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7,5 € – N°6 – JULY 2002 – ISSN : 1561-0802

N°6 / JULY 2002 The results from the Innovation competition of 2002

ITEBE

EDITO ITEBE now approaches cruising speed thanks to you ! The road has been long since 1994 when the basis for the founding of a professional European wood energy association was proposed. ITEBE, created in 1997, had at first to obtain its own financial resources to begin to engage staff at the end of 1999 and to really start to work. Today, after three years of launch activities, the dream is about to come true because all the various activities have begun and the entire staff has been recruited as planned, so that there will be thirteen permanent persons and three or four trainees. I am anxious to thank here for their support the president and the administrators of ITEBE, natives of various countries, as well as our European partners, in particular our Swiss, Austrian, Finnish, German, Belgian, Italian, English and Swedish friends who were the first who believed in the utility of ITEBE ; special thanks also to the professionals who have so far joined ITEBE (480 at the present time) and of course to the financial partners from Franche-Comté, France and Europe for their indispensable support. The activities of ITEBE are divided into four groups : - Professional information : through this revue published in French, English, German and soon in Italian, our electronic bulletin ITEBE Info, our new Internet site and especially the brand new server for multilingual knowledge which we are now finishing thanks to the support of ADEME, - Exhibitions : of which there have been three successful ones in Lons le Saunier, another one in Mulhouse with a whole network that is now organising in Europe and North America, thanks to ITEBE, - International co-operation : with the co-ordination of numerous research and development programs, - Vocational and basic training, which has busied us much of this year because we want to start the first sessions next year in several countries. The whole organisation has been created to serve the participants in wood energy, that is you, businesses, associations, schools or technical centres and it will be able to do good work (in as much as you the users will be very numerous). Indeed, we have calculated that to work in a successful way, ITEBE has to find at least 5 000 members, which is 10 times more than today. This number corresponds to a small proportion of the field and we believe that henceforth, by proposing to you a more complete range of services you will join us in large numbers to make progress in our activity sector together.

Wood-Energy Revue of the European Institute for Wood Energy (Association of professionals) Support the wood-energy sector by afﬁliating to ITEBE and receive this publication, among the offered services. Editor : ITEBE Tel : + 33 3 84 47 81 00 Fax : + 33 3 84 47 81 19 Email : revue@itebe.org Web : www.itebe.org 28, boulevard Gambetta, BP 149 39004 Lons Le Saunier Cedex – France Publishing director : Jean François Bontoux Editorial director : Frédéric Douard Authors in this issue : Dan Asplund, Mia Savolainen, Josef Plank, Christian Schröter, André Corthay, Jean-Christophe Pouët, Samuel Neuville, Marie-Maud Gérard, Sarah Paquet, Lars Dahlgren, Laurent Atienza, James Arcate, Andries Weststeijn, Steven Gust, Jukka-Pekka Nieminen, Raffaele Spinelli, Timo Määttä, Joël Tétard, Christophe Zamblera, Christophe Garnier, Jussi Heikkinen, Enrico Benetto, Jeremy Hugues Dit Ciles, Julie Brassoud. Translation: Jyväskylä Science Park, A. Giffard, M. Wilson, J. Brassoud. Layout compositor : www.alexis.montpeyroux.net Printed on 100 % recycled paper in 6 000 issues (2 000 in English) by Imp. Bernard Mourier, Lons-le-Saunier (Jura-France)

Your membership will be a guarantee of strength and quality in our actions, thank you.

ISSN 1561-0802. Material may be reproduced free of charge with mention of the source.

Frédéric DOUARD, director of ITEBE

Number 6 / English version (The revue is also issued in French and in German) Registration of copyright : July 2002 Subscription : 30 euros / 4 issues

ITEBE is the wood energy department of the TTSD UNESCO Chair : Technology transfer for a sustainable development.

While every attempt is made to ensure the accuracy of the information contained in this revue, neither the publisher nor the authors accept any liability for errors or omissions. Opinions expressed are not necessarily those of ITEBE.

C O N T E N T S What to do with waste wood and sawdust ? What are the possible solutions for energy recovery ? 12 What is the wood waste potential in France ? 18 Untreated wood : two ways of utilisation by compression 21 Textbook case : waste wood in a boiler !

LOHBERGER

ITEBE

Periodicals, documents, internet Wood Energy Innovation Competition 2002

Forest wood chips 29 Wood Chips Production in mountainous areas 32 Energy-Wood Harvesting and Processing Demonstration in Lorraine (France)

ITEBE

THEME: WASTE

LHM HAKKURI OY, TOMMI LAHTI

NEWS

N°6 / JULY 2002

Cover : Since July 1st 2002 in France, only the "ultimate waste" can be dumped in a landﬁll. However, solutions for wood waste recovery exist, allowing a production of clean energy. Thus, if this new regulation is respected, the potential wood waste can be used. See supplement

COGENERATION

10 Alter Alsace Energies : more than 20 years in the service of wood heating ! 11 Two decades with the Swedish Bioenergy Association

FUELS Pyrolysis 24 Liqueﬁed Wood Fuel could soon replace heavy oil ! Torrefaction 26 Global Markets and Technologies for Torreﬁed Wood in 2002

A revue published by :

In partnership with :

STRATEGIES National Policies 42 Annual assessment of the French wood energy plan 2001 ITEBE

PORTRAITS

Large scale 35 Wärtsilä : "Small Scale" Bio energy for the Future 38 Pfaffenhofen has achieved its aim of climate protection

P. 26 Torreﬁed wood is used to run Shasta power station.

ENVIRONMENT

With the support of :

Ashes 46 The recycling of wood ash in forests

SOURCE NREL

MISCELLANEOUS 48 Itebe Editions 49 Itebe membership form 51 Index of the quoted companies EUROPEAN UNION

WOOD ENERGY N°6 < JULY 2002 > 3

NEWS REFERENCES

We have selected for you the current documents of wood-energy. PERIODICALS Mécanisation forestière BP 31 26, rue Commandant Israel F-69 370 Saint-Didier-au-Mont-d’Or France Phone : +33 478 68 89 45 mecanisation.foresti@free.fr www.mecaforest.com

Le bois International "The weekly magazine of the wood ﬁeld", new name of the "Bois National" in France Subscriptions : France (1 year) 100 euros, other countries 122 euros ; 2,50 euros /number 3, rue Claude Odde BP 523 F-42 007 Saint-Etienne CEDEX 1 - France Phone : +33 477 74 33 99 Fax : +33 477 93 11 26 info@leboisinternational.com www.leboisinternational.com

Brennpunkt Energie The magazine of the energy agency NRW Morianstraße 32 D-42 103 Wuppertal Germany Phone : +49 2022 4552 0 www.ea-nrw.de

Bioenergi Revue in Swedish Issn 0280 2511 Contact : Bioenergi förlags / novator Torsgatan 12 SE-111 23 Stockholm Sweden Phone : +46 844 170 90 Fax : +46 844170 89 www.novator.se

research, development and application. The second volume deals with the commercial aspects such as marketing, transport and security.

Handbook of Biomass Combustion and Co-Firing. Sjaak van Loo and Jaap Koppejan ed. 352 p. ISBN 9036517737. 44 euros. This book supplies technical and non-technical information that should help to accelerate the introduction to the market of improved combustion systems. It is the ﬁrst publication covering at the same time both theory and applications of combustion and cocombustion of biomass. It gives an outline of R&D’s current needs in terms of biomass combustion. Contact : Twente University Press P.O. Box 217 ND-7500 AE Enschede Holland Phone : +31 53 489 4549 Fax : +31 53 489 3599 tup@utwente.nl www.tup.utwente.nl

DOCUMENTS

Bioenergy International Torsgatan 12 SE-111 23 Stockholm - Sweden Contact : Patric Storm patric@novator.se Phone : +46 8 4417092 Fax : +46 8 4417089 www.bioenergyinternational.com

Fast Pyrolysis of Biomass : a handbook. PyNe. AV Bridgwater ed. 2002. vol1. 194 p. ISNB 1 872691 07. Fast Pyrolysis of Biomass : a handbook. PyNe. AV Bridgwater ed. 1999. vol2. 432 p. ISNB 1 872691 47 www.cplpress.com/contents/C15.htm

The handbook on fast pyrolysis volume 2 is a version edited from the final report of the European Commission and IEA Bioenergy, supported by Pyrolysis Network, officially finished in 2001. This guide is aimed both at persons who are now discovering the subject and at persons already involved in WOOD ENERGY N°6 < JULY 2002 > 4

Leitfaden Bioenergie : Planung, Betrieb und Wirtschaftlichkeit von Bioenergieanlagen. 281 p., 2002 The handbook of bioenergy : conception, exploitation and economic performance of installations that use bioenergy. Biomass installations represent an investment for the future. The handbook contains instructions and helps you with the decisions to succeed in your project. Contact : Fachagentur Nachwachsende Rohstoffe e. V Hofplatz D-18276 Gülzow Germany Phone : +49 38 4369 30 0

NEWS INTERNET

www.inaro.org INARO is an information system that presents the promotion, cultivation and uses in the ﬁeld of the industrial utilisation of crops, especially biomass. An information site about renewable raw materials that is maintained by IFUL. Principally in German with some sections in French.

Fax : +49 38 4369 30 1 02 www.fnr.de biomasse@mmf.de info@fnr.de

Bioenergy : environment, technics and markets. Erik Eid Hohle. Energy Farm ed.2002. 392 p. Energigården Røykenviklinna 611 NW-2760 Brandbu Norway Phone : +47 61336090 Fax : +47 61336095 post@energigarden.no www.energigarden.no

Pellet-Zentralheizungen Marktübersicht. Barbara Pilz, Konrad Raab. Biomasse Info-Zentrum. February 2002. 62 p. German repertoire of pellet boilers up to 60 kW. The work reviews the various pellet boilers available on the German market by presenting brieﬂy their technical characteristics and their prices. The ﬁrst part gives some information about wood energy and about the functioning of boilers. Contact : Biomasse Info-Zentrum Am Institut für Energiewirtschaft und Rationelle Energiean wendung IER Universität Stuttgart Hessbrühlstraße 49a D-70565 Stuttgart Germany Phone : +49 7117 8139 08 Fax : +49 7117 8061 77 info@biomasse-info.net www.biomasse-info.net

Scheitholvergaserkessel, Scheitholzpellet-Kombinationskessel : moderne und umwelt-freunliche Alternativen für die Energieerzeugung im häuslichen Bereich. Jörn Uth. Fachagentur Nachwachsende Rohstoffe e. V. 3. D Log boilers and combined log and pellet boilers : modern and environmentally friendly alternatives for energy production in the domestic sector. Repertoire of the available boilers in Germany and their manufacturers. The main technical characteristics and prices for boilers are listed. The introduction of the repertoire is dedicated to information about wood energy and the general functioning of log boilers.

Ecological and economic evaluation of biomass ash utilization The Austrian approach. In : Ashes and particulate emissions from biomass combustion, Holzner H., on 1998, Series Thermal Biomass Utilization, Vol. 3, BIOS (ed), Graz, Austria, cbv-Verlag, ISBN 3-70410254-7 This is a document about economic and ecological evaluation of the use of ashes of biomass. It is a part of a work on the emissions of ashes and particles of biomass combustion.

www.fao.org/faoterm Terminology database of FAO (Food and agriculture organisation) in Arabic, Chinese, English, French and Spanish. The database has been developed over several years and was put on the Internet in January, 2001. www.hpba.org "Hearth, Patio and Barbecue Association", HPBA, is an international professional association created in 1980 to represent and to promote the interests of the domestic hearth industry in North America. In 2001, HPA merged with a barbecue industry association (BIA) to form HPBA. The association includes manufacturers, distributors, representatives, installation and service companies and other associations and individuals, who are interested in the domestic heating industry, patios and barbecues. www.caddet-re.org The CADDET Renewable Energy Web site is a source of global information about commercial applications covering the whole sector of technologies concerning renewable energy. Atomic Energy Authority, Energy Technology Support Unit, Department of the Environment, B153 Harwell Laboratories, Harwell, OX11 0RA, UK Email : pauline.toole@aeat.co.uk www.holzenergie-bw.de/links.htm Internet site of the wood energy association Baden-Württemberg in Germany. A link page to the other participants in wood energy in Germany. www.britishbiogen.co.uk/bioenergy/heating/ heating.htm A special file on wood energy including numerous aspects of wood heating and fuels. www.verbraucherministerium.de/ forschungsreport/rep1-99/holz.htm A scientific report from the site of the German ministry of consumers : Pyrolysis oil and the chemical elements stemming from flash pyrolysis of wood open new perspectives.

WOOD ENERGY N°6 < JULY 2002 > 5

NEWS INNOVATIONS

Wood Energy Innovation Competition 2002 Marie-Maud GÉRARD, ITEBE

France

The prize-giving ceremony for the innovation competition of 2002 took place on Saturday, 6 th April in the Bois-Energie 2002 exhibition. Prizes were awarded to nine devices. CATEGORY 1 DOMESTIC HEATING Domestic wood heating undergoes modernisation in leaps and bounds

immediate power regulation (thermostat). For that reason reducing or increasing the ﬁre under the saucepan is very easy. The control simply activates a layer of air inﬂow at the stove level and the power supplied at the plate level

1. "Tip-Top" stove, Lohberger The use of this wood stove is similar to that of a gas stove, except for loading. The wood stove is modern and it is provided with a control for

Lohberger stove with an output regulator.

changes almost immediately. Making delicious meals is no longer a problem and all this with a renewable energy, wood. Several Lohberger’s stove models are equipped with a thermostat and they can easily be integrated into a modern kitchen.

2. Miniﬁre and Firestar, Herz, distributed in France by SB Thermique Miniﬁre and Firestar are two down burning boiler models for logs, briquettes or chips. In this combustion principle, when the loading door is opened, the combustion pathway upwards from the stove is interrupted and smoke and escapes by the door. Herz has mitigated this problem by developing a system of smoke extraction for these two prize winning boilers : when the loading door is opened, a connector activates automatically the full power of the smoke extraction ventilator. The smoke ascending from the stove is then

WOOD ENERGY N°6 < JULY 2002 > 6

Firestar log boiler.

3. Niagara stove-fireplace, Max Blank distributed in France by Atreco This stove-fireplace, Niagara, was rewarded for its originality and its aestheticism : a waterfall runs on a metal surface curved above the stove. A wide glass pane offers perfect viewing of the flames. The dry atmosphere of cold winter days does not exist anymore ; the water film moistens the room air and captures the dust. It is also possible to add essential oils to the circulating water, the stove then acts as a diffuser. The Niagara stove, which catches everyone’s eye in the main room, combines utility and aestheticism. At a practical level, the water output is adjusted with a remote control and can reach 10 l / min. Evaporation varies from 4 litres a day when the stove is not working to 12 litres in the heating mode when the room temperature is 20°C. Since the capacity of the reservoir is 16 litres, in winter, the user has to add water every day. It is necessary to clean regularly the reservoir which holds the dust captured from the room. Automatic input of the reservoir can be installed upon request of the customer. Price for the device is 7 400 euros without taxes.

directly sucked and into a pathway provided for that purpose which communicates with the ventilator and the smoke exit. (Cf. figure 1). So as not to modify the combustion parameters and to guarantee the stove’s water-tightness, the bypass, through which the smoke is sucked, is hermetically sealed with a heatproof joint. No more dirty smoke, the wood gains in terms of output efficiency – the inverted combustion guarantees a high output - and convenience of use. The Firestar boiler is available in 25, 35 and 50 kW. The more compact Minifire is distributed in18 kW.

NEWS INNOVATIONS

Sectional view of the Europellet boiler.

Niagara stove with water fall, awarded for its aesthetics.

CATEGORY 2 AUTOMATIC HEATING In this category, technological progress realized during recent years allows wood energy to compete with fossil fuels in terms of comfort, security and ease of use of the boilers.

1. EuroPellet, Fröling The Euro-Pellet boiler received the ﬁrst prize for innovation in its category for its automatic continuous ash elimination system : the combustion grate, a grate with rollers, is a cylinder consisting of several joined discs which rotate. The grate which is in permanent rotation is cleaned by a ﬁxed comb. The ashes fall through the combustion grate and are collected in the lower part of the boiler and then forwarded by a worm screw towards the ashpan. The user only has to empty the ashpan every two months. The continuous ash elimination

system makes possible the minimisation of ashes and dust inside the stove during operation. This entails a reduction of ﬂy ash in the smoke and an improvement in the installed output (less clinker). As pellets are a relatively “volatile” fuel (ﬁne dust), this innovation contributes to improvement utility and encourages wider use. The EuroPellet boiler offers user friendliness almost equivalent to that of a boiler working with fossil fuels.

WOOD ENERGY N°6 < JULY 2002 > 7

NEWS INNOVATIONS

FOR MORE INFORMATION The contacts of all the companies quoted in this article are listed in the index.

2. Firematic, Herz, distributed in France by SB Thermique This automatic boiler for wood chips or pellets is equipped with a SR type hearth that contains no refractory materials, which provides a good ability to react to heating needs. The hearth consists of a combustion pot fed from the bottom by a screw conveyor where the direction of the flites is reversed at the hearth level forcing the fuel to rise up into the combustion pot. The boiler was awarded a prize for its automatic ash elimination system : ashes, which are lighter than the fuel, are pushed outside the combustion pot. After that, a vibrating disc situated around the combustion pot eliminates the ashes, which are then forwarded by a worm screw to a container provided for that purpose. Another worm screw evacuates the fly ashe from the heat exchanger level. Thus particulate emissions are reduced. The Firematic boiler has already had a good success in Austria : 1 250 units have been sold in two years. Sectional view of the Firematic boiler.

3. WTH 80-100S boiler, Hargassner This chipped wood or pellet boiler is installed with a “standard model” lambda probe which, coupled with an efﬁcient regulation system, guarantees a series of permanent controls and regulation that bring great comfort and safety in operation. The lambda probe measures the The Lambda probe air excess after combustion, that is, improves the boiler the oxygen volume of the ﬂue gas. regulation. The Lambda-Hatronic regulation system then corrects automatically the wood supply and the quantity of air by the data measured with the lambda probe. The boiler works at the desired output power with optimal combustion.

CATEGORY 3 SUPPLY Supply techniques adapt to the speciﬁc needs of wood energy.

About 25 000 euros without taxes.

1. Moisture content analysis device, Pandis distributed by Hargassner France A valuable help for evaluating the energy content in deliveries of chipped wood : everybody knows how hard and expensive it is to measure the humidity of a load of wood chips. The FMG 3 000 analyser solves this problem : specially created for chipped wood destined for autoMoisture content matic boiler rooms, this moisture content measuring apparatus is very practical and fast to use. analyser device. Consisting of a 60 litre container and a measuring case equipped with a display screen, this moisture content analyser for wood chips measures in only a few moments the level of moisture in a sample taken from a load of wood chips. The principle of the device is to measure the dielectric constant of the wood that varies with the moisture content. This data is then converted into a moisture content reading. Fibois Drôme-Ardèche and CRITT bois d’Epinal, in co-operation with ADEME carried out a further thorough study of the performance of this device. The results of the study will be available at the end of this year. The price for this device is 2 050 euros without taxes plus costs of delivery of 28 euros without taxes.

WOOD ENERGY N°6 < JULY 2002 > 8

NEWS INNOVATIONS

2. Grab-splitter junior, Huet This grab-splitter facilitates the logger’s work by decreasing handling : without touching the wood, he can stack, unstacke and split wood into 4, or 6 or 8. From a technical point of view the grab-splitter can work wood from 50 to 120 cm in length and up to 50 cm in diameter. The splitting force is 12 tons at 55 bars. The grab-splitter junior – the last one of the Huet range – adapts to any digger or crane equipped with a timber grab without any hydraulic modiﬁcation and without signiﬁcant overweight : 365 kg. The logger can increase his productivity without having to strain himself anymore than usual, all this for 10 500 euros without taxes (free at point of dispatch) (knives for splitting into 6 and 8 are optional).

FLASH Something New about the Market Incentive Program The aim of the "directives for the promotion of measures for using renewable energy " (market incentive program) is to raise the proportion of renewable energy on the energy market. On 23/03/02 the new directives came into effect. In the application forms from to the Credit Institution for Reconstruction* (KfW) or the Government Office of Economy and Export Control** (BAFA), the following possibilities for subsidies are given : automatically stoked equipment with a boiler efficiency of at least 85 % are subsidized up to a nominal heat output of 100 kW with set amounts. The subsidy amounts to 55 euros for each kW installed nominal heat output, but at least 1 500 euros per plant. For this minimum subsidy, the boiler efficiency must be at least 90 %. Equipment with a nominal

The grab-splitter junior in action.

heat output of 3 to 50 kW is eligible for the subsidy only if central heating equipment is installed. Cross-subsidies with other promotion programs (e.g., federal states and

3. Timber winch mounted on a vehicle, Aﬁcor The AFICOR compact (250/490 mm) drum winch, is perfect for vehicles having little room. It has the advantage, in addition to its compact size with a drum of 340 mm diameter - of being able to be ﬁxed in any position and particularly on the side of a forest machine, thus it is very practical to haul logs in rough terrain. This big capacity winch – with a 100 m long and 13 mm diameter cable - can develop up to 10 tons of traction at 30 m / min winding speed. Paying out can be manual or automatic at customer’s request. For safety reasons, the winch is protected with a metal cover. Compact and handy AFICOR winch.

This device is a step forward for winching on sloping ground or in areas of difficult access for a forest machine.

communes) up to a maximum of double the amount of the federal subsidy is now allowed. The investment costs for automatically stoked heating systems with more than 100 kW of nominal heat output and biogas equipment are promoted by the KfW through lending or partial subsidy. Heating systems for solid fuels get the partial subsidy of 55 euros / kW, but not over 250 000 euros. For plants with combined heat and power from solid fuels only loans are granted. CS * Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau (KfW) ** Bundesamt für Wirtschaft und Ausfuhrkontrolle (BAFA)

WOOD ENERGY N°6 < JULY 2002 > 9

PORTRAIT

Alter Alsace Energies, more than 20 years in the service of wood heating ! Laurent Atienza, Alter Alsace Energies

The Alsace region possesses a wood energy potential that is not being fully realised. Indeed, every year, there are more than 200 000 tons of wood which could be mobilized for wood energy but, in reality, only 4 000 tons are used for wood heating. It was, among other things, to lessen this underexploitation that Alter Alsace Energies was born.

France

he Alter Alsace Energies association was created in 1980 and today it has 7 employees. It proposes numerous services associated with wood energy, both for private individuals as well as for communities. Included among its principal activities are the following : - Organizing visits to automatic wood boiler installations and teaching workshops to increase the awareness of the contracting authorities of the advantages of the wood heating ﬁeld - A partnership with ITEBE for the wood energy exhibition at Mulhouse in September, 2001 (more than 8 000 visitors) - The carrying out of feasibility

Alter Alsace Energies works on organizing boiler room supply networks.

studies for companies, private individuals and communities - The follow-up of a program, unique in France, of promoting log boilers equipped with an accumulator tank. With more than a hundred installations totalling 4 MW of capacity, this project has brought about the reinstallation of good quality wood energy in the homes of private individuals. In addition, anxious to take advantage of the experience of other European countries, Alter Alsace Energies participated in two ALTENER projects one of which aimed to develop the use of wood energy at the community

level, in partnership with the energy agency of Karlsruhe and the Alsace Region. This work, lasting two years, has contributed to the development of automatic wood heating by : - Studying the available potential for wood energy in Alsace - Organizing more than 13 information meetings in the Cantons of Alsace and 6 visits to boiler installations with automatic wood fuel feed - Analyzing obstacles to the development of wood energy and proposing an improved strategy - Publishing a guide for the use of the contracting authorities for wood energy, which has met with good success. This document reviews the different technical aspects related to wood heating and especially enables avoidance of errors in carrying out a wood heating project. With its main partners for the promotion of the wood heating field, ADEME and the Alsace Region, the association wishes to continue its mission. In addition, Alter Alsace Energies wishes to promote wood pellets, a biofuel that is very little used in Alsace. Therefore, faced with the considerable stake that this emergent market represents, Alter Alsace Energies wishes, more than ever, to create numerous partnerships in order to beneﬁt from the experiences of others in this area.

AGRICULTURE ET PAYSAGES

CONTACT :

WOOD ENERGY N°6 < JULY 2002 > 10

Alter Alsace Energies Gilles Lara : Director Laurent Atienza : Ofﬁcial representative 4 rue Foch 68 460 Lutterbach France Phone : +33 389 50 06 20 Fax : +33 389 57 11 26 info@alteralsace.org

PORTRAIT

SVEBIO,

Two decades with the Swedish Bioenergy Association Lars Dahlgren, Swedish Bioenergy Association

With a network of more than 400 professionals, SVEBIO has contributed to the strong development of bioenergy on the Swedish market. Today it stands out as an indispensable player in the energy policy of its country.

ENABLING NETWORK As a non-proﬁt organisation SVEBIO has played a central role in this development. At the beginning SVEBIO provided the necessary network enabling commercial use of wood chips in district heating systems. Almost all players in the bioenergy ﬁeld, including communities and politicians, were involved in this network. Ignorance of bioenergy was common and conferences arranged by SVEBIO played an important role in turning bioenergy into a commercially accepted fuel. A major event was BioEnergy 84 World Conference in Gothenburg with SVEBIO as the main organiser.

POLITICAL INFLUENCE (TWh) Bioenergy consumption in Sweden 100 80 60 40 20 AM 2002

Today SVEBIO consists of around 400 members, most of them enterprises active in producing/providing biofuel or using biofuels on a larger scale. Among SVEBIO´s members there are also manufacturers/providers of burning equipment, machinery for collection and processing of biofuels, consultants, scientists, politicians as well as some private members. The broad spectrum of members has contributed to SVEBIO´s present position of trust among decision-makers. SVEBIO is playing an active part in all major political decisions concerning bioenergy and bioenergy-related matters in Sweden. Linked with the Swedish membership in the European Union SVEBIO now also acts in the political arena of Europe. From 1998 SVEBIO´s MD M. Kent Nyström has also been president of the European Biomass Association, AEBIOM. In 2001 SVEBIO and EUFORES organised the Third Interparliamentary Meeting on Renewable Energy Sources on the island of Gotland.

0 1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

Figure 1 : Development of bioenergy in Sweden. Total energy supply in the year 2000 was 585 TWh (2 106 PJ).

CONTACT : SVEBIO Torsgatan 12, 111 23 Stockholm Sweden Tel : +46 8 441 70 80 Fax : +46 8 441 70 89 info@svebio.se www.svebio.se

THE SWEDISH EXPERIENCE In order to make twenty years successful experience of bioenergy in Sweden available in Europe SVEBIO and the Swedish Trade Council have formed a network of Swedish enterprises in the ﬁeld of bioenergy. This action includes common information material and a common appearance of the Swedish enterprises at international fairs/conferences. SVEBIO has also presented Swedish experiences at the 1st World Pellets Conference in Stockholm 2-7 September 2002.

LENNART LJUNGBLOM, NOVATOR

fter the oil crisis in 1979 the Swedish Bioenergy Association (SVEBIO) was founded in 1980. At that time bioenergy counted for 10 percent of the energy supply in Sweden . Bioenergy was not yet commercial and a major part of the bioenergy was used internally in the wood industry. From 1980 up till today the development of bioenergy in Sweden has been impressive. As can be seen from the graph in ﬁgure 1 bioenergy has doubled from 48 TWh (173 PJ) to 97 TWh (349 PJ) in twenty years. The main reasons for this development are the introduction of strong taxes on fossil fuels and a widespread use of district heating systems. At the beginning of this development the political ambition was t o re d u c e oi l d e p e n de n c y w i t h nuclear power, coal and domestic fuels. In the 1990s environmental issues, e.g. the reduction of carbon dioxide, have been the main political driver.

Sweden

Biomass is the dominating fuel in the Swedish district heating system. The picture shows the combined heat and power plant in Enköping (55 MW heat, 24 MW power).

WOOD ENERGY N°6 < JULY 2002 > 11

THEME WASTE

For many professionals in the French wood industr y, the application of these regulations is going to impose heavy constraints. It is thus appropriate to appreciate the importance of the waste potential that should from now on be utilised, and to estimate to what extent an energy valuation can solve a part of the problem…

WHAT TO DO WITH

WOOD WASTE AND SAWDUST?

INVENTORY OF THE FRENCH REGULATIONS CONCERNING LIGNEOUS WASTE

WHAT ARE THE POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS FOR

Since July 1st 2002, the French regulations on the elimination of waste have come into force. They forbid the dumping of non “ultimate waste”. This waste can not be used again in anyway meaning it is neither recoverable, nor reusable, unlike sawdust and waste wood. This document presents an inventory of features of the waste potential available in France, sorted by type of wood and some examples. WOOD ENERGY N°6 < JULY 2002 > 12

VTT ENERGY

ENERGY RECOVERY?

The law of July 13, 1992 completed the “loi-cadre” on waste of July 15, 1975, by insisting on the development of prevention, valuation and recycling. One of its important consequences is that from July 1st, 2002 onwards the disposal of waste is limited to “ultimate waste”*. This law contains three important deﬁnitions : The recovery of waste : these words appear for the ﬁrst time in French law. The utilisation of waste consists of “re-use, recycling or any other action aiming to obtain, from waste, re-usable materials or energy” ; - Special industrial waste which, because of its dangerous properties appears on a list fixed by decree, and can not be deposited in disposal stocking installations that receive other categories of waste ; - Ultimate waste which is “waste which itself, or which results from the treatment of a waste, which cannot further be treated in the technical and economic conditions of the moment, notably by extracting the utilisable part or by reducing its polluting and dangerous character”. Among the clauses of the law, one can emphasize in particular : - The responsibility of the producer of waste : “every person who produces or possesses waste is to take care or to ensure the proper disposal or the elimination of it”. This is the realisation of the principle “the polluter pays”. - The obligations of local governments : the municipalities or the groupings of municipalities have to take care of the collection and the elimination of household waste and the waste produced by the commercial sector. Local governments can take care of this collection and this * Non-reusable nor recyclable waste.

THEME WASTE

wood waste in France ?

What is the

Joël Tétard, Alkaest Conseil

The search for a recovery pathway for wood waste cannot be made without considering the available resource. In total, it represents about two million tons each year in France. What kind of recovery can we propose for this waste ?

treatment without any particular constraint, considering the produced quantities and their characteristics. The law of July 13, 1992 was clarified by several successive circulars, of which the most recent is the circular of April 28, 1998, the so-called “Voynet circular” on the application of local plans for elimination of household and general waste. This text reminds us that, on the one hand, "the objective of reduction of discharges (…) must be firmly maintained. "It shows, on the other hand, a will towards reorientation of plans to favour recycling". This reorientation has to result in an organization of objectives defined earlier so as to integrate more recycling of organic matter and thus, to limit the use of incineration and landfill disposal to cases where it is necessary. " From the point of view of the development of wood energy, the French statutory framework offers thus a certain number of opportunities, but also sets limits, which it is advisable now to clarify for every main type of ligneous waste.

THE "WOOD WASTE" POTENTIAL The green waste of households and public spaces The organic waste resulting from the maintenance of parks and private gardens represents about 7 million tons, about 1/10th of which is utilised in compost, a ﬁeld in rapid development. Waste resulting from the maintenance

of the public green spaces of local governments and public and part government owned bodies (trees and hedges of the public roads, parks, gardens and playing fields) represents about 900.000 tons a year in France. State, regional and local authorities have been made more sensitive than households to the question of the utilisation of waste and they often have logistics dedicated to the utilisation of organic matter. Besides, this green waste is often utilised in the form of compost. The remainder still follows the same paths as the household waste, that is, disposal in landfills and incineration, with or without energy recovery. Bark The production of bark is essentially the characteristic of the sawmills of the 1st processing of wood. A very l a rge ma j ori t y o f t h em h av e debarking tools integrated into their line of production. Only ﬁr and spruce are still partially peeled in the forest. It is estimated

Bark does not contain major constituents that could justify an industrial extraction at economically acceptable costs : the production of tannin from the bark of oak and sweet chestnut trees was stopped during the nineteenth century due to the development of synthetic tanning products (chromium salts). Bark is, however, the object of several types of utilisation : -The main current commercial outlet for conifer bark is in agriculture, in the form of compost, horticultural mulching or in the conditioning of soil ; - The bark of maritime pine and Scots pine are used as ornamental material intended for gardens, ﬂower pots, etc.

France

Only 1/10th out of the 7 million tons of organic waste produced in France is recovered as compost.

For that purpose, a high quality sign NF (French Standard) was put in place some years ago. The compost, the mulching and the conditioning of soil utilise 400.000 tons of bark (estimated) annually, resulting essentially from conifers. Energy utilisation absorbs 375.000

From July 1 st , 2002 onwards the disposal of waste is limited to “ultimate waste”. that 15 % of the fir and spruce logs produced in sawmills in France are peeled in advance in the forest. The total French production of bark can be estimated to about 765.000 tons, almost 3/4 of which result from the processing of conifers.

tons of bark in France every year, in particular through wood ﬁred boiler rooms (230.000 tons). This energy utilisation is also a characteristic of sawmills, which eliminate through combustion an important part of the bark that they produce.

WOOD ENERGY N°6 < JULY 2002 > 13

THEME WASTE of. It is mainly bark of broad-leaved trees, which could thus be utilised in the form of pellets. This important potential of the bark of broad-leaved trees corresponds roughly to the heating needs of 50.000 households.

Utilisation of bark produced by the industries of the 1st Processing of Wood in France (tons)

Resources Broadleaved trees

200 000

Conifers

565 000

Total

Uses Combustion on site

115 000

Plywood

15 000

Horticulture and agriculture

320 000

Boilers rooms

175 000

Utilised total

625 000

Utilisable potential

140 000

Waste from the 1st Processing of Wood The French production of sawdust and "related products" (bark, slab woods, etc.) coming from sawmills represents a total of 4 300 000 tons. As raw material, sawdust and other waste of the First Processing of Wood are used mainly by the paper and panel industry, for the manufacture of litter for animals and for a certain number of industrial uses such as the manufacture of moulded objects, absorbents, the smoking of ﬁsh, etc. Energy uses, such as the manufacture of charcoal, dry wood chips or pellets, or direct combustion in collective boiler rooms represent less than 12 % o f t h e was t e p ro d u c t i o n o f t h e

765 000

Source : ALKAEST conseil, according to CTBA

The quantity of bark that is not being utilised in France is about 150.000 to 200.000 tons. At present, this unutilised bark is either burned on the spot, or disposed

The 150 000 to 200 000 tons of bark not recovered each year could provide heat to 50 000 households.

Main utilisation of sawdust and waste produced by the industries of the First Processing of Wood in France (tons)

Resources

Uses

Broadleaved trees

3 205 000

Conifers

1 855 000

Total

5 060 000

Combustion on site

280 000

Paper industry

2 410 000

Panel industry

1 400 000

Charcoal

300 000

Collective boiler rooms

210 000

Animal litter

150 000

Wood chips and pellets

70 000

Other uses

240 000

Sources : ALKAEST conseil, according to CTBA and Equête Agreste data

Dumped

Other

Destruction without utilisation 6%

Energy utilisation 18%

ITEBE

Utilisation of the material 68%

WOOD ENERGY N°6 < JULY 2002 > 14

Destination of the waste of the 1st Processing of Wood. Source : ADEME - DIB 96 survey at ﬁrms having at least 10 employees.

THEME WASTE

Waste of the 2nd Processing of Wood The main potential of waste and sawdust of the second processing of wood arises in the Furnishing and Woodwork industries. The potential deposit of waste stemming from these activities is smaller than that observed in the First Processing of Wood, because material utilisation is often superior in it (up to 95 % in the veneering trade in the woodworking industry against 50 to 60 % in the sawmills of the First Processing of Wood). As a rough estimate, the annual production of sawdust and waste of the second Processing of Wood in France can be estimated at 1.000.000 tons. The multiplicity of the activities of the Second Processing of Wood and the variety of products make however the recovery of this waste much more complex. While it is worked by these industries, wood is indeed often associated to other materials (glues, paints, resins, etc.) which imply a certain number o f co n s t ra i n t s : s o rt i n g of t he unwanted fractions, treatment of emissions, treatment of ashes and the non-burned parts, etc. The current outlets for waste and sawdust produced by the industries of the Second Processing of Wood concern mainly energy utilisation by the producers themselves (combustion on site) or by collective boiler rooms. The panel industry also uses a small part of this waste. The balance corresponds to other badly quantified (for example, blocks of agglomerated wood for pallets) or unidentified uses. However, the strongly heterogeneous character of this waste, the presence of associated materials incompatible with use as fuel and the strong development of energy utilisation by the

ITEBE

industry of the First Processing of the Wood, the rest being either burned outdoors on the site of production, without utilising it, or transformed as litter for animals, given up to private individuals or dumped. By taking into account only the quantity of the waste not utilised at present (incineration, dumping…), the theoretical potential of the waste produced by the industries of the First Processing of Wood that could be mobilised for energy use in France can then be estimated at 520.000 tons, in other words a quantity corresponding to the needs of 170.000 households.

Potential of utilisation of sawdust and waste produced by industries of the second processing of wood in France in 1997 (tons).

Resources

Uses

Furnishing

394 000

Combustion on site

Industrial woodwork

310 500

Panel industry

70 000

Plywood

168 500 Collective boiler rooms

60 000

Panel industry

140 500

Total

1 013 500

500 000

Total

630 000

Utilisable potential

384 500

The energy recovery from crushed pallets (700 000 tons/year not recovered in France) is possible in installations equipped with a ﬂue gas treatment system.

Source : ALKAEST conseil, according to CTBA

WOOD ENERGY N°6 < JULY 2002 > 15

THEME WASTE

The crushed pallets can be recovered in the panel industry to substitute for the “pure” waste.

Other common industrial waste. The share of wood in other common industrial waste is considerable because it represents 40 % of the 22 million tons of waste generated by the industries in France every year. The strongly diverse nature of the ligneous waste produced by industry complicates the logistics of collection and the process of utilisation. Besides, a more or less important delay is observed in the implementation and the consolidation of the regional networks of collection of waste stemming from the industries of the Second Processing of Wood. When they exist, these networks address mainly the most important manufacturers or those who cannot value internally the totality of their production of waste and satisfy in an imperfect way the needs of the "small" producers. In answer to this established fact, and to meet their obligations concerning the organization of the networks of collection and treatment of common industrial waste, the regions are beginning to set up waste plans and tools of management ("waste markets").

WOOD ENERGY N°6 < JULY 2002 > 16

However, it seems that this type of organization cannot guarantee in itself the perpetuity of supply necessary for a unity of energy utilisation speciﬁc to wood. It seems more sensible to direct this waste to utilisation units that can treat jointly strongly

400 in France), because of the disp er s al o f t h es e p a r t i c i p a n t s throughout the whole country but also because of the large variety of their basic professions (manufacturers, re-conditioners, etc.) and their legal status (enterprises, artisans,

The French wood waste potential is about two million tons per year. d i v er s e was t e, u ni t s s u ch as municipal waste or power plants equipped with rotary ﬂuidised beds. Packaging waste Manufacture, collection, transport, sorting and re-conditioning of pallets and the utilisation of their waste form a complex ﬁeld because of the large number of active participants (almost

ITEBE

producing industries themselves, restrict appreciably the utilisable potential. Therefore, the estimation of 385.000 tons of waste and sawdust susceptible to be utilised for energy use must be considered very cautiously. It would correspond to the needs of 100.000 households.

local associations, etc.). Even though it is complex, the field is however well structured, because of the importance of the pallet in the intra-community logistic chains of today. At first glance, it seems that the energy utilisation of crushed pallets could be carried out in suburban zones at a cost of supply in raw material comparable to that observed for production units fed by the industry of first processing of wood. This activity could also benefit from the nearness of its market, mainly that of collective boiler rooms and industrial boilers. It is necessary however to put in perspective the interest that this field of energy utilisation could represent : the grinding of pallets requires specific equipment (for removing the metal parts, in particular) out of reach of most of the traditional participants in recycling.

THEME WASTE Besides, even though recent works of the Technical Centre of Wood and Furnishing (Centre Technique du Bois et de l’Ameublement) have confirmed American studies concluding that crushed pallets seem comparable to crushed raw wood, from the point of view of combustion waste (dioxins, heavy metals, etc.), the precautionary principle limits the utilisation of this resource to the units equipped with smoke treatment systems. It seems more sensible to utilise crushed pallets in the panel industry in substitution for the "pure" waste like sawdust and other related products of the First Processing of Wood. In this way, some 700.000 tons not yet utilised in France could be substituted to the half of the 1.400.000 tons of "pure" waste used in the panel industry, freeing as much of this resource for energy production.

CONCLUSION ON THE POTENTIAL OF "WOOD" WASTE The French resource of wood waste that can be mobilised in the short and medium term is at least about 800.000 tons a year, enough to meet the needs of 250.000 households. The utilisable potential is certainly more important, but numerous uncertainties make a reliable evaluation difficult. It can be roughly estimated that this waste stream approaches 2 million tons, which corresponds to wood production satisfying the needs of 600.000 households.

ITEBE

Construction site waste This waste concerns construction sites (about 24 million tons a year) and Civil engineering (about 330 million tons a year). The share of wood in this construction site waste is difficult to determine because this waste is often of a composite nature. The application of the precautionary principle seems to reserve the energy utilisation of this waste exclusively to the units equipped with treatment of specific kinds of smoke. It must be noted, however, that certain countries, like Finland, consider that this type of waste does not pose any specific problems…

CONTACT : Joël Tétard Alkaest Conseil 6, rue Lionel Terray 92500 Rueil Malmaison France Tel : +33 1 55 94 82 06 Fax : +33 1 55 94 28 07

FOR MORE INFORMATION ABOUT THIS LAW, CONSULT THE WEB SITE OF THE FRENCH MINISTRY FOR ENVIRONMENT : www.environnement.gouv.fr/ lepoint/textdech.htm

The waste wood potential recoverable in France is about two million of tons/year in the long term, which can provide heat for the needs of 600 000 households.

At a European level : The Directive 1999/31/CE of the Council of 26 April 1999 concerning the dumping of waste deﬁnes a national strategy for the reduction of the quantity of biodegradable waste dumped. It asks each member State to attain these objectives by recycling, composting, biogas production or material recovery and energy recovery.

FOR MORE INFORMATION : www.europal.net/ Fr/reglementation/ accueil_regles.htm

WOOD ENERGY N°6 < JULY 2002 > 17

THEME WASTE

Untreated wood two ways of utilisation by compression C h r i s t o p h e Z a m b l e r a , C i m a j ; C h r i s t o p h e G a r n i e r, P r o m i l l France

The compression of wood into briquettes or pellets is one solution for the by-products of the 1st and 2nd processing of the wood industry, applicable to sawdust and chips of untreated wood. THE BRIQUETTE The compressed wood briquette is a fuel of high performance intended for heating complementing or replacing traditional wooden logs. Its very low moisture content combined with its high density makes it a quite advantageous fuel. Briquettes have been made for more than 20 years all over the world. In Europe, some of our neighbours are big producers of briquettes. The Eastern countries supply Germany, Austria and Switzerland (where demand is greater than production). Italy and Spain also have experienced a very strong development of briquette productions. In developing countries, the compression process allows the use of all sorts of wood by-products and the supply to the local populations of a means of heating which also can be used for cooking food.

CIMAJ/PHIL IMAGE

Techniques of manufacture : The manufacture of briquettes requires a speciﬁc press.

WOOD ENERGY N°6 < JULY 2002 > 18

Three technologies exist : Hydraulic press : used mainly for s m al l o u t p u t s f ro m 5 0 t o 300 kg/hour. Its low purchase cost and its ease of use make it the most proﬁtable tool for joinery workshops where the volumes of treatment of sawdust and chips do not require continuous running of the press. Inertia press : this technique is especially used for larger installations and for an industrial production. The

Photo 1-Briquette press Cimaj, capacity of 900 kg/hour.

THEME WASTE

Who makes briquettes ? The application of the regulations concerning the utilisation of waste imposes a search for solutions for the wood industry. The industry of the second processing of wood is particularly concerned by this type of production. In fact, the briquette requires a dry material, no matter which method is used. The moisture content must be below 12 % in every case. The manufacture of briquettes allows ﬁrst of all an important reduction in the storage volumes of sawdust and chips, energy utilisation being from a certain point of view an additional advantage. Numerous small joinery workshops have opted for this solution : stockpiling in summer in the form of briquettes and heating the workshops in the winter with these briquettes. For bigger joinery workshops, often only the excess sawdust and chips that is not utilised as raw material by the industry, is used for compression and resold locally or used on the premises. Recently, one observes the emergence of regional production of briquettes, made by specialised companies, from the waste that they collect from small joinery workshops. Although there are no statistics in this domain, the market for briquettes can be estimated at about 10 000 tons sold a year. Sales are constantly

increasing as the market is still in its infancy. As a point of comparison, the Czech Republic has more than 40 known manufacturers. If one considers an average of 500 tons per producer (there are indeed big producers of several thousand tons) it makes more than twice as much for a country less than half the size of France.

CIMAJ

ca p a c i t i es a re s u p e ri or t o 300 kg/hour. The final quality of these briquettes is altogether superior (higher density and a regularity that allows an easier automation of packaging). “Screw” press : this technology is similar to extrusion. Its use is not widespread because of the small number of manufacturers and the important problems of wear of the screws. However, technically the quality of the briquette produced is most advantageous. Today we are still at the stage of prototypes, and the distribution of this type of machine remains commercially conﬁdential. Depending on the technology, briquettes can have various forms : Cylindrical of various diameters and lengths, parallel piped, hexagonal most commonly. To simplify, it can be said that for production of less than 250 kg/hour with intermittent running, hydraulics s ho u l d be t h e f i rs t choi c e a n d mechanical techniques used for production beyond that.

PELLETS The wood pellet is a high performance fuel intended for heating and for the production of hot water as a replacement for traditional fuels in specific equipment : stoves and boilers. Its very low moisture content (6 8 %) associated with its high density makes it an efﬁcient fuel. The pellet was invented in the 1970's in the USA and it appeared in France in the 1980's. In Europe, the Scandinavian countries are very big producers : 700.000 tons/year for Sweden, 250.000 for Denmark. Germany, Austria and Switzerland also experience a very strong increase of their production. Italy has, for its part, an exponential expanding production. Techniques of manufacturing : The manufacture of pellets requires the combination of several methods : - drying is necessary for production from wet sawdust or chips - grinding reduces the particle size (reﬁning of the sawdust or the dried chips) to facilitate the pelleting process. - the pellet press works by mechanic a l l y c omp re ssi ng t h e s awd u s t through a drilled ring die. The pressure, close to 200 bars, is exercised by means of two rollers. The viability of pelleting plants requires production of more than 5 000 tons/year. Numerous attempts have been made to develop small presses for the nascent markets but these attempts have never given complete satisfaction, the costs of maintenance being very high. According to need, pellets can have various diameters : 6 mm for pelletstoves, 8 to 10 mm for boilers and > 12 mm for industrial applications. Who makes pellets ? As the manufacture of pellets requires complex industrial equipment (a pellet mill), today the production of wood pellets in France comes from three producers and represents a

market of about 20.000 tons/year. The geographic situation of these three producers limits today the development of the market because of the high costs of transport. There are numerous projects to install pellet mills in the forest regions (example : Rhone - Alps, Landes, Provence – Alps- French Riviera) The industry of the ﬁrst processing of wood supplies these manufacturers. The raw material is also marketed to the manufacturers of chip board. In Sweden, numerous installations use planing chips stemming from the industry of the second processing and avoid thus the operation of drying. The manufacture of pellets allows a reduction of volume by three. Energy utilisation is the most frequently used plan of action. Other uses, such as for example litter for domestic animals, are also possible

Photo 2-The use of the briquette is simple and does not require any speciﬁc installation.

WOOD ENERGY N°6 < JULY 2002 > 19

THEME WASTE

PROMILL STOLZ

Photo 3-Pellet press Type Evolution 250 (200250 kW), Capacity of 2,5 to 4 tons/hours.

and taking place. Pelletisation of wood can be an additional activity for the manufacture of pellets of manure, urban water treatment sludge or fodder.

QUALITATIVE STANDARD FOR BRIQUETTES AND WOOD PELLETS. Numerous countries have set up a qualitative standard for pellets and briquettes. France, through ITEBE and the wood industry, has just finalised a quality standard presented at the latest salon in Lons le Saunier (Jura, France). The purpose : to clarify the quality offered and to make these exceptional fuels known to the consumer.

THE USE OF PELLETS AND BRIQUETTES Pellets are used essentially for domestic or collective heating. Briquettes can be used as self-supply for the heating of workshops, but

most are intended for the heating of private homes. Their main strong points are : - Their shape and their conditioning which facilitate their storage and their use - The ďŹ&#x201A;exibility of supply - A clean, renewable and economic energy - Decrease by 3 or 4 of the volume of storage - Flexibility of deliveries adapted to the demand - The perfect regularity of the quality ensures a control of the heating budget Besides, briquettes do not require any specific installation and pellets make possible complete automation of combustion.

CONTACT BRIQUETTES : Cimaj Company : Christophe Zamblera 295 route de Launaguet 31200 Toulouse France

CONTACT PELLETS : Promill Company : Christophe Garnier RN 12 28410 Serville Cedex France

MONTPEYROUX

Photo 4-The pellets are produced from sawmill sawdust of by-products of joinery workshop that are compressed at about 100 bar.

WOOD ENERGY NÂ°6 < JULY 2002 > 20

COMPAGNIE DE CHAUFFAGE DE GRENOBLE

THEME WASTE

Photo 1 : The thermal power station of Poterne in Grenoble feeds a heating network of 75 000 equivalent homes.

Textbook case :

waste wood in a boiler!

Samuel Neuville, ITEBE

Started in 1993, the thermal power station of Poterne is an example of thermal utilisation of waste wood. It feeds the second largest heat network outside Paris THERMAL AND ELECTRIC-POWER UTILISATION OF WASTE WOOD The heating company of Grenoble, created in 1960, is a Société Anonyme d'Economie Mixte Locale (Local Corporation of Mixed Economy), which heats the seven linked municipalities (Grenoble, Echirolles, La Tronche, Pont-de-Claix, Eybens, Gières and Saint-Martin d’Hères), thanks to a heat network and five interconnected boiler rooms. To d a y, w i t h m ore t ha n 175 employees, 728 megawatts of linked power and 130 km of network, supplying 80 000 equivalent ﬂats or one t hi rd of t h e p o p u l a ti on of t he Grenoble area, the Heating Company is the second largest heat network after the one in Paris. To allow a widening of the range of fuels, the heating company decided to use waste wood. With household waste, fuel oil, coal and gas, wood contributes to environmental protection and to security of supply. Since 1994, two boiler rooms have been equipped to burn wood : the Vil-

leneuve power plant (63 MW) and the Poterne power plant (72,5 MW) in 1994. After 30 years of services, the heating company replaced the Teisseire power p l a n t (t he fi rst b o i l er ro o m i n Grenoble) by the power plant of Poterne, started in 1993. The power plant of Poterne is equipped with a technology aimed at the future : a steam boiler of type LFC (Circulating Fluidised Bed), coupled with a turbo-alternator ensuring performance, energy diversity, profitability and environmental protection. In 1999, the heating company obtained for this power plant the ISO 14 001 certiﬁcate for the environment, certification which was widened to the Villeneuve power plant and ISO 9 001 quality for the totality of its activities.

FROM RAW WASTE… The wood is provided by Lely Environnement, an enterprise that recycles and utilises waste wood. Waste wood is derived from the sorting of the DIB, the sorting centre, from waste reception centres and from driftwood harvested by the EDF on

dams. Waste wood undergoes the following treatments : 1 - Chipping (pre-crusher MJ 300 CV, see photograph 2), 2 - Elimination of oversize pieces, 3 - Stocking on concrete surface, 4 - Fine grinding (machine of 450 CV, see photograph 3), 5 - Elimination of steel and other metals, final sifting (grinding of 50 mm, see photograph 4), 6 - Measurement and adaptation of the caloriﬁc power and the dryness of the wood. The annual consumption of the boiler installations at Poterne and Villeneuve is 17 000 tons of wood. The fuel arrives by lorries, then it is transported into a silo of a holding volume of 700 m 3. Then a screw feeds the wood chips into the boiler.

France

…TO ENERGY PRODUCTION The steam boiler is of the type LFC (Circulating Fluidised Bed), mark CNIM with 72,5 MW of power, coupled with a turbo-alternator of 13,5 MW. The circulating fluidised bed method consists of burning the fuel in suspension in the air and during a rather long time. The efficiency of the boiler LFC is 89 % and 95 % for the group of turbo-alternator. Two fuel oil boilers of 35 MW and 29 MW were retrieved from the

WOOD ENERGY N°6 < JULY 2002 > 21

THEME WASTE

Table 1: The emissions of the power station are below government requirements

Dust Sulphur dioxide Nitrogen oxides (NO2) Photo 2 : Chipping of waste wood.

Measured values [mg/Nm3] 29 160 175

Government standard [mg/Nm3] 30 300 450

LELY

Substance

former installation of Teisseire. The fuels used are coal, wood and animal meal. The ashes extracted from the LFC, as well as the ashes retrieved at the bottom of fuel-saving devices and of electric filters, are harvested into an ash silo. The smoke is cleaned of its ash by a cyclone. The fine dust is then captured thanks to an electrostatic filter. The chimney consists of 3 flues (one per boiler) 65 m high and 6 m in diameter.

Photo 3 : Grinding of waste wood after chipping.

LELY

To allow a widening of the range of fuels, the heating company decided to use waste wood. The heat produced by the power plant of Poterne is distributed in the 130 km long urban heat network at a temperature of 185 °C. The consumption of primary energy is of 334 000 MWh for an electric production of 45 600 MWh. The fuel wood represents 5 % of the total production of the power plant, or an equivalent of 4 000 equivalent homes.

Photo 4 : Removing of steel and other metals and ﬁnal sifting of wooden waste.

WOOD ENERGY N°6 < JULY 2002 > 22

LELY

A POWER STATION THAT RESPECTS THE ENVIRONMENT In environmental matters, simple standardisation is not enough any more : the investment has now to take into account the requirements of years to come, which accounts for the “appropriate” technical choices ensuring from now on performance 2 to 3 times superior to the current European requirements. The “circulating fluidised bed” fuel method used in Poterne reduces the emissions of sulphur by 70 %, those of nitrogen by 40 %, those of ﬂy ash by 90 % compared to the former installation of Teisseire. Transformation for the use of waste wood allowed a reduction of CO 2 emissions of 11 % compared to fossil fuels.

THEME WASTE

Economic aspects

Investment : Total cost : 36 892 660 € (including connecting to the former power plant) Cost of the transformation for the use of waste wood : 1 948 298 € Subsidies : 35 % from the Regional council of RhoneAlps and from ADEME (Agency of the Environment and the Mastery of Energy).

INFORMATION

COMPAGNIE DE CHAUFFAGE DE GRENOBLE

Owner : Heating Company Société Anonyme d'Economie Mixte Locale (Local Corporation of Mixed Economy) with a capital of 3,4 millions euros.

Compagnie de chauffage 25, avenue de Constantine BP 2 606 38100 Grenoble Cedex 02 France Phone : +33 476 33 23 60 Fax. +33 476 40 18 92 commercial@cie-chauffage-grenoble.fr www.cie-chauffage-grenoble.fr Lély Environnement 37 rue Pierre Sémard 38602 Fontaine Cedex France Phone : +33 476 27 11 72 Fax. + 33 476 53 01 31 lely.environnement@wanadoo.fr

Photo 5 : Principal plan of a system with a Circulating Fluidised Bed installation.

IN THE NEXT ISSUE, WOOD ENERGY 7, COMING IN OCTOBER

SPECIAL THEME ABOUT WOOD LOGS LOGS PRODUCTION, STANDARDISATION AND DISTRIBUTION CIRCUITS, CHOICE AND INSTALLATION OF A LOG BOILER, AND EVEN MORE !

TO SUBSCRIBE FROM NOW TO THIS REVUE, SEE PAGE 48.

WOOD ENERGY N°6 < JULY 2002 > 23

FUELS PYROLYSIS

Liqueﬁed Wood Fuel could soon replace heavy oil ! Steven Gust Jukka-Pekka Nieminen Fortum Oil and Gas Oy

Finland

Fortum Oyj and Vapo Oy of Finland are launching forcefully the commercialisation of their technology for liquefied wood fuel produced from forest industry wastes, residues and by-products, an innovative and ecological solution to replace heavy oil. The pilot plant was officially opened by the Finnish Minister of Trade and Industry on 14 May 2002. innish companies Fortum Oyj and Vapo Oy have upgraded the commercialisation of their fast pyrolysis process with the completion of the commissioning of their 3.5 million euro pilot plant. The plant was officially opened by Sinikkä Mönkäre, the Minister for Trade and Industry who stressed the importance of renewable energies in the Finnish energy mix, Figure 2. Their main interest is to meet the increasing demand for renewable fuels. This liquefied wood fuel, Forestera™, produced from forestry industry wastes, residues and byproducts is CO2 neutral. This is due to the fact that these residues if not used, will decay in the forest pro-

Fig. 2 : Biomass drier using heat generated in the pyrolysis process.

FORTUM

Fig. 1 : Forestera™ is a liquid fuel produced from forestry industry wastes, residues and by-products and can replace heavy oil.

ducing CO 2 . Conversion into fuel replacing mineral oils will thus reduce net emissions. The main market for this fuel in Scandinavia would be as an alternative

heating fuel in big light fuel oil boilers as used in small industry, schools, hospitals, etc. The rough size for these installations is 100 kW to 1 MW. A prototype of this combustion system will be ready for testing this autumn. Using this fuel as heavy fuel oil replacement is also possible for example in Sweden, where taxes are very high and therefore the consumer price of heavy fuel oil is higher than the consumer price of light fuel in Finland. Using this fuel, which is in fact a kind of liquid wood, will thus require that it not be subjected to the same taxes as the fossil fuels.

WOOD ENERGY N°6 < JULY 2002 > 24

Fig. 3 : Minister of Trade and Industry, Sinikka Mönkäre opening the pilot plant.

The main advantages of this liqueﬁed wood fuel are that its shipping and storage are cheaper than for solid wood fuels and that it can be burnt cleaner. Cleaner combustion is due to the fact that liquids are burnt by forming sprays of millions of very small drops which when mixed with air, burn efﬁciently and cleanly. The main raw material for Forestera™ is residues from logging operations. These are normally found far from heating customers and are bulky, have very low energy density and are costly to handle and to transport. Thus conversion into a compact liquid will permit long distance transport. With the completion of the commissioning of their pilot plant, Fortum

G9"3$5 &';#$5". "3$&;#3

and Vapo will further develop and optimise the entire production chain from residue collection, through crushing, drying, pyrolysis, vapour recovery, quality control and on to final use. Both the technology and the final fuel have been registered as Forestera™. The basis for the process was rediscovered from old existing rapid pyrolysis technology, which has been modernised, optimised and improved using existing in-house knowledge. An important innovation that was suited to this process was obtained as a spin-off of a refinery development project. The main challenges of the development work are to make the product price competitive with existing fuels and to ensure an adequate fuel quality for the applications in question. The main areas are to reduce solids and improve stability over existing, competing technologies. In practice this means that the plant must be able to process various raw materials, the yield must be high, the fuel quality must be consistent. The capacity of the pilot plant is 300 to 350 kg of liquefied wood fuel from an input of 0,5 t/h dried wood weight which means an efficiency rate of 6070 %. The yield of the process is important in order to keep the cost of the product low. Special attention was placed on safety features and ease of operation of the plant with extensive work on the automation system and training of operators. The process used is a fast pyrolysis process in which the raw material is first crushed and dried to a moisture content of under 10 %, followed by a rapid heating to around 500 °C and finally followed by the condensation of the vapor. The main steps of the process are shown in figure 5. The properties of the Forestera

product liquid are the same as those of other fast pyrolysis processes : - 20-30 % of water - viscosity between that of light and heavy fuel oil - high acidity, pH 2-3 - high density, about 1,2 kg/l - heat capacity about half that of light fuel oil : 15-17 MJ/kg.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION : Steven Gust and Jukka-Pekka Nieminen, Fortum Oil and Gas Oy, steven.gust@fortum.com or jukka-pekka.nieminen@fortum.com

Fig. 4 : Forestera™ heat cracker and liquid condensers.

FORTUM

FUELS PYROLYSIS

GHIJFKJIL ++5%3",4A+8"48M3" GHIJFKJIL 2345

F9A&;$+$3=4"45&9' !"#$%&'( )*+,,

-".&'( )+/0+1

!"#$%&'$(%)$!*+!"#$,-.+/012)321%

G9"5#,

2345&'(+ !%4"+ 6+/+$ 6+700+! 89,:#$5&9'

!9';3'$&'( 9<+="9;#85 >4=9#"$

?&@#&;+="9;#85 .&3A;+B0CD0+1 :.+E3&(%5+9" 3'3"(.

Fig. 5 : The steps of the wood pyrolysis process. Green lines : material ﬂow Red lines : heat ﬂow Blue : non-condensible gases

WOOD ENERGY N°6 < JULY 2002 > 25

FUELS TORRÉFACTION

Global Markets and Technologies for in 2002

torreﬁed wood

Electric utilities are considering co-firing of renewable fuels such as waste wood or energy crop biomass as a low cost option for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Transnational Technology proposes cofiring Torrefied Wood, an intermediate product between wood and charcoal.

USA

TW is not a new product. In the 1980’s the French developed industrial equipment for production of torrefied wood and expressed interest in TW as a substitute for conventional charcoal. The French continue work on torrefied wood today ; using it in building materials they call Retified Wood. Heat-treated wood is also produced as ThermoWood in Finland. Jim Arcate is promoting wood heattreating as a parallel path for development of processes and equipment to manufacture torrefied wood for energy applications. Torrefaction achieves a stable mois-

SOURCE NREL

James R. Arcate, Tr a n s n a t i o n a l Te c h n o l o g y L L C , U S A

WHAT IS TORREFIED WOOD ?

Figure 1. The 49,9 MW (net) Wheelabrator Shasta wood-ﬁred power plant processes about 750,000 tons/year of mill waste and forest residues.

WOOD ENERGY N°6 < JULY 2002 > 26

SOURCE : TRANSNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY

FUELS TORRÉFACTION

Condenser

Fan 2 to Condenser

Heater 2 Condensate

Dry

Wood

Cooling Water

Heater 1 Fan 1

Cool

Combustibles Recovery

Fan 3

Drain

Fired Heater Thermal Fluid to Heaters 1 and 2

ture content of approximately 3 %, reduction of mass by 20 to 30 % (primarily by release of water, carbon oxides, and volatiles) while retaining up to 90 % of the wood’s original energy content as shown in Table 1.

MARKETS FOR TORREFIED WOOD Co-firing Torrefied Wood with Coal Co-firing involves substituting biomass fuels for a portion of coal used i n electric power plant boilers. This all ows the energy in biomass to be converted to electricity with the high efficiency of a modern coal-fired power p l a nt . C om p a re d t o t he c oa l i t replaces, biomass reduces sulfur dioxide (SO2) and net emissions of the greenhouse gas CO2. Transnational Technology proposes co-firing torrefied wood with coal in pulverized coal (PC) boilers. TW is friable and can be blended with coal in the fuel yard, transported to the boiler via the coal handling system, pulverized and co-fired with the coal. TW’s heating value is close to the average for steam coal and TW has less moisture than coals used for power generation. The heat rate may actually be improved by co-firing TW with coal. TW could also be co-fired at higher rates than raw biomass and separate biomass feed and firing systems would not be required. Andries Weststeijn of Essent in the Netherlands said his power company

Figure 2. Continuous Superheated Steam Drying & Torrefaction of Wood.

Flue Gas

Auxil. Fuel

is actively involved in direct cofiring a wide range of biomass fuels in their PC power plants. If torrefied wood can be co-pulverized with steam coal in unmodified pulverizers, at higher fuel mix percentages and at competitive biomass costs, there could be a substantial market opportunity for TW in the power generation sector. A government funded demonstration program is currently underway to produce approximately 30 tons of TW and test co-firing at

one of Essent’s PC power plants. TW for Biomass-only Power Plants Why bother making TW for biomass power plants ? Why not just burn green wood chips ? The 49,9 MW (net) Wheelabrator Shasta wood-fired power plant in Anderson, California processes about 750,000 tons/year (350,000 to 400,000 dry tons/year) of mill waste and forest residues from Shasta County and surrounding areas. The

Table 1. Characteristics of some torreﬁed woods

Species Torrefaction Results Temperature reached, °C Yield (on bone dry wood) Elementary Analysis C% H% N% O% Low Calorific Value of dry wood, kJ/kg Low Calorific Value of dry wood, kWh/kg Low Calorific Value of torrefied wood, kJ/kg Low Calorific Value of torrefied wood, kWh/kg Energetic Yield %

Maritime Pine Chestnut & Oak Eucalyptus 280 77 %

270 77 %

275 74 %

59.7 5.6 0.25 32.9 19 150

56.8 5.2 0.45 36.2 17 850

57.2 5.1 0.15 37.2 18 550

5.32

4.96

5.15

22 600

21 500

22 650

6.28

5.97

6.29

90.8

92.7

90.3

WOOD ENERGY N°6 < JULY 2002 > 27

FUELS TORRÉFACTION

AIRLESS PROCESS SYSTEMS

Figure 3. Torreﬁed Wood Chips produced using Airless Processing in prototype test equipment.

power plant, which has three Zurn traveling grate boilers, became operational in December 1987. See Figure 1. Using TW rather than raw biomass would increase power plant efﬁciency (electricity produced per fuel energy input). According to Doug Albertson of Energy Products Idaho, using wet wood (50 % moisture content) the efﬁciency for a 10 MWe (net) power plant would be approximately 1819 %. Firing TW would increase the efficiency to about 21-23 %. TW would also reduce costs for biofuel receiving, storage & handling at the power plant.

Densiﬁed TW The heat content of torrefied wood pellets would be about 22,5 MJ/kg (6,25 kWh/kg) compared with 19,3 MJ/kg (5,36 kWh/kg) for conventional pine wood pellets. TW pellets would have a volume energy de nsi t y of a bou t 18 GJ/ m 3 (5 MWh/m3), approximately 20 % higher than conventional wood pellets and about equal to steam coal at an average 20 MJ/kg (5,56 kWh/kg). The higher energy density of TW pellets compared to sawdust, wood chips and conventional wood pellets, would reduce transport costs and facilitate higher rates of TW co-ﬁring

WOOD ENERGY N°6 < JULY 2002 > 28

with coal at PC power plants. The cement industry represents another potential large application for cofiring densified TW with coal. Torrefied wood could also be blended with biomass feedstock used for production of wood pellets and briquettes.

TECHNOLOGIES FOR MANUFACTURING TW According to Ed Lipinsky of Innovative Thinking Inc., Worthington, Ohio, the chemistry of torrefaction is influenced by many parameters, including : biomass composition ; particle size ; processing temperature and time ; heating rate ; and off-gas composition, pressure and flow rate. In the temperature range of 220 °C to 280 °C, the major decomposition reactions concern hemicellulose. Cellulose and lignin undergo can also undergo polymer restructuring and depolymerization reactions, but to a lesser degree. Because water can play a signiﬁcant role in torrefaction, the effects of using superheated steam have been explored. Superheated steam has a higher heat capacity than hot air or nitrogen and steam provides an airless processing environment that reduces losses from oxidation. Thomas Stubbing of Heat-Win Ltd in the UK calls it “Airless Processing”. Superheated steam at atmospheric pressure is recirculated over an indirect heater and through the wood until it is dried and converted to torrefied wood as shown in Figure 2. Steam generated from the moisture removed by drying is vented and is can be used for energy recovery. The recirculating superheated steam atmosphere in the dryer is generated from the moisture removed from the wood by drying. The latent heat in steam vented from the dryer can be recovered by using an air or water-cooled condenser to produce hot air for pre-drying wood or hot water for space heating. Steam & wood gases generated by torrefaction are recirculated through the indirect heater and the torrefying chamber. Excess steam is condensed and combustible off gases can be used to produce heat for the process. To prevent self-ignition on contact with ambient air, the Torrefied Wood is cooled to a safe unloading temperature by recirculating superheated steam maintained at around 110 °C.

TW COMMERCIALIZATION Torrefaction provides fuels that are rich in energy, low in moisture content, resistant to moisture, and easily applied via direct co-ﬁring with coal at power plants. A major challenge for torrefied wood plant developers is the availability of commercial equipment that will reduce the processing time, energy inputs and production costs for manufacturing bulk TW to acceptable levels. The superheated steam drying and torrefaction process discussed in this paper is a prime candidate for meeting this challenge. On March 28, 2002, Recycled Waste plc in Great Britain announced the acquisition of exclusive global rights to Airless Processing Technology “for the thermal processing of organic wastes in superheated steam and other gases in order advantageously to alter their physical properties and chemical composition while usefully recovering or combusting components emitted from them as gases.” Airless Process Systems LLP was established to be responsible for the application of the Airless Processing Technology. Ceramic Drying Systems Ltd. will be the manufacturer and supplier of the necessary equipment. Transnational Technology is also working on biomass drying and torrefaction with Merrill Air Engineers in South Portland, Maine. Merrill’s Thermodyne Evaporator is a continuous dryer that uses superheated steam, produced by dr ying the product, as the drying medium. The U.S. Department of Energy’s Entrepreneurs for Energy Efficiency awarded Merrill a 2002 award for Significant Contribution to Energy Savings.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION PLEASE CONTACT : James R. Arcate Transnational Technology LLC 3 447 Pipa Place Honolulu, HI 96822-1221 USA +1 808 741 7502 www.techtp.com

FUELS FOREST WOOD CHIPS

Wood Chips Production in

mountainous areas Raffaele Spinelli Italy

Even in mountainous areas, chip production for energy can be profitable. Here is some advice on how to improve the work efficiency and a spreadsheet to calculate the chipping costs. heating and power plants that will use biomass as their main fuel. Therefore, wood-chip demand should soon grow, to the benefit of those logging companies that operate close to the new power plants. Chips will have to be delivered regularly and in large amounts. Organizing fuel supply is a main question. In many cases, resources are so diversified that they cannot be tapped into with one system only. Concentrating supply into a few industrial operations remains a theoretical ideal, which risks missing a large part of the available fuel. Italian fuel managers must be able to consider a whole range of operational alternatives, knowing the potential and the optimum characteristics of each one.

CNR LAUNCHES A NATION-WIDE SURVEY

Thanks to the need for energy-wood, recovery of low quality wood should increase in the forests of the mountain regions of Italy.

any Italian logging companies produce substantial amounts of wood-chips. In most cases, chip is a collateral product obtained from less valuable trees and tree portions. Chipping is the only way to give some market value to low-quality trees, branches and tree-tops. Chip quality is comparable to the quality of the raw material : the bark and foliage content is too high for the pulping industry, which in Italy is rather small anyway. Particleboard factories are the main customers of the Italian chipping contractors, because they accept low-quality chip. The bioenergy industry may soon offer an alternative market. Attracted by generous Government subsidies, several companies are building

Photo 1 : Self-propelled machines have better mobility and take less time to reposition.

SOURCE RAFFAELE SPINELLI

ITEBE

Recently, the National Council for Research (CNR) carried out a nationwide survey of chipping operations, with the purpose of gathering all

WOOD ENERGY N°6 < JULY 2002 > 29

Photo 2 : Cable extraction is used in mountainous area despite the difﬁculties.

is now mature, and it can reap the beneﬁts of a denser service network. The study covered a wide range of situations, as it included over 100 cases. It yielded a productivity model that can be applied to most chipping operations encountered Nationwide. The high statistical signiﬁcance of this model makes it a reasonably safe tool to predict operational performance as a function of specific working conditions.

ENGINE POWER AND LOG SIZE DRIVE PRODUCTIVITY Engine power and piece size are the two most important elements for estimating chipper productivity. In addition to the obvious effects, these two parameters are closely related to other variables, such as operator type or feeding mode. It is a fact that powerful machines are generally

SOURCE RAFFAELE SPINELLI

existing information into an organic study. The ultimate goal of this effort was to relate chipping performance to a number of parameters, including machine type and size, feeding system, mode of operation, characteristics of the raw material, and site conditions. Such work a l l o w e d t he de ve l op me n t of a mathematical model that predicts machine productivity and chipping cost as a function of the above-mentioned parameters. A number of Italian logging firms are involved in industrial chipping. Most started in the mid-80s and have now gained considerable experience. Although working conditions are somewhat different from those encountered in America or in Scandinavia, Italian chipping operations strive towards the same goal and face the same problems. Their goal is to transform a low-value residue into an industrial product. Their problems are related to the low value of the industrial product itself, which leaves little margin for error. Hence they exert tremendous efforts to improve efﬁciency, to cut costs and to optimize the whole production chain in general. Italian operators use a very heterogeneous machine ﬂeet. Chippers are represented by a number of different makes and models, including American, German and Scandinavian machines. However, Italian-made chippers are the most widespread and dominate the market. This probably indicates that the Italian technology

SOURCE RAFFAELE SPINELLI

FUELS FOREST WOOD CHIPS

operated by full-time professionals and fed with a crane, while the cont r ar y i s o f t en t r u e f o r s m a lle r machines. Other important parameters are chipping site - landing or terrain - and chipper conﬁguration. Self-propelled machines enjoy better mobility and take less time to reposition, whether they operate in the woodland or not. Small chip forwarders are penalized by their limited payload and are generally used over comparably long forwarding distances - which explains higher time consumption when compared to other chippers. The productivity model was coupled to a costing scheme, and assembled into an Excel worksheet. Microsoft Excel is one of the most widespread worksheet programs, and its choice reflects our goal of reaching the largest number of potential users. The worksheet itself was designed to be simple and user-friendly. Its structure is flexible enough to suit many different situations. As it stands, the worksheet provides a comprehensive instrument for planners, managers and contractors alike. It is available free of charge, and it can be requested by E-mail at the following address : spinelli@irl.ﬁ.cnr.it The study also indicated that chipping technology is relatively mature, which guarantees an extended working life for both chippers and our model. It will probably take several years before obsolescence finally invalidates them.

CHIPPING IN MOUNTAINOUS AREAS

Photo 3 : Hand-fed chippers always produce less than 3 gt/PMH, whereas crane-fed units can achieve anywhere between 6 and 20 gt/PMH.

WOOD ENERGY N°6 < JULY 2002 > 30

A minority of chipping operations is performed in conjunction with cable extraction : operators generally prefer to produce chips under easier harvesting conditions. However, several reasons may occasionally justify chipping at cable hoist landings : the disposal of logging residue is the pri-

Photo 4 : Storage should not be for long because it can generate difﬁculties : for instance branches binding together.

charge directly onto the ground, building up large heaps. This way neither the chipper nor the truck will be forced to wait for one another : each will be operated freely, when that ﬁts best into the overall organization of the entire operation . Besides, subsequent reloading into a truck may take less time than direct discharge - especially if the chipper is comparably small. Several loggers keep an old loader parked at the landing, so that the truck drivers can

pushing the chip all the way to the top, thus packing very large quantities of chips into comparably small landings. The use of containers would offer the same advantages as heap building i.e. limited waiting times. However, this solution is not very popular among Italian loggers, who dislike the extra tare weight and the cost of the container system. Besides, containers can be difficult to handle in narrow landings.

SOURCE RAFFAELE SPINELLI

mary reason. A fundamental condition for chipping of residues is the availability of a market within reasonable distance from the harvest site. Such a market can be represented by particleboard factories and heating plants - the latter being more common in the mountainous regions where cableextraction is performed. Most chippers found at cable hoist l a n d i n g s h a v e a n i n de p e n de n t engine, rated between 200 and 300 kW. Smaller units are occasionally found in the Apennines and they are hand-fed : all the rest are crane-fed. Hand-fed chippers always produce less than 3 green tons/Productive Machine Hour (gt/PMH), whereas crane-fed units can go anyw he re be t w ee n 6 a nd ove r 20 gt/PMH, depending on piece size. Most operators work cold decks. The occasional hot deck operations always include a tractor that moves the wood from the hoist chute to the chipper. When producing fuel chip, several operators prefer to let the residue dry on the landing before chipping. However, seasoning time should not be extended too much : long storage can generate some difficulties, especially if it concerns tops or whole trees. As the tops sit, their branches bind together. The binding gets stronger with storage time and with the total weight compressing the tops. Disentangling long-stored tops requires a powerful loader. Besides, excessively dry wood generates a lot of dust and tends to break easily, forcing the loader to pick up the same piece – or its fragments – multiple times. Rotten wood is also problematic : it is often reported to choke chippers, the fact being explained by its capacity to plug knife pockets and disc slots alike. At cable hoist landings, limited available space is often a main constraint, imposing close co-operation between the stacking, chipping and transportation crews. Chipping requires the correct positioning of at least three elements : the wood-pile, the chipper and the chip discharge. The loader may represent a fourth element to be positioned if the chipper lacks its own integral loader. Chip discharge presents many alternatives. Blowing the chip directly into a truck saves space and additional loading costs. But discharging into a truck requires very careful organization, to avoid waiting times for either machine. To avoid the problem, one may dis-

SOURCE RAFFAELE SPINELLI

FUELS FOREST WOOD CHIPS

Photo 5 : Containers can be difﬁcult to handle on narrow landings and using this system is expensive.

load their trucks themselves, without waiting for anyone. Reloading a standard 26-t truck-and-trailer unit takes about 1 hour - considerably less than filling it up directly with a medium-size chipper. Unfortunately, heaps take a lot of a space, which may be prohibitive at a hoist landing. The space requirements of heap building can be reduced with a small bulldozer, which can be used to raise the heap. This is done by building a ramp up the pile and

FOR MORE INFORMATION, CONTACT THE AUTHOR : Raffaele Spinelli CNR IRL Via Barazzuoli 23 50136 Firenze Italy Tel. : +39 055 661886 Fax : +39 055 670624 spinelli@irl.ﬁ.cnr.it

WOOD ENERGY N°6 < JULY 2002 > 31

FUELS FOREST WOOD CHIPS

Energy-Wood Harvesting and Processing

Demonstration in Lorraine, France Timo Määttä, Contim Oy Finland and France

A French-Finnish co-operation has compared the chipping technologies of the 2 countries. This experiment was used to identify the cost factors so as to optimise the production of wood chips from trees blown down by the storms of 1999.

The demonstration project was carried out in July 2000 as a feasibility study investigating in practise the cost factors and effectiveness of energy-wood procurement obtained from the areas damaged by the storm in France in December 1999. After the forest damage caused by the storm, the utilisation of the forest waste material as a wood fuel for energy generation is regarded as the most rational option. After lying six months in the forest, the wood has no value for such purposes as commercial processing as sawn wood. Reforestation is cheaper when the fallen trees have been taken out of the forest. In the storm area, in most cases, the wood has to be removed before planting or before natural reforestation is possible. Within the project, a wood fuel production chain was arranged by combining Finnish chipping and French transportation technology to demonstrate a procurement organisation from the forest to the plant. Therefore, a chipping unit was transferred from Finland to create an effective functioning energy-wood production chain. Economic cost-factors of this energy-wood procurement were investigated to assess the price ratio of the produced wood chips in order to investigate the competitiveness and efﬁciency of the supply of energywood in the Lorraine area for later commercial operations. The Finnish participants were Jyväskylä Science Park, LHM Hakkuri Ltd (Chipper manufacturer) and Kotimaiset Energiat Ltd (chipper operator). Together, they arranged the provision and transport of a “Giant”

WOOD ENERGY N°6 < JULY 2002 > 32

ADEME - R. BOURGUET

OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT

A forest in France after the storm of December 1999.

FUELS FOREST WOOD CHIPS

EXPERIENCES The largest costs were related to roadside chipping operations and long distance road transportation. In comparison to Finnish analyses, the chipping operations were efficient while forest haulage and long-distance operations exceeded the costs encountered normally in Finland (see Table 1). The moisture content of the chips was 45 %. The chips’ particle size was approximately 20 mm. The wood for chipping was fairly evenly divided between logging residue and whole trees. The “GIANT” chipper owned by LHM Hakkuri uses the drum chipping method. The efficient chipping rate for that type of chipper ranges between 85 and 90 m3 per hour. The rate of moving the chipper was relatively low, transfer distance ranged between a few meters up to some kilometres per day. Other arrangements like maintenance and planning were filling the gap while waiting for the forwarder or trucks. Each truck had a load capacity b e t w e e n 2 5 t o 3 0 t on s a n d t he average load of chips was 27,5 tons, which is equivalent to an average load of 87,1 m3 per truck. The time necessar y to fill a truck ranged between 35 minutes to 1 h 40 min depending mainly on wood species and whether wood residues or whole trees were chipped. Transport operations were easy because of good roads. The transportation distance to Golbey town near Epinal ranged

Table 1: Comparison between costs of the energy-wood chip supply chain in Lorraine / France with average costs in Finland (in Euros).

Work Phase Acquiring / Purchase of harvesting rights Harvesting operations (felling and cutting) Piling of energy wood Forest haulage, 200 m Roadside chipping Costs aggregated according to payment at roadside Long-distance transportation of wood chips, < 50 km Organising purchase / delivery of the chips Total costs Total cost when integrated approach 1

Costs in Euros / bulk m3 in Lorraine

Costs in Euros / bulk m3 in Finland 1

0,5

1,83 Included in harvesting operations 1,83

2,13

1,68 – 2,69

5,79

3,18 – 5,04

2,29

2,19

Included in harvesting operations

0,5

8,08

5,87-7,73

6,25

5,87-7,73

0 – 0,5 1 – 1,35

Costs based on energy wood procurement methods made from logging residues and using roadside chipping

between 50 and 60 km. Several shows for interest groups and other stakeholders were arranged. There were various groups attending t he se show s c o m i ng f ro m f o r example. The Netherlands, Germany, Finland, and of course France. The presentations were organised by ONF.

CONTINUATION The demonstration showed well the possibilities of modern wood chipping technology in France. If there were more facilities capable of utilising the wood chips, then the trans-

portation distances would be shorter making the costs of the energywood lower. In the Lorraine area, the demonstration project has promoted the use of energy-wood as a fuel. With these experiences, there should be good chances for long-term chipping arrangements in a larger area in France, which would allow energywood to penetrate the local market. If environmental and employment aspects are taken into account, the price for chips becomes more competitive compared to fossil based energy sources. The project was able to clarify most Chipping at the road side of pine logs with the branches.

LHM HAKKURI OY, TOMMI LAHTI

chipper with the personnel to Lorraine for the duration of the project. The Finnish participants also contracted the Project Manager, Mr. Timo Määttä from Contim Ltd, to help in practical arrangements and to keep contact with the French participants. The French partner was Office National des Forêts (ONF) as a customer for the chipping operations and organising the supply to the local energy generation facilities, which are suitable for using wood chips as an energy source. ONF acted as a wood chip supplier making contracts with the purchaser of the wood chips and the companies harvesting and chipping wood. Furthermore, ONF in cooperation with the company Norske Skog provided the transportation from the roadside storage areas to the plant using two transportation companies contracted by ONF.

WOOD ENERGY N°6 < JULY 2002 > 33

FUELS FOREST WOOD CHIPS

LHM HAKKURI OY, TOMMI LAHTI

Giant-model drum chipper built on Sisu truck chipping pine wood.

of the practical obstacles, costs and barriers of the chipping operations. The maintenance of the chipper has to be improved whenever the chipping continues for longer periods. Also the trucks could be more suitable for loading the chips. The trucks were not made for transporting wood chips ; they had a lower volume

capacity than the specially designed equipment used in Finland. The profitability of the energy-wood procu rem ent i n L o r r ai ne can b e increased by running chipping operations in a continuous and, therefore, more efficient way and by selecting the appropriate machinery for long distance transportation.

FOR MORE INFORMATION : Tommi Lahti LHM Hakkuri Oy Tel : +358 400 656 045 Fax : +358 14 216 128 tommi.lahti@lhmhakkuri.com

LHM HAKKURI OY, TOMMI LAHTI

The wood to be chipped was mainly pine cut to ďŹ ve meter long logs with the branches.

WOOD ENERGY NÂ°6 < JULY 2002 > 34

COGENERATION LARGE SCALE

ITEBE

Wärtsilä

« Small Scale » Bio energy for the Future Jussi Heikkinen, Vice President of Wärtsilä Finland, Power Plants, BioPower

Within the international development of bioenergies, Wärstsilä has found a place. This Finnish company, that was originally working in the marine industry, has diversiﬁed its activities in this sector where it now offers innovative technologies. Facing the future, it is now trying to enlarge its role in this ﬁeld.

WÄRTSILÄ FINLAND OY

Finland

Käkikosken Saha Oy 3,5 MW power station using BioGrate technology. Fuels : bark, sawdust, wood chips.

lobally, natural biomass fuels and combustible fuels recovered from municipal waste are available in huge quantities. The Finnish power company Wärtsilä, for its part, has identified a particular sector within bio energy in which to establish itself w i th a vi e w t o fu t u re grow t h. Through the acquisition of Sermet Oy Wärtsilä, BioPower is already one of

WOOD ENERGY N°6 < JULY 2002 > 35

the leading suppliers of boilers for biomass fuels in the Nordic countries. There is a strong political will worldwide to make increasing use of renewable energy. Finnish subsidiaries of Kvaerner and Foster Wheeler have established themselves as global leaders at the large scale end of the market, based on the wealth of experience and expertise gained from working with the environmentally-conscious Finnish forest industry. Finland is in the forefront of biomass combustion know-how in the world. Wärtsilä focuses on the smaller end of the bio energy market. The Finnish power company is initially offering modular boiler plants in the range of 2-25 MWth and power plants in the range of 1-5 MWe, burning woodbased fuels. This strategy was chosen due to the exponentially larger availability of suitable fuel sources. Later

Wärtsilä may expand both the fuel spectrum and power range. “There are several local equipment suppliers in this market, but none of them has the capability to supply biomass power plants globally”, explains Mr Jussi Heikkinen, Vice President, Wärtsilä BioPower ; “We have an international sales and service network and strong capabilities in product modularisation and project management, backed by the knowhow forged in the highly developed and competitive Nordic bio energy market.”

THE MARKET FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY The global biomass-fired boiler and power plant market is forecast to grow in many regions of the world. Smaller bio-energy plants are typically made for industrial applications such as sawmills, where the heat is used for drying timber, and for general heating purposes. Large plants are commonly built when there is access to a large bio fuel supply, as is the case at pulp and paper mills or sugar mills. Large projects are typi-

COGENERATION LARGE SCALE cally CHP plants while the smaller ones have been heat boilers. The future market is being driven by general concern about the environment and global warming. Approximately 70 % of renewable energy sources (RES) are based on biomass. Major international programmes which set out frameworks for this kind of development include the Kyoto Agreement and the recent European Union (EU) White Paper which states that EU electricity gen-

WÄRTSILÄ FINLAND OY

Sermet Oy boiler with a rotary grid allowing stable and constant combustion for moisture content up to 65 %.

WOOD ENERGY N°6 < JULY 2002 > 36

eration capacity based on renewable fuels shall increase from 20 TWh to 230 TWh by 2010 ! In the same timeframe, Europe’s total usage of renewable energy sources (RES) is to be doubled, and the share of bio energy must be trebled. The E u ro p ean Par l i am ent i s s o o n expected to pass a directive setting targets for bio-electricity production for individual EU nations. Incentives such as tax benefits and subsidies for biomass-produced energy are driving a variety of bio energy developments in Europe. Europe offers the most obvious market for small-scale bio power in the short term. The EU is working to assist the increase in utilisation of mainly biomass-based RES. A characteristic of

this market is that some fuel will come from refuse derived fuel (RDF), i.e. selected municipal waste, which is regarded as a bio fuel. The growth of an international bio fuel trade will help in stabilising bio fuel prices and availability. Green certificates and emission trading will also assist in ﬁnancing bio power projects. There is a huge market potential in tropical countries, which have huge biomass resources suitable for energy production. But the less-developed countries cannot provide similar subsidy structures as the richer EU and this limits the development of these markets to some extent.

NEW TECHNOLOGY FROM WÄRTSILÄ One drawback to the advance of bio power at the smaller-scale has traditionally been that existing technologies have problems with thorough combustion of wet and even icy fuels in periods of cold weather such as is experienced in the Nordic countries during winter. Sermet Oy has worked on this challenge since the early 90s, with the ﬁrst 4MWth installation using advanced BioGrate technology commencing operation in 1994 at a Finnish sawmill. Currently, the two main customer groups for BioGrate technology are Nordic sawmills and municipal energy (district heating) companies. To date, over 60 BioGrate installations have been delivered to Scandinavia, Baltic countries, Russia, Canada and France. For this existing customer base, bio boiler and bio power plants using BioGrate technology designed to cope with hard climate conditions and wet fuels provide a most competitive solution ; future developments of BioGrate technology will build on this success to address operation in other environments. The BioGrate solution is based on a rotating conical grate. In the primary combustion chamber, fuel is fed upwards on to the rotating grate bars through a channel in the centre of the chamber. Combustion is stable, because the fresh fuel entering in the centre of the rotating conical grate does not disturb the surrounding burning fuel bed and the rotating grate bars control the thickness of the fuel layer. As the fresh fuel flows in a controlled fashion down to the combustion grates it is dried by heat radiation from burning gas and the refractory

COGENERATION LARGE SCALE

WÄRTSILÄ FINLAND OY

Lisalmen Sahat Oy, with on the right the 10 MWth, 0,88 MWe cogeneration power station and on the left the 3,5 MWth thermal station. Fuels : bark, sawdust, wood chips.

FLASH Combined Heat and Power -law The law for the maintenance, modernization and development of combined heat and power from the 19th of March, 2002 (Kraft-WärmeKopplungsgesetz) was changed on the 22nd of March, 2002 in the

surfaces lining the primary combustion chamber. The further the fuel rolls from the centre, the more combustion takes place ; when the fuel reaches the outer edge of the grate it has been completely combusted and only ash is left. This method – which requires neither fuel pre-drying nor support fuel – provides a very stable constant combustion process for fuels

boiler creates a high turbulence for more efﬁcient combustion of gas. The customers benefit from operational reliability, high thermal efficiency, fuel ﬂexibility and long equipment lifetime. This has been proven in the large number of installations in operation. Future developments will address an enlarged field of power generation,

Federal law bulletin (Bundesgesetzblatt BGBl. IS. 1 092). The law came into effect on 01.04.2002. The admission of KWKequipment to the promotion system of the KWK-law takes place through the Government Ofﬁce for Economy and Export Control (Bundesamt für Wirtschaft und Ausfuhrkontrolle

The Biograte technology is designed to cope with hard climate conditions and wet fuels.

BAFA). Admission is charged for. The law protects existing combined heat and power plants and creates special incentives to modernize them rapidly. In addition, the law accelerates and favours the building

with a moisture content of up to 65 %. Furthermore, after-burning time and temperature can be very accurately adjusted. This patented technology allows a variety of bio fuels to be utilised. The combustion gases from the primary combustion chamber ﬂow into the secondary combustion chamber to ensure the highest possible temperature and thorough mixing in order to completely burn out gas and particles. Hot gases ﬂow from the secondary combustion chamber into the fire tube steam boiler and into a steam superheating device, when superheated steam is needed. The system produces very low emissions of CO2, CxHy, NOx and particulates. Where a thermal output of more than 12 MWth is needed, a water tube boiler is assembled above the primary combustion chamber. The necessary insulation linings partly cover the water tube walls - depending on fuel properties - in order to maintain the high combustion temperature. In all applications the connecting channel between the combustor and the

and BioGrate technology will be adjusted for still lower emissions and different fuels like RDF, fast growing tropical woods and agricultural biomasses like sugar bagasse and rice husks. “In the future, the competitiveness of on-site industrial power generation, stricter waste handling requirements and increasing environmental care will drive the growth of renewable energy ”, Mr Heikkinen comments ; “Modular decentralised bio energy systems offer a most interesting international market potential for us.”

CONTACT : Wärtsilä Finland Oy, Biopower Arabianranta 6 00560 Helsinki Finland Tel : +358 10 709 0000 Fax : +358 09 726 2680 biopower@wartsila.com www.wartsila.com

of small KWK-plants up to 2 MW, particularly, the building of small KWK-plants up to 50 kilowatts and fuel cell plants. The operators of subsidised combined heat and power plants can on this presumption get, according to this law, additional payments of 4,448 billion Euros altogether up to 2010. CS * Bundesamt für Wirtschaft und Ausfuhrkontrolle (BAFA)

THE INTERNET LINKS Bundesamt site : www.bafa.de

An on-line application : www.bafa.de/ener/download.htm

Law text : www.bafa.de/ener/vorschri.htm

WOOD ENERGY N°6 < JULY 2002 > 37

COGENERATION LARGE SCALE

Pfaffenhofen has achieved its aim of climate protection H u b e r t M a i e r h o f e r, C h r i s t i a n S c h r Ăś t e r, C . A . R . M . E . N

The biomass thermal power station of Pfaffenhofen is one of the biggest biomass incinerators in Bavaria and supplies sustainable heat and electricity for industry, the city and the district.

Germany

he first idea for a biomass heating plant at Pfaffenhofen was put forward in 1989 ; however, there were difficulties to start with. Then on the 10th of March, 1997 five locally resident businessmen created the "Biomasse Heizkraftwerk Pfaffenhofen GmbH" which eventually completed the project. The combined heat and power station was successfully put into operation in the

T The biomass power plant of Pfaffenhofen achieved better results than expected on the reduction of CO2 emissions.

A MODERN COMBINED HEAT AND POWER STATION The combined heat and power station Pfaffenhofen produces 26,7 megawatts (MW) of combustion heat in a biomass boiler and 10,5 and 21,0 MW of electrical energy and steam in two reserve boilers. Over a long-distance heating net the

Emissions of CO2 in Pfaffenhofen in tons per year

180.000 160.000 140.000 120.000 100.000

-32%

80.000 60.000 40.000 20.000 0 1990

1992

1994

1996

Objective of the reduction of CO2 emissions in Germany until 2005: -25% compared to the rate of 1990 (calculation for Pfaffenhofen).

summer of 2001. The power plant supplies annually 40 000 megawatt hours (MWh) of electric energy into the network of the regional energy supplier. The heat energy is taken by about 150 private, commercial and municipal customers. About 12 kilometres of pipe line were built for it.

WOOD ENERGY NÂ°6 < JULY 2002 > 38

1998

2000 CO2-emissions in Pfaffenhofen.

waste heat is transported to the customers where it is used for the heating and air conditioning of residential and office buildings. The biomass boiler is a steam boiler with gravity circulation. The water is not circulated by a pump, but it rises by heating during steam gen-

eration. The boiler was designed using self-supporting construction with membrane walls of a very low construction height. The heating surfaces contain only a comparatively low quantity of water making fast starts possible. Thus an even temp e r a t u re i s re a c h e d b y w h i c h unwanted heat stresses which can cause cracks, are avoided. The boiler is fitted with a watercooled, obliquely placed moving grate This is connected hydraulically to the steam boiler, so that also the grate heat can be used for steam energy generation. Moreover, the grate cooling prevents overheating of the grate bars. The wood chips are drop fed into the burner. By optimising the air supply and periodic grate agitation a complete combustion and low emissions are achieved. The two reserve boilers of the fire tube type with dual fuel burners are operated with natural gas and guarantee energy supply in case of a failure of the wood boiler and also cover peak demand. Besides, the boilers are used in combination so that the burner heat output does not exceed 50 MW in total. If natural gas should not be available, the reserve boilers can be heated with light fuel oil (HEL). These reserve steam generators are suitable for operation without constant supervision (TRD 604). For safety reasons, the power plant was designed so that no more than two boilers can be operated at the same time. The hot parts of the plant equipment, for example the boiler walls, water and steam pipes or flue gas channels were insulated and are covered with sheet metal. The exterior of the boiler is insulated with mineral wool, which is fastened in layers with steel attachments and galvanised wire to the walls. The flue gas condensation equipment makes possible an increase in the energy capture, as the condensation heat of the steam is recovered. Among other things, in this way it is largely possible to remove steam from the chimney plume, something which is often felt by

ETA ENERGIEBERATUNG

COGENERATION LARGE SCALE

neighbouring inhabitants to be unpleasant. In addition, an extremely efficient dust separation is achieved in combination with the application of an electrostatic filter. The flue gas condensation takes place mainly in winter. Possibly any remaining residual heat in the condensate can be used for heating the boiler buildings or the administration buildings. The combustion air is warmed up with an air pre-heater thus extracting the remaining heat from the waste gas.

A 6,1 MW ELECTRIC POWER The steam produced in the boiler has a temperature of about 450 °C and flows at a pressure of 60 bar into the condensing turbine. The mechanical energy produced by the steam is converted in the high pressure part of the turbine by the generator, which produces a maximum output of 6,1 MW of electrical energy. Part of the steam is taken from the turbine as process steam, another part to the production of hot water. The generator feeds its output through an electrical transformer into the power plant switchgear. The connection to the high voltage network takes place through delivery switchgear with two feed switches, the plant’s own usage can be supplied by two transformers of 1 600 kVA. A process control system visualises, supervises and optimises operations with automatic controls and makes possible the evaluation of the power plant and its operation.

The biomass combined heat and power plant of Pfaffenhofen represents a saving of 24 million litres of heavy oil, equivalent to 65 000 tons of CO2.

DISTRICT HEATING NETWORK THAT SUPPLIES 150 CLIENTS The hot water net is fed with a constant input temperature of 130 °C. The return flow temperature can,

depending on the load situation, come down to a temperature of 110 °C. The separate customers are supplied through district heating compact stations. The heat distribution is transmitted, in this connection, through

Technical specifications for the biomass boiler Heat input : 26,75 MW Fuel consumption : 10,620 kg / h Boiler performance : 23,3 MW steam output : 62/450 bar /°C steam mass flow : 30 t/h Air mass flow : 12,67 kg / s Combustion wet gas mass flow : 16,15 kg / s Waste gas loss : 2,2 MW Boiler efficiency : 87,2 % Technical specifications of the turbine arrangement Turbine performance : 6,045 kW Generator rated power : 7 560 kVA Generator voltage : 6,4 kV Power factor : 0,8 Turbine rotating speed : 11 300 rpm Generator rotation speed : 1 500 rpm

Investment

The whole investment amounts to 33.313.222 Euros (65.155.000 DM). Capitalisation amounted to 29.864.558 Euros (58.410.000 DM). This includes an assistance of 14.334.988 Euros (28.036.800 DM) from a grant of 48 % by the free state of Bavaria and the Federal State. Expenses : plant technology 17.261.213 Euros (33.760.000 DM) Combined heat and power station 3.563.704 Euros (6.970.000 DM) Remote steam and district heating network 5.767.372 Euros (11.280.000 DM) Planning expenses 3.272.268 Euros (6.400.000 DM) Property and fees 1.862.125 Euros (3.642.000 DM) Construction interest rates 1.586.539 Euros (3.103.000 DM) Total sum 33.313.222 Euros (65.155.000 DM)

WOOD ENERGY N°6 < JULY 2002 > 39

be used with the help of the ﬂue gas condensation equipment. It is fed into its own distribution network with an input heat temperature of approximately 75-85 °C and can thus supply the Central heating water and warm water to the customers. In addition, a water condenser removes waste heat from the turbine steam for the production of low temperature heat. Buildings are supplied with process steam through a remote steam network. An electric fast steam generator serves as spare capacity and as a peak load boiler. 3

750 M OF WOOD CHIPS BURNT EVERY DAY For firing the boiler exclusively untreated wood is used in the form of forest processed chips and sawmill waste wood. Half of the plant’s needs are covered from regional agriculture and forestry, the other half from wood manufacturing and wood processing enterprises. The plant has been designed for forest fresh wood chips and sawmill waste wood with a moisture content up to 45 per cent. On the site of the heat and power station a reception hall was built for the delivery and storage of the fuel.

WOOD ENERGY N°6 < JULY 2002 > 40

About 10.500 cubic meters of fuel can be stored in it, an amount which is sufficient for approximately four to five days of operation. Delivery takes place with tipping containers, which have a capacity of about 38,5 cubic meters. The material is placed on one of two walking floors, which are installed running through the whole fuel storage. Into this channel the fuel is unloaded directly. As soon as the capacity of the walking floor is reached, the wood chips are transported into the storage room. Then outside normal delivery times the walking floors are supplied by a crane arrangement from the warehouse. Approximately 750 bulk cubic meters fuel are needed daily. Augers, installed below the delivery end of the walking floors, take care of the even movement of the right amount of fuel to the chain-scraper conveyors. After that, the fuel is transported to the holding silo of the biomass burner. To prevent burn back in case of fire, between the fuel warehouse and boiler house in the area of the chainscraper conveyors, there is a wedge slide gate valve, which prevents not propagation of flames or smoke. In addition, the heat and power station is equipped with a smoke detector centre, to which the circuits of the fire alarm detectors from the whole power plant are connected, and the centre indicates to the personnel where fire or smoke has appeared. Forwarding of alarms from this centre is also possible to the local fire brigade or police. The fire box of the biomass boiler is sized generously to guarantee complete combustion. Also the heat exchange surfaces of the combustion chamber are large enough to

ETA ENERGIEBERATUNG

CARMEN

Since its opening in 2001, the biomass power plant of Pfaffenhofen has brought about a important decrease of the pollution in the city.

remote monitoring in the control room. From the control room, the separate heat delivery stations of the buyers are controlled which guarantees an optimised operation of the district heating net and the customer's plant. The care of buildings with air conditioning takes place through an absorption cooler which is connected in the hot water supply. Also medium temperature heat can

ETA ENERGIEBERATUNG

COGENERATION LARGE SCALE

The boiler burns non commercial wood as wood chips and saw mill waste.

guarantee that the flue gas temperature is low enough before the superheater that adhesion of the fly ash is avoided. The waste products are ashes : coarse, medium and fine ash as well as cinder. The unburnable fraction from the burner are delivered through a wet-collection system under the burner into a container. Before the economiser a coarse cyclone was installed to reduce the dust loading on the economiser substantially. In addition the flue gas of the biomass burner are de-dusted by means of a high-efficiency filter arrangement. The coarse ash and medium ash can be used in agriculture and forestry as a fertilizer, because they contain, apart from nitrogen, all the main and trace element nutrients necessary for plant growth. The rest of the ash (fine ash) gets removed in the filters. It is not usable and is disposed of appropriately.

The storage hall can receive 10 500 m3 of wood chips. Everyday, 750 m3 are burnt.

COGENERATION LARGE SCALE

The operator of the power plant is the company Biomasse Heizkraftwerk Pfaffenhofen GmbH, which was created in 1997 by five businessmen from Pfaffenhofen. The main customer of the heat and power station is the Hipp company in addition some other industrial and workshops, municipal plants like Ilmtalklinik, the town hall, the District Office and different schools in Pfaffenhofen and more than 100 private heat energy customers who are supplied with district heating. The cooling output is applied to the air conditioning of office buildings and as process cooling for the Müllerbräu brewer y. Moreover, the normal e m i s s i on v a l u es i n B i oma sse Heizkraftwerk Pfaffenhofen are clearly reduced by the high-efficiency flue gas cleaning systems.

be produced to be more than 90 per cent CO2-neutral. An enormous contribution to the protection of the climate is thereby performed. Approximately 24 million litres of heating oil can be saved annually by the company of the combined heat and power station Pfaffenhofen thus avoiding 65 000 metric tons of carbon dioxide (See ﬁgure 1).

ETA ENERGIEBERATUNG

OPERATOR AND CUSTOMER

FOR MORE INFORMATION : Biomasse Heizkraftwerk Pfaffenhofen GmbH Raiffeisenstr. 19 85276 Pfaffenhofen Germany Contact person : Mr Bauer Tel. : +49 8441 498 490 Fax : +49 8441 498 499

Thanks to a turbine of more than 6 MW, 40 000 MWh of green electricity are supplied to the network each year.

THE CONTRIBUTION TO THE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION If fossil sources of energy are replaced with biomass, electricity and heat can

WOOD ENERGY N°6 < JULY 2002 > 41

STRATEGIES NATIONAL POLICIES

Annual assessment of the French wood energy plan Jean-Christophe Pouët, ADEME

In September 1999, we had presented you the development policy established for 1999-2006. Now it is time for the ﬁrst assessment.

ITEBE

this economic disaster that affected the forest sector. The collective sector and service industry have experienced then a real boom for the year 2000. On the other hand, the industry branch has undergone the repercussion of this event, the sawyers having chosen to invest mainly in stocking and in the production tools directly connected to sawing. Furthermore, in 2000, the collective and the tertiary sector experienced acceleration in the commitment to grants, in anticipation of the change of the municipal teams during the elections of 2001. They then underwent a delay of several months during which no decision or no activities was possible with the municipal teams. The same year, the difﬁculty of contractualisation between State and Region provoked a delay in this sector. However, the wood energy program pursued its development. More than 120 boiler rooms were installed, representing a consumption of some 23 000 TOE/ year (Ton Oil Equivalent, or 11 600 kWh).

FORECAST Faced with the current needs of the

ITEBE

France

2001

Wood chips in a silo.

THE FRENCH WOOD ENERGY PLAN IN BRIEF In 1994, the ADEME (Agence de l’Environnement et de la Maîtrise de l’Energie, “Environment and Energy Control Agency ”) creates the wood energy plan to support the development of this buoyant and ecological energy ﬁeld. 11 regions had then participated and 190 boiler rooms had been put into service, for an amount of more than 60 million euros of investment. In 1999, the revival of the of energy

WOOD ENERGY N°6 < JULY 2002 > 42

control policy allowed to negotiate a new, more ambitious program for the period 2000-2006, concerning from then on all the French regions. This program encourages the development of collective and industrial wood boiler rooms as well as the modernization of the conditions of use of wood energy on the domestic heater market. After the storms of December 1999, it was necessary to answer urgently and to supply sketches of solution to

STRATEGIES NATIONAL POLICIES 100

Number of boiler rooms

Source Ademe

90 Figure 1 : Evolution of the number of boiler rooms granted as part of the wood energy plan.

80 70 60 50

Collective boiler rooms Industrial boiler rooms

40 30 20 10 0 1994

1995

A boiler burning all types of chipped or shredded wood.

LÉZARD

dry wood market, the proportion of equipment of the sector of drying of broad-leaved trees is close to reaching its maximum. This sector passes gradually into a phase of renewal of equipment that will have an impact at the level of consumption : better performances engender a decline of consumption per unit. The market of the boiler (>1 MW) is estimated at less than 100 new boiler rooms in the next 4 years. The sector of conifer drying is a potentially more important market for the wood energy : 150 to 200 new boiler rooms are foreseen in the following 4 years. Technically, this drying is relatively mastered ; on the other hand, economically, the cost price seems difﬁcu l t t o p a s s on commercially.

1996

1997

1998

1999

An effort to lower the costs, and thus to lower the energy invoice, should be made. The market of the industrial boiler of low power (< 300 kW for joiner's workshops…) is signiﬁcant. For these installations, realized to warm workshops and dispose of manufacture residues, the limiting factor remains economic. The potential market of the collective and the tertiary sector is very significant. A complete and systematic promotion action is necessary to ensure its development, on one hand due to an intensiﬁcation of the animation of ground (people and tools) and on the other hand due to a promotion action

2000

2001

aimed at the elected members, the public administrators, the inﬂuencers and the press.

THE AXES OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE WOOD ENERGY PLAN To ensure the perpetuity of the wood energy program, its actors have to lean on a resource sufficient in quantity and in quality, reliable circuits and visibility on the evolution of markets and prices. They are thus the following three axes that are developed by the ADEME : -Resource : to value all forms of wood fuels, notably products deriving from forestry exploitation and from the pruning of trees (crushed wood and wood chips), the potential of which is insufﬁciently exploited. The wood chips can easily be mixed with industrial waste to form a competitive mixed fuel and the development of this market appears as a priority. -To strengthen and to make the ﬁeld of supply professional. In this spirit, the ADEME recommends to the operators leading wood boiler room projects to resort to one of the 35 existing specialized companies. -The legibility of the market : to clarify the conditions of development of the market, in terms of access and cost, by technical-economic studies led with all the actors of the field. These studies show that the threshold of competitiveness is less than 15 euros / MWh produced per boiler room, what pleads in the favor of mixed fuels (industry by-products / wood chips). A strong raise in demand is fore-

WOOD ENERGY N°6 < JULY 2002 > 43

STRATEGIES NATIONAL POLICIES

19% er Oth s / Mixed 7438

18% Waste wood 6781

13% Forest 4986 50% by-products es Wood proc sing 19477

Source Ademe

Figure 2 : The origin of wood in the new collective boiler rooms (in Ton Oil Equivalent) – assessment 1999-2001

Figure 3 : The origin of wood consumed in the new industrial boiler rooms (in Ton Oil Equivalent) – assessment 1999-2001

37% Waste wood 27754

61% by-products Wood processing 45701

Source Ademe

Others / Mixed 2% - 1370

Forest 0% - 22 seen, and in a context of price of petroleum superior to 25 $ / barrel, there is a risk of tension on the market in case of incapacity of the resource1 (by-products of transformation). As regards the resource in forests, the limits are economic. To assist the contracting authorities

in their feasibility studies, notably to help them to size well a network of wo o d h eat i ng , t h e A D E ME h as started, with AC Consultant, the development of a decision assistant software completed by a guide of technical, logistic, legal and ﬁnancial accompanying.

Study of the Arthur Andersen cabinet for the ADEME with la Fédération Nationale du Bois (National Union of Wood) on the evolution of needs in energy, available potential and perspectives of development of wood energy in the industries of the first and second transformation of wood.

80 Number of boiler rooms

Collective

Industry PHOTO ITEBE

70 60 50 40 30

10 0

Als ac e uit ain Au e ve rg n Bu e rg un dy Br iya nn Ch y am C pa gn ente eAr r de nn e Fr an Cors ch e- ica C Ile omt La e ng de ue do Fran cRo ce us sil lo Lim n ou sin So L ut or h, r th aine eP yre No nee s rd Lo we , Do ve r-N r or Up pe man r-N dy or m Th a eL n oir dy eR eg ion Po P ito icar udy So C ut h- hare ea ste ntes rn Fr Rh on anc e e, th eA lps

Figure 4 : Accumulated assessment of the wood energy plan 1999-2001

Source Ademe

WOOD ENERGY N°6 < JULY 2002 > 44

STRATEGIES NATIONAL POLICIES Table 1 : Collective boiler rooms, ﬁgures from 1999 to 2001

< 0,3 MW 0,3 à 1 MW 1 à 5 MW > 5 MW TOTAL

159 55 22 1 237

Accumulated power of the wood boiler rooms (MW) 17,7 27,7 43,9 17 106,3

Wood consumption (tep / year)

Total investment (ME incl. tax)

4038 5607 18437 10600 38682

16 22,6 22,2 10,7 71,6

In percentage

Total help (ME incl. tax)

3,6 4,3 4,7 0,8 13,4

23% 19% 21% 7% 19%

6,5 8,2 7,2 2,9 24,8

41% 36% 32% 27% 35%

Ademe help (ME incl. tax)

In percentage

Cost of the substituted Consumption MW (kE incl. ratio tax / MW) (tep / MW with regard to the total investment 228 202 420 624 364

904 816 506 629 674

Source Ademe

Power range

Number of boiler rooms

Table 2 : Industrial boiler rooms, ﬁgures from 1999 to 2001

< 0,3 MW 0,3 à 1 MW 1 à 5 MW > 5 MW TOTAL

Wood consumption (tep / year)

Total investment (ME incl. tax)

Ademe help (ME incl. tax)

In percentage

Total help (ME incl. tax)

In percentage

9,5 23,4 111,5 127,2 271,4

1480 4256 28449 40662 74847

3,3 5,5 17,1 22,1 48

0,5 0,8 1,9 0,8 3,9

15% 15% 11% 4% 8%

0,6 1 3,1 1,6 6,3

18% 18% 18% 7% 13%

68 42 50 7 167

WIDENING THE FIELD OF THE TECHNOLOGIES OF USE :

Dimension yourself your installation

The development of the market happens through the extension of the techniques of use. So, the ADEME leads with its partners evaluation and feasibility studies on several technological fields (pyrolysis / gasification field, cogeneration of heat and electricity from bio-mass, etc).

ADEME leaves at your disposal on its web site at the address : < www.ademe.fr/ collectivites/bois-energie/ pages/Bois-energie/ Chauff_Coll/outils1.htm > a software that can pre dimension a wood boiler with its heat network.

Cost of the substituted Consumption MW (kE incl. ratio tax / MW) (tep / MW with regard to the total investment 156 182 255 320 276

INFORMATION : ADEME 2, square La Fayette 49000 Angers web : www.ademe.fr

THE CYCLE OF LIFE OF A WOOD ENERGY PROJECT

Boiler of Morteau (Doubs) of 3 MW, with a consumption of 540 TOE of waste wood.

1 st contact

Delays

12 to 18 months

Participants

Activities, studies Debates, discussion

Life of an Ademe file

- Financing, animation, studies - Payment : 100 % - Putting in the operation portfolio

Decision to build Acceptance of work 12 to 18 months Inviting bids Deliberation - Financing, investing - Allocation and commitment - Payment : 15 %

12 to 18 months Planning permission Work and contracts - Payments during (50 %) and at the acceptance of work (25 %) - Settlement : +1 year 10 %

Source Ademe

Positive decision to launch an operation

347 235 153 174 177

Should there be a change of context … the delays are doubled !

WOOD ENERGY N°6 < JULY 2002 > 45

Source Ademe

Power range

Accumulated power of the wood boiler rooms (MW)

ITEBE

Number of boiler rooms

ENVIRONMENT ASHES

The recycling of wood ash in forests France and Sweden

Emil POPOVICI, Enrico BENETTO, Patrick ROUSSEAUX, INSA Lyon

The dispersal of wood ash on the ground of the forest of origin : a means of developing in a sustainable way the use of wood energy, which is still underexploited in France. THE FRENCH FORESTS, A RESOURCE FOR ENERGY

ITEBE

Figure 1 : Letting the branches dry some weeks in the forest avoids the losses of fertility.

France provides more than 20 % of the European production of primary energy from wood, which corresponds to about 10 million ton equivalent of petrol (TOE) a year. The advantages of the use of wood energy are very specific : it is a renewable resource, the balance of CO2 on the cycle of the life of wood is neutral, the emissions per MWh are generally lower than those of fossil fuels and the solid by-products of combustion (wood ash) can be utilized.

Using wood for producing energy does not endanger the immense French forest heritage (28 % of the total surface of France), which keeps increasing 30 000 hectares a year in a natural way and a big part of which is still underexploited. Also signiﬁcant quantities of by-products of the current forest industry, such as bark and sawdust, have yet to be utilized. The supplementary energy that can be reclaimed from these sources is thus estimated at more than 3 millions of TOE a year (that is 12 million tons of wood).

FOREST WOOD ASH : WASTE OR PRODUCT ? The mineral substances that remain after the combustion form the ash. In the case of wood, the ash content v ar y wi d el y f ro m 0 , 2 % t o 2 % according to the species and part of the tree. For example, it is four times higher in bark than in limbs. The proportion of mineral substances in wood ash varies according to the wood type, the woodland soil and the part of the boiler where they are gathered. On average, the composition of ashes is as follows : Ca (17 %), Si (7,6 %), K (4,2 %), Mg (1,9 %), Al (1,4 %), Mn (1,2 %), Fe (1 %), P (0,9 %), Na (0,7 %), S (0,5 %) and traces of heavy metals (0,5 %). The heavy metals have a concentration from 1,5 to 3 times higher in ﬂy ash (smoke) compared to ﬁrebox ash. Most of the nutrients accumulated by the tree during its growth, mainly the calcium, the potassium, the magnesium and the phosphor and in lesser measure other micro-nutriments, can be found in important concentrations in wood ashes. This is why, in France, most of the ashes stemming from boiler rooms which burn only forest wood are used by farmers who have contractual agreements with the producers of energy. These ashes, which otherwise would be disposed of, are given free to the farmers who use them as natural fertilizers and take care of the costs of transport and spreading.

IMPACT OF ASHES ON ECOSYSTEMS The impact of harvesting stem wood on the forest ecosystem is unimportant, even though it interrupts the cycle of decomposition of the wood that would transfer the nutrients accumulated by the trees back into the ground. When also branches and leaves are removed, the impact becomes more important because about 60 % of the phosphor, nitrogen and potassium are in these parts.

WOOD ENERGY N°6 < JULY 2002 > 46

HOW AND WHEN IS WHAT RECYCLED ? Mainly it comes to removing branches and other residues from the forests, where recycling ashes stemming from combustion, or contributing compensating nutrients, are possible. To support the growth of a new generation of trees optimally, the dispersal of nutrients contained in the ashes has to begin ﬁve years before the ﬁnal felling. The recycling cycle of bioashes stemming from combustion includes the collection, the treatment, the transport and the dispersal in the forest (figure 2). It can also be necessary to store ashes in intermediate warehouses between these main stages. In Sweden, for example, all these operations are strictly regulated to prevent the forming of ash leachate, by which most of the nutrients would be removed by rainwater and percolate to other land than that of the forest of origin. The recycled quantity is limited according to the quality of soil, the species of the wood extracted and the quantity of wood that will remain in the forest. The maximum quantity that can be recycled in the case of removal of the wood and all its residues is 3 tons per hectare during the time of growth of a tree (50 or 60 years). This quantity is limited to 2 tons in the case when trunks

and bark are removed. The recycled ashes must not be too solidified and agglomerated to facilitate the spreading and the slow dissolution over 5 to 25 years, and the concentration of nutrients and heavy metals is strictly regulated. The recycled ashes must be stabilized by adding water and then solidified. That is done by : - Auto-solidification, which includes mechanical grinding to the desired size, uniform dispersal on the ground, addition of water and compression ; - Granulation : in fixed installations of compressing or rolling and in the presence of water, this technique is the best adapted to small deposits of ashes and gives a product that presents a rather high dissolving time. To maximize the economic profitability of recycling, it is necessary to try to use equipment already existing on the spot, which require minimal adaptation, for example lorries with exchangeable bodies or tractors with spreading devices (figure 3). In isolated sites or sites having reduced accessibility, it is possible to use helicopters but costs are three times as high. The cost of disposing of waste has increased due to environmental pressures and to the tax on waste disposal. At the moment, the cost varies from 68 to 114 euros per ton, taxes included. On average, in Sweden the costs of recycling ashes in forests amount to 150 euros / ha, or from 50 to 75 euros for a ton.

In conclusion, considering the costs of stocking and the advantages for the forest and boiler site owners, this option seems more and more promising.

Figure 3 : For an economic dispersal of ashes, existing equipment is used.

CONTACT : Enrico Benetto, Emil Popovici EcoInnova sas Environment Park Via Livorno 60 10144 Torino Italy ebenetto@ecoinnova.it epopovici@ecoinnova.it www.ecoinnova.it

The ash recycling is a good example of industrial ecology because it is a closed circuit.

FROM " WOOD FUELS BASIC INFORMATION PACK ", JYVÄSKYLÄ2000

Nutrition losses become evident in the long term and the fertility of the forest ground can decrease noticeably. To avoid all this, during the harvest of conifer wood, the branches can be left to dry in the forest for a few weeks (figure 1). Needles will then fall and release most of the nutrients into the ground. However, in that case, the rate of biomass harvest decreases and the total cost can increase. Another solution to re-stabilize the balance of nutrients in the ground is the recycling of ashes arising from combustion of wood. In that case, all the nutrients taken from the forests during the harvest of the biomass (except for nitrogen and some other constituents that are lost in smoke) return to the ground and the cations Ca2+, Mg2+, K2+, with their alkaline character, help to decrease the acidity of the soil. Recycling can be considered a very good example of industrial ecology of wood energy because no substance external to the ecosystem or manmade contaminants are introduced.

ITEBE

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WOOD ENERGY N°6 < JULY 2002 > 47

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WOOD-FUEL NOW ! The cassette : 33 € (VAT incl.) A 18 min documentary explaining what is wood fuel from log to district heating. Examples are taken from Austria, France and Switzerland. This movie is available in English, French, and German. Edition 1999, VHS Pal. AUTOMATIC WOOD-FIRED HEATING The cassette : 33 € (VAT incl.) In 15 min, this film informs technicians, students and wood energy promoters about automatic wood-fired heating : wood supply, boilers, district heating and finally the latest devices and technological progresses. This movie is available in English, French and German. “WOOD-ENERGY TRAIL” FACTSHEETS

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A collection of technical factsheets showing the most representative cases of wood heating systems suited to forestry regions with continental climate (France and Switzerland). Set 1 : (In French Only) 10 fact sheets on installations which differ by type of wood fuel resources, their combustion technologies, their power, their brand, or contractor. Set 2 : (Available in French S2 and in English S2b) 10 fact sheets on large district heating systems and medium size boilers for the wood industry. Set 3 : (Available in English) 10 new fact sheets expanding the experience to wood fuel production and agricultural use of wood energy. Each series of factsheets : 3 € (VAT incl.)

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2002 DIRECTORY OF THE WOOD ENERGY PROFESSIONALS All contact information and description of wood energy professionals members of ITEBE. The directory : 5 € (VAT incl.)

PREVIOUS ISSUES OF THE WOOD ENERGY REVUE You have missed one of our issues? You can order it by completing the form or download it on our website < www.itebe.org >. N°1 : (Deu & Fra) The wood energy trail – gasification – industrial cogeneration – rotative grid BE1 furnace – issue : district heating – size design of a boiler. N°2 : (Deu & Fra)Forestry and wood energy – methods to chip small woods for energy purposes – issue : Finland, the wood country – the cold that comes from wood energy. BE2 N°3 : (Deu & Fra) Wood energy and district heating – wood energy from present to future – the cost of chipping small woods for energy purposes - Swiss and Austrian evaluation – improvement of boilers cost effectiveness – automatic wood heating control. (Only 50 pieces left) BE3 N°4 : (Deu & Fra) The wood heating market in France – the new wood log stoves – the wood pellets market in the USA – Cofiring of biomass in power plants – importance of hydraulics in district heating. Out of print, download from < www.itebe.org >. SPECIAL ISSUE 1 : (Eng & Fra) Wood gasifier just around the corner ? – Forest chips in Finland – Bois-Énergie 2000, a well timed trade-fair ! – A Finnish giant – Rankine organic cycle – BE HS1 District heating, an objective choice. N°5 : (Deu or Eng or Fra) Forest wood chips : Forenergy – The development of wood pellets in Europe – Quality assurance manual for solid wood fuels in Finland – Contracting – Quality label BE5 “Flamme verte” – Certification of wood boilers – Gasification: Tervola – CHP plant: Alhomens Kraft Issues 1 to 4 + Special issue: 5 € (VAT incl.) – Issue 5: 7,5 € (VAT incl.) Eng Keep informed of wood energy news. Now edited in English, French and German in different editions. Deu The four next issues : Europe 30 €, other countries 40 € (VAT incl.) Fra

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LE GRANULÉ DE BOIS This brochure, only available in French, was edited as an output of the European project “Recite” and presents the different reasons for choosing wood pellets for heating, pellet stoves and boilers and the pellet quality standard of the French Pellet Club. Published in 2002, in french only. This product is only sold in sets of 100 copies: 30 € (VAT incl.)

LA BÛCHE DE BOIS DENSIFIÉ This brochure was produced as an output of the European project “Recite” and presents the speciﬁcs of this compressed log fuel as well as the quality standard of the French Pellet Club. In french only. This product is only sold in sets of 100 copies: 30 € (VAT incl.) Sub-total (VAT incl.) Discount for Itebe members (-15 %)

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REVUE BE6-EN – 10/2002

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ITEBE's 2002 membership : Fill out your activity(ies) Jobs in forestry Wood craftsman Forest or wood-related association or institution Forestry consultants Forestry co-operative or group Logging/Timbering company Wood-working company Consultant forester Timber trader Pulp, paper and board industry supplier Woodland owner Sawmill/forestry contractor Wood transportation and logistics Others (describe) : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Wood fuel suppliers Wood briquette distributor Firewood distributor Wood pellet distributor Waste wood supplier Woodchip supplier Fire lighter manufacturer Wood powder manufacturer Torreﬁed wood producer Wood briquette manufacturer Firewood producer Wood pyrolisis fuel producer Charcoal producer Pellet manufacturer Others (describe) : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Services Insurance Planning ofﬁce Technical centre Analysis laboratory Test laboratory Certiﬁcation company Conformity assessment company Standards institution Wood-energy promotion organisation Research centre Education / training organisation Finance Others (describe) : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Installers Chimney builder or installer Heating system installers Heating engineers Ductwork installers Cooking stove installers Ceramic stove installers Chimney sweeps Others (describe) : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Manufacturer's trademark(s)

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WOOD ENERGY N°6 < JULY 2002 > 50

Equipment supplier

tick Manufacturer M or Distributor D Wood fuel production and supply equipment M D Harvesters & harvester heads M D Grinders M D Wheel loader & fork-lift trucks M D Log processors M D Conveyors and transfer systems M D Woodchippers M D Silo unloaders M D Bundling machines M D Splitters M D Charcoal ovens M D Grabs & buckets M D Timber cranes M D Storage building M D Packaging equipment and accessories M D Palletiser M D Small scale forestry equipment M D Tires & chains M D Travelling crane M D Forwarder & forest trailer M D Briquette press M D Pelletiser M D Road trailers and containers M D Farm trailer M D Log saw M D Storage silos M D Farm and timber tractors M D Road tractors & artics M D Timber winches and cables M D Screeners M D Chainsaws and chains M D Protective clothing & safety equipment M D Others (describe) : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Energy production equipment M D Open fireplaces M D Barbecue grills M D Log boilers M D Pellet boilers M D Automatic boilers M D Industrial boilers M D Cogeneration units M D Cooking stoves M D Cooking ovens M D Closed fireplaces and insert fireplaces M D Gasifiers M D Hot air workshop heaters M D Steam generators M D Log stoves M D Pellet stoves and inserts M D Ceramic stoves M D Fireplace stove fronts M D Others (describe) : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Energy production peripheral equipments M D Fireplace accessories M D Flue gas condensers M D Flue pipes M D Maintenance and cleaning M D Heating hydraulics M D Measurement equipment M D Heat economisers M D Regulation M D District heating pipes M D Flue gas cleaning systems M D coolant & condensate treatment M D Others (describe) : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Energy production components M D Alternator M D Automatic controls M D Fire cement M D Fire bricks M D Iron and steel M D Cast iron M D Electrical supplies M D Ceramics M D Insulation material M D Electric motors M D Combustion engines M D Ornamental stonework M D Reduction gear M D Probes and sensors M D Others (describe) : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Wood energy users Wood energy district heating client Wood cooking oven user Wood gasifier user Wood fired hot air user Log stove user Pellet stove or insert user Log boiler user Pellet boiler user Automatic boiler user Log fireplace user Wood cogeneration unit user Wood cooking stove user Others (describe) : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Other players Energy associations or institutions Environment association or institution Building association or institution Business association or institution Associations or institutions (others) Natural products retailer Fuel retailer (except woodfuel) Pruner, landscape designer Building and public works entrepreneur Farmer Architects, project managers, prime contractors Private client Public works authority Private party Pizzeria, restaurant, baker Energy producer Hardware retailer, garden centre Others (describe) : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Media Radio Television Daily newspaper Weekly newspaper and magazine Monthly or bimonthly newspaper and magazine Quaterly newspaper and magazine Press agency Free lance journalist Internet newsletter Printed newsletter Press ofﬁce Web site / Webmaster Others (describe) : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

ITEBE INDEX OF THE COMPAGNIES QUOTED IN THE REVUE

INDEX

A.CONSULTANTS 12, Les Pinèdes Port Ripaille 74200 Thonon les Bains France +33 450 71 85 08 ADEME (AGENCE DE L’ENVIRONNEMENT ET DE MAÎTRISE DE L’ENERGIE) CENTRE D’ANGERS 2, square Lafayette BP 406 49004 Angers cedex 01 France +33 241 20 41 20 +33 241 87 23 50 www.ademe.fr

ADEME PARIS (AGENCE DE L’ENVIRONNEMENT ET DE MAÎTRISE DE L’ENERGIE) 27, rue Louis Vicat 75737 Paris cedex 15 France +33 147 652 000 +33 146 455 236 catherine.seguin@ademe.fr www.ademe.fr AEBIOM (ASSOCIATION EUROPÉENNE POUR LA BIOMASSE) Croix du Sud 2 - bte 11 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve Belgium +32 10 47 34 55 +32 10 47 34 55 jossart@ecop.ucl.ac.be www.ecop.ucl.ac.be/ aebiom/ AFICOR SA 1409 Chanéaz Switzerland +41 24 433 11 24 +41 24 433 17 10 http://aﬁcorsa.pagesjaunes.ch AGRESTE SCEES 251, rue de Vaugirard 75015 Paris France +33 149 55 85 85 AIRLESS PROCESS SYSTEMS LLP 28 Park Place LS1 2SP Leeds United Kingdom thomas.stubbing@ heat-win.co.uk

ALTER ALSACE ENERGIES 4, rue Foch 68460 Lutterbach France +33 389 50 06 20 +33 389 57 11 26 info@alteralsace.org

ARTHUR ANDERSEN www.andersen.com ATRECO SA 50, rue du président Wilson 24000 Périgueux France +33 553 27 32 80 +33 553 27 30 53 atreco@wanadoo CENTRE TECHNIQUE DU BOIS ET DE L’AMEUBLEMENT (CTBA) 10, avenue de Saint-Mandé 75012 Paris France +33 140 19 49 19 +33 143 40 85 65 courrier@ctba.fr www.ctba.fr

COMPAGNIE DE CHAUFFAGE 25, avenue de constantine BP 2606 38100 Grenoble cedex 02 France +33 476 33 23 60 +33 476 40 18 92 commercial@ cie-chauffage-grenoble.fr www.cie-chauffagegrenoble.fr CONTIM LTD. Väinönkatu 42 40100 Jyväskylä Finland +358 14 616 498 +358 14 616 152 contim@contim.ﬁ www.contim.ﬁ CRITT BOIS 27, rue du Merle Blanc 88051 Épinal France +33 329 81 11 70 +33 329 34 01 22 www.cribois.net

EUROFES c/o European Parliament Rue Belliard 97-113, RMA 217 1047 Bruxelles Belgium +32 22 84 57 71 +32 22 84 97 71 http://erg.ucd.ie/eres/ eufores.html

HEAT-WIN LIMITED Spout House, Bitterley Ludlow SY8 3HQ Shropshire United Kingdom +44 158 489 0827 +44 158 489 0808 heat-win@cwcom.net www.dryersairless. mcmail.com

FÉDÉRATION NATIONALE DU BOIS 6, rue François Ier 75008 Paris France +33 156 69 52 00 +33 156 69 52 09 infos@fnbois.com www.fnbois.com

HERZ – FEUERUNGSTECHNIK GMBH Sebersdorf 138 8272 Sebersdorf Austria +43 333 32 411-0 +433 333 24 117-3 ofﬁce@herz.feuerung.com www.feuerung.com

FIBOIS ARDÈCHE DRÔME 220, rue Louis Saillant 26800 Portes les Valence France +33 475 57 98 35 +33 475 57 98 36 www.ﬁbois.com

FORTUM CORPORATION ECOINNOVA SAS, ENVIRONMENT PARK Keilaniemi CERAMIC DRYING P.O.Box 1 via Livorno 60 SYSTEMS LTD. 00048 Fortum 10144 Torino United Kingdom Finland Italy +44 1782 336 666 ebenetto@ecoinnova.it +358 10 451 1 +44 1782 599 279 epopovici@ecoinnova.it +358 10 452 4798 thomas.stubbing@ communications@ www.ecoinnova.it fortum.com heat-win.co.uk www.ceramicdrying.co.uk EDF (ELECTRICITÉ DE www.fortum.com FRANCE) FOSTER WHEELER www.edf.fr CIMAJ Shinﬁeld Park 295, route de Launaguet ENERGY AGENCY OF Reading 31200 Toulouse Berkshire RG2 9FW KARLSRUHE France United Kingdom Griesbach Str. 10 +33 534 40 86 68 +44 1189 131 234 76185 Karlsruhe +33 534 40 69 50 +44 1189 132 333 Germany Cimaj@wanadoo.fr www.fwc.com +49 7219 847 10 www.cimaj.com CNIM 35, rue de Bassano 75008 Paris France +33 144 31 11 00 +33 144 31 11 30 info@cnim.fr www.cnim.fr

CNR (NATIONAL COUNCIL FOR RESEARCH) Piazzale Aldo Moro, 7 00185 Rome Italy +39 0649 931 ALKAEST CONSEIL 68, avenue Paul Doumer +39 0644 619 54 92500 Rueil-Malmaison urp@urp.cnr.it www.cnr.it France +33 147 16 77 95 +33 147 16 77 96 marketing@alkaest.com www.alkaest.com

ENERGY PRODUCTS OF IDAHO 4006 Industrial Avenue Idaho 83815-8928 Cœur d’Alene USA +1 208 765 1611 +1 208 765 0503 epi@energyproducts.com www.energyproducts.com/ index.htm ESSENT ENERGIE PRODUCTIE BV PO Box 158 4930 AD Geertruidenberg Holland +31 11 3356 259 +31 113 352 361 andries.weststeijn@ essent.nl www.essent.nl

FRÖLING GMBH Hoffnungsthaler Str. 41 51491 Overath Germany +49 2204 720 280 +49 2204 720 219 info@froeling.de HARGASSNER GERMANY Hargassner GmbH 84359 Simbach Bachstraße 16 Germany +49 4377 235 274 +49 4377 235 274 5

HUET S.C Rue des Boussines 48 6960 Manhay Belgium +32 86 21 89 60 +32 86 21 89 61 INNOVATIVE THINKING, INC. 6481 Bellbrook Place OH 43085-2988 Worthington USA +1 614 846 6520 +1 614 846 6520 edlipinsk@sprynet.com INSA DE LYON 20, avenue Albert Einstein 69621 Villeurbanne Cedex France +334 72 43 83 83 +334 72 43 85 00 www.insa-lyon.fr ITEBE 28, boulevard Gambetta BP 149 39004 Lons le Saunier France +33 384 47 81 00 +33 384 47 81 19 info@itebe.org www.itebe.org

KOTIMAISET ENERGIAT LTD Lahdentie 231 41290 Kangashäkki Finland +358 40 065 3506 +358 14 216 128 info@kotimaisetenergiat.com www.kotimaisetenergiat.com

NORSKESKOGINDUSTRIER ASA Oksenøyveien 80 P.O. Box 329 1326 Lysaker Norway +47 67 59 90 00 +47 67 59 91 80 www.norskeskog.no

SERMET OY Lansengatan 14 Box 3044 60003 Norrköping Sweden +46 11 313 34 3 +46 11 31 33 46 info@sermet.se www.sermet.se

KVAERNER PULPING OY P.O. Box 109 33101 Tampere Finland +358 20 141 21 +358 20 141 2210 info.kpoy@kvaerner.com www.kvaerner.com

OFFICE NATIONAL DES FORÊTS (ONF) www.onf.fr

SWEDISH BIOENERGY ASSOCIATION (SVEBIO) Torsgatan 12 11123 Stockholm Sweden +46 8 441 70 80 +46 8 441 70 89 info@svebio.se www.svebio.se

LÉLY ENVIRONNEMENT 37, rue Pierre Sémard 38602 Fontaine cedex France +334 76 27 11 72 + 334 76 53 01 31 lely.environnement@ wanadoo.fr LHM HAKKURI OY Ylistönmäentie 26 40500 Jyväskylä Finland +358 40 065 6045 +358 14 216 128 info@lhmhakkuri.com www.lhmhakkuri.com LOHBERGER Landstrasse 19 5231 Schalchen Austria +437 742 52 111-20 +437 742 52 111-55 www.lohberger.com MAX BLANK GMBH Klaus Blank Strasse 1-3 91747 Westheim Germany +49 9082 10 01 +49 9082 20 02

MERRILL AIR ENGINEERS, INC 350 Preble Street Box 2379 ME 4106 South Portland JYVÄSKYLÄ SCIENCE USA +1 207 799 1223 PARK LTD +1 207 799 1074 P.O.Box 27 curry.don@verizon.net 40101 Jyväskylä Finland www.merrillengineering.com +358 14 445 1112 +358 14 445 1199 www.jsp.ﬁ

PANDIS GMBH Liebenauer Hauptstr. 154 Graz Austria +433 164 82 848 +43 316 482848 14 pandis@ping.at PROMILL - STOLZ SA 28410 Serville cedex France +33 237 38 91 93 +33 237 43 21 84 cgarnier@promillstolz.fr RECYCLED WASTE, HEMSCOTT PLC 2nd Floor Finsbury Tower 103-105 Bunhill Row EC1Y 8TY Londres United Kingdom +44 2074 960 055 +44 2078 471 716 CorporateCommunications@ Hemscott.co.uk www.hemscott.net RÉGION ALSACE 35, avenue de la Paix BP 1006 67070 Strasbourg Cedex France +33 388 15 68 67 +33 388 15 68 15 contact@cr-alsace.fr www.cr-alsace.fr RÉGION RHÔNE ALPES 78 route de Paris BP 19 69751 Charbonnièresles-Bains Cedex France +33 472 59 40 00 +33 472 59 42 18 www.cr-rhone-alpes.fr

TRANSNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY LLC 3447 Pipa Place HI 96822-1221 Honolulu USA +1 808 741 7502 www.techtp.com VAPO OY P.O.Box 22 40101 Jyväskylä Finland +358 14 623 623 +358 14 623 5601 info@vapo.ﬁ www.vapo.com WÄRTSILÄ FINLAND OY Arabianranta 6 00560 Helsinki Finland +358 10 709 0000 +358 09 726 2680 biopower@wartsila.com www.wartsila.com WHEELABRATOR ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS INC., WESTERN REGIONAL OFFICE 20811 Industry Road P.O. Box 7000 CA 96007-7000 Anderson USA +1 530 365 9172 +1 530 365 2035

SB THERMIQUE Au Combiau 38460 Dizimieu France +33 474 90 43 08 +33 474 90 49 96 www.sbthermique.com

WOOD ENERGY N°6 < JULY 2002 > 51