The adventures of Ben-Hur and Padilha in outer space
Episode 2: The Light Cone of the Future of the stars Reverse Sight Theory Seeking another explanation for the Universe
By: J.R. Silva Bittencourt
While our friends rest on Mars, some events unfold in the frozen and quiet space without any warning.
Our friends Ben-Hur and Padilha are summoned to come back as soon as possible to mother spaceship, waiting in the orbit of Mars, in view of recent events on Earth.
"And now, what am I going to do with these guys?"
In reporting the events to the crew and to the cosmoturists, the ship’s commander showed himself calm and restrained, as the situation demands... -Help! It’s the end of the world! Save yourself as much as you can! (where’s my mother?)
After the stress, a plan of action was elaborated, whose purpose would be to save time until the conditions of habitability of the planet Earth recovered naturally. At speeds near light, time is more slow for those on board. The plan was to sail in the solar system for some years, returning periodically to Mars for refueling...
-What a stupid plan!
Padilha: -I need to do something in meantime, or I’ll go crazy... Ben-Hur: -I suggest deepening our discussion over the Reverse Sight Theory, at least an hour a day. Padilha: -It was just all what I needed...
AKSOT
Ben-Hur: -Before we arrived at Mars you alluded intentionally or not to the dependence we all have on our own memory, in suggesting that antigravity does not exist because ‘it can’t be remembered’... Padilha: -That’s what came to my mind at that moment.
Ben-Hur: -That’s exactly what happens in pratice: for us there is only what can be remembered, even if there are a multitude of other things that we do not remember. In the diagram below, let’s try to visualize the path to be percur by the photons emitted by the galaxy. Remember that we can not guarantee the existence of real movement before the arrived of the information. This will only become possible when the Earth enters the ‘light cone of the future of the event’...
Stationay state (information retained in the future)
Photons (quanta or light packets)
Padilha: -If the observer depends on the light packet to see the galaxy, it would be a decisive factor to know in what place of space this package would have formed, because, thus, we would have notion of the time that would be necessary to complete the process of the quantization of light. Ben-Hur:-It has already been said: -There’s not any lapse of time, at least, that can be measured. The quantum is delivered ready to the observer. This is one of the greatest mysteries of nature...
Padilha: -Can you explain better? Ben-Hur: -The question of the existence of a universe with two dimensions and virtually static in the future (or before the scattering of the photons) results, as we can see, from our inability to measure the time in that interval of space that precedes the arrived of light. What we usually do is measure the time values with delay (in the past) projecting them, at last, towards the light source... We see the light sources with the appearance they had in the past...
KA
S TO
Ben-Hur: -Bittencourt reminds us that the momentum of scattering of photons would coincide with the beginning of the formulation of the observer’s ‘points of view’, and his ability to measure time. Before that, there is nothing that can be remembered. Padilha: -For him, then, would the package be completed in the position of the observer and not in the position of the galaxy? Ben-Hur: -Yes. When this happens, the observer ‘remembers’ the galaxy with the appearance it had in the past. Galaxy (real and invisible) waves
Photons
Before
During scattering
After
Ben-Hur: -As it is an information that, even being there, can not be accessed directly before the luminous package spreads on the Earth, we are obliged to separate light (that carries the information) from the very space that predisposed its manifestation in the position of the observer. When space confuses itself with the information the universe, prior to scattering, remains virtually static and with two dimensions... Width
Length
Padilha:-Then all laws related to movement and time cease to be applicable, at least ‘until’ the information is provided. It would be incorrect to say, for example, that a star would emit light directly into space, and that this would be done in the form of moving waves. The very speed of light could have its existence discussed, at least we could look back and add the time to the other two dimensions of space...
KA
S TO
Ben-Hur: -You note that time, after the arrival of light, would be a key piece in the mechanism used by the observer to interact with the reality around him. When the light can be followed backward in time, the package (quantum) would have already spread in the observer’s position. As with Doppler, the speed of light (aproximately 300,000 km/s) would be a sort of ‘optical illusion’, involving only the observer’s point of view... The speed of light would be incubated here... ...but, it will manifest here Galaxy (real and invisible)
Photons
Before
Image Waves
During (spalling)
After
Padilha: -Before the information carried by starlight came to Earth, everything that depends on the measurability of time would virtually cease to exist... Ben-Hur: -I will cite only a few items which are include in this condition: the time in the future and gravity; the movement (of any kind) and the very curvature of space.
I’m getting nauseous...
Ben-Hur: -To support the thought that information would be the responsible for the virtually two-dimensional nature of space, up to the scattering of photons, Bittencourt cites excerpts from Stephen Hawking’s interpretation of the behavior of a distant light source. The quote below was taken from page 49 of the book ‘A Brief History of Time’ (brasilian edition)... length width light source
space ‘If a pulse of light is emitted at a certain time, from a certain point in space’...
...As time passes it will spread like a sphere of light, whose size and position are independent of the speed of the source...
space
source
Ben-Hur: -Despite the very strong circumstantial evidence, we can not directly assess the behavior of light from the moment it leaves the source until it comes to Earth. The word ‘time’ was underlined in the quotation, because it is an imaginary time... Padilha: -Then, the same can be said about space...
Ben-Hur: -The surface of a tank is two-dimensional, having only width and length. Stephen Hawking, in fact, would be describing the behavior of the light of the source, which would spread in the form of concentric circular waves. In this geometric description, space wouldn’t yet have received the addition of the time as being one of its dimensions.
stone
‘The sphere will behave like the ripples that spread on the surface of a tank, when a stone is thrown at it’.
-Bittencourt suggest that space does not communicate anything to us, at least in a direct way. Weird...
Ben-Hur: -Yes, it is weird, but justified. To communicate to the observer the events in which it be involved, space would depend directly on light (and all other forms of energy). Otherwise, there would be no uncertainty about the position or speed of the source. But, let us follow the text of S. Hawking with attention: circular ripples in expansion
3 seconds later
2 seconds later time 1 second later
space
The stone hits the surface of the water
‘If we think of the three-dimensional model, which consists of the two-dimensional surface of the tank and the one dimension of time, the expanding circular ripples will draw a cone whose tip is in the place and time when the stone struck the water’.
Obs.-The above graphic is on p. 52 from the book ‘A Brief History of Time’, brasilian version.
Ben-Hur: -You have noticed that when Hawking adds time to his model, the tank gains depth. Without the existence of a measurable time, as would happen until the supply of information related to the source, the surface of the tank would remain two-dimensional. Padilha: -You’re kidding! Does it mean that the depth of space would depend on time, not the other way around? The time can not be measured (directly) in source-observer sense.
Two-dimensional tank surface
Ben-Hur: -The formation of the information packet, involving the light of the galaxy, does not demand measurable time. However, the observer who makes use of this package has the clear feeling that the light would have been transitorily retained, before reaching him. This comes from the remote tracking of the light that, once scattered on Earth, shows a ďŹ xed and limited speed. At this moment, however, the arrow of time has already abandoned the future, and now points to the past of the celestial vault. Padilha: -The depth of space, which we see containing all the galaxies, is confused with the depth of the tank, in which the circular waves would overlap over time. This results from an assumption, for within the light cone of the event, time is imaginary (lays in the future)...
Ben-Hur: -Exactly. This ‘delay’ of the light would not have a real nature, but one supposed to be related to the formation of the cone of light of the future of the galaxy, which we’ll discuss in detail later. Before that, I wanted to quote an excerpt from the book ‘White Holes’, by John Gribbin. On p. 83 we can see, in a very clear way, how the imaginary time would influence the input of information, retaining the light temporarily...
Ben-Hur: -John Gribbin comments on some exaggerations commited by science fiction writers: ‘Larry Niven used the «fact» of an explosion of the galactic nucleus as the stage for many of his future stories, and in one of them (Ringworld) entire civilizations fled the galaxy in an attempt to escape the inevitable holocaust. This, of course, requires some pre-knowledge of the event, and if no signal can travel faster than light (as most interpretations of the nature of our universe imply) then not as knowing about the explosion, until its effects arrive’...
1
2
3
Ben-Hur: -Gribbin’s thought shows that we can’t track events that are in our future. This makes them not exist for us, since they can’t be remembered... Padilha: -When we raise our heads to the sky at night, the stars will always be there. This would be impossible if we did not already have a memory formed in relation to the stars, because we would not be able to evaluate them instantly...
-Look, who gave the faces...
Ben-Hur: -The problem of instantaneous observation seems to stem from the retention of time within the cone of light of the future of the events. A typical example is found in a diagram of p. 53, of the book already quoted ‘A Brief History of Time’. In it, S. Hawking addresses what would happen if our sun suddenly stopped shining...
Cone of light of the future
The death of the Sun does not immediately strike us because we are not in its cone of future light.
Event of the Sun’s death Time (minutes)
The Earth enters the cone of light of the future of the death of the Sun about eight minutes later.
Sun
Earth
Padilha: -Why do we get the clear impression that the light is coming from our past, or showing us the Sun (through an image) as it would be 8 minutes ago? Ben-Hur: -The sensory impression would be related to the imaginary time... Image of the Sun after 8 minutes Instant (snapshot) Force Normal setting
The Sun keeps shining continuous spreading
The death of the Sun (event invisible directly) light cone of the future (imaginary time)
before
Observer’s past
observer’s present
Force
there’s no traceable waves Does not exist (yet)
The death of the Sun (event invisible directly)
Image of the Sun after 8 minutes
Instant (snapshot) Force The Sun keeps shining Observer’s past
Event of the Sun’s death after 8 minutes
light cone of the future (imaginary time)
there’s no traceable waves
before
The Sun stops shining instantly Observer’s past
-Ben-Hur: -Physicists even consider the abstraction of the existence of an imaginary time, as would be the case of the 8-minute retention of the Sun’s light, within its cone of the future, but in pratice there’s only what can be measured directly... -Padilha: -I noticed, in the graphs just behind, that the imaginary time and the time that we can measure in the past are fusing in only one, making our evaluation of the whole seems to be instantaneous...
Ben-Hur: -Einstein summed up this paradox by asserting that our spacetime would be homogeneous and isotropic. That is, light does not depend on the direction in which it propagates. When we use any form of irradiation to follow the celestial bodies toward the past, we work with the false idea that the waves would be continuous. As there’s no measurable movement in imaginary time (future), this would ‘mix’ the ‘before’ and ‘after’ the arrivel of the information...
Padilha: -I do not understand how this became part of our physical reality... Ben-Hur: -See well. The awareness we have of the events taking place around us, rests on our memory. What is not remembered, does not exist. This implies the need of the constant presence of the information. One can not conceive, in pratice, the existence of supposed moments in which our consciousness would be interspersed with total absence of memory. With this, you appear to be instantly connected to distant events, through seemingly continuous waves. This problem relates exclusively to the observer’s point of view, having nothing to do with physical reality. Can you understand?
Padilha: -Yes. Imaginary time (future) does not exist for us, because there would be no measurable time, that the nature should reserve for the formation of the ‘package’ of information (quantum). However, remains the vague feeling that something is missing, something that our senses can’t capture directly...
Ben-Hur: -Bittencourt began to focus on the behavior of light and the exclusion between its wave or particle aspects, as soon as he became convinced that light and space would be totally independent of each other, at least when we refer to the point of view of the observer. Padilha: -The role of information, as the link that connects us with reality...
Some authors consider Jupiter ‘a star that did not work’...
Ben-Hur: -All forms of light and irradiation perform a cyclic movement, called ‘Simple Harmonic’ (MHS). Imagine a particle spinning around a center, in a circular and uniform motion. That is, with constant speed an acceleration. The projection of the shadow of this particle, on an axis that passes through the center, executes an MHS. This movement is totally different from the movement of the particle itself, as the projected shadow velocity varies over time. Projected on a graph, it will form a wave; the same form used by the light to propagate itself in the vacuum... Rotation sense
Time
Ben-Hur: -To illustrate the MHS, the most suitable form is the mass-spring assembly. A block is secured to a spring, wherein one of its ends is ďŹ xed. The force applied to the spring always has an opposite orientation to that of its stretching. The same happens when you let the spring relax... Spring resting
F = zero
Stretched spring: negative work F
Spring begins to relax: positive work F
Compressed spring: positive work
F
‘The force of a spring: The first chart shows a spring in its undisturbed state. That is, neither compressed nor stretched. If you stretch the spring by pulling the block to the right, the spring pulls the block to the left. It is said that strength is restorative. If we compress the spring by pushing the block to the left, the spring pushes the block to the right’. (Fundamentals of Physics 1 -H. Resnick, p. 121). Resting
Point zero
Stretches
Force’s negative work
Point zero
contraction
Force’s positive work
Padilha: -I still can not establish direct relations between the MHS of the light and our discussion about the universe... Ben-Hur: -The connection lies in the fact that you need of the scattering of the light, which carries information about the source, to know that this source exists...
Ben-Hur: -To understand better, let’s take a closer look at each of the diagrams below. They try to show the mechanism used by the observer, to interact with a distant galaxy... (A) Only the space
(B) space + light (E.M.R.)
(C) Condensation of the light (quantization)
(D)
Scattering of Photons Homogeneous and isotropic space Waves
Ben-Hur: -In the situation (A) we have the galaxy and Earth interconnected by space. This would be the situation of the universe ‘before’ the beginning of time. If this situation were transposed to our present moment, an observer on Earth couldn’t see the galaxy without the presence of the condensed light... Padilha: -It means that space alone could not communicate anything directly, needing a messenger. The messenger, in this case, is the light...
(A)
Space
Ben-Hur: -So that the galaxy could be sighted from Earth, the light needed to be quantified locally, until to form our ‘package’ of information. Padilha: -This would be a process of condensation which arises after the observer’s realization that this light, in true, was always present by his side, until the moment in which light could be noticed... Ben-Hur: -It would be impossible even to assert that the light, in a earlier moment, would have moved itself in space because, if this realy were happen, we couldn’t know in directly (in real time)...
(C)
Light condensation (quantization)
Ben-Hur: -The observer, after an earlier stage of condensation of light, comes to live with the continuous scattering of photons, which ultimately is what allows him to see the galaxy through his own image. That is to say, he comes to live with a continuous and ďŹ ctitious reality, which instantly shows him the entire celestial vault, albeit with the appearance it had in the past. Padilha: -Is it when the ďŹ gure of the electromagnetic waves appears, as being part of this new reality?
(D)
Scattering of the photons homogeneous and isotropic space Waves
Ben-Hur: -As far as is known, the waves do not exist until they can be followed in the direction of the past. This happens only after the scattering of the photons. Padilha: -Where does the MHS of light come in this context?
Ben-Hur: -Then. Bittencourt noted that, when it came to the accessibility of information, the behavior of space would be similar to that of a moving spring, in which the presence (or absence) of measurable time would be decisive for the observer’s point of view, since there is no movement out of time. Remember that a spring in motion, as would be the case with the elastic continuum of spacetime, would have only two phases. These phases would be mutually exclusive: the spring would be in the stretching or in the contraction phase, but the both phases would never appear at the same time... Padilha: -Yes, so what (?)
Stretched spring: negative work F
Spring starts to relax: positive work F
Ben-Hur: -It turns out that nature gives us ‘ready’ the package of information (quantum), related to the stars. That is, the formation of the package would not require time. The path to be traveled by light, from the stars to here on Earth can not be gauged, at least directly. Thus, the first phase of the MHS of the light (expansion/stretching) would become fictitious, since movement can’t be measured in absence of time... Padilha: -It’s starting to get complicated...
Ben-Hur: -But it’s not complicated. You see, the scientific community of our time assumes that after the big bang, the universe entered in continuous expansion. They also warn of the detail that during expansion, galaxies would not abandon their actual position in space. In fact, the increasing of the distance between the galaxies, faster and faster, is due to the ‘stretching’ of the space that shelters them... Padilha: -Interesting...
Ben-Hur: -Following the reasoning, the Theory of Relativity predicts that space and time, besides being elastic, would also be complementary to each other. The stretching of one would imply in the simultaneous contraction of the other, and viceversa. During the expansion of the universe, therefore, a ‘contraction’ of time would be expected... Padilha: -I got it. If time were so much contracted, the observer would be affected in his ‘point of view’... Ben-Hur: -However, the contraction of time could not be total, as this would hurt the ‘Principle of Uncertainty’...
Ben-Hur: -Now, I ask you: at what level of matter does time tend to contract to near zero, even if this limit is never reached? Padilha: -At the level of the atom and its subatomic particles... Energy levels
Increases the energy of the orbits
Core
Electron A photon is emitted with energy E = h.v
Ben-Hur: -The particles disappear from our vision, after certain levels of contraction of time. In fact, we never see a particle directly. What we see are the ‘quanta’ scattered by it which, in turn, disturb the position or velocity of the particle in an unavoidable way. The concept of instantaneous velocity tells us that ‘the movement only exists, when one can register the positions that the same particle occupies in more than one time’...
Padilha: -The thought that the universe would be currently in continuous expansion, would collide with this principle... Ben-Hur: -Yes. You can summarize the problem by saying that, if the expansion was happening in real time, we certainly would not remember of it, since time would have been in contraction in the last 13,5 billion years!
Padilha: -This thought is truly bombastic... Ben-Hur: -If the expansion of the universe has been retaining information for all those 13,5 billion years, and this is no longer the case, the big bang itself and the reversal in the direction of the arrow of time would have to be taking place in our present time, or could not be remembered. Below, we see the spring-stretching phase of the assembly that, in the case of space, would be able to retain the information. Fix
Stretched spring: Negative work Force
F Stretches
This phase would not exist for us, in the case of space, because it would be able to retain information.
Padilha: -As all this seems to involve our ability to remember of the events always outside their own time, having nothing to do with the present reality of the universe, the big bang could be informative and not necessarily an apocalyptic explosion. Ben-Hur: -It’s possible. If we pay attention to the ‘spring’ graph of space in its stretching phase, we will see that the elastic potential energy would tend to the maximum, while the velocity of the galaxies would tend to zero...
Padilha: It seems that we have a problem here, because it is accepted that the expansion is currently taking place in the presence of continuous acceleration of the movement of the galaxies... Ben-Hur: -Yes. For Bittencourt this would be a consequence of the retention of informations during the expansionary phase. As they would be available only after the scattering of the photons coming from the galaxies, the information would account for the expansion already in the second phase of the MHS of the light. That is, in the contraction phase of the space spring (making a correlation with the mass-spring).
Padilha: -One thing can not be denied, which is the ďŹ nding that we see the expansion outside of its own time. Like any photo, the celestial vault shows us a snapshot of the past... Ben-Hur: -I want you to look at the phases of the MHS, in the mass-spring ensemble below, and make an analogy with the performance of space...
Stretched spring: negative work F
Spring starts to relax: positive work F
Padilha: -I notice that the acceleration is a characteristic of the beginning of the phase of contraction of the spring. Given that stretching would amount to the result of a negative work of the force, like the one executed by space in the expansionary phase of the universe, should it not be accompanied by deceleration of the motion of galaxies? Ben-Hur: -Indeed. But, I wanted you to point out that in the case of space, both expansion and contraction would exist only as tendencies, which would have been suspended to inďŹ nity. This would be a consequence of the retention of time in one of these two phases (in the phase of expansion, to be more exact)...
Padilha: -Do you suggest that the two phases could be simultaneous and continuous, just because they would occur at different time? Ben-Hur: -As it would happen with a rubber blade that you stretched, and then let it relax freely. These two phases can’t be confronted, due a principle of exclusion. Whatever, in the case of the space one of these phases would cease to exist. The reason is that due to the retention of time in the expansion phase of the universe, the information, even being there, can’t be accessed directly or in real time. Looks like the expansion acts as a erasure of informations... The geometry of space being described through light (indirectly) Expansion
Erasure
F
Contraction (shows the expansion with delay) messenger
F
Ben-Hur: -Let’s now put our Sun in the place of the block and the observer at the fixed end of the mass-spring assembly... Padilha: -Why not do the opposite? Ben-Hur: -Good question. Simply because the observer is the only one between the two who can explain his point of view about time. At this stage, and when we’re speaking of space, the observer would not yet know over the existence of the Sun, due to the retention of time in the stretching phase (1st phase of the MHS of light). The space changes its geometry and nothing is communicated to the observer...
Invisible Sun
Stretched spring: Negative work
Ben-Hur: -The Sun is situated at an average distance of 150 million kilometers, relative to Earth. We would have no way of knowing over the existence of the Sun, if it did not send light and heat into space. This would have an immediate consequence: the space that separates us from the Sun would depend directly on a messenger, in this case the light representing all other forms of energy, to communicate the existence of our star...
Padilha: -If we agreed with the thesis that space can’t directly communicate to the observer any changes in its geometry (as would be the case with its own curvature), we would have to look more closely at the messenger that space would be using... Ben-Hur: -And, who knows, relativize its importance... and think that light only allows us to look back in time!
Ben-Hur: -It can be said, with some assurance, that the light of the Sun (and other stars) has always been on Earth, long before the emergence of intelligent life. The problem is to establish ‘when’ and under what conditions the light could ďŹ nally be registered on Earth, after we have appeared here. Under normal conditions the light is directly invisible...
Padilha: -I already know: the light, in before, would need to be ‘packaged’... Ben-Hur: -It has to assume some density, the shape of a cloud of particles (photons). This is called ‘quantizing the energy’. In fact, all measurable forms of energy are quantized...
Padilha: -Could one ask, in this case, where quantization would take place, in pratice: would the package form next to the Sun, in the path (space) that separates us from it, or in the position of the proper observer? Ben-Hur: -In order to answer, we will use a process of elimination: if the light were already quantized from the position of the Sun, we would not have an uncertainty in its position on the occasion of the scattering of the photons on Earth. It is also likely that the night sky would appear fully illuminated, because of the brightness of all other stars...
Invisible Sun
Stretched spring: negative work
Ben-Hur: -We can’t forget that there is no measurable time lapse that could be assigned to the quatization phase of light. If the scattering of the photons occured in the position of the observer, the counting of time should also begin there. The observer and the Sun are connected by light (radiation), but the star could not be seen ‘before’ the scattering. The space would assume the function of the spring of the conjunct, being at rest. That is, neither stretched nor contracted...
Light (E.M.R.)
Space
Invisible Sun
Ec = max Ep =zero v = max Block
Ben-Hur: -In the graphs below we see in (A) and (B) that light and space would be indistinct entities. Light would begin its separation from space in (C), with the beginning of the energy quantization phase in the position of the conscious observer. (A) Space
(B) Light (electromagnetic radiation)
Space
(C) Light condensation (quantization) Invisible galaxy Beginning of the stretching phase of the space spring (1st phase of the MHS) block
F
Stretches
-Ben-Hur: -If, on the other hand, the light were condensed along the space which separates us from the galaxies (and from the stars that form them), the space would be totally illuminated and we would not be here to know about that... Padilha: -We would disembark in the famous ‘Olber’s paradox’...
Would quantization happen in the space that separates us from the galaxy?
Light
Space
-Ben-Hur: -It’s well known that the entire phase of quantization of the energy, emitted by a distant galaxy, would not involve measurable time. Nature would give us the ready-made information package, which would materialize in our total dependence on the scattering of photons so that any particle could be sighted...
Padilha: -I noted that, if the observer would not remember what would happen in the space ‘before’ the scattering of light, due to lack of direct access to the future, the counting of time would begin thereafter, which seems to result in an inversion on the direction of the arrow of time... Ben-Hur: -Although the actual flow of time always points in the direction of the future, in pratice the future does not exist for us. Thus, all light seems to be coming from our past, ‘cause in the past lies all the things that we can remember...
Ben-Hur: -To page 73 of Eisberg’s book ‘Fundamentals of Modern Physics’, the graph below shows the collision of a quantum of energy (our light packet) and a stationary free electron, before and after of light scattering. Boethe and Geiger, in 1925, showed us that the scattered electron and the quantum that reaches it, appear simultaneously. Padilha: -Is there nothing separating them, like some measurable interval of time? Free electron
Before spreading
After spreading
Collision between a quantum and a free stationary electron
Ben-Hur: -No. So, see our difficulty. Locally, we perform the above experiment by sending a beam of light from a certain moment, which we could call T = zero. In the case of the distant galaxy one can’t define the time ‘before’ the scattering of the light beam. In both cases, the time of quantization does not exist, since the retreat of the electron and the scattering of the quantum are simultaneous...
Ben-Hur: -The sensation of the existence of a real time in the future (or before the scattering of light), which would be destined to the quantization phase of energy, was transposed into our space-time ‘reality’, by the reversion of the time arrow... (A) Space stretching (1st stage of MHS of light) Fictitious time (before, future)
T1
T=zero Quantization: The space curves itself
Invisible Sun (does not exist, but remains there)
(B) Relaxation of space (2nd stage of MHS of light) Real time (after, past time)
T=zero
Scattering (space loses curvature)
Visible Sun (by its image)
Padilha: -What is the pratical result of this way of thinking? Ben-Hur: -The main one is its influence on the sense of forces acting in space-time, as is the case of gravity. Normally, it’s accepted that gravity would increase ‘because a body of great mass, like our sun, would curl space directly’. We seen in the previous graph that the information at this stage could not be directly accessed, which could have leded us to a possible error of interpretation...
TOSKA
Ben-Hur: -Before the light was scattered, time would be so shrinked (because of the expansion or the stretching of space) that you couldn’t count on measurable movement into the light, as would be the case with waves. This would have forced us to live with continuous vision of the past, both replacing reality itself. The future, for us, would result from an image of the past reected in the mirror of time...
Image in mirror (imaginary time) Real time (after) Scattering (space loses curvature)
Reality in space-time
Real time (after) Scattering (space loses curvature)
visible Sun (by its image)
visible Sun (by its image) Extrapolation of concepts (not autorized)
Padilha: -Perhaps gravity is considered therefore a secondary force, or one that can’t be added to the other forces... Ben-Hur: -Gravity exists because there was already a predisposition in space for the attraction between bodies, generated in an earlier phase of the universe that doesn’t exist for us...
-Ben-Hur: - On the real plane of the universe we would ow in a timeless dimension, but in this case we coudn’t remember that. Thus, it seems that we are exiled in a dimension where the curvature of space would be confused with time itself...
The time and the curvature of space are intrincately related space
Time
Ben-Hur: -In the coarse representation below, we see that light from galaxies (A) and (B) would have already reached the observer (yellow arrows), but the galaxies can’t yet be seen in the night sky because the light would need pass, before that, by the phase of its own condensation (formation of the energy package or ‘quantum’)...
Light
Light
-Ben-Hur: -As we are assuming that the formation of the packet would begin at the position of the observer and would not involve measurable time, it is said that quantization would ‘simulate’ a curvature in space. The black arrows, below, show the direction of space stretching, while the red one shows that the force would point in the opposite direction. Remember that we are talking now about the behavior of light and not the behavior of space. That would be equivalent to the 1st phase of the MHS, executed by all forms of energy...
Space
Force (F)
Time
Ben-Hur: -The following chart shows the reality of the observer looking at the galaxies that emerge instantly, but with the appearance they had a millions years ago. Apparently, the direction of the time arrow is inverted... Padilha: -I note that the graph suggests that the observer ‘sees’ the expansion of space, where the force points back to the center, when that space would be already contracting (black arrows)...
Time in the past
Force (F)
Space Image of the galaxy (B)
Image of the galaxy (A)
Ben-Hur: -The only difference between the two graphs is the direction of the time arrow. The expansion and contraction of space would be mutually exclusive, for in the former, time does not exist, even if it is there. This suggests that both would have assumed the condition of being tendencies, which would have been suspended to infinity. Thus the uncertainty of the position of the particles would be preserved, and would justify the thought that, outside the measurability of time the universe would be stationary... Galaxy (A)
Galaxy (B)
Space
Force
The event’s cone of light of the future
Imaginary time (Future)
Observer Observer’s cone of light of the past
Time in the past
Force Space
Image of galaxy (B)
Image of galaxy (A)
Padilha: -When it comes to describing the negative work of space stretching through the light of the galaxies, the 1st phase of the MHS of cosmic radiation does not exist for us because, at this stage, light would be retained within the light cone of the future of stars, until its later scattering in the position of the observer... Ben-Hur: -As we have already said, there is no indication that space can communicate any future events, at least in a direct way...
Ben-Hur: -Removing from the graph the space stretching phase (1st phase of the MHS), where there would be an imaginary time in the future, the observer would remain looking directly at the past, living only with the second phase of the MHS, in which the spring would be relaxing and driving itself to the rest position. In the case of the universe that position will probably never be reached... Image of galaxy (B)
Image of galaxy (A) Space
Force (F)
Time in the past
Present time
Force (F) Space Image of galaxy (B)
Image of galaxy (A)
Ben-Hur: -Normally, astronomers consider that galaxies would move away from each other, with everincreasing velocities, ‘because space would be stretching in real time’. The graph below shows the expansion as an image of the past. By allowing the description of the previous stage (of expansion) throught the cosmic raditation, now said ‘from the bottom’, the contraction of space could be considered the true cause of the spacing between the stars. That is, the galaxies move away from each other, faster and faster, ‘because space would be relaxing (contracting) in the present time... Space
Force (F)
Time in the past
Present time
Force (F) Space
Padilha: -I can easily accept that the inflation (expansion) of the universe would be a snapshot of the past, since information propagates at the limited speed of light. However, it is difficult to consider this ‘mixing’ between the effects of antagonistic phases of the harmonic motion of light... Ben-Hur: -The support for the thesis is in considering that the information would be made available only in the 2nd phase of the MHS...
Ben-hur: -If were not for the information carried by the light, we would not know that there are galaxies in deep space. The curious thing is that the contraction of space seems to account for its own expansion late, and it (contraction phase) would be hidden during the scattering of light on Earth. The only force we can see acting directly in space-time in astronomical scale is gravity, which would thus assume a secondary nature...
TOSKA
Padilha: -I got it. Perhaps for this reason Bittencourt argues that, at least when it comes to information, the effects of the two phases of the MHS are mixing themselves in space-time... Ben-Hur: -So much so, that astronomers argue that inflation (by the stretching of space) would occur in the presence of continuous acceleration of movement... Padilha: -However, there would be no measurable movement during stretching (1st phase of MHS of light) due to the complementary contraction of time... (A) Space stretch (1st phase of MHS of the light) Imaginary time (before) T1
Quantization (simulation of a curvature in space)
T=zero
Invisible galaxy (does not exist, but remains there)
(B) Space relaxation (2nd phase MHS of light) ‘Real’ time (after)
T=zero Future
Waves Visible galaxy Scattering (space (by its image) loses curvature)
Padilha: -Wait there. Let’s take it easy, because a lot of information is rolling at the same time... Ben-Hur: -And time is the focus of all these questions. In our case, we could not keep a memory working ‘out’ of time. So, if inflation (by stretching of space) was occurring in real time, we could not remember it. In this case, the expansion phase of the universe would cease to exist for us, even if it were there...
Padilha: -Let’s review: the expansion phase of the universe should be accompanied by deceleration, or rather, with the predominance of potential energy over kinectics. It would be equivalent to stretching an elastic... Ben-Hur: -In terms of information retained in this act, we could say that the cited phase would predispose to the emergence of gravity as a restorative force of a positive nature...
The space and the mass-spring assembly block
Force
Stretches Space (Spring) 1st phase of the MHS of light: -Stretch of space (as a spring) -Contraction of time -Retention of information -The force is oriented in the opposite direction of stretching, performing a negative work.
Padilha: -That is, gravity appears suddenly in the 2nd phase of the MHS, when you let the ‘elastic’ of space relax freely... -Ben-Hur: -In the case of space, it is at this moment that the light ‘manifests’, during the scattering of the photons, the information that accounts for the previous stretching, mixing the effects of the two phases...
Padilha: -Imaginary ination taking place in the presence of real acceleration of the movement. I could not help noticing that if time contracts beyond certain limits in the space stretching phase, there will be no way to accompany the formation of the package of energy (quantum) emitted by a star. In this case, nature would deliver us this already complete package, which would be in accordance with the quantum theory of the photoelectric effect... Space Quantization
Force (F)
Time
Contraction of the time in the phase of stretching of the space: -If the information package condense into the position of the observer, not in the position of the source of light, the time retention in the process shows the imaginary time as an intrinsic movement, or that would be contained in the subatomic level of the particles.
Ben-Hur: -Similar to this we can quote several packages that we would see unfolded, instantly, in space-time. Among them would be the Doppler effect, the gravity and the speed of light... Padilha: -The speed of light??
Ben-Hur: -Yes. If the observer depends on the scattering of the emitted photons, to know about the existence of the galaxies, before that happens the light could have been in all other places of space (50% of the possibilities). That is, it can’t be said that the light have moved in the space that separates us from the stars, because one does not have direct access to that space. The speed of 300,000 km/s would be only a projection, a late ‘manifestation’ of the presence of light, now in continuous motion in the past...
Ben-Hur: -The speed of light is a ďŹ nding that occurs during the relativistic dilation of time (contraction of space), which would be described during the second phase of its harmonic motion, when the information would be made available to the observer. The previous phase of expansion sounds like a process of translation of reports, that demands an imaginary time. That is, the events that take place in the distant universe would only make sense out their own time...
-Ben-Hur: -The scattering of the photons in the position of the observer would reasonably replace the big bang event, and would place it at the subatomic level of matter. This concludes from the logic that, when space is stretched in the expansion phase, time would be contracted in a complementary way, even without ever reaching the ‘zero’ limit. Like a black hole, time would be captured in the process, and if the light did not escape in some way, we would have no knowledge of the expansion... Space is stretched
Space is stretched Contraction of time
(A) Formation of the light packet (quantization) Contraction of space
Contraction of space
Time dilates
(B) Scattering of light photons
-The galaxies are in both (A) and (B), but become visible only in (B), during the scattering of photons emitted by them.
* Specular: relativily to the mirror.
Padilha: -According to John Gribbin (Earlier-Before and After the Big Bang), the explosion of the universe from the big bang is exactly equivalent to a temporal inversion or specular image* of the gravitacional collapse of a body of mass to high, forming a black hole. Ben-Hur: -Such a black hole would be perfectly capable of withholding the time. Without time there would be no memory and expansion would cease to exist for us, simply because we could not remember it. If this does not happen in practice, it means that we would only measure expansion outside of its own time...
*Related to the mirror
Padilha: -How would you characterize this 13,5 billion-year delay, attributed to the big bang information contained in the cosmic background radiation, would be a kind of instant ‘materialization’ of an event from the earlier history of the universe? Ben-Hur: -Bittencourt uses as argument some evidences from the double-slit experience.
Ben-Hur: -The problem could be put in two steps. Einstein said, to the surprise of his colleagues, that light would use its particle-like appearance to move in a vacuum, not its wave aspect. Considering the harmonic motion performed by the light that carries information (not the ‘motion performed by space’), it would be equivalent to the 1st phase of the mass-spring assembly, that of stretching. In the case of vacuum it is not possible to predict the existence of real waves, since the retention of time in the expansionary phase would exclude the existence of measurable movement of any kind... Galaxy acting as light source
The particle aspect of the light in vacuum
Space
Padilha: -At this moment appears the problem of the condensation of the energy in the position of the observer. That is, no matter how long the light from the galaxy would have used to go through the vacuum, because, if we can’t measure it directly, the package would be delivered ready, sooner or later... Ben-Hur: -The ‘spring’ of space would begin to stretch (without direct register) in the position of the observer and not in the position of the galaxy, initiating the 1st phase of the MHS of the light... Galaxy acting as light source Particle appearance of light in vacuum
space + light The light of the galaxy has always been on Earth (from our point of view), from where it began to condense itself until forming the information package (quantum). Time would have been stuck in the process.
Padilha: -It sounds like as if the stretching is an intrinsic movement, that is, which is contained in the observer himself. Perhaps, having some involvement with the formation of his memory (?)... Ben-Hur: -That’s now when the double-slit experience comes in. We live with the sensory reality only ‘after’ the package spreads, or when the 2nd phase of the harmonic movement of light is in its full course...
Padilha: -In this 2nd phase, the spring of the conjunct would be already in its relaxing or contracting phase... Ben-Hur: -Yes. The problem is that to make any observation you have to interact with the system. We need to shed light in the direction of the object. The light is reected and the object is sighted indirectly...
? ?
-What? Is there a tennis ball in space?
Ben-Hur: -This changes ‘where’ the particle is, and ‘how’ it is moving. In the case of the double-slit experiment, a photon or an electron assumes a dualistic behavior. When we are observing, the electron is a particle and will pass through one of the holes only. When we are not looking it assumes the behavior of a wave, passing through the two holes ‘at the same time’...
Ben-Hur: -If Einstein was right when he said that light would use its aspect of particle to move in a vacuum, not the aspect of a wave, it would lead us to the reasoning that the physical reality, we are accostumed to living with, would be the product of the instant ‘materialization’ of events from the expansionary phase. This is due to the finding that time would have been ‘retained’ at that stage, by contraction, preventing the observer from following the true ‘journey’ performed by the light of stars through the vacuum. As already said, without the time one can’t measure movement of any kind...
Ben-Hur: -Se-The Einstein estivesse certo, quando afirPadilha: observer seems to be ableque toachange nature mou luz utilizariathe o seu aspectoofdesubatopartícula micse particles, theonda, case para deslocar noincluding vácuo, e nãoino de issoof photons... nos conduziria para o raciocínio de que a realidade Ben-Hur. Yes. Butacostumados the important thing física, com que estamos a conviver, for us is that, when we are not looking seria produto da ‘materialização’ instantânea de ethings are waves. In otherwise, they ventos oriundos da fase expansionária. Isso se deve are particles. As Einstein predicted ao achado de que o tempo teria ficado ‘retido’ naquethat photons of light used their parlaticle faseaspect por contração, impedindo que o observador to move in a vacuum, why pudesse a verdadeira ‘viagem’, do not acompanhar we see them ‘before’ the realizada pela luz através do vácuo. tempo, não se spreading? Does not Sem thatosound pode medir to movimento strange you? de qualquer espécie.
Padilha: -If the photons emitted by distant stars could be seen directly in their appearance of corpuscle, the night sky would be fully lit (Olber’s paradox)... Ben-Hur: -What would have happened before the starlight arrived on Earth, would materialize, instantly, after the spreading of light. The photon, in turn, would assume its wave aspect, and will only be there when we are not looking... Before scattering
Aspect of particle
The galaxy is here, but it’s invisible. ‘Future’
Packaging the photon
After scattering Space looses curvature (relax)
The space curves itself (stretches) Present
scattered photon
Aspect of wave
Negative projection
Aspect of particle
Visible instantly ‘Past’
Padilha: -It was not very clear. Explain yourself better. Ben-Hur: -Let’s see. Before the galaxy’s light scattering on Earth, there is nothing we can remember. There’s no time, so there’s no movement. Whithout measurable movement, there are no waves (nor particles). After the spreading and while we’re watching, the galaxy will be instantly seen in the night sky. Closing your eyes, the light will assume is wave behavior, yet pointing to the past.
Ben-Hur: -For Bittencourt and his RST, even if Einstein was right and the light used its particle aspect to move in a vacuum, we would not be able demonstrate it in pratice. Therefore, it may be suggested that time would be a kind of intrinsic movement. It would be virtually ‘contained’ in the observer himself, by a principle of exclusion of direct access to what would have ocurred, with the light, before its spreading on the Earth... (A) Space stretch (1st phase of MHS of light) Imaginary time (before)
T1
Invisible galaxy (does not exist, but remains there).
Aspect of corpuscle in formation Quantization (the space curves itself)
T = zero
Ben-Hur: -It might be suggested that there would have been a continuous ‘inversion’ in the arrow of the time in the position of the observer, due to the exclusion of direct access to the future, already mentioned. This involves important developments when one tries to assess the meaning of the measurable forces, that work in our physical reality in space-time. A new approach to force of gravity, for example, will be discussed in the next episode.