TUSKANTIMES
VOLUME 13 ISSUE 2
ETHICS
WHAT DOES TRUMP’S RE-ELECTION SIGNIFY?
A CONSCIOUS CAPITAL: IS RESPONSIBLE WEALTH ATTAINABLE?
FRONT COVER: VIVIAN XU ‘26
BACK COVER: EZRA PAVONCELLI ‘25
This cover was inspired by an article about the Greek mythological tale of the constant repairs needed for the ship of Theseus This led to a paradox that challenges whether or not something is the same after every component is changed In line with the mythological theme, I also chose to include a depiction of a dolphin from the time period.
Dear Readers,
Welcome to the newest edition of the Tuskan Times – Volume 13 Issue 2! As the calendar year comes to a close and the school breaks for the winter holidays, the Tuskan Times team is excited to share a variety of writing from students with the wider school community
As always, the Tuskan Times is wholeheartedly committed to providing a space for all students and members of the ISF community to explore topics of interest, enhance their writing skills, and present their talents in whichever way they choose
This issue, we have pieces ranging from book and film reviews by Allegra Di Florio and Stamatios Baltos, respectively, to an analysis of al-Assad’s overthrowing in Syria by Ezra Pavoncelli Furthermore, we’ve included poetry written by Brian Deng, and a continuation of Téa Mijatovic’s local column surrounding the mysteries and history of Viale Michelangiolo
This issue also marks the final publication under Editors-In-Chief Olivia Dick and Elena Sofia Uzielli. Two brief messages from the two of us are included below.
Olivia:
For me, the Tuskan Times is a club and a community I will greatly miss. When I look back on the first piece I wrote – an interview in Grade 9 with Rosalie as the school’s first “transfer” student –and see the pieces I write today – reporting on some of biology’s recent breakthroughs or my own CAS Extended Project (see ISF’s Arboretum in this issue) – I realize just how much I’ve grown alongside my fellow club members. Tuskan Times has always been a place to have fun. To express ourselves and our crazy specific interests through writing and creation that we often don’t get the chance to explore due to our busy lives. I’ve loved fostering this community with an incredible array of people. My thanks go to Devaki Menon, the previous Editor-In-Chief, who taught me to stay calm in the face of challenge and to see situations from multiple perspectives. I also want to thank Ms. Hitchcock, the club’s supervisor, who never seems to get tired of all of our antics. I have loved the journey we’ve all taken with this small, but mighty newspaper and I wish it the best of luck for the future.
Elena Sofia
Intrigued by the idea of sharing my thoughts in written form, I joined the Tuskan Times in early 2022 Opinionated and rather polemical, I began writing with the intention of criticising and expressing anger particularly on social and political issues which resulted in alienating myself from my writing, making it snarky and impersonal Slowly, I learned to build bridges, not walls, between ideas and an audience through words, maturing as a thinker and writer This is a message I hope reaches some new faces and provides a little comfort for those at the start of their TT journey Best of luck to the coming editors-in-chief, the Tuskan Times is sure to grow and improve! I’d like to thank Olivia for her patience with my scatterbrain, tardy ways and for helping the paper reach new heights I’d also like to thank Ms Hitchcock for her support and direction Lastly and most importantly, I’d like to thank all writers, editors, and artists for bringing immeasurable humanity to each issue I will miss this chapter very much, all the best
Sincerely,
Olivia Dick & Elena Sofia Uzielli
Editors-in-Chief
EDITORS-IN-CHIEF
OLIVIA DICK
ELENA SOFIA UZIELLI
ASSISTANT
EDITOR-IN-CHIEF
COCO FERRARI-ROSS
HEADOFLAYOUT
ELIOT RICHARDS
SUPERVISOR
TESS HITCHCOCK
M E E T T H E
EDITORS
ELENA SOFIA UZIELLI
OLIVIA DICK
COCO FERRARI-ROSS
DAVID LU
ART
EZRA PAVONCELLI
VIVIAN XU
AURORA TOVO
LAYOUT
ELIOT RICHARDS
CALVIN YE
LYRA PIRES
AMELIA WINKLER
GIOIA WEI
LILY KHALSA
ISA YE
VIVIAN XU
ELENA SOFIA UZIELLI
T E A M
CR E A T I V E
ALLTHEWEIGHTSINTHEWEIGHTROOM
By Brian Deng ‘26
All the weights in the weight room
Past stores selling shiny shoes, Past files of fancy fitted suits, Lies a gym gilded and guarded.
In this gym of great proportions, The most splendid lives live, All the weights in the weight room.
Though of sizes big and small, Each one of a different scale.
No weight is left untouched, For all a purpose They have found.
The smallest weights fear not being tossed, As they meet those beginning initiation.
The biggest weights worry not about collecting dust, Though even un-lifted they serve as motivation.
All the weights in the weight room, Know their purpose well and clear.
No weights unneeded, No weights discarded.
For in this gym of great proportions, The most splendid lives live, All the weights in the weight room.
Aurora Tovo ‘25
This painting represents body dysmorphia and the hidden struggles of fitting into societal expectations and beauty standards.
THESECRETSOFTHEVIALE
By Tèa Mijatović ‘27
This column unravels the often “unknown” history of the VIALE, while also searching for a solution to the cellular connection problem that so many experience daily on this important, historical road.
GALILEO'S LEGACY HIGHLIGHTS OUR CURRENT LIMITATIONS
Galileo Galilei, born in the 17th century in Pisa, Italy, was an Italian natural philosopher, astronomer, and mathematician He sought to connect the universe through his groundbreaking scientific discoveries, which still extend to modern space exploration
It is unforeseen that his history also extended to the Florence community, the heart of many of his major astronomical discoveries. Thus, his living residence was named after him, Viale Galielo, imprinting his legacy with the history of Florence Yet, at the present moment, it exacts an urgent need for the improvement of the basic cellular network.
Before discussing the modern challenges of the Viale, let’s step back into history, where Galileo shaped humanity’s understanding of the universe. The tower, Torre di Gallo, in the hills of Arcetri, Florence, served as an observatory for his studies, conducting scientific experiments and astronomical observations. It’s incredible to imagine Galileo studying the cosmos just steps away from the very Viale we use daily.
The Catholic Church placed Galileo under house arrest, in Florence, due to his support of the heliocentric (Sun-centered) theory. He was willing to die for his convictions knowing what he researched and discovered was truth and could help humanity
From his time in Pisa to Florence, Galileo remained isolated, testing ideas using experiments, measuring results, and using mathematics to describe natural laws for modern science.
"Hislifewasspent connectingustothestars, galaxies,andplanetsfar away. "
In 1609, he enhanced the refracting telescope significantly, so it allowed him to see with a magnification of 20. This made it possible to see that the Moon had mountains, whose craters’ shadows changed with the position of the Sun He used the length of the shadows to estimate the height of the lunar mountains, showing they were similar to mountains on Earth. Galileo was connecting us to the universe in the 17th century, and yet, in the 21st century, we don’t have a simple cellular connection on the very street named after him, Viale Galileo.
Galileo used his telescope to prove Earth was not the only planet orbiting our star, and Jupiter had satellites Some Satellites are known as the Galilean moons: Io, Ganymede, Callisto ,and Europa. These moons verify Galileo’s legacy doesn’t just reside in Florence, it extends far beyond.
According to an NBC Nightly News broadcast, a space probe, the Europa Clipper, is scheduled to arrive at Europa by 2030.
“TheEuropaClipperis anuncrewedNASA spaceshiponan1.8 billion-milejourney.Its missionistoanswer thequestion,arewe alone?”
It will take six years to reach Europa, one of Jupiter’s 95 moons, discovered by Galileo 400 years ago. This moon is so important because it looks like an ice-covered rock, with a massive ocean under the ice, holding twice as much water as Earth The Moon is believed to have the conditions that are suitable for life: the water, the energy, the chemistry, and the stability (Jim Free Associate Administrator NASA). To prove this, the Clipper will make 49 orbital flybys of Europa to search for the basic ingredients of life
As humanity embarks to answer the mysteries of distant planets and galaxies, we mustn’t forget that it all started right here on The Viale This magical area inspired Galileo’s discoveries, propelling humanity into a new era of scientific exploration.
“ Itseemslogicalthat weshouldbeableto figureoutan innovativewayto improvebasiccellular connectionintoday’s modernworldalong withourcaptivating Viale.”
Since my first article, the Mayor's office responded to my email stating that to maintain Florence’s cultural heritage, there are a series of measures for its protection, limiting the possibility of increasing signal repeaters in the entire area. This is the main case for the difficulties faced with improving the cellular connection on the Viale The Mayor's office said they are making improvements to the city's WIFI service by installing hotspots over the years. It seems there has been no improvement on The Viale in the last decade I have sent a follow-up email asking for specific details on the timing and scope of the build up of the cellular network on the Viale. I will keep you updated.
ISF’SARBORETUM
By Olivia Dick ‘25
As we frantically move through our school lives, it seems that often the beauty of detail and the little things are overlooked. One of these minute details of life I’ve noticed being increasingly ignored is the beauty and biodiversity of our school campus At first glance, we find the greenery typical of any estate in the Mediterranean Basin, but taking a closer look, it becomes clear that the gardens and greenery of ISF’s campus have been organized, cultivated, and maintained with a true sense of care and admiration
"Itbecomesclearthatthe gardensandgreeneryofISF’s campushavebeenorganized, cultivated,andmaintained withatruesenseofcareand admiration."
Not only do we have trees and shrubbery native to the area – Mediterranean Cypress and Stone Pine (also known as Umbrella Pine) – but there are also foreign trees dotted around the school campus, native to areas halfway across the globe –Japanese Persimmon located behind the Science Lab Gardens, Chinese Firethorn situated in the Villa Nuova’s planter pots, and English Oak providing cool shade at the Upper Field
On a day-to-day basis, the details regarding the identities and origins of the trees decorating our campus might not seem so important However, to those interested in the ecology and ecosystems of their surroundings, especially a place in which they spend much of their daily life, these specifics can go a long way. Personally, I found myself wondering if something small and subtle could impart an important message to the community Having visited universities and botanical gardens in the United States this past summer, I had noticed the subtle beauty of each campus’ arboretum – tags with the common and scientific names of the trees they adorned or stood before So, in the fall, at the beginning of the school year, I took on the project of transforming ISF’s school campus into an arboretum.
"Havingvisiteduniversitiesand botanicalgardensintheUnited Statesthispastsummer,Ihad noticedthesubtlebeautyof eachcampus ’arboretum–tags withthecommonandscientific namesofthetreesthey adornedorstoodbefore."
Over the course of a few weeks, I used a plant identifier app and my own knowledge of botany to identify a variety of the trees across our campus. With a list of twenty different species, I set about narrowing down the selection, choosing those in a visible and easily accessible area of the school campus, and trees I was certain I had identified correctly (the looming threat of Mr. Landolfa questioning my permanent plaques haunted my mind) The final collection of trees for the arboretum consisted of ten different species of trees and one species of evergreen shrub (also considered a small tree – shoutout to common boxwood).
The full list of species with their common English, Italian, and scientific names is included at the end of this article.
Currently, the trees around the school campus are labelled with small, temporary metal and slate signs. The permanent plaques are in the process of being made and they are expected to be installed around the campus before the winter break I encourage you to stop for a moment and read the signs. Maybe you’ll learn something new or make connections to your home’s environment. Please take care with the signs and always remember to appreciate that which we have the privilege to walk under each day
“Iencourageyoutostop foramomentandreadthe signs.Maybeyou’lllearn somethingnewormake connectionstoyour home’senvironment.”
The Arboretum’s Trees
English oak, Farnia, Quercus robur
Mediterranean cypress, Cipresso commune, Cupressus sempervirens
Stone pine, Pino domestico, Pinus pinea
Pomegranate, Melograno, Punica granatum
Littleleaf linden, Tiglio selvatico, Tilia cordata
Olive, Olivo, Olea europaea
Southern magnolia, Magnolia sempreverde, Magnolia grandiflora 7.
European nettle tree, Bagolaro, Celtis australis 8.
Laurel, Alloro, Laurus nobilis
Common boxwood, Bosso commune, Buxus sempervirens
Bitter orange, Arancio amaro, Citrus × aurantium
THESOCIALIMPLICATIONSOFTHESHIPOF THESEUS
By Adam Karacsonyi ’25
In the Greek myth of Theseus and the Minotaur, King Theseus rescued the Athenian children from King Milos after having slayed the Minotaur, and escaped on a ship which parted to Delos To celebrate the victory, the Athenians would parade the ship on a journey from Athens to Delos. However, if, after extended periods of time and repairs where all the parts are eventually replaced, is it the same ship? The origins of this question can be traced back as far as the biographies written by Greek philosopher and historian Plutarch in “Parallel Lives.” (Plutarch) The myth has since been extended in various forms by numerous philosophers, such as Thomas Hobbes, who proposed that a second ship is created using the decayed parts, while the “first” ship would have had all of its parts replaced one at a time over the course of extended periods of time (Britannica)
"Commonsensesuggests thatthetwoshipscannot beasingularoriginalship, therefore,whichisthe original?"
Each individual’s answer may vary depending on their beliefs, especially how one determines an object genuine as opposed to one that takes the impression of the original object. Therefore, the ship of Theseus also has great implications on the values of contemporary society, often regarding the conceptual meaning of originality
Typically speaking, the majority of the attempts at answering the question are split into two categories: qualitative and quantitative (Britannica) More often than not, the qualitative side argues for a philosophy that quotes or resembles Leibniz’s law – “The Identity of Indiscernibles.” The law states that no two objects could be exactly identical and will never share the same identity (Forrest) Meanwhile, the qualitative answers first examine the essence of originality, after which they assess whether the object passes their criteria. The described two responses already create a distinction between those who attempt to remove the human factor and believe in the laws of physics and mathematics, in contrast with those who involve the human factor by discussing the essence of originality. However, it must be said that according to the author, it is impossible to ignore one over the other, and both can be argued for with quite strong points
An example of a scenario similar to that of the ship of Theseus would be to consider an item of clothing that has all of its parts replaced with an individual part being replaced every year For the sake of the thought experiment, imagine that it took 10 years to replace everything. Many would argue that the jacket has lost its originality because it had itself combined with other jackets that came from different pieces, but would consider it to be equal if it had been constructed and deconstructed in the same way. However, before attempting to answer that question another one needs to be answered:
"Atwhatpointistheline
Is there a certain percentage of replaced parts at which the object has lost its original state?
There does not seem to be a complete answer for this question. It can be argued that an object’s originality has a tipping point of 50%, where a minimum of 50% of the parts must be original On the other hand, for objects that still resemble the original object but have over 50% of their original parts removed, does it become a new object with a different identity that has parts from an original copy? The question is rather subjective and depends on the situation An example where the latter is true could be what many ancient history museums tend to do – find remains of an object from millions of years ago, such as a dinosaur, and complete the skeleton. Though the museum claims to have the skeleton of a dinosaur, in the majority of cases it is only a small percentage of the displayed skeleton that was originally from the archeological site where it was found, while the rest were recreated to complete it. In this case it can be argued that the museum cannot claim that it was a skeleton of a dinosaur, rather a model that replicates the skeleton with parts of the original reptile. If the object taken is the skeleton, then it is nowhere near what it was a million years ago and has completely changed its identity to be that of a recreation of the skeleton
However, for the sake of the former example, let us hypothetically take the example of a car. If the car has to get an oil change, most people would consider it to be the exact same car, as the oil is not what is considered to be a component that defines a car
Although it would not be functional, or therefore, useful, a car can exist without oil. If another component that does define the car is replaced, such as the engine, two perspectives can be argued for To the average car user, the engine swap would probably lead them to think that the car is more or less the same, as in commercial use the car would drive more or less the same. However, to a car enthusiast, the engine is the heart of a car and is one of the defining features of a car considering the current day variety in bodywork modification, and the endless possibilities to alter the shape of the exterior of a car. Meanwhile, in a racing setting, the changing of an engine completely changes the handling of the car as the different weight, power output, and gear ratios are all factors that change lap times when pushing engines to the limit.
“Ifanothercomponent thatdoesdefinethecaris replaced,suchasthe engine,twoperspectives canbearguedfor.”
From the example of the car, it can be deduced that some parts are more valued than others in shaping the originality of a car, and that the components considered to be more essential to the functionality of the car are weighed more when determining whether a car is original or not Moreover, the ethos of the people determining the criteria for what counts as original also contributes significantly. This was explored in the example of the engine swap, a person who is not interested in cars, will not perceive (as on regular roads the engines are not pushed near their limits) or believe in a change in the car, as in their eyes the engine is an important part of the car, but may not be the factor that impacts their perspective of the car like the bodywork might Meanwhile, a person who pushes the limits of an engine is more inclined to believe that an engine swap will change the originality of the car, considering that they perceive a completely different experience in performance, and therefore what could be argued to be a different car
From the arguments above, the categories which are considered in the debate of the Ship of Theseus revolve around the duration of time that the parts have been exchanged, the amount of parts, and the importance of the parts Though it could be argued that the ship’s scenario in which all parts are exchanged, eliminates the debate around the last two arguments, it is important to consider their significance, as those arguments determine whether an object’s originality can survive having their parts exchanged.
“Basedonthelasttwo arguments,theoriginality ofanobjectisdecidedby thepersonalconnection thatapersonmayhave.”
Based on the last two arguments, the originality of an object is decided by the personal connection that a person may have; the more knowledge a person has, the better understanding of the significance of changing a component in an object and how it relates to the originality Moreover, the time over which the object has been changed also has a key significance as to whether it remains the original object. It seems to be that objects that have had their parts replaced in a short amount of time are thought to be resembling the original object, given that some of the replaced parts have the perception that they are now once again an integral part of it, contrary to the more newly replaced parts As a result, it can be concluded that it is thought that over time the replaced parts substitute a similar object, possibly an extension of the original object, and slightly alter its identity to create a new original object to stand behind. The question of the Ship of Theseus remains a complicated philosophical question to which it is difficult to come to a consensus Factors such as the time over which the parts were replaced, the importance of the parts themselves all contribute to complicating the question. The question is often answered by the values of the person examining the object Therefore, in the eyes of the reader, is it the same ship?
L I T I
ETHICSOFPOSTHUMOUSSPERM RETRIEVALINISRAEL
By Elena Sofia Uzielli ‘25
Posthumous Sperm Retrieval (PSR) is a procedure in which spermatozoa (commonly known as sperm) are collected from the testes of a human corpse after brain death (MacMillan) Fundamentally, it enables the potential conception of a human life from a dead one Though this idea may at first impact be disconcerting and somewhat absurd to the average sensitivity, it is a legal medical practice that is becoming widespread in direct proportion to increasing deaths in armed conflict In particular, after the most recent outbreak of violence between the State of Israel and the State of Palestine on October 7th 2023, PSR as a practice experienced unprecedented growth among Israeli soldiers The following analysis aims to consider the ethical implications of PSR on a local and interpersonal level —examining discourse around legal, religious, and moral implications of the procedure in an Israeli context.
“afterthemostrecent outbreakofviolencebetween theStateofIsraelandthe StateofPalestineonOctober 7th2023,PSRasapractice experiencedunprecedented growthamongIsraeli soldiers”
On October 7th 2023, the Palestinian militant group Hamas launched attacks against the sovereign State of Israel. Israel’s retaliation increased the human costs of war exponentially. Statista, an international data bank, places the death toll at roughly 1200 Israelis and 44 500 Palestinians as of December 3rd 2024 Though these numbers are often presented as an impersonal, dehumanised statistic, each individual loss creates a hole in families and communities.
All states involved in armed conflict with significant deaths suffer from the phenomenon of a generation lost to wartime, as is the case with Israel and Palestine. However, evolution in medicine and technology have led to a procedure that, if applied to a context of death by armed conflict, may compensate for the generational population gap left by the deceased generation. This procedure is PSR. The process involves making an incision in the testicle and removing a small piece of tissue, from which live sperm cells can then be isolated in a lab and frozen in liquid nitrogen (Shuval and Kherallah) The first documented PSR was reported in 1980, and the first baby conceived as a result of PSR was born in 1999 (MacMillan).
Since the start of the Israel-Hamas war, 200 cases of posthumous sperm retrievals have been recorded in Israel, according to data collected in early November for the Ministry of Health by Dr. Talia Eldar-Geva, a fertility expert and physician (Goldberg)
“SincethestartoftheIsraelHamaswar,200casesof posthumousspermretrievals havebeenrecordedinIsrael”
The Israeli military, when notifying the family of a soldier’s death, now immediately offers the option to have doctors retrieve and preserve the sperm of the deceased This gives rise to much controversy and discussion of the moral and ethical implications, as well as more practical issues such as redefining the legal framework and abiding by religious teachings.
The main legal issue is the gray area surrounding the deceased person’s inability to consent to sperm retrieval Though it has become easier to have sperm frozen, widows or parents who want to use it in the conception of a child have to demonstrate in court that the dead man wanted to have children, which is a process that can take years (Shuval and Kherallah) It can be demonstrated through messages, photos, diaries, and any other form available to the requestant. However, it can be argued that conducting a medical procedure with ulterior implications on a corpse entails ethical concerns, namely violating the medical autonomy of the soldiers, who typically did not give explicit permission to have their sperm preserved (Goldberg). People close to the process have said there has been conflict over the level of explicit consent that should be required from the deceased, and whether the child would receive the benefits normally given to the children of soldiers killed in service (Shuval and Kherallah). Furthermore, there is discussion around the ethics of knowingly conceiving a child that will never have both parents, or in some cases even one This leads to potential concerns of mental health and identity, which support the argument against PSR.
Further moral concerns in an Israeli context are based on religion. Rabbi Yuval Sherlo, a prominent liberal rabbi who leads the Tzohar Center for Jewish Ethics in Tel Aviv, also says the consent of the deceased is an important consideration, explaining that two important principles in Jewish law are also involved – continuing a man’s lineage and burying the body whole (Shuval and Kherallah). This has led to discussions between the religious population of Israel, since some rabbis claim that continuing the lineage trumps conserving the body whole (which PSR doesn’t do since tissue is removed) while others argue the opposite. This shows that PSR can also be a divisive factor that triggers different ethical sensitivities
Inversely, there is the argument that if solace can be brought to mourning families, it should be done. As stated by Israeli lawyer Irit Rosenblum: “the mourner has lost the will to live - the only way to restore meaning to their lives is through the continuity of the person they lost. Not allowing it, even though we have the technology, is not moral” (Kolirin). From a psychological perspective, it can be argued that PSR has the potential to alleviate profound grief among families by enabling them to see a part of their loved one live on
In conclusion, the use of PSR on fallen Israeli soldiers raised numerous ethical concerns and questions Among these there are questions of morality, and whether it is even ethical regardless of context to retrieve the sperm of a deceased person without their explicit consent to do so.
“Liberation” by Ezra Pavoncelli
BASHARAL-ASSADISOUT:WHAT’SNEXT FORSYRIAANDTHEMIDDLEEAST?
By Ezra Pavoncelli 25
After a brutal civil war that started during the Arab Spring, the al-Assad family's dictatorship in Syria has been overthrown by rebel groups, primarily the Syrian Free Army (SFA), the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF), and the Syrian Salvation Government (HTS). The HTF captured territory in Aleppo for the first time in 8 years. Rebel groups subsequently turned the focus to Damascus; the capital where government forces and institutions were most concentrated Al-Assad, former President and ruler of Syria, fled to Moscow leaving Syria with a major power vacuum and the remnants of a violent autocracy.
For some contextual background, Hafez al-Assad took power in 1971 and maintained a dictatorship until he was succeeded by his son, Bashar alAssad, in 2000. Under the al-Assad family, Syrians suffered immensely under the brutal dictatorships Prison detention centres were built to detain political dissidents, the most infamous of which is the Sednaya Prison located north of Damascus. The informal name of the “Human Slaughterhouse” was derived from the practice of extrajudicial executions and various forms of torture
Moreover, al-Assad used chemical weapons, primarily Sarin, against rebel groups in populated cities, thus civilians as well Sarin is a nerve agent
that was developed in World War 2 and has since been declared illegal by the Chemical Weapons Convention under Schedule 1 The effects of Sarin include short-term effects including asphyxiation and long-term neurological damage
As for the implications of al-Assad’s abdication, uncertainty is currently widespread as many details have remained in the fog of war From what is known, multiple active rebel groups appear to be more religiously inclined in comparison to alAssad. This may increase tensions and lead to governance that results in an imbalance of power in an attempt to contrast institutional inequality formerly propounded by Assad
“Thismayincreasetensions andleadtogovernancethat resultsinanimbalanceof powerinanattemptto contrastinstitutional inequalityformerly propoundedbyAssad.”
The celebration of the overthrow extended far beyond Syria into countless other countries that accepted Syrian refugees as asylum seekers who were displaced and endangered by the civil war However, the uncertainty of Syrian migrants' citizenship and visas has arisen. For instance, Germany and Austria have already paused tens of thousands of visa applications This may lead to Syrian migrants naturalised in a different country being uprooted once again and forced to return to a precarious situation.
This situation becomes increasingly complex as Iran, in exchange for supporting al-Assad, would export arms through Syria into Lebanon
Hezbollah, an Iranian proxy group in Lebanon, has been engaged in a war with Israel as a result of the events of October 7th and the increasingly condemned Israeli government's response. Israel already occupies areas of land that are not recognised or are condemned by international law and legal institutions like the International Court of Justice. Aside from the Occupied Palestinian Territory, Israel also occupies areas of the Golan Heights in Syria The Israeli Defense Force has moved further than the already occupied land and multiple kilometers into a United Nations (UN) demilitarised zone. It should be noted that this situation also remains in great uncertainty with very little known beyond the fact that the Israeli forces have sought to expand their control in Syrian territory. Additionally, Israel – by its own admission – has begun significantly increasing raids into Syria with allegedly 480 in 48 hours as part of an invasion This risks opening another front of the already dire conflict with Hezbollah and Hamas wherein highly suspected if not already confirmed crimes against humanity, war crimes, and highly likely crimes of aggression and genocide have taken place.
While this contextual backing may seem irrelevant, it introduces an interesting possibility that may come to fruition in the Middle East Due to Israel's increasing aggression, especially into Syria, there may be an incentive for the Syrian rebels to continue to allow the arms flow from Iran to Hezbollah. This could usher in a new age of cooperation between Middle Eastern powers who have long remained divided along ideological and political lines
“DuetoIsrael'sincreasing aggression,especiallyinto Syria,theremaybean incentivefortheSyrian rebelstocontinuetoallow thearmsflowfromIranto Hezbollah.”
Russia sourced a significant amount
of
commodities from Syria and used airstrikes against Syrian rebels in an attempt to maintain al-Assad's position in the state. The resources also introduce broader impacts such as the need for Russia to either cooperate with the rebel groups or find another state willing to trade said resources to fulfill the demand This could potentially impact the already precarious situation with the invasion of Ukraine wherein Russian morale has faltered significantly and resources and armaments are increasingly difficult to procure
In summary, the fall of the al-Assad regime is undoubtedly a positive turn of events. However, the immense challenges ahead cited by the UN appear to be more dire than first anticipated The possibility of increasing aggression from Israel, power and trade vacuums, and internal political strife will likely lead to further detriments to the already uncertain circumstances.
O P I N I O N
WHATDOESTRUMP’SRE-ELECTION SIGNIFY?
By Miyu Li ‘25
Donald J. Trump’s return to the presidential office marks a historic moment in U.S. history. As the only president since Grover Cleaveland to win two non-consecutive terms (Hassan), Trump’s electoral victory (312:226) (BBC), seems to imply more than face value, raising skepticism and doubt amongst many.
The circumstances and stakes for the 2024 election cycle were unlike any other recent occurrence in US history. On one hand, Vice President Kamala Harris, the Democratic nominee after Joe Biden dropped out of the race on July 21st (Nicholas and Gregorian), sought to emphasize the importance attributed to reproductive rights, a prominently rising issue in the US, climate change and the occurring wars in the Middle East.
"Her‘politicsofjoy’ resonatedwithmany youngandprogressive voters,strikingthe ambitionofbecomingthe firstfemaleBlackand SouthAsianAmerican president"
Her “politics of joy” resonated with many young and progressive voters, striking the ambition of becoming the first female Black and South Asian American president Nonetheless, her campaign was obstructed by many challenges, including general misogyny among the masses, the overall short amount of time in her hands to build an electoral campaign, highly polarizing electorate and accusations of overpromising on policy goals (The Guardian) On the other side of the coin, Donald Trump’s campaign centered on nativist populism, an ideology that elevates natives’ privileges and overlooks immigrants’ rights, pledging to restore what he describes as “American Greatness”, the central emblem of his campaign Despite his criminal indictments and chaotic leadership style, Trump’s rhetoric resonated with his base of supporters, which is mainly comprised of members of the working class, Evangelical Christians, and generally conservative masses (The Guardian)
Trump’s return to presidency, domestically, underscores a deepening division within American society
“Formany,hisvictory representstheexpectation ofthevalidationofhis promisestobetterthe economyandsecure borders.Ontheother hand,forothers,itsignifies astepbackwardfor humanrights”
For many, his victory represents the expectation of the validation of his promises to better the economy and secure borders On the other hand, for others, it signifies a step backward for human
rights, as one of his main premises is to target immigrants in mass deportations and the end to birth-right citizenship (BARROW) What alarmingly has captured the concern of many is his approach to governance, as he has vowed, during his campaign, to pardon individuals imprisoned for their roles in the January 6th Capitol insurrection (The Guardian) One of the apparent reasons why Trump won the race is his proposed tax cuts, which could stimulate short-term growth However, his protectionist trade policies pose risks to the overall stability of the American Economy. Moreover, his commitment in instilling high tariffs, especially on Chinese and European goods, has a high potential, according to American economists, to disrupt global supply chains and potentially raise consumer prices in the United States (IFO Institute).
Trump’s re-election, however, seems to also have major impacts on the rest of the World Although based on his first term, of which end dates back to late 2019, his foreign policy is strongly characterized by unpredictability and unilateralism that is likely to challenge established norms of international cooperation
During his first term, Trump questioned the values of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, leading him to withdraw the U S from critical agreements such as the Paris Climate Accord (Columbia Law School). Experts predict for his second term to comprehend similar disruptions, forecasting that his re-election will negatively impact international cooperation, specifically in fields like climate change, trade, and security According to a survey by the IFO Institute, over 90% of economists foresee predominantly negative outcomes for global trade policies, with new imposed tariffs
further straining relationships between the US and its Allies in Europe (IFO Institute). In Asia, Trump’s return to presidency has the possibility of reshaping the fragile relationship between regional rivals like Japan and China In fact, during Trump’s first term, his economic and foreign policies that pushed him in a trade war with China, led to Beijing and Tokyo fostering economic collaborations, despite political animosities Nevertheless, the detente between China and Japan ended as Trump’s policies shifted and tensions rose over disputed geographical areas like the Senkaku/Diaoyu Islands (The Conversation). Hence, experts predict that Trump’s re-election might imply the installment of conditions for renewed economic partnerships between China and Japan. With the aforementioned promised tariffs on Chinese goods, the country might seek for alternative economic partners such as Japan for more beneficial outcomes (The Conversation)
“Therefore,Trump’s re-electionsignifiesa pivotalmomentfor theentireworld,due toAmerica’smajor influenceonother countries”
Therefore, Trump’s re-election signifies a pivotal moment for the entire world, due to America’s major influence on other countries Domestically, it emphasizes the resilience of his supporters and the radical nature of his policies. Internationally, it raises doubts over the future of alliances, trade and global stability As Trump prepares to take office in January, the world watches anxiously to see how his policies will shape the future.
BOOKREVIEW:NORMALPEOPLE
By Allegra Di Florio‘27
Normal People, written by Sally Rooney, is my favorite horror novel - not because it is scary, but because of how it has haunted me ever since I read it (in a good way!) “Effortlessly brilliant tender and devastating.” as described by the Guardian, could not be more true.
"NormalPeople,written bySallyRooney,ismy favoritehorrornovel-not becauseitisscary,but
Normal People tells the warped love story of Connell and Marianne, as they move through high school and college. Marianne comes from a wealthy family and endures verbal and occasionally physical abuse from her older brother. Her mom never intervenes, leading to Marianne internalizing the violence, causing extremely low self-esteem Connell comes from a poor family –his mom got pregnant when she was a teen and his father was absent.
Rooney was born in Castlebar, Ireland, in 1991, and graduated from Trinity College Dublin in 2013 with a degree in English Literature While at Trinity, Rooney was a member of the debate team and even became the number-one competitive debater in Europe. Rooney published her first novel, Conversations with Friends, in 2017 and was quickly named the 2017 Young Writer of the Year by The Sunday Times. Normal People, Rooney’s second novel, was published in 2018 and was adapted into a television show on the BBC in 2020 Rooney, who co-wrote and was an executive producer of the show, won an Irish Film and Television Award for best script and was nominated for an Emmy for ‘Outstanding Writing for a Limited Series.’ The novel received several awards as well, namely the 2018 Irish Book Awards Novel of the Year In September, Rooney published her most recent novel, Intermezzo. She continues to live in Ireland with her husband. (Dubey)
Connell is very popular, social, and also extremely intelligent, secretly aspiring to study English at university, something his friends do not know about The two meet because Connell’s mother, Lorraine, is a cleaner for Marianne’s family They start a relationship in private due to Marianne’s lack of popularity and Connell’s need to maintain his social status, but the relationship ends when Connell asks a popular girl to the school dance, the Debs. Marianne stops going to school due to the humiliation and the two don’t see each other until university, where they become friends again This time, however, the situation is flipped and Marianne is thriving while Connell lacks close friends and suffers from depression The two stay in each other's lives throughout the ups and downs of university, sometimes dating, sometimes friends, but always coming back to each other. Despite the many challenges they face, Marianne and Connell help each other heal and encourage each other to be the best versions of themselves.
“Throughoutthenovel, Rooneyexpertlyexplores themesofsocialclassand itsinfluenceon relationships,growingup andfindingone’sidentity, andthegutwrenchingpain ofmisunderstandings.”
Throughout the novel, Rooney expertly explores themes of social class and its influence on relationships, growing up and finding one’s identity, and the gut wrenching pain of misunderstandings Not only are these themes of significant depth, but the way that Rooney develops the story by skipping through time is genius, as the reader literally flips through different chapters of the characters' lives. While it takes some time to get used to, it does make the story flow incredibly well Another interesting aspect is how Rooney does not use quotation marks. With the lines blurred between internal and spoken dialogue, the reader engages more directly with the characters’ inner conflicts and feels their struggles more deeply
I cannot stop talking about this book (and surprisingly, the tv series as well!). I have a love/hate relationship with how flawed Marianne and Connell are; their flaws make them so real and at the same time make me want to throw the book across the room. This novel changed me, allowing me to reflect on what it really means to love someone. To be honest, reading Normal People made me believe that some people are meant to be with one another
“Theirflawsmakethemso realandatthesametime makemewanttothrow thebookacrosstheroom.”
I strongly believe that everyone should read this novel at some point in their lives. However, it does deal with several difficult topics, including domestic violence, depression, and power imbalances, which means that in my opinion, it is better suited for more mature audiences. Having said that, I will forever recommend Normal People to everyone and I hope that everyone who reads this book will be as moved as I was the first time I read it
MOVIEREVIEW:THEGLADIATORII
By Stamatios Baltos ‘25
Ironically, Ridley Scott’s Gladiator II marks the third sequel I find myself reviewing for the Tuskan Times, highlighting the lack of originality plaguing modern cinema It seems studios are increasingly reliant on sequels and remakes to ensure box office returns, exploiting the success of beloved classics rather than venturing into the possible production of a new one at the risk of financial loss. While sequels within franchises like Dune II or Marvel movies often have expansive lore justifying their continuation, many others – like Gladiator II –fall into the trap of repurposing greatness without innovation. As a fan of the original, it hurts me to see that the sequel to Gladiator is unfortunately another example of mediocrity born from a classic’s legacy
"Asafanoftheoriginal, ithurtsmetoseethat thesequeltoGladiatoris unfortunatelyanother exampleofmediocrity bornfromaclassic’s legacy."
Synopsis
The story follows Lucius, Lucilla’s son from the first movie, who is revealed to have survived After his wife is killed in battle by the Roman General Acacius, Lucius embarks on a journey of revenge, echoing the thirst for vengeance seen in Maximus’ arc from the original film.
Review
Despite a promising premise, the execution falls flat While there are exceptions, the overall cinematography and visual appeal of the film is underwhelming, with a score that fades into the background without leaving much of an impression, and a plot lacking any real stakes and emotional substance for the audience
Visually, Gladiator II is adequate but uninspired It fails to achieve anything particularly memorable but does not offend the eye Most of the shots feel standard, neither pushing artistic boundaries nor taking away from the scene. Thankfully, there are a few exceptions, as certain close-ups beautifully capture characters’ emotions through their eyes, and a few wide shots that successfully convey the energy of Rome and the Colosseum within the boundaries of the film. But, while they are insightful, these moments are too few to elevate the film from its otherwise lackluster imagery
“Certainclose-upsbeautifully capturecharacters’emotions throughtheireyes,andafew wideshotssuccessfully conveytheenergyofRome andtheColosseumwithinthe boundariesofthefilm.”
The original Gladiator boasted an iconic score, using choirs and orchestras to enhance the emotional resonance of its scenes, with each piece feeling tailored to the moment, stirring audiences in profound ways In contrast, the sequel’s soundtrack is painstakingly bland. The majority of the music blends into the background, failing to stand out in any meaningful way or form and evoke strong emotions, or any emotions at all This lack of impact reflects the broader problem with the film’s overall tone, mainly regarding its inability to truly engage with its audience and leaving the viewer with a general sense of boredom.
To its credit, Gladiator II does a phenomenal job at avoiding any repetitions of the first film’s plot while still drawing heavily from its themes and certain narrative elements such as vengeance for the death of family. Regardless, the attempt at procuring an original concept is unsuccessful in raising the stakes in an impactful or meaningful way The story simply falls flat, mainly due to the near complete lack of emotional connection between the audience and the character, mostly thanks to the poorly written dialogue and its delivery.
“Thislackofconnectionfrom theaudiencetothe characters,asaresultofpoor screenwritingand characterization,isthekey elementinmakingthemovie feelnothingbutmediocre.”
The dialogue itself was not unimaginable, – it was rather tasteful and deep – but simply misplaced throughout the entirety of the 2 hour and 20 minute runtime What I mean by this is that the tonality and register of the screenwriting was misaligned with that of the scenes. Characters would speak in lofty, high-register language in a scene of barbarians preparing to enter the arena of the Colosseum, or veer into overly casual and banal dialogue through characters of royalty or politics. This lack of connection from the audience to the characters, as a result of poor screenwriting and characterization, is the key element in making the movie feel nothing but mediocre
“Thepacingofthefilmis justright,notdraggingout andcreatinglanguor,but alsonotcuttingittooshort andmakingitallfeellikea feverdream.”
Despite the negative aspects, Gladiator II is successful in other aspects of film production. The pacing of the film is just right, not dragging out and creating languor, but also not cutting it too short and making it all feel like a fever dream. Moreover, the costume design and CGI are commendable, achieving a level of detail that immerse the audience into the Roman setting The costumes are rich in detail and – to an extent –historically accurate, while the CGI is subtle and blends seamlessly into the action, exemplifying the atmosphere of the film’s setting. These elements successfully enhance the film’s storytelling without overwhelming it, giving a handful of scenes a much-needed spark in this greatly mediocre experience.
In summary, Ridley Scott’s Gladiator II was never likely to live up to its predecessor, but, nevertheless, failed to individualize itself and produce its own form of quality film The movie’s experience is weighed down by lackluster cinematography, a forgettable score, and a generally uninspired plot filled with uninteresting characters. Unfortunately, even the elevating elements such as the quality of costume design and CGI, which rightfully deserve praise, are unable to redeem the film’s general mediocrity. The broader issue, I believe, lies in Hollywood’s increasing reliance on sequels to drive profits, often sacrificing originality and above all, quality to drag viewers into theaters for a mediocre experience and make money at the box office
This trend, which is somehow increasing in popularity (seen by Disney’s new live action Lion King, sequels to Moana and others, and a great deal of – respectfully – horrific blockbuster sequels such as Joker:Folie à Deux) is what's making it harder for audiences to walk into a theater and have faith that they will enjoy two hours of storytelling Gladiator II’s narrative had potential to be inspiring and a worthy experience, but was likely just seen as a cash-grab through the exploitation of a classic piece of cinema; and it being seen as a cash-grab by its own producers is most likely the cause of this final draft of mediocrity put onto the big screen
ACONSCIOUSCAPITAL:IS RESPONSIBLEWEALTHATTAINABLE?
By Ginevra Cirio ‘27
A realm where ethics and economics collide is a TOK class you don’t want to take. Yet, because ethical money management is a moral imperative, it should be taught to everyone This is not about your dopamine-rush-online-shopping crisis Well, maybe partially, but not for the reason you might think. No, this is about something bigger: recognizing privileges and dismantling urban myths that wealth should be hoarded.
Being rich is not just a privilege, it’s the privilege Wealth not only buys you extra things, which one might argue are not as essential as primary resources, but it also buys you better options. Let’s take Italy for example: public healthcare spending accounts for 6 2% of GDP, a percentage lower than both the OECD average of 6.9% and the European average of 6.8%. (Testuzza) Private healthcare is known to have faster and more efficient services than public healthcare It follows that wealth doesn’t just improve your lifestyle, but allows you to overcome inefficacies in public institutions.
Awareness is recognizing that most people do not have this opportunity, which makes wealth an unfair advantage There is no way around it: a world where a few hoard a large capital is a world where people don’t have access to certain services and rights. Unfortunately, this includes services, such as housing, education, and healthcare, which are not luxuries that should be rationed by income, but rather human rights
Now, a parenthesis about the myth of deserving wealth: money is not always a direct result of hard work or brilliance Muttering about meritocracy and entitlement won’t change the fact that nowadays success is mostly based on luck, privilege and opportunity. The wealthier you are, the easier it is to grow richer (Malacrino 2020). This isn’t justice; it’s privilege
Critics might argue that many successful entrepreneurs come from humble beginnings, thus demonstrating the role of hard work, strategic thinking and individual effort in building powerful companies These examples, however, are exceptions rather than the norm. (Science, London School of Economics and Political) Systemic factors, such as access to education, initial capital and social network, are far more influential in skewing the odds in favor of the privileged Even if you’re in the minority as a rich person, your opinions and actions carry more weight. That power comes with responsibility.
“Recognizingtheroleof privilegedoesn'tdiminishthe importanceofhardwork; ratherithighlightsthe importanceofawareness”
Recognizing the role of privilege doesn't diminish the importance of hard work; rather it highlights the importance of awareness
It follows a hard truth: you don’t deserve your wealth more than somebody else deserves their poverty. This privilege - whether it’s being white, male or rich, is not a rightful superiority, but mere fortune The ethical response to this privilege isn’t a sense of guilt; it’s education and awareness. It’s not about following and memorizing a set of checklists to be “the good rich person”, but rather learning how not to exploit your privilege Ignorance is not an option, as there are too many things at stake: climate change, social inequalities, conflict, and more. Knowledge allows you to make choices that are conscious, ethical and responsible.
Most of us are still under the wing of their families and don’t have power over their situation. Hence, answering the question: “Is responsible wealth attainable?” might feel too hypothetical and can be considered insignificant The right question then is: “How do we do something good with our money while minimizing its damage?” Here’s a very simplistic guide to ethical money management:
Do not fuel hyper-consumption.
Our society has a tendency to consumerism: when you have in your hands an incredible amount of money, you are tempted to buy and keep buying. However, hyper-consumption only supports exploitative industries and environmental destruction
Do not exploit the system. Underpaying workers, evading taxes… These tactics may work for the advantage of single individuals, but not for the collective They only end up deepening economic and social disparities
Invest it in the greater good. Money, even if we don’t want to admit it, is indeed a powerful tool. So invest it in non-profit associations or renewable energy This way you will help build a system that’s based on equalities
Buy ethically produced products. We should be more into ethical consumption and ethical economics. To try and abandon the purchase of products with a history of animal cruelty, workers rights abuse and environmental disregard, start researching more ethical brands and companies. They are usually more expensive and are not affordable to many, so by increasing the customer demand, you would give them the support they need!
In conclusion, wealth may be highly beneficial for a select few, but it is not sustainable, morally or practically, as it is in the current state. The wealthy have a larger sphere of influence, a huge power that could be potentially used to shape the world
“Thisiswhyawarenessis essential:toberich responsibly,onemust understandprivilegeand learnhowtobestusethe meansthatthey’regivento makepositivechanges”
This is why awareness is essential: to be rich responsibly, one must understand privilege and learn how to best use the means that they’re given to make positive changes.
TEA MIJATOVIC
Barth, Daniel E “7: Proving the Heliocentric Model Correct ” LibreTexts Physics, https://phys libretexts org/Bookshelves/Astronomy Cosmology/Astronomy for Educ ators_(Barth)/07%3A_Proving_the_Heliocentric_Model_Correct#:~:text=Galileo%20sup ported%20the%20heliocentric%20.
NBC Nightly News. 14 October 2024, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jxQL CH9MU8. Topalovic, Radmila, and Tom Kerss “What did Galileo discover?” Royal Museums Greenwich, https://www rmg co uk/stories/topics/what-did-galileo-discover Accessed 3 December 2024.
“Torre del Gallo [Gallo Tower].” Scientific Itineraries in Tuscany, https://brunelleschi.imss.fi.it/itineraries/place/TorreGallo.html#:~:text=Torre%20del%20G allo&text=Located%20in%20the%20hills%20of,of%20the%20illustrious%20Pisan%20scien tist
Van Helden, Albert “Galileo | Biography, Discoveries, Inventions, & Facts ” Britannica, 21 October 2024, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Galileo-Galilei. Accessed 3 December 2024.
ADAM KARACSONYI
Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia "ship of Theseus" Encyclopedia Britannica, 16 Sep. 2024, https://www.britannica.com/topic/ship-of-Theseus-philosophy. Accessed 3 December 2024.
Forrest, Peter “The Identity of Indiscernibles ” Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, edited by Edward N Zalta, Winter 2016, Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, 2016, plato.stanford.edu/entries/identity-indiscernible/. Accessed 3 Dec. 2024.
EZRA PAVONCELLI
Al Jazeera “Israel says to impose ‘sterile’ zone in south Syria, launches 480 air raids ” Al Jazeera, 10 December 2024, https://www aljazeera com/news/2024/12/10/barrage-ofisraeli-attacks-destroys-important-military-sites-in-syria. Accessed 11 December 2024. Al Jazeera. “Syria live news: Israel carries out 480 attacks; Banks, shops reopen.” Al Jazeera, 10 December 2024, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/12/11/syrialive-news-new-leaders-call-for-stability-israel-launches-480-raids Accessed 11 December 2024
Amnesty International “About Saydnaya ” Explore Saydnaya, https://saydnaya.amnesty.org/en/saydnaya.html. Accessed 11 December 2024. “Bashar al-Assad - Syrian Conflict, Dictatorship, Human Rights.” Britannica, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Bashar-al-Assad/Unrest-and-civil-war. Accessed 11 December 2024
Euronews “Germany and Austria freeze Syrian asylum applications, local media report ” Euronews, 9 December 2024, https://www.euronews.com/myeurope/2024/12/09/germany-and-austria-freeze-syrian-asylum-applications-localmedia-report. Accessed 11 December 2024.
Maizland, Lindsay, et al “Sarin ” Council on Foreign Relations, 13 March 2014, https://www cfr org/backgrounder/sarin Accessed 11 December 2024 “Syrian Civil War | Syrian history.” Britannica, https://www.britannica.com/event/SyrianCivil-War. Accessed 11 December 2024.
Trading Economics. “Russia Imports from Syria.” Trading Economics, 2021, https://tradingeconomics com/russia/imports/syria Accessed 11 December 2024 “UN’s Syria envoy expresses ‘cautious hope’ after al-Assad’s fall | Syria's War News ” Al Jazeera, 8 December 2024, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/12/8/uns-syriaenvoy-expresses-cautious-hope-after-al-assads-fall. Accessed 11 December 2024.
B I B L I O G R A P H Y
BI
B L I O G
ARP H Y
MIYU LI
BARROW, BILL. “Donald Trump Has Sweeping Plans for a Second Administration. Here’s What He’s Proposed.” AP News, 6 Nov. 2024, apnews.com/article/donald-trump-winssecond-term-policies-de3dcf0f173b42602b258042fd7aaafb
BBC “US Presidential Election Results 2024 ” BBC News, 2024, www.bbc.com/news/election/2024/us/results.
Columbia Law School. “President Trump Announces Withdrawal from Paris Agreement | Sabin Center for Climate Change Law.” Columbia.edu, 2019, climate law columbia edu/content/president-trump-announces-withdrawal-parisagreement-0
Eves, Lewis “What Trump’s Reelection Means for Relations between Regional Rivals China and Japan.” The Conversation, 13 Nov. 2024, theconversation.com/what-trumpsreelection-means-for-relations-between-regional-rivals-china-and-japan-243329.
Hassan, Jennifer “Until Trump, Only One President Returned to Power after Losing Reelection ” Washington Post, The Washington Post, 6 Nov 2024, www washingtonpost com/history/2024/11/06/grover-cleveland-trumpnonconsecutive-presidents/.
IFO Institute. “Trump’s Re-Election: Economists See Predominantly Negative Consequences.” Www.ifo.de, 27 Nov. 2024, www.ifo.de/en/facts/2024-11-27/trumps-reelection-economists-see-predominantly-negative-consequences Accessed 4 Dec 2024
Nicholas, Peter, and Dareh Gregorian “President Joe Biden Drops out of 2024 Presidential Race.” NBC News, 21 July 2024, www.nbcnews.com/politics/2024-election/presidentjoe-biden-drops-2024-presidential-race-rcna159867. Smith, David, and Martin Pengelly. “Donald Trump Elected US President in Stunning Political Resurrection ” The Guardian, The Guardian, 6 Nov 2024, www theguardian com/us-news/2024/nov/06/donald-trump-wins-us-presidentialelection.
ALLEGRA DI FLORIO
Dubey, Anna “Sally Rooney | Biography, Books, Normal People, & Conversations with Friends ” Britannica, 20 November 2024, https://www britannica com/biography/SallyRooney Accessed 29 November 2024
Allardice, Lisa, and Sally Rooney. “Sally Rooney: 'Falling in love when I was very young transformed my life.'” The Guardian, 14 September 2024, https://www theguardian com/books/2024/sep/14/sally-rooney-intermezzo-interviewnormal-people-conversations-friends-love-sex Accessed 1 December 2024
GINEVRA CIRIO
Malacrino, Davide “How the Rich Get Richer ” IMF, 30 Nov 2020, www imf org/en/Blogs/Articles/2020/11/30/how-the-rich-get-richer Marx, Karl, and Friedrich Engels The Communist Manifesto Workers’ Educational Association, 1848.
Testuzza, Claudio. “Gimbe: Italia al 16° Posto in Europa per Spesa Sanitaria E Ultima Tra I Paesi G7, Urgenti Riforme E Investimenti.” Sanità24, 3 Sept. 2024, www sanita24 ilsole24ore com/art/dal-governo/2024-09-03/gimbe-italia-16-postoeuropa-spesa-sanitaria-e-ultima-i-paesi-g7-urgenti-riforme-e-investimenti083747.php?uuid=AFimHZgD&refresh ce=1. Accessed 2 Dec. 2024.
Science, London School of Economics and Political. “Wealth and Social Mobility: Meritocracy and the Legitimation of Inequality ” London School of Economics and Political Science, www lse ac uk/International-Inequalities/Research/Wealth-Elites-and-TaxJustice/Wealth-and-social-mobility-meritocracy-and-the-legitimation-of-inequality.
ELENASOFIAUZIELLI
Goldberg, Emma. “Parents of Israeli Soldiers Struggle With Ethics of Freezing Sperm.” The New York Times, 20 November 2024, https://www.nytimes.com/2024/11/20/business/israel-soldiers-sperm.html. Accessed 10 December 2024
Kolirin, Lianne “‘We owe it to them’: Families of Israelis killed in war find new hope through sperm extraction.” CNN, https://edition.cnn.com/2023/12/01/middleeast/israeli-familiessperm-retrieval-intl-cmd/index.html. Accessed December 2024.
MacMillan, Amanda. “What Is Posthumous Sperm Retrieval?” health, 2022, https://www health com/condition/pregnancy/posthumous-sperm-retrieval Accessed 6 December 2024
Shuval, Michael, and Aisha Kherallah. “Rise in Israeli parents retrieving sperm from dead soldier sons.” BBC, 30 July 2024, https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c978m6pl99go. Accessed 10 December 2024.
B I B L I O G R A P H Y
