, et al “FPÖ Gewinnt Parlamentswahl in Österreich Mit 29,2 Prozent ” tagesschau de, 22 Oct 2024, www tagesschau de/ausland/europa/oesterreich-wahlanalyse-100 html
Welle, Deutsche. “Austria’s Far-right FPÖ Wins Parliamentary Vote.” dw.com, 30 Sept. 2024, www.dw.com/en/austrias-far-right-fp%C3%B6-wins-parliamentary-vote/a70354491
Wikipedia contributors “2024 Austrian Legislative Election ” Wikipedia, 18 Nov 2024, en wikipedia org/wiki/2024 Austrian legislative election
ADAM KARACSONYI
World Motor Sports Council. 2026 Formula 1 Technical Regulations. 24 June 2024. Barretto, Lawrence “FIA Unveils Formula 1 Regulations for 2026 and Beyond ” Formula 1, 6 June 2024, www formula1 com/en/latest/article/fia-unveils-formula-1-regulations-for2026-and-beyond-featuring-more-agile.75qJiYOHXgeJqsVQtDr2UB.
B I B L I O G R A P H Y
