A New Type of Community Center: Bringing Food Access & Education to the People On the Far South Side of Chicago Master’s Thesis Project : Jacqueline Davis University of Oregon Portland 2014 Prof. Hajo Neis
Cover Photo: Kevin J. Hsia Photography. http://www.kevinhsia.com Bridgeport Stories – Chicago, IL. N E I G H B O R H O O D. [http://kevinhsia.blogspot.com/2013/04/bridgeport-stories-chicago-il.html] Retrieved: June 13, 2013
Table of Contents: Introduction ..........................................................................................1 Key Issues.........................................................................................2-4 History.............................................................................................5-10 Needs Assesment................................................................................11 Project Proposal..................................................................................12 Future Planning..............................................................................13-14 Project Language...........................................................................15-16 Precedents.....................................................................................17-22 Site Selection .....................................................................................23 Urban Analysis...............................................................................24-27 Site &Context ................................................................................28-29 Client .................................................................................................30 Building Program.................................................................................31 Works Consulted............................................................................32-34
Master’s Thesis Project Jacqueline Davis
INTRODUCTION Much of the attention to the South Side has been extremely negative, recently focusing on gang violence and school closings. But there is a larger picture and a much larger problem behind those immediate issues. The South Side of Chicago is one of the first spots of African American migration settlement from the South in the 1920’s. Because wealthier whites and ethnics were moving out of the city into the suburbs, more room was left in the crowded inner urban areas. However, practices of segregation did not subside even as the area grew and the Fair Housing Act was passed in 1968. Racial residential segregation concentrates poverty along racial lines. Many studies have been published by Health Organizations, World Corporations and independent University researchers on the correlation of poverty, poor health, lack of access to fresh food and lower education attainment. This area in the South Side has been trapped in this cycle of poverty from a deep seeded segregation. The World Health Organization “takes a holistic view of social determinants of health. The poor health of the poor, the social gradient in health within countries, and the marked health inequities between countries are caused by the unequal distribution of power, income, goods, and services, globally and nationally, the consequent unfairness in the immediate, visible circumstances of peoples’ lives – their access to health care, schools, and education, their conditions of work and leisure, their homes, communities, towns, or cities – and their chances of leading a flourishing life.” This is the very issue I wanted to address; first on an urban scale, improving their access to services, goods and jobs. Then, I would try to remedy some of the immediate deterioration of these main streets, Thecommunities, correlation and education systems. “One of the key characteristics of betweenis food these low-opportunity communities limitedaccess access to nutritious foods. Previous national and local studies have and diet-related health demonstrated a relationship between limited access to repeats healthy foods and abundantoutcomes access to poor food sources, which in turn can lead to adverse health outcomes such as itself in nearly every obesity, cancer, and cardiovascular disease” (JCEPS). The instance. lack of access to these healthy foods and lack of education about real nutrition is jointly accelerating the health problem.
Census Map by Race, Showing African American in Purple. Residential Segregation Still Persists in the 21st Century (Gang) Relative Access to Grocers and Fast Food in Chicago by Race
White
Hispanic
African-American
Asian
Grocer Fast Food
Food Access Disparities Among Races FIg. 2 from “Examining the Impact of Food Deserts on Public Health In Chicago.” Sponsored by LaSalle Bank (Mari Do Food Deserts Lead to health Risks? Gallagher ) The diabetes death rate for the most out-of-balance Chicago
KEY ISSUES: Education The U.S. Department of Agriculture classified 39 census tracts in Cook County as food deserts in 2010. In Chicago, these census tracts are located mainly in South Deering, West Pullman, Pullman, and New City, but there are also deserts in Woodlawn, Roseland, East Side, Riverdale, and Englewood. Educational attainment also is significantly correlated with food desert status (JCEPS). Recently, a spur of school closings has sparked up controversy in the city. Groups from cities like Detroit, New York, and Chicago got together to speak to the U.S. Dept of Education in Washington D.C. claiming that these targeted closures are a civil rights issue (Harris-Perry). The most recent cuts to the nation’s budget have been to education and the ones being affected by these cuts are the lower income, minority households. This inequity in both quality education and community resources is perpetuating the problems in these neighborhoods.
African Americans/minorities have the lowest medium income, most likely due to their lack of education attainment and job skill readiness. There is a perpetual cycle of low income families relying on the public schools to educate their children, and then failing to prepare those kids to exit the cycle of poverty.
SCHOOL CLOSING & INTEGRATION FOOD DESERT
Statistics on the demographics affected by school closures from the National Opportunity to Learn Campaign
Overlay of Food Desert Map from Mari Gallagher study and the“CPS Closings: Interactive Map with Affected Schools, Gang Lines” (Konkol). Shows the correlation of disadvantage in African American neighborhoods
KEY ISSUES: Food Access Map 12: Demographic Characteristics of Census Tracts of Co-Occurring Low Educational Attainment and Access to Chain Supermarkets, Cook County (2009)
As demonstrated in some of these maps, the inequality in food access is apparent. But the cause is not as certain but there is a term for it as recently revealed. “In the context of retail, grocery stores, and restaurants, redlining refers to the “spatially discriminatory practice” of not serving certain communities because of their ethnic or racial composition, rather than their economic prospects. It’s a newer phenomenon in part because there are more upper-income minority communities in America today. Households that can afford the same stores and restaurants as comparable white communities now want to know where the retailers are” (Badger). Larger chains and businesses who have corporate headquarters do not distinguish between upper-income and lower-income minorities; rather they just keep their outdated biases. This has become a civil right issues which has lead to lawsuits. In the case of Culver’s franchise owners, Michael L. Jones and Michael G. Wilbern, are accusing Culver’s of refusing to expand its brand into black communities because of racial bias (Mitchell). Hopefully, the lawsuit will shine some much-needed light on a situation. But it the meantime this practice is keeping healthy restaurants and grocers out of African American neighborhoods.
The Place Matters study published this map showing correlation of the educational When the relationship between education and access to chain the Most of the census tractslowest with low educational attainment attainment supermarkets is mapped, the result indicates that communities and andlowest low foodfood accessaccess are located in thedirectly southernassociated portion of being in which educational attainment predicts food access tend to with Cook County, which has a high concentration of minority the African American communities. This is a cluster together rather than disperse randomly. Areas of cocommunities. Using the Stevenson Expressway (I-55) visual of the retail redlining experienced in these occurring low educational attainment and low access to quality as a boundary, Figure 8 highlights the demographic and neighborhoods. food in Cook County are clustered together mainly south of socioeconomic disparity between north and south Cook the Stevenson Expressway (I-55). Map 12 depicts these areas in dark brown. Racial and ethnic demographics are superimposed on this map to provide information about the demographics of those tracts (see also Figure 8). The shaded census tracts indicate where low educational attainment and low access to chain supermarkets co-occur; the darker the color, the lower the level of either educational attainment or food access.
County. The area south of the expressway contains 86.2% of distressed tracts and a population that is 46.9% black. North of the expressway, an area that contains only 13.8% of the distressed tracts, more than half of the population is white and slightly less than one of every eight residents is black. The percentage of the population below 150% of the FPL is also higher south of the expressway compared to the north (28.1% to 22.6%, respectively).
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40659 JC text PREP.indd 26
Local Fast Food chains & convenience stores located on Halstead St.
Joint Center for PolitiCal and eConomiC StudieS
7/20/12 9:1
KEY ISSUES: Health & Prosperity
EXAMINING THE IMPACT OF FOOD DESER
Citywide Maps
The facts about the health of disadvantaged communities are stark. “People living in areas with high concentrations of poverty and unemployment had significantly shorter life expectancies than people living in areas with higher median incomes” (JCEPS). And health care services are much more limited for families with low incomes. As can be seen in this map (right) mere access, much less affordability is limited in these neighborhoods. Much is to be said about how diet and exercise can act as preventative measures for one’s health. However, since these people do not have access to nutritious food nor education on nutrition and preparing meals, then poor health through fast good and corner store snacks is all they are left. I want to revive the health and prosperity of this neighborhood by breaking the barriers of retail redlining, bringing in healthy food options, more attractive street fronts and safe places for play and exercise. We can mitigate the need for more healthcare access by increasing the focus on preventative and sustainable health measures through diet and exercise, we just have to show them a way so they can make it their own.
Chicago’s Highest Concentration Chicago Primary Care Clinics of Single Mothers with Children Under 18 as a Percentage of Total Population by Tract with the Food Desert Overlay
Citywide Maps Chicago Primary Care Clinics
Highest third concentration of single mothers Food Desert
Fig. 26
Mari Gallagher study of the populations most affected in the Food Deserts
Chicago’s Highest Concentration of Grandparents with Primary Responsibility for Children Under 18 as a Percentage of Total Population by Tract with the Food Desert Overlay
Chicago’s Highest Co of Disabled Ch as a Percentage of Tot by Tract with the Food
A Profile of Health and Health Resources within Chicago’s 77 Communities. N Feinberg School of Medicine, Center for Healthcare Equity/Institute for Healthcare Studi
What Typical American Families Eat in a Week (FStoppers)This map shows the distribution of Chicago’s 153 primary care clinics. The cl
following CDPH-designated categories: CDPH Center, school-based health c County health center, community-based health center (special populations) (general population). Highest third concentration of
Highest third concentr
Of all seven health system planning regions, the west hasdisabled children the most clinics. Th grandparents Food Desert Food Desert regions are theMap most sparsely populated with primary care Showing the Lack of Health Clinicsclinics. on the
Far South Side of ChicagoFig. Compared to Other 28
A Profile of Health and Health Resources within Chicago’s (http://chicagohealth77.org/) 77 Communities. Northwestern University Neighborhoods Feinberg School of Medicine, Center for Healthcare Equity/Institute for Healthcare Studies, 2011.
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This map shows the distribution of Chicago’s 153 primary care clinics. The clinics were grouped into one
HISTORY Chicago’s Metropolitan Growth Timeline with a focus on the far South Side *- Significant Historical Date > -Significant Date Relating to Thesis Study Area
1830- City grid laid out 1836- John M. Van Osdel named master builder 1837- Chicago officially founded >Peter Barton settled in Blue Island and laid out Vincennes Ave. to Chicago 1850- Chicago became major transportation hub, called the “Railed Road Capital” as one of the nation’s busiest rail and air centers 1867- >Lasalle &Vanburen Street Rail station built, connecting to Blue Island; Washington Heights Stop 1869- >Federal government appropriated money for improvements to the Calumet harbor, twelve miles southeast of the Loop >Morgan Park platted & designed to attract the emerging middle class -Melusina Fay Peirce, material feminist, devised a strategy to socialize housework under women’s control through neighborhood networks known as cooperative housekeeping. 1871- Washington Heights and Beverly shown as built up areas outside of the city limits >Halstead shown as a major street until 67th Ave. *October 9th Great Chicago Fire -City rebuilt swiftly after fire and residential development moved farther away from the business/commercial center of downtown -Legislation was created to regulate construction be built from brick and iron -Introduction of skyscrapers in downtown Chicago 1873-74- Built up area of the city increased; Number of lots in the city increased from 177,000-226,000 - Farm were converted into town lots >Morgan Park now has a train stop *Nationwide depression – Chicago still becomes nation’s “Second City” to NYC 1880’s- Increase in Immigrant population; Increase of apartments built along car lines in the inner city - Period of Southward drift of city’s elite 1881- >George Pullman created his famous railroad car manufacturing plant >He hired an architect Solon Spenser Beman and landscapist Nathan F. Barrett to design his ideal manufacturing town, a scheme to make labor more efficient and productive by providing an environment conducive to work 1883- 1,142 flats were built and a new kind of urban living was established with this rapid growth > MLK and Michigan were grand boulevards for the wealthy between 35th-51st >Industrial companies like South Works of the United States Steep Corps came to Calumet Harbor; a business center developed around the industrial complex with residential building beyond 1886- Charles Tyson Yerkes, a banker from Philadelphia, helped create one of the best street car systems in the world in Chicago and built over 250 miles of tracks 1887- Outer Belt Rail line completed to give access to cheap land for manufacturing outside the city
Blue Istand Ridge 1889 1888- Plans were made for an elevated rail line in the downtown 1889- *June 29- Largest annexation of townships in Chicago making it the second largest city in the country; Opportunity to grow their water, sewage, and power systems 1890’s- >Halstead grew as a major commercial center 1893- >South Side was area of greatest expansion at this time because of its excellent transportation >Beverly and Morgan Park became popular suburban settlements for the wealthy having the benefits of both access to the city and comfortable suburban lifestyle 1893- *Columbian Exposition held in Chicago- Grounds laid from Cottage Grove east to Lake Michigan and from 56th Street to 67th Street >Michigan Ave. & Cottage Grove both have electric cable car along their streets; commercial centers form around railway streets -Elevated rail lines stimulated economic growth
Electric Rail 111th & Michigan Ave, 1835
Map of Electric Rail on South Side, 1893
HISTORY Chicago’s Metropolitan Growth Timeline with a focus on the far South Side *- Significant Historical Date > -Significant Date Relating to Thesis Study Area
1895- >Jane Addams’ Hull House inspired over a hundred settlement housing projects in the immigrant slums; groups of city gardeners cultivated vacant lots; they created a child care center for children of employed mothers. She published Hull-House maps and Papers, a survey of the physical and economic conditions of the slums; it was a major research effort on the need for urban physical planning and social services 1900- Some of Chicago’s worst slums were populated at 900 people per acre and the tenement living conditions began having effects on people -Only about 9% of people living in slums owned their homes and half did not live in their present quarters more than two years -Life in these districts however focused on family and neighborhood more than the central city, providing shops to fulfil daily needs. Schools and churches became central focuses and saloons were banned for the propriety of the children 1906- The Merchants Club appointed a committee to appraise the physical conditions of the city and suggest how they can be improved. 1909- The famous Chicago Plan was created by principal designer David Burnham and Edward H. Bennett after three years of work. No other document at the time had as much influence on city planning in the United States or the world. -The residential shift of Chicago’s social elite to the North Side “Gold Coast” left South Side properties way undervalued. Old houses were split up into multi- family units. 1910- The Chicago Plan was quickly adopted by the city and became a guideline for official policy -Automobiles became a major form of transportation. Michigan Boulevard became known as “Automobile Row” spurring development of new multistory buildings with large street level showrooms -2% of the population in Chicago were Negroes , but the incoming population in the west and the south was increasing. “The center of black Chicago was at 35th & State st.” (Mayer) Negroes were the city’s most invisible inhabitants with segregation practices following them everywhere they moved. 1915- Four western regions were annexed into the city (1914> Morgan Park was annexed) 1916- Navy Pier was completed 1918- *WWI ended; Suburbs of Chicago began to fill up with the increase of the automobile 1919- *July 27th Race tensions on the South Side escalated into violence leaving deep wells of hate and bigotry in the ghettos. However, the ghettos continued to expand and fester. - Chicago population at 2,700,000 - Lake Front Ordinance prepared way for lakefront improvements and shoreline extensions 1920’s- The Chicago Zoning Commission reported more than twice as many Chicagoans lived in apartments than conventional homes -Over 100,000 detached bungalow homes went up in the next decade -Immense areas of land were open for settlement with the accessibility of the
automobile; the beginning of suburban development and flight >Vincennes Ave became the dividing line between black and white residents in MorganPark 1923- Within the city of Chicago, commercial construction followed the major grid section line streets, spaced every one mile and half mile. This ribbon development was officially encouraged by the Zoning Ordinance of 1923, where areas along main streets were reserved for commercial use. -Land values at the corners of major arterial intersections rose in sharp peaks which was reflected in the formed profile of the blocks. Those more expensive lots were normally owned by chains that could afford the high rent. 1929- Stock Market Crash/Great Depression 1930- Population 3,376,000 - >Major intersections in area of focus, heavily populated, even though miles from downtown: (63rd & Halstead), (63rd & Cottage Grove), & (Michigan& 111th) -Inner city residential neighborhoods became blighted, leading to lower income residents to occupy them leading to delinquency, vice and crime. 1933- Employment in the City’s industry had been cut in half; smaller banks shut their doors, and foreclosures increased five-fold. -Completion of Illinois Waterway, connecting Lockport and the Mississippi -Chicago’s Second World Fair- “A Century of Progress” 1934- The Federal Housing Administration (FHA) was created as part of the National Housing Act of 1934. The goals of this organization are to improve housing standards and conditions, provide an adequate home financing system. This helped to create over 5,000 units of public housing before the end of WWII. -Community of Roseland (Michigan & 111th), predominately Dutch & Swedish with a few Lithuanians, Polish, Italians, and some Negroes, grew 50% 1938 – Jane Addams Housing Project completed 1939- Land Use Survey published Master Plan of Residential Land Use in Chicago, which classified the city’s neighborhoods and made recommendations for future public policy toward them. -Transportation Planning reports outlined a system of superhighways radiating from downtown that could handle the increased demand 1939-1945- World War II – Chicago played a major role in mobilizing troops and producing war material 1940- >Most of Halstead St. south of 87th is reported vacant based on the Master Plan of Residential Land Use of Chicago, 1942; Most Land-Use at the time is designated Single Family 1941- Ida B. Wells Housing Project (between MLK and Cottage Grove on 39th st) opened to house 1,662 low income Negro families -Frances Cabrini Homes erected 586 units to replace 700, that were deemed unfit for living 1945- Chicago was responsible for a quarter of the national employment in production of radio and television sets -Midway Airport was handling 80,000 planes and 1,300,000 passengers annually > Major defining streets in area of focus are Western, Halstead and the Bishop Ford, around Lake Calumet with 95th Street (HW 20) and 127th Street running East-West 1950’s- Massive migration of black people from the farms of the South to Chicago; The
tradition of exclusion was deeply embedded in homeowners and real estate agents; Ever week three and a half blocks changed from white to black, spreading the ghetto into other parts of the city. 1955- Richard J. Daley elected Mayor of Chicago 1965- By this time over half of the city’s manufacturing employment had moved outside the city 1967- >Communing fields in Chicago Urban area reveals that of the people living in the area of study, 80% were commuting to Chicago for work - By this time the automobile had taken the forefront in commuting and expressways connecting the north-northwest (Edens-Kennedy) and south- southwest (Dan Ryan) were completed 1968- Civil Rights Marches and large scale rioting occurred on Chicago’s West Side 1970- Census revealed that for the first time over half the people living in the metropolitan region lived outside of the central city
Slums in Chicago 1930’s
Map Showing Negro Population in Area of Study
NEEDS ASSESSMENT NEEDS HUMAN Food. Community. Job Skills. Health ENVIRONMENTAL Improve perception of public transit. Water runoff management. Habitable, Safe Sidewalks CULTURE Foster Community Heritage. Educate Youth of Future possibilities. TECHNOLOGICAL Computer skills. Application skills. TIME Incremental sustainable development w/ extension of transit ECONOMICS Increase Local Economy. Maintain affordability for demographic. AESTHETICS To be familiar, approachable, local. Comfortable, inspiring. SAFETY Full community involvement. “Eyes on the Street.” Communication & Transparency.
GOALS
IDEAS
Strengthen community by empow- Create food awareness. Teach food growing. ering them with fresh food and Bring people together that might not normally opportunity to learn interact. Make small adjustments to make the commercial streets more walkable with greenery. Improve transit stops. Implement more sustainable wastewater management systems. Bring people together. Encourage intergenerational cooperation. Increase youth attendance in school.
Create attractive, sustainable transit stops. Integrate layers of green on street scapes. Introduce greenroofs and bioswales on commercial streets.
Upgrade user skills & access with learning center
Provide a technology learning and job resource center equipped with public computers and staff to help. Involve community members, and existing business stakeholders in the planning process.
Increase commercial density that is not out of scale with local community. Add to local economy with new businesses and food production. Create new jobs. Create a Welcoming. Safe. Warm. Encouraging. Inspiring community Center that fits into the local context. Work with community members, church groups, school representatives to create an active and aware community group to look out for the community center & garden.
Create spaces that showcase children’s worth and importance. Create flexible spaces for children and adults to learn.
Point out opportunity sites for new businesses. Provide a model for local economy with Growing Home. Create an approachable entrance. Keep in scale with the local scale and material palette. Provide fences for security of large site, but also eyes on the street with windows to the site & sidewalk to increase people’s awareness and decrease crime.
PROJECT PROPOSAL INCREASE ACCESS BOTH TO HEALTHY FOOD AND EDUCATION BY CREATING A COMMUNITY CENTER TIED TO A SKILL TRAINING COMMUNITY GARDEN THAT SERVICE THE NEIGHBORHOOD.
FUTURE PLANNING There are many plans and organizations working on the future Urban Development of Chicago. First the Chicago Metropolitan Agency for Planning (cmap), The Chicago Housing Authority (CHA), and Universities and neighborhood development commissions. Relating to this project are UIC’s Planning Department looking at the future potential of Halsted for the Far South Community Development Commission. GO TO 2040 is the comprehensive regional plan to help the seven counties and 284 communities plan together for sustainable prosperity through mid-century and beyond. GO TO 2040 calls for investment in existing communities and emphasizes development that is more compact and “livable.” By implementing GO TO 2040, residents will have more options for getting around, more options for housing, more jobs nearer to where they live, more parks and open space, more plentiful and cleaner water, healthier air, and better quality of life (cmap). Some of the goals outlined by the plan are: 30 Achieve Greater Livability through Land Use and Housing 34 Manage and Conserve Water and Energy Resources 40 Expand and Improve Parks and Open Space 46 Promote Sustainable Local Food 58 Improve Education and Workforce Development 62 Support Economic Innovation 88 Regional Mobility 96 Invest Strategically in Transportation 102 Increase Commitment to Public Transit
plan forward
Communities that Work
My project will align with all of the future 2040 goals and work to help plan and enhance the new addition of the Red Line Extension Stop that Is coming to the neighborhood.
UIC Planning Students (UPP 556, Zerin) Final Project Proposing Future Development of Halsted (www.farsouthcdc.org)
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The Chicago Transit Authority Accessibility from 111th St. Station (CTA) Red Line will be extended south Metra 5.5 miles toStations 130th Street, beyond where Proposed Red it currently ends atLine 95thStations Street. Currently the CTA’s mostExtension heavily used line, the Red Red Line Line isCTA nowRail 22 miles long, and access to it by bus is especially difficult south of Metra Rail 95th Street — the station whose ridership Interstates is higher than any outside of downtown Non-interstate expressway Chicago. The Red Line South Extension will Current streamline those accessible areas connections, significantly reducing the Newly accessible areasnumber of busto-rail transfers. One key component is an intermodal terminal and major park-andride lot at 130th Street, with intermediate stations at 103rd, 111th,and 115th Streets. (cmap)
PROJECT LANGUAGE 1.Transportation Sparking Urban Density 1.1 The extension of the elevated rail Red Line acts as the catalyst, extension point for the community’s redevelopment. 1.2 From this extension, new transit stops will be built that will prioritize public transportation, enhancing the association, making it welcoming, safe, healthy, and accepted. 1.3 The streets along these new transit corridors, Halstead & 111th St, will fill in with new businesses and developments, bringing business and jobs back to the community. 1.4 The corners will be most dense, ridding the neighborhood of car oriented, low-density, un-healthy establishments there now. 1.5 The connection to the historic areas of Pullman to the east and Morgan Park to the west of the communities will make for ease of tension between the neighborhoods and allow for more shared services and safe outdoor spaces. 1.6 The whole neighborhood will keep within the historic context of Chicago, in scale with clustered commercial street density along major corridors, while allowing for new sustainable building materials and adding green urban design features. 2. Major Corridors Improvements 1.1 The major corridor coming into the neighborhood (Halstead) will become a Boulevard again, beautified with cosmetic improvements from signage, to sidewalks, and trees. 1.2 A street car will be added once again to Halstead, reviving the history of the place while also accommodating for future density and ease of transportation to the new Red line stop. 1.3 The transit stops (bus, street car, and Metra rail) will be enhanced, celebrated, mproved, made to serve the community. 1.4 The streets will be activated and lively, creating a space for people of all ages to feel comfortable to go outside and enjoy their neighborhood. 1.5 Along 111th street there are three major intersections of three different scales, and they will be highlighted and celebrated appropriately for what they are. 1.6 The trailhead will be beautified with landscaping and made attractive and welcoming to encourage more use. 1.7 111th & Halstead will be redeveloped to accommodate the increase in healthy new businesses. 3. Street Life 1.1 Streets should accommodate layers of safety and noise for pedestrians on the sidewalk. 1.2 Storm Water treatment methods should be implemented where possible. 1.3 More green plantings should be added throughout the major corridor pedestrian experience. 1.4 On street parking should be clearly marked with proper curb separation from the sidewalk. 1.5 Room should be made in the farthest right lane for street car rails and appropriate t raffic lighting and signage should be added to accommodate it. 1.6 Street lights should be upgraded to LED lights and painted
4. Buildings along Major Corridors 1.1 Buildings in the Neighborhood should remain 4 stories or less, preferably two, but to accommodate increased density, four is allowed. 1.2 Along commercial streets, buildings shall have transparency and welcoming store fronts. 1.3 Buildings along major transit corridors will have healthy signage, highlighting their businesses. 1.4 New transit buildings should be accessible and welcoming, providing shelter from the weather. 1.5 Parking should be considered for new buildings, but not take up more than a third of the site. 1.6 Major intersections will allow for higher densities of 6 or 8 stories to allow for new types of mixed use- housing for students, elderly, and small families. 1.7 Buildings should be able to accommodate the varying weather swings of Chicago, harsh winters and hot summers. 1.8 Material choices, windows, and roofing should all be of quality and enduring for the building’s lifetime. 5. Community Networks 1.1 New businesses, buildings, and planting should be discussed and reviewed by community members. 1.2 Networks of parents, relatives, and neighbors should work to create sustainable, efficient means to tackle childcare, food, and other services in their neighborhood. 1.3 New restaurants coming into the neighborhood should consider healthy menu items, and whenever possible source locally grown food and cook in season 1.4 Schools should do more to involve the neighborhood and provide support for the children. 1.5 More job training and career resource centers should be implemented within the community. 1.6 Technology in schools and libraries should be upgraded to provide them with more tools to learn. 1.7 Early Childhood Education should be accessible to all mothers and families with children. 6. Urban Planting & Edible Gardens 1.1 A network of community gardens should be established throughout the South Side neighborhoods that are currently classified as food desserts. 1.2 Each community should take ownership of their community garden by maintaining and harvesting it. 1.3 Community gardens should allow for seasonal plants 1.4 Some covered green houses or hoop houses should be built to allow for protected growing 1.5 Also some buildings can provide indoor growing of plants and hydroponics 1.6 A method of supply and distribution should be set up within each community
PRECEDENTS- Lavezzorio Community Center SOS Children’s Villages, Chicago, IL - Studio Gang Architects
Studio Gang Architects located in Chicago participated in a pro-bono project to help build a new community center for the growing non-profit SOS. The project was set on a sliver of land between two train tracks donated by the city on the South Side of Chicago. The site is unique in that it does not follow the normal grid of Chicago and is undesirable for commercial development due to the proximity of the rail lines and lack of street access. I see this as relevant to my project, not only to the immediate locality of the sites, but also the “abandonment of the undesirable” by the city. There is much evidence of the neglect of the South Side of Chicago from financial powers at be. An extreme lack of investment has continued in the school system, real estate development, businesses and general public upkeep. The team talks about how the decision to use as many donated materials as possible led the design in a whole different direction than traditional architecture practice. Instead of prescribing materials and fixtures, the donated materials were forcing the team to be more flexible and adaptable in their design solutions. The exterior façade is the most visible statement about how these processes lead the design. The final finish material ended up being leftover concrete pours from around the city. The community center opens up its corners to its most prominent access points giving a positive public presence. The community housing development creates a central shared court within the leftover site. This topic brings up an important discussion about how projects like this are going to get funded and the importance of design thinking in not-for-profit projects. The innovative solutions to using the maximum amount of donated materials might not have been possible without creative lateral thinking. Also, what is the architecture of humanitarian, local projects such as these? SGA also talks about the role of non-profits, making up for the lack of resources and services from the government. The architecture that houses that sort of important work for the disadvantaged is usually of poor quality and little investment. This, as Kate Stohr co-founder of Architecture for Humanity said, not only cheats the people but robs the community of equity and future investment. This relates back to the auto catalyzing effect Michael Mehaffy spoke of where the worse gets worse without proper attention. We must begin to invest in the communities so they can both believe in their own power and self-worth
Interactive Stair
Children Learning Space
but also so they can stimulate the economy becoming more a more productive contribution to their cities. I think it is great that a high profile architect can bring such great attention to a need such as this. There is a need for more attention to these types of projects. I’ve noticed a movement of young people taking on this responsibility, as corporate life is no longer fulfilling or they are just dissatisfied with the way things are run. Many are taking things into their own hands with the knowledge they’ve gained in college or real life experience. While a community can do very much in their own power, they might need a larger outside knowledge of how to change things or take action. Whether it’s a lawyer or someone on the review board for the planning commission, we need to empower these people, and change the general outlook of them by the city.
Top left: Public Entry/View port to Community Left: Selection Matrix for Material Availability Top: Poured Concrete Facade Under Construction Studio Gang Architects. Reveal. Princeton Architectural Press, New York. 2011
PRECEDENTS- Artscape Woodward Barns Artist Community Space, Toronto, Ontario, Canada - DTAH Architects Artscape, a non-profit based developer, took on the Barns project with the City of Toronto to create a neighborhood arts and cultural center. The project adaptively reuses former streetcar storage and maintenance barns to enhance the local arts community and serve its residents. The more multidimensional, meaning more programs and partnerships that were invested in the project, the easier the project became to fund. “Sitting on 4.3 acres and surrounded by 127,000 sq. ft. of new city park, Artscape Wychwood Barns is now home to 26 artists and their families, 17 individual artists and 11 non-profit arts and environmental organizations (Wychwood).” The community was highly involved in the process of planning the vision. One of the main tenants is the stop, a community food center. It occupies the “Green Barn” with a greenhouse and sheltered garden. They offer programs that include community cooking, farmer’s markets, a food bank, after school programs, and sustainable food systems education (thestop). Their model is the “Community Food Centre Model which offers multi- faceted, integrated, responsive and prevention-focused programming in a shared space where food builds health, hope, skills and community (thestop).” “The Stop is helping to increase access to healthy food for low-income Canadians while proving that food can be a transformative force in communities (thestop).” I see this project and this tenant as an almost parallel model of the type of change I would like to make in my community. The buildings program was created out of an assemblage of existing community organizations and members which in turn became stakeholders. The aims of these non-profits seamlessly translated into the final building type it became, a sustainable, creative, community-oriented development. I believe Chicago is one (or two) steps behind this process. While school buildings are being shut down, new development is happening through the Chicago Housing Authority and Organizations exist, helping promote healthy, strong communities, like Chicago Family Health Center. There is a community center that I hoped to piggyback off of that was recently (June 2012) built just South of the area I was looking at. The center, located in West Pullman, on the far South Side, was funded by a donation from the late Joan Kroc to the Salvation Army. Their aim was to make an impact “in an economically disadvantaged community lacking resources, with a particular focus on preventing violence and revitalizing the community,” something the South Side desperately needs. While this new
“state of the art facility” is a wonderful resource for community members. It functions much like a YMCA, where individuals pay a membership and use it like a health club. This approach, though important and valid, seems very top down, where this expansive facility was inserted into a community, as its own entity, not very integrated at the local level. While it does have some partnerships with local CPS schools, offering supplemental classes/extracurriculars at the center, it doesn’t do much to tie into other local organizations. In reading Designing with an Asset-Based Approach in Expanding Architecture: Design As Activism, Voss makes the case that in community development, one must not focus on the problems or needs in a negative connotation, but rather the assets that the community already possesses, and play to their strengths. For a successful project, or redevelopment, the community members must be fully committed and invested in the change. This brings me back to the Artscape project, where all stakeholders in the project were community members. A blending of these two models as well as a smaller, more integrated scale is what this project needs. So, again, using the CoOp startup community garden nonprofit, with the backing of the Kroc Center, and the model of Artscape community center programming, I will begin to address the issues of: 1. Safety (gang violence) 2. Education (closing schools) 3. Youth Development (training/skills) 4. Health (food/nutrition) …within a small locally accessible, approachable design. The urban scope of the project will include the larger Washington Heights neighborhood, developing improvements that employ tactics from HUDS “Creating Defensible Spaces” research study. These will help to make the urban environment safer and restore ownership to its memberships. Suggestions on the streetscape and open spaces will also be addressed. I(mages by Broome & WBCA)
PRECEDENTS - GROWING HOME
Wood Street Urban Farm - 5814 S. Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60636 “Growing Home is the leading social enterprise focused on empowering people and communities with Chicago’s first USDA-Certified Organic, high-production urban farms. With farms in the Englewood and Back of the Yards neighborhoods, as well as the 10-acre Les Brown Memorial Farm in Marseilles, Illinois, Growing Home seeks to operate, promote, and demonstrate the use of organic agriculture as a vehicle for job training, employment, and community development (Growing Home).” Growing Home develops innovative agricultural initiatives with economic development potential, working in communities where [they] can make a positive difference. In 2011, Growing Home’s Wood Street Urban Farm grew and sold over 13,000 pounds of local, USDA Certified Organic produce, with over $45,000 in earned income. Growing Home sells its produce at the Green City Market, through a Community Supported Agriculture program, and to fine Chicago restaurants. Additionally, Growing Home holds a weekly farm stand for our neighbors in Englewood and provides programming on healthy cooking and nutrition to bring healthy options to this food desert (Growing Home). This sort of organization would be a great program to implement on the Halstead site. It combines the education and job training with health and food access. The program would stimulate the local economy and bring attention to health and nutrition issues for the neighborhood. Growing Home’s Employment Training staff design and teach the curriculum, taking into account employer feedback, graduates’ experiences at their jobs, and the real-world conditions of Chicago’s labor market. Production Associates set and achieve weekly goals aimed at preparing them to obtain and retain permanent & sustainable employment, including: -New or restored driver’s licenses -GED/accredited HS diploma instruction and testing -Criminal background repair -Childcare and transportation management -ServSafe Manager certification Classes train Production Associates to identify transferrable job skills in the workplace, effectively communicate in job interviews, problem-solve with an eye towards the employer’s perspective, and adapt to the sense of urgency expected at deadline-driven businesses (Growing Home).
Ariel view of Site
Wood Street Urban Farm in Englewood in Chicago
Some of the Wood Street Urban Farm Staff pictured witj Mayor Rahm Emanuel and Harry Rhodes, Executive Director of Growing Home and one of the leading advocates for urban agriculture in Chicago.
Street Side Garden at Wood Street Farm
Inside Hoop House
SITE SELECTION- Closing Schools West Pullman Elementary Marcus Garvey Elementary Kohn Elementary
<Map showing the neighborhood elementary schools being closed in the area, creating a great burden for parents and childcare (left) Map showing some key neighborhood players that could partner in the project (below)
CVCA
MORGAN PARK HIGH SCHOOL
COMMUNITY GARDEN
KROC COMMUNITY CENTER
URBAN ANALYSIS - 3 NEIGHBORHOODS The area of study is a unique intersection of neighborhoods, transit, and streets. The street Halsted itself has for a long time been a border, or boundary edge in the early development of the far South Side. The intersection of 111th & Halsted is the exact intersection of three well defined neighborhoods. Each has it’s own high school with strong community attachment. Each has it’s own set of parks, access to bus lines & rail lines. However, this intersection may have fallen by the way side with no one group to have strong ownership of it. As it stands now, Halsted is populated with fast food, currency exchange, a car shop and a strip retail area. This is hardly the density or the type of businesses that the neighborhoods need to support the 2040 plan. The Red Line extension is bound to promote more densities along these streets, and provide more amenities for the people traveling to them. Halsted was once a commercial main street focused around the first electric rail line. I would like to see it become that again once more, adding mixed income housing and allowing new jobs to stimulate the neighborhood, and a grocery store. This place, while seemingly ignored in Limbo, over shadowed by it’s Historic neighborhoods on either side, is actually a prime hot spot with access to both commuter rail, elevated rail, bus and expressway. There is no reason why this area could not reach it’s much fuller potential within the 2040 plan.
URBAN ANALYSIS - MAJOR INTERSECTION Halsted, already being set up as a commercial street, mostly zoned commercial, can see a future in building up and providing more services and businesses on the street. However, now on 111th St. Thereâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s this new opportunity to re-envision these major crossings. First there is the underutilized, under-maintained Major Taylor Trail. This is chance to get the community excited about going into nature and utilizing this natural amenity. The intersection of 111th & Halsted can be developed as a mixed use, transit-oriented area, with possibly 5 over 1, ground floor retail, mixed housing and more shared services. This could accommodate all of the young people wanting to move out of their parents house, or who are commuting to school at Chicago State or UIC. Then we have the new 111th St Red Line stop, which will have to be planned to accommodate a lot of use and a lot of traffic with turn arounds and drop offs. To the right you can see the different characters of each street. Halsted is a 4 lane, 2 way street with a planted median and street parking, some street trees, but not many. While 111th is a simple 2 lane mostly residential with light commercial and parking on either side with plenty of trees. This pedestrian experience feels a bit more safe and comfortable, while Halsted is very uncomfortable and noisy, seemingly not as safe with all of the fences and barricades on businesses. Buildings are predominantly one story, max two, with store frontage facing the street.
URBAN ANALYSIS - STREET CHARACTER
13’
30’
10’ Median
30’ Two Lane Street w/ Parking
13’ Sidewalk
Halsted Street
11’ Total
40’ Two Way Street w/ Parking
5’ Buffer
6’ Sidewalk
111th Street
URBAN ANALYSIS - STREET SCALE
300’
Halstead St.
The larger of the two vacant lots would host a similar program to the Growing Homes model, or an extension of the CoOp Operation. In which case, a planted community garden and series of indoor gardens would occupy the land, run by the non-profit. There the other, corner site would act as the main community center hub, with education and training spaces, acting as a resource for the people.
Stewart St.
The choice of the site stemmed from the need to be more ingrained in the community. I chose two empty lots right off of the 111th & Halstead intersection for their accessibility to transit, but more neighborhood feel. They are surrounded by local churches and businesses and could be more well eecieved for its scale that at a busy intersection.
Typical Block Size
625’
Site In Immediate Context
111th St.
Typical Block Dimensions
Street Section Diagram showing the block grid system broken down. This “major” commercial cooridor is flanked immediately on both sides by residential only seperated by an alley.
SITE Both the community center and the garden would have prominent street presence and access off of Halsted. It would become self advertising. This familiarity would make community members feel comfortable to approach the facilities and use them and learn. I would like them to have a positive, welcoming feel, promote learning and health. The scale should keep within the context but be anticipating future growth in the area. Beautifying the streetscape and urban planning will also help to make the street more habitable, so that this place can become a place to stay and interact and not just a destination.
Larger Site where the Garden would go is next to a daycare center.
2
1
Google Street View
EASTSIDE OF HALSTEAD ST. FROM 112TH GOING SOUTH
EASTSIDE OF HALSTEAD ST. FROM 111TH GOING SOUTH
WEST SIDE OF HALSTEAD ST. FROM 112TH GOING NORTH
WEST SIDE OF HALSTEAD ST. FROM 113TH GOING NORTH
SITE CONTEXT ELEVATIONS
CLIENT PARTNER- CoOpOperation â&#x20AC;&#x153;The Cooperation Operation (Coop Op) is a nonprofit community organization that transforms vacant urban land into sustainable gardens and spaces for educational and economic empowerment. Vision: We envision a world where all people have access to affordable healthy food, education, housing, employment, and critical social services.â&#x20AC;? A group of recent college graduates and social advocates from the neighborhood banded their backgrounds together to serve their community in Pullman, just East of the site. They are working along side groups like The University of Illinois Extension, Healthcare Consortium of Illinois, Friends of Pullman, Pullman Civic Organization, Historic Pullman Garden Club, Roseland-Pullman Urban Agriculture Network, Pullman Community Site, Mosnart, Roseland Community Development Corporation, Pullman Youth Group to integrate this project into the community.
http://coopop.org/
BUILDING PROGRAM -COMMUNITY CENTER (PUBLIC) -OFFICE FOR NON-PROFIT (PRIVATE) -EDUCATION SPACES (PUBLIC->FACILITATED) -YOUTH FOOD PREP, COOKING, JOB TRAINING -COUNCELING RESOURCE CENTER -COMMUNITY KITCHEN (PRIVATE) -FOOD SHARING/MEAL DELIVERY -COMMUNITY GARDEN (PUBLIC->FACILITATED) -FARMERS MARKET DISTRIBUTION AREA (PRIVATE) -PLAYGROUND/BASKETBALL COURT (PUBLIC)
EDUCATION
GARDEN
COMMUNITY KITCHEN MARKET REC COMMUNITY CENTER
NON PROFIT
RESIDENTS SCHOOLS NEW BUSINESSES COMMUNITY
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