Class of 2021_LUCAS, DD by jacques_23

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“Design can be a powerful tool for good.” -Mariam Kamara

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Thanks and appreciation to all the people who made this thesis a reality. This would not have been possible without your support and inspiration on this journey. Professor Amira Osman, my supervisor, deserves my gratitude. Without her passion, encouragement, support and input, this thesis would not have achieved its full potential. A special thanks to my family for their unconditional love, motivation, and guidance. I will be eternally grateful to my parents, Dirk and Antoinette, who made my studies possible. I love you. Finally, I would like to acknowledge and thank the NRF for providing me with the financial support to complete my Master’s Degree in Architecture, as well as their ongoing support on this path.

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FRAMEWORK OF OPPORTUNITY: THE DESIGN OF A COMMUNITY FABRIC TO REJUVENATE A HUMAN SETTLEMENT IN PIENAARSPOORT, GAUTENG Submitted by Dian Dirk Lucas Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE: (MArch) Department of Architecture and Industrial Design

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT TSHWANE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

Supervisor: Prof. Amira Osman

2021

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DECLARATION I, Dian Dirk Lucas, hereby declare that this mini-dissertation, which I hereby submit for the degree of Master of Architecture Professional (structured) at the Tshwane University of Technology, is my own, original work, and it has not been submitted by me or any other person (s) for a degree or any other tertiary institution. I understand what plagiarism entails and I am aware of the Tshwane University of Technology’s policy in this regard. Where someone else’s work was used, it was acknowledged, and reference was made according to TUT requirements. Furthermore, I declare that this mini-dissertation is my own work. I also declare that this project will rely on secondary sources and knowledge available in the public domain. Observations based on data collection will not infringe on vulnerable groups or individuals.

Dian Dirk Lucas

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FIG 1: Pienaarspoort site boundary (Author, 2021)

ABSTRACT This dissertation investigates how an alternative framework for human settlements can create opportunity (economic, spatial and recreational) in a human settlement. It will focus on housing and the creation of a self-sufficient community by rethinking the master plan and introducing interventions such as self-build and cooperation. The alternative framework and housing will support the basic needs, commerce and housing needs of the community. Lessons learned from traditional African architecture could enhance informal settlements. Exploring the rich history of traditional houses found in Africa could be the basis to plan and develop new settlement typologies. Social cohesion influences the quality of peoples’ life’s as it promotes greater growth and productivity, tolerance and improves social support measures. John Turner’s self-help and freedom to build theory will play an essential part in the theoretical analysis of the research and inform the design intervention. The dissertation takes a mixed-methods approach to research. It is characterised as a mixture of quantitative and qualitative research methodologies, to achieve a better understanding of the research problem by combining the two approaches. Qualitative approach would be predominantly used as it refers to gathered information primarily through observation. Its goal is to understand connections found in social life and would be the best approach focusing on communities. The aim is a vibrant self-sufficient community where the occupant is responsible for their own better living. Creating a sustainable environment, economically as well as spatially to improve the daily lives of people in human settlements.

Keywords: Housing, Community, Opportunity, Social Cohesion

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The whole is greater than the sum of its parts

FIG 2: Concept diagram of community exploration (Author, 2021)

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INTRODUCING THE CONCEPT “Holistic” - Holistic Architecture refers to the use of the built environment to treat the whole person. “Mutualism” - Describes the interaction between two or more species where each species has a net benefit. “Holistic Mutualism” - The process where the relationship to the surroundings is the contributing elements that benefit one another. The whole is greater than the sum of its parts.

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INTRODUCTION

PREFACE Acknowledgment Declaration Abstract Index

1.1 1.2 1.2.1 1.2.2 1.3 1.4 1.4.1 1.4.2 1.4.3 1.5

The Current Situation The Problem Statement General Issue Urban Issue Contribution Objective Main Research Question Sub Research Questions Delimitations The Methodology

URBANISATION AND HUMAN SETTLEMENTS 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.4.1 2.4.2 2.4.3 2.5 2.6

Global Context Urbanisation Trends and Benefits Economic Employment Urbanisation housing in South Africa Introduction Government Housing Programs Site Service Schemes Informality and Backyard Shacks Literature Review

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AFRICAN INFLUENCE INTRODUCING THE SITE 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9

Site Location Population Growth Identifying the Local Context Humann Settlements Density & Layout Immediate Context Site Photos Review Context History Current Urban Planning

URBAN VISION 4.1 4.2 4.2.1 4.2.2 4.3

Developing a New Framework Human Settlement Rejuvenation Existing Housing Program Proposed Program Opportunities for Occupants

5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.5.1 5.5.2 5.5.3 5.5.4 5.6 5.7 5.8

Introduction Background and History Vernacular Architecture Finding Patterns A Pattern Language Background Brief History of the Four Typologies Similarities found in the examples Findings New patterns Conclusion Experimenting with patterns

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OPPORTUNITY IN PLASTIC AS BUILDING MATERIAL 6.1 Current Plastic Situation 6.2 Plastic Production in South Africa 6.3 Plastic Waste in Landfills 6.4 The Urban Prospector 6.5 Plastic Recycling and Innovation 6.6 Plastic as building Materials 6.6.1 Plastic Repurposing Process 6.6.2 Plastic Recycling Schemes 6.6.2.1 Precious plastic 6.7.1 Plastic Products Brick 6.7.2 Plastic Product Tiles 6.9 Developing a Component

7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4

PRECEDENTS

K206 Housing Quinta Monroy Housing Belapur Housing Nelson Boateng House

9.1 9.2

ANALYSIS & CONTEXT 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 8.8

Site Location and Transport Site Surroundings Site General Aspects Site History Development Figure Ground Map Site and Surrounding Functions Circulation Primary Nodes and Flow

10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.7 10.8 10.9

CONCEPT & DEVELOPMENT Concept Development

DESIGN RESOLUTION Human Settlement Birdseye view of Block Organic Structure Ground Floor Plan First Floor Plan Walkup Ground Floor Plan Typologies Section Renders

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APPENDIX

TECHNICAL RESOLUTION 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 11.6 11.7 11.8

12.1 12.2

Site Information Ground floor plans First floor plan Roof plan Section A-A and Details Edge detail and Details Elevation and Details Section B-B and Details

CONCLUSION

Dissertation Conclusion Personal Acknowledgment

Exhibition

A1.1 A1.2

Exhibition Wall On the day photos

Speech

A2.1

Presentation speech

Streetscape

A3.1

Green Barrier and Seating

Precedents

A2.1

Rohihilahla Settlement

13.1 13.2

References and List of Figures References List of figures

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CHAPTER INTRODUCTION

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The aim of this chapter is to establish the basis for the research towards the development of a new framework for Pienaarspoort. The Current Situation The Problem Statement General Issue Urban Issue Contribution Objective Main Research Question Sub Research Questions Delimitations The Methodology

1.1 1.2 1.2.1 1.2.2 1.3 1.4 1.4.1 1.4.2 1.4.3 1.5

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THE CURRENT SITUATION

South Africa is rapidly urbanising, with 63 percent of the population already living in cities, and statistics predicting that this number will rise to 71 percent by 2030 (Nel, 2018). This unprecedented rate has left the government struggling to meet the infrastructure demands. Apart from that, South Africa remains the most economically unequal country globally, with more than half of South Africans (55, 5 percent) living on less than $83 (R1 115) a month. Yet while inequality may be a problem, the real issue is the unequal access to opportunities and essential public services in human settlements (Linhares, 2020). Housing provision has improved under the current democratic government, with close to four million dwellings been built since 1994 (StatsSA, 2017), but there’s still progress to be made to ensure that the vast majority of people have good living standards. History has led to fragmented human settlements where disadvantaged members of the society live in areas with high levels of inconvenience and low levels of service (CSIR, 2014).

FIG 3: Pienaarspoort street view (Author, 2021)

The human settlement policy set by the South African government, Breaking New Ground (BNG), claims to build sustainable human settlements that provide inhabitants with basic needs and amenities. These include health, welfare, educational activities and the promotion of employment opportunities nearby. However, these aims have not been met and a relook at the framework of these proposed interventions provides an opportunity to design spaces outside of city borders.

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THE PROBLEM STATEMENT 1.1 GENERAL ISSUE

People move to settlements to improve their living conditions, but due to overurbanisation large numbers of people will not be absorbed into the formal economy in the near future. People will have to rely on the small-scale – and often informal – economic sector to generate their own survival activities. (CSIR, 2014). The capability of human settlements to generate economic, social, cultural, and recreational opportunities needs to be addressed in the framework. There are a range of methods that human settlements can use to develop economic opportunities. These include intensification, which creates more opportunities for interaction and a climate conducive to small-scale economic activity (CSIR, 2014). Traditional dwellings have demonstrated settlement and land-use patterns that should be looked into for ideas on how to develop an African urbanism. South Africa’s residential areas have low densities, which provide significant restructuring potential. Lessons from traditional courtyard architecture might help improve informal settlements.

A model of courtyard and cluster dwellings may be developed based on patterns and historical precedent, contributing to considerably more compact, low-energy, and socio-economically equal communities in the region. The theoretical notion adapted is the collaboration of communities, governments, and planners to develop an approach and framework to redesign human settlements. People’s lives are defined by human settlements. People live, learn, work, and create in these spaces, both formal and informal. Settlements that perform well are complex environments. They provide diversity in terms of places, lifestyles, activities, and opportunities for interaction. With a better framework for the fabric of human settlements, basic services and opportunity creation will be something that can be achieved. Migrants that have moved from the rural areas for job opportunities could then find this in their community rather than in urban areas that are already over-urbanised.

FIG 4: Self entrepreneurship from street kiosk (Author, 2021)

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FIG 5: Current human settlement development (westonariaborwa.co.za, 2021)

1.2 URBAN ISSUE

Lower-income houses in large developments on the outskirts of towns are South Africa’s attempt to accommodate this rapid expansion. These identical, freestanding dwellings, built row upon row, are undeniably problematic (Steyn, 2005:108). According to Gerald Steyn (2005:108), not only is the low-density detach-units approach maintained, but the situation is worse because these enormous developments are smaller, often of lower quality, and located further away from economic opportunities.

These sites do not have the other needed services like clinics (or poorly run clinics), waste dump sites, solid waste removal sites, and clean running water accessibility – all factors that contribute to health problems. Urban social problems form part of these issues which comprise a lack of stable social structure, lack of intimate social relations, and increased social disorganisation (Social Problems: Continuity and Change, 2010).

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FIG 6: Sense of identity create through fabric (Adapted by author, 2021)

THE CONTRIBUTION

In the context of the well-being and the preservation of a thriving community, there are aspects that need to be explored:

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People require a sense of place: they want to have a building or space that creates meaning for the occupants

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The community needs a sense of identity, a cultural expression of diversity that provides solidarity at a community level

People require a sense of evolution where they can keep up with constant change and adapt as the future cannot be predicted The individual in the community requires a

sense of ownership so that the concept of ‘ours’ influences the way in which they take part to reach the goal •

Finally, the sense of community evolves so that the members are invested and involved in the creation of a thriving neighbourhood (Grazuleviciute-Vileniske, 2011).

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THE OBJECTIVE

The objective for this research project is to design an alternative framework for the Pienaarspoort settlement in Gauteng that will create opportunity The aim of the design is to create a self-sufficient community through housing. The housing will support the basic needs and commerce of the community. MAIN RESEARCH QUESTION

DELIMITATIONS The focus of the research project is solely to design a framework for the fabric of a particular community. It will not delve into politics of land reformation, nor will it be posited as an absolute for the future. It is an opinion for an alternative way to design human settlements based on the research that has been done.

This dissertation’s main goal is to answer the following question: can retrofitting a new framework for human settlements in Pienaarspoort create opportunity in an already existing community?

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The whole community will be looked at, but only a portion will be designed in detail, as time constrains prevent the design of a whole community

SUB RESEARCH QUESTIONS

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No property needs to be relocated as it is a framework for future exploitations and the creation of opportunity in human settlements

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The project will not delve into the land reform debate currently that is ongoing in South Africa

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The project will not be culture specific; it will not place one culture’s needs above any other.

How can architecture interventions in a human settlement be designed to assist economic growth and utilise local skills and materials?

2. Can traditional land-use patterns help in the design of modern urban models for settlementmaking? 3.

Do the basic needs described by the government fulfil the need of a growing community?

4. Can such a framework be adapted to other human settlements?

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RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

The research methodology used for this dissertation was based on a constructivist worldview. This worldview is a philosophical viewpoint that argues that all knowledge is derived from human experience rather than being discovered through self-evident knowledge. Because constructivism considers reality as a creation of the human mind, reality is perceived as subjective. This worldview was aligned with the objectives set out for this dissertation to inspire innovation and develop alternative ways of looking at the design and the fabric of a human settlements (Dudovskiy, n.d.).

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Mapping: this method informed the design decisions by analysing, and then mapping the selected site and its surrounding context. The mapping and visualisation of valuable information on and around the selected site were made possible through this method.

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Archiving: data and material utilised in the study’s development, such as aerial photographs, maps, and articles looking at the human settlement framework set out by the government and its outline for the future, were collected.

A concept and a mixed-method approach combining both quantitative and qualitative research were used to develop the fabric for human settlement. The openended nature of the constructivist methodological approach, match the narrative established by the research objective and the goals of the dissertation. Conclusions were reached that helped develop the thesis using a mixed-method (qualitative and quantitative) approach to research.

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Precedent study: this study showed or highlighted how similar issues have been addressed architecturally, as well as showing how specific programmatic or systematic architectural solutions, system or material selections, morphologies, typologies or shared visions by other projects were addressed

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Concept design proposal: Using a successful strategy to rejuvenate the area and that contribute towards enhancing the community.

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Design development: various design iterations and revisions (plans, sections, details, etc.), as well as conceptual model building and development, were used to inform and guide the design process towards the final synthesised architectural output.

The following research methods throughout the dissertation: •

were

used

Analysing: a method that entails documenting and analysing the selected site, by means of visits to the site, and conducting studies of local human settlement development to better understand the thinking behind these communities.

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CHAPTER URBANISATION AND HUMAN SETTLEMENTS

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The aim of this chapter is to present a deeper investigation into the current urbanisation and South Africa’s housing solutions Global Context 2.1 Urbanisation Trends And Benefits 2.2 Economic Employment 2.3 Urbanisation housing in South Africa 2.4 Introduction 2.4.1 Government Housing Programs 2.4.2 Site Service Schemes 2.4.3 Informality and Backyard Shacks 2.5 Literature Review 2.6

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Proportion of world population living in slums (%)

FIG 8: Proportion of world population living in slums (Linhares, 2020)

GLOBAL CONTEXT 2.1 Introduction

FIG 7: Site photos from street perspective (Author, 2021)

Urbanisation is not a new phenomenon that has appeared unexpectedly and without reason, and has been in development for quite some time. However, it is sometimes used in a general sense to refer to a broad-based rural to urban transition involving population, land use, economic activity, and culture, or any combination of these. As a result, it’s usually used to refer to changes in land use for specific locations as the land is ‘urbanised’ and developed for urban use (for example, the sale of land for goverment housing) (Linhares, 2020:11). Migration from rural to urban regions is the primary cause of urbanisation. Urbanisation is also aided by the expansion of city limits and the creation of new urban centers. It’s vital to remember that migration is a major factor in the creation of new

urban centers and the extension of existing ones. The number of people living in slums are slowly decreasing because of extensive affordable housing programmes, but there are still one billion slum dwellers around the world. Sub-Saharan Africa has the largest number of a slum population, amounting to nearly 200 million people (Linhares, 2020:11). The United Nations’ goal is to dramatically improve the lives of at least 100 million slum dwellers by 2020.This could be achieved by upgrading the current housing system as well as developing policies and strategies to further prevent people from settling in these areas (Linhares, 2020:11).

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FIG 9: World map divided into global-north and -south (Linhares, 2020)

URBANSATION TRENDS AND BENEFITS 2.2.1Trends

The phenomenon of urbanisation occurred in what is now called the ‘two waves’. The first waves occurred in North America and Europe in early 18th century in what is called the Global North. These areas experienced the first wave of urbanisation, the first demographic transition and the first industrialisation (Bennett, 2011:20). The urban population of the Global North reached 15 percent, with 10 million people living in cities. The urbanisation process continued gradually, reaching the tipping point in 1950, with 52 percent of the population were now in urban areas representing 423

million people (Linhares, 2020:14). In comparison to the last half-century, when less developed countries of the world began a similar urbanisation shift, this first wave was a rather slow process. The second wave is significantly larger, faster, and has a stronger impact than the first, which took place in what we call the Global South. While the Global North’s urbanisation process took about 200 years, in the Global South it is projected to happen in 80 years and on a scale of seeing 309 million to 3.9 billion people moving at the end of 2030. The United Nations World Report of 2007 states that

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World population trends

First wave of urbanisation in the global north

Second wave of urbanisation in the global south

FIG 10: World population trends (Linhares, 2020)

the second wave will occur in the developing sectors of the globe (UN, 2007:13). The rapid expansion of this second wave has far-reaching consequences for cities in developing countries. Urban infrastructure will be required more quickly and efficiently than during the first wave of global urbanisation. Projections indicate that by 2050 the estimated urban population will double to nine billion, with the middle-class population more than doubling and the vulnerable class tripling (Linhares, 2020:14).

FIG 11: Wave of urbanisation (Linhares, 2020)

2.2.2 Benefits Urban migration patterns have far-reaching implications on the migrant population’s social, economic, and environmental circumstances. However, there are other benefits that urbanization may provide to the environment, people, and local economies. It’s worth noting that migration is frequently a key component of household livelihood strategy, and that it not only provides hope for the future but also has the potential to help correct previous inequalities (Bennett, 2011:22).

However, sloppy or ineffective urban planning can have unintended consequences, such as contributing to inadequate living conditions in cities and countries. Identifying what to focus on as new urban regions by focusing on the benefits of urbanisation (Linhares, 2020:14).

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ECONOMIC EMPLOYMENT

Cities are responsible for most of the country’s economic activity and employment but are not as profitable, productive or inclusive as they should be. The informal economy has had an impact and we need to recognise the scale in which it is intertwined into the economy of the formal sector. The informal sector cannot be wished away, but entrepreneurs need to be accepted. Creating skillsets in the labour force has created opportunities for ‘manual jobs; for example plumbers, tilers, plasterers, and builders. Many economically active adults including the youth, cannot find formal employment and therefor are creating their own form of income, reducing poverty and developing skills (Dlamini, n.d.).

FIG 12: Kiosk on street edge(Author, 2021)

FIG 13: Street trading (Author, 2021)

HOME BASE ENTERPRISES

STREET TRADING

FIG 14: Piecemeal workers on street corners (businesslive.co.za, 2021)

FIG 15: Waste picker on landfill (spotlightnsp.co.za, 2020)

PIECEMEAL WORK

WASTE COLLECTION

The benefit of spaza shops, hawkers or minisupermarkets must not be underestimated. They are the hidden economy that services 77 percent of the population, and millions of people reply on them to provide essentials. They respond to the shoppers’ needs and are an affordable close-to-home solution (Smith, 2021). ‘One man’s trash becomes another one’s treasure’: this saying rings true for many individuals who pick through waste in search of materials which they collect, clean, and sell to recycling companies. They are responsible for up to 90 percent of South Africa’s recycling outputs (Naidoo, 2021). Self-employment is an opportunity for those with limited skills to have a share in the economy and can be a sustainable, rewarding option for many unemployed.

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FIG 16: Informal Settlements (Adapted by Author, 2021)

URBANISATION HOUSING IN SOUTH AFRICA 2.4 INTRODUCTION

One of the most significant challenges the government faces is to address the housing backlog and the desperation of the homeless. South Africa is characterised by unemployment, which has resulted in a lower demand for investment housing. A progressively low rate for formal and informal housing delivery has caused a substantial increase in the number of people who have moved to informal settlements. (Linhares, 2020).

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2.4.2 GOVERNMENT HOUSING PROGRAMS South Africa’s first national scheme for financing public housing was enacted a century ago. The Housing Act of 1920 established a fund, managed by a Central Housing Board, from which municipalities could borrow at a lower interest rate than was available elsewhere to encourage the construction of housing. Since then, a lot has changed. (A New Housing Policy and Strategy for South Africa, n.d.) In 1994, democracy was initiated in South Africa. There was a plan to empower social services to previous disadvantaged South Africans with a focus on building a stronger macroeconomic environment. The RDP (Reconstruction and Development Programme) was developed to provide newly built one-bedroom houses to empower new house owners. Row upon rows of ‘one-size-fits-all’ houses were built far from work opportunities, located on the fringes of cities. According to the South African government, 3,2 million homes were built from 1994 to 2018. The supply has not been able to keep up with the demand in urban areas. The backlog in housing demand has forced many to live in informal settlements far from opportunities (A New Housing Policy and Strategy for South Africa, n.d.).

The RDP houses have limitations: 1. The quality is poor and houses are small 2. They consist of row upon row of identical houses in areas with no social or economic infrastructure 3. The impact on the environment is not desirable 4. There is limited access to basic services such as water, electric and sanitation 5. Reliable public transport is often not accessible 6. There is a lack of community participation 7. There are cases of corruption and maladministration with slow delivery 8. There is limited public sector participation. The RDP was reviewed by the National Department of Housing and a new policy direction was established in 2004, the Breaking New Ground (BNG) programme (Department of Housing, 2004). The BNG programme focuses on constructing sustainable and well-integrated human settlements, to provide better-located, better-serviced houses. The housing units are medium rise , four-story buildings that people can rent and/or buy through bank loans. No freestanding houses are built, as they

take too much land and can accommodate only a few people. This new approach includes making sure that services and amenities are available, for example schools, clinics and public transport (Department of Housing, 2004). The BNG has a few objectives: 1. Alleviating poverty by accelerating housing 2. Placing housing as a major job creation initiative 3. Utilising housing as an accent for wealth creation and employment 4. Growing the economy 5. Improving quality of life for the poor 6. Developing sustainable human settlements. (Breaking New Ground [BNG] Housing is Aimed to Eradicate Informal Settlements, 2021). There has been a shift from product uniformity (RDP) to demand responsiveness (BNG). The partnership between the government and the private sector plays a significant increasing role in the housing process. Greater flexibility enhances the mobility of households. The role of the private sector is to increase the

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construction capacity by means of new opportunities for private housing companies, and the provision of housing finance to occupants. These financial institutions are key in supporting tenders, in fixing the interest rate, sharing insurance risk and monitoring lending trends. They are also responsible for project management and support, and for ensuring project delivery in the shortest time possible, either through outsourcing projects and/or engineer and project management. They are also responsible for ensuring that there is employer-assisted housing for the lowto-moderate income earners as a partnership. A key factor in the BNG programme is housing product and design. Introducing design professionals at planning and design stage will improve the design of the settlements. The design of houses will no longer be stereotypical ‘RDP’ houses but dignifiedsized houses that can support families. Compliance to building-plan standards will address the housing quality issue. These BNG houses typical include two bedrooms, separate bathrooms (with toilets, a shower and hand basin), a kitchen, a living room and complete electrical installation. The plan includes subsidised,

bond and rental housing, with different housing types and densities.

community and value they add (Department of Housing, 2009:9–12).

Changing the settlement patterns by building economical and socially integrated human settlements will improve the lives of many shack dwellers and create a healthy community.

Commitment, participation, leadership, responsibility and ownership are key factors in the EPHP. Improving the human settlements outcome is the primary objective, but the implementation of this programme has not been as successful (Habitat.org.za) as originally intended. Guidelines have been developed, but an effective roll-out has been problematic. It is crucial for the government and communities to work together to contribute to increasing access to safe, decent, and affordable housing.

The Enhanced People Housing Process (EPHP) was created in 2006 by the National Department of Housing and focuses on community involvement in the decision-making processes as well as the housing product. Beneficiaries actively participate and are empowered as individuals to identify land, plan the settlement, get approval and resources, contract out of building houses, provide for services, and upgrade their homes (Department of Housing, 2009:9–12). This strategy allows for ‘ownership’ within a stable community which promotes economic development and direct state in the neighbourhoods’ future. The needs of the individual are recognised and skills transfer include providing these to women and the youth. The programme builds on the strength of the

Self-help is known as the People Housing Process (PHP) in the South African context, and it was a part of the country’s housing strategy for a century under colonial and apartheid governments (Parnell & Hart, 1999).

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FIG 17: Goverment Housing Scheme (Adobe Lightroom Instagram, 2021)

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2.4.3 SITE SERVICE SCHEMES

The National Department of Housing and Human Settlement has ordered provincial governments to downscale free housing projects and replace them with serviced sites, where people can build their own homes. The policy of providing free housing for the poor has had an unintended consequence. Many of their homes ended up being sold or rented out by the owners. It also created ‘a culture of entitlement’ among South Africans . The Covid–19 pandemic has had a detrimental financial impact on housing subsidies and project has been frozen (Thukwana, 2020).

FIG 18: Site Service schemes (esi-africa.com, 2020)

The focus has instead shifted to handing over serviced sites where people can build for themselves. These serviced stands include access to water, sanitation,

and electrical services. Grant funding programmes are provided to establish social housing institutions which may develop these houses. Social housing is a cooperative housing or rental option for lower-income households earning between R1,501 and R15,000 per month. It is a subsidised programme where people can rent a house or apartment from a social-housing institution that is funded by the government. They pay a reduced rental amount, based on the households’ income. The people have to apply and quality for the subsidised programme. There is no single formula for solving South Africa’s housing problems, but a multi-faceted approach, where people are assisted by the government, has potential.

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INFORMALITY AND BACKYARD SHACKS The subject of informality within urban studies emerged during the 20th century as a means to understand human settlements that did not (and do not) conform to the formally planned cities of the time. The concept of urban informality does not seem to identify the human aspect of informality, namely the individual’s ideals and values that enable urban informality as a language of architectural and urban

complexity within the discourses of urbanism and urban morphology (Salat 2011). Salat (2011) describes urban morphology as the continuous formation of a city whose form takes shape from the people who live there. This interaction can be understood in many ways, and in less formal settlements the prevailing urban informality can be understood as these complex interactions that give shape to urban form – that give rise to urban life. Urban informality is a structurally ambiguous term with ‘ever-changing formations’ (Herrle and Fokdal 2011:8) used to define a complex, dynamic and multi-faceted urban phenomenon. However, this urban phenomenon is regarded as a system of urban complexity that enables urban

form at multiple scales, and that ‘only by recognising the complexity of this urban phenomenon, can we generate living cities’. Self-help housing, in which the owner/occupier constructs their own housing entirely or partially without government support, was also developed (Lombard, 2014). This led to the freedom of the occupants to build what they needed, unplanned and with the materials available. This gave shape to the urban form that the occupants lived in, with gave rise to urban life.

FIG 19: Main house with added backyard addition (Friedman M, 2013)

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LITERATURE REVIEW

The points made in the previous paragraphs correlate with author and architect JFC Turner regarding housing for the people. He is an advocate of the theoretical concept of self-help in developing countries. According to Turner, the government should not provide housing that people can provide for themselves. The following chapter focuses on three main points: first, the concept of self-help and housing as an active space that is consistently changing; second, informality and how social cohesion in a human settlement helps with the idea of community; and, third, creating opportunities in human settlements. Turner’s theory emphasises peoples’ rights and ability to make crucial decisions concerning house design and construction. Turner believes that the dweller should play an important role, but that the total success of any housing process should be assessed by the amount to which these individuals can practise dweller control and the freedom to build. The willingness of the state to recognise a shack as a house-in-process is essential to the realisation of these principles. Thus, it plays a supporting, rather than dominant, role in helping squatters in incrementally improving their living conditions (Turner, 1976). As a result of this shift in the state’s role, Turner argues for ‘housing by people rather than [the] state’s mass housing’. In summary, dweller control is one of Turner’s essential notions for adequate housing. Turner

adopts the notion of ‘freedom to build’, arguing that the user who has total control over the design produces the best outcomes. Second, a shack is a work-in-progress home. ‘Households are able to improve their housing incrementally, using better materials and adding space over a period of some 15 years or so’ (Pugh, 2001:402). Finally, Turner believes that ‘housing is a verb’ in which dwellings are framed, changed and used by their occupants. A house’s value lies in the function and the contribution it has to the community, especially a close-knit community. The relationship between the buildings, their use and the people who utilise them is the focus. Buildings should be created for their ‘use value’ rather than their market ‘exchange value’, as this will help to ensure better architectural results (Mathey, 1992). Following the previous paragraph, self-help housing involves a degree of informality that needs to be accepted in housing development. Informality fills the void left by formal architecture. Formality and informality cannot substitute each other, but they can overlap.(Kucina, 2018). Alejandro Aravena, a Chilean architect, seized this concept. He had no fear of having no control over the final aesthetics; his concern was the position of void and observing the works around it for the time being. Furthermore, utlising this concept decreased the project’s cost, and the personalisation of each

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unit meant that it to adapt to changing demands. Society is unaffected by increasing or decreasing formality (Kucina, 2018). Informality plays a role in planned housing, where the spatial quality of the area is lacking. In unplanned housing, it forms one of the main characteristics, it facilitate the dweller’s need as the dweller has built it for the dweller. On a bigger urban scale, the quality of informality is diverse and flexible. Social cohesiveness refers to the bonds or relationships between neighbours and within intimate social groupings, particularly in ethnically diverse areas (Burns, Hull, Lefko-Everett and Njozela, 2014). Social cohesion influences the quality of life of people as it promotes greater growth and productivity, effective conflict management, tolerance and improves social support measures. The review of traditional dwellings in southern Africa suggests that many typologies made use of courtyard configurations. Marc suggests that ‘African villages are usually planned in a circle around a central area, a garden for everyone’, people prefer communal areas rather than isolating themselves (1977: 116). Crouch and Johnson write, ‘The courtyard in all its guises is one of the most satisfying of these gathering places’ (2001: 272). Courtyards, therefore, have great significance in the fact that they speak to the psyche and the physical well-being of people. The courtyard demonstrates old but long-lasting settlement-making strategies. The most significant benefit of courtyard housing is

the increased densities that can be achieved as well as a protected outdoor living space and a high level of privacy. The courtyard promotes social interaction, and opportunities for activities and economic gain. In South Africa, social cohesion is critical as we deal with the history of inequality, racial difference, and growing unemployment. To improve social cohesion, communities need to cooperate within and across group boundaries. Poverty, unemployment, and service delivery protests negatively influence social cohesion. To improve social cohesion, communities need to improve their living conditions through better housing, sanitation, services, and public space. Creating employment and higher levels of per capita income is associated positively with higher social cohesion (Burns, Hull, Lefko-Everett and Njozela, 2014). Social cohesion often refers to as the ‘glue that binds us together’ or ubuntu. Kamwangamalu (1999) writes that ubuntu is a Nguni term and a

‘multidimensional concept which represents the core values of African ontologies: respect for any human being, for human dignity and for human life, collective shared-ness, obedience, humility, solidarity, caring, hospitality, interdependence, communalism, to list but a few’ (Kamwangamalu 1999, pp. 25-26).

Opportunities (economic, social, cultural are recreational) are most often found where many people are concentrated. However, the potential to generate these opportunities is influenced by how a community is built and structured not just by the number of people. It is critical to provide small-scale economic activity opportunities in South Africa. Although plans (and planners) cannot create jobs, they can create preconditions to promote economic generation (Burns, Hull, Lefko-Everett and Njozela, 2014). In conclusion, collaboration is a crucial element for human settlements and how it is essential to work with complex communities to create a sustainable working fabric. Human settlements should be considered as an active space with an ongoing process that is ever-changing, according to Turner. He also states that informality in an environment fills up the void that the formal structure left. Another important point to remember is that social cohesion influences the quality of life and empowers the community to grow. These ideas are used to create a new framework to fulfil the research objectives and answer the research questions posed.

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CHAPTER

INTRODUCING THE SITE

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This chapter investigates the selected site and its position within its immediate and broader context. The study explores why the particular site and setting is an appropriate option for developing a new framework of opportunity. Site Location Population Growth Identifying the Local Context Humann Settlements Density & Layout Immediate Context Site Photos Review Context History Current Urban Planning

FIG 20: Global position diagram (Author, 2021)

3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9

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POPULATION GROWTH South Africa’s population growth is above expected with most people migrating to big cities for economic opportunity. Gauteng has breached a population of 13 million in 2021 (Mass migration to Johannesburg and Pretoria, 2021). Johannesburg had 1,50 million people in 1950; this increased by 470 percent to 9,4 million by 2021. However, as the biggest city in Gauteng, Johannesburg did not experience the biggest boom. Pretoria has experienced a tremendous growth, with the settlement of Soshanguve increasing with 3 100 percent, making Pretoria the fastest-growing city in South Africa (Mass migration to Johannesburg and Pretoria, 2021). This has serious impacts as ‘This growth has a significant bearing on provincial priorities and budget allocations. The high number of people drawn to the province has resulted in population density levels that are significantly higher than the country’s average (675 people per square kilometre, in contrast with the national average density of 42 people per square kilometre) (Mass migration to Johannesburg and Pretoria, 2021).

SOUTH AFRICAN CITIES

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FIG 21: Local context analysis map (GoogleMaps, 2021), Map (Author, 2021)

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IDENTIFYING THE LOCAL CONTEXT The city of Tshwane has been identified as the appropriate local context in which to situate the project of this dissertation. As seen in the previous chapter, Pretoria experienced the highest growth rate in terms of migrants of all the cities. This is mostly due to those searching for opportunities in the capital city of South Africa. Pretoria experienced urban sprawl due to apartheid planning. Previous disadvantaged people were placed outside the city, which resulted in them having to travel to cities for work. This is still evident when looking at figure 21. Urban sprawl is often seen as a problem. It has been criticised for its numerous negative effects on the environment, social life, and the economy of the cities.

FIG 22: Social tapestry and location of human settlements (G Nel,2020) Edited (Author, 2021)

The 2011 Mapping diversity: an exploration of our social tapestry survey conducted by the South African Department of Statistics shows that racial division by neighbourhood is still profoundly accentuated. In the study, people who perceive themselves as white live predominantly in the central area around the CBD region of the city, with access to neighbourhoods equipped with urban infrastructure, and access to good education and healthcare facilities. The areas further away from the CDB are historical regions of the apartheid era and continue to be predominantly inhabited by the black African population. A large portion live in neighbourhoods with insufficient infrastructure and far from the urban centre (Linhares, 2020).

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HUMAN SETTLEMENTS DENSITY & LAYOUT

FIG 23: Atteridgeville layout and density (GoogleMaps, 2021)

FIG 24: Mamelodi layout and density (GoogleMaps, 2021)

FIG 25: Hammanskraal layout and density (GoogleMaps, 2021)

ATTERIDGEVILLE DENSITY: 6 500/km 2

MAMELODI EAST DENSITY: 7 400/km 2

HAMMANSKRAAL DENSITY: 2 800/km 2

Atteridgeville was established by the government in 1993 as a settlement for black people. The first occupants were moved to Atteridgeville from Marabastad. The settlement provided amenities such as brick housing, lighting and toilets to enhance living standards. The township is connected by train to the Pretoria CBD. Atteridgeville is a diverse township, where the residents speak many languages.

Mamelodi was established in June 1953, starting with sixteen houses that were built on the farm Vlakwater. This name was later changed to Mamelodi, meaning Mother of Melodies. The Group Areas Act designated Mamelodi as a blacks-only suburb. In 1960, citizens from Lady Selboune were forcefully moved to Mamelodi. Crime is a major problem in the township, with poverty and unemployment being the biggest causes of crime.

In a decentralized settlement structure, Hammanskraal comprises of several residential, industrial, and commercial sectors. There is a residual overflow of housing complexes in the region’s southern part. In this neighborhood, you’ll find a mix of subsidized and free-title stands. Such a surge in house developments shows that the region, particularly the urban settlement regions, is seeing rapid population growth.

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CHOSEN SITE

FIG 26: Soshanguve layout and density (GoogleMaps, 2021)

FIG 27: Pienaarspoort layout and density (GoogleMaps, 2021)

FIG 28: Diepsloot layout and density (GoogleMaps, 2021)

SOSHANGUVE DENSITY: 3 200/km 2

PIENAARSRSPOORT DENSITY: unknown

DIEPSLOOT DENSITY: 12 000/km 2

Soshanguve was established through the resettlement of people from Mamelodi and Atteridgeville. This it left a community divided and suspicious of each other. More than 20 years later, there are still remnants of the past but there is an integration of cultures. The people of Soshanguve are the most multilingual of South Africans.

Pienaarspoort is a new settlement, with occupants that have been relocated from Mamelodi. The government plans to upgrade it, but it is continuously growing, with backyard houses and zinc pop-ups. The community travel mostly to Pretoria via a train for work opportunities.

Diepsloot is a township in the north of Johannesburg, South Africa. It is located in Region A in the City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality. The township has a population estimate of 350,000. Diepsloot has a mixture of informal and formal settlements. It is the densest and fastest-growing informal settlement in Gauteng. Government has no answers to the rapid growth and number of people living there.

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HUMAN SETTLEMENTS PIENAARSPOORT

IMMEDIATE CONTEXT

FIG 29: Pienaarspoort site boundary (GoogleMaps, 2021) Edited (Author, 2021)

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SITE PHOTOS

HUMAN SETTLEMENTS PIENAARSPOORT

FIG 30: Pienaarspoort site photos (Author, 2021)

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HIGH DENSITY HOUSING [GEOGRAPHICALLY EXCLUDED] FIG 31: Pienaarspoort density (M Levy, 2020) Edited (Author, 2021)

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UNEMPLOYMENT % 2011 [LOW PROXIMITY TO EMPLOYMENT] FIG 32: Pienaarspoort unemployment (M Levy, 2020) Edited (Author, 2021)

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PROXIMITY TO EMPLOYMENT 30 MINS [GEOGRAPHICALLY EXCUDED] FIG 33: Pienaarspoort employment proximity (M Levy, 2020) Edited (Author, 2021)

⸀㌀㔀㤀㌀㘀ⴀ ⸀㜀㄀㠀㜀㈀

㈀⸀㠀㜀㐀㠀㠀ⴀ㌀⸀㈀㐀㈀㐀

㌀⸀㈀㌀㐀㈀㐀ⴀ㌀⸀㔀㤀㌀㘀

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INCOME AND POPULATION GROUP DIVERSITY [MID SPECTRUM INCOME FIG 34: Pienaarspoort income and population diversity (M Levy, 2020) Edited (Author, 2021)

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AVERAGE HOUSEHOLD INCOME [MID SPECTRUM HOUSEHOLD INCOME] FIG 35: Pienaarspoort household income (M Levy, 2020) Edited (Author, 2021)

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DENSITY PP / HA [HIGH HUMAN DENSITY] FIG 36: Pienaarspoort density PP/HA (M Levy, 2020) Edited (Author, 2021)

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DWELLINGS 1KM KERNEL [HIGH DWELLING DENSITY] FIG 37: Pienaarspoort dwelling kernel (M Levy, 2020) Edited (Author, 2021)

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COMMUNITY FACILITIES 1KM KERNEL [INSUFFICIENT SUPPLY OF COMMUNITY FACILITIES FOR POPULATION] FIG 38: Pienaarspoort community facilities (M Levy, 2020) Edited (Author, 2021)

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BUSINESS FACILITIES 1KM KERNEL [ALMOST NO BUSINESS FACILITY] FIG 39: Pienaarspoort business facilities (M Levy, 2020) Edited (Author, 2021)

㄀ ⴀ㈀

㠀 ⴀ㤀

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% WITH DEGREE [POOR TERTIARY EDUCATION] FIG 40: Pienaarspoort with education (M Levy, 2020) Edited (Author, 2021)

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page 61 61 FIG 41: Mamelodi and Pienaarspoort History (Bennett, 2011:41-42)

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FIG 42: Tshwane human settlement development for Pienaarspoort Ext 21 (Metroplan, 2021)

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URBAN PLANNING The City of Tshwane has plans in progress to upgrade nineteen of the 226 human settlements around Pretoria within the next financial year. Pienaarspoort Extension 21 is one of the nineteen already approved (Mahlokwane, 2021). The plan is to house 1,191 household on the existing site. This will accommodate the already existing infrastructure, including the clinic and place of worship, educational facilities, and the transport terminal. The layout was adapted to accommodate the already planned setting out of the site in 2014 when the first occupants where moved there. The layout is in a grid-like fabric with houses in rows. There are long streets creating long blocks with little open space in between the houses. One open public space is provided in the plans and sits on the northern edge of the site. Additional access is planned from the main road (Bronkhorstpruit Road) running past the site.

FIG 43: Pienaarspoort row housing birdseye perspective (Author, 2021)

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CHAPTER URBAN VISION

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The aim of this chapter is to look at the goals set by the project in terms urban vision. This is further explored in the following chapters.

Developing a New Framework 4.1 Human Settlement Rejuvenation 4.2 Existing Housing Program 4.2.1 Proposed Program 4.2.2 Opportunities for Occupants 4.3

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DEVELOPING A NEW FRAMEWORK

The development of a new fabric would be a major driver in helping to rejuvenate the current human settlement. Alternative ways in which the layout can be design would have different outcomes. The design of buildings, groups of buildings, spaces, and landscapes inside a city to create positive, vibrant environments is known as urban design. The goal of urban design is to create connections on a variety of scales (for example between people and places, buildings and streets, movement and built form, natural heritage and the built environment). Furthermore, from the standpoint of economic growth, a sense of place not only draws people and businesses to a city, but it also helps to retain them there. Traditional assets, such as available infrastructure, are becoming less relevant. Place, in particular, has an important role in encouraging local economies to innovate and collaborate.

FIG 44: Alternative framework to assist in achieving urban vision (Author, 2021)

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HUMAN SETTLEMENT REJUVENATION Existing Housing Program System The current housing program can be described with the items shown in figure 44. It provides the necessary infrastructure and accommodation.

FIG 45: Existing housing program (Linhares, 2020) Edited (Author, 2021)

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Proposed System The proposed system aims to expand on the possibilities of the current system in a matrix that combines different functions and opportunities. The aim is a vibrant self-sufficient, thriving community, creating a sustainable environment, economically as well as spatially, to improve the daily lives of people in human settlements.

OPPORTUNITY FOR OCCUPANTS Opportunities created by the proposed system.

FIG 46: Proposed housing program (Linhares, 2020) Edited (Author, 2021)

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CHAPTER AFRICAN INFLUENCE

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This chapter will look at the theories relevant to the African influence of placemaking for the project. The theories will be a guide to the project and present a resilient foundation on which future decisions for development can be made. Introduction 5.1 Background and History 5.2 Vernacular Architecture 5.3 Finding Patterns 5.4 A Pattern Language 5.5 Background 5.5.1 Typologies 5.5.2 Similarities 5.5.3 Findings 5.5.4 New patterns 5.6 Conclusion 5.7 Experimenting with African patterns 5.8

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INTRODUCTION

Current formal housing schemes have caused massive sprawl and the ongoing urbanisation has the Government struggling to keep up with the demand for infrastructure. Compact neighbourhoods and cluster dwellings are firmly established as part of the New Urban movement and are quickly becoming established as a more sustainable alternative to urban sprawl in many regions of the world. South Africa’s attempt to accommodate this rapid expansion by lowerincome households lies in creating massive schemes on the outskirts of towns. These identical, row-like, little freestanding houses built row upon row are unquestionably problematic (Steyn, 2005:108). Steyn (2005:108) states that not only is the low-density, detach-units method of the past being continued, but the problem is worsening because these massive developments are smaller, typically of lower quality, and further distant from economic opportunities. Alan Lipman accuses architects and planners of not learning anything from traditional South African settlements models. He criticizes the continued provision of single-houses layouts at the expense of clusters, courtyards, and other low-rise, high-density housing options (2003: 95). The question is whether planners and architects should look to traditional African settlements for creative solutions instead of looking at Euro-American models? FIG 47: Current humann settlement development (westonariaborwa.co.za, 2019)

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BACKGROUND AND HISTORY

The first human made shelter was the ‘living-room floor’, which originated about a million years ago. These shelters changed to the point where they were fenced, and sometimes cobbled (Oliver, 1999: 21, 23). This arrangement evolved where nomadic huntergatherers such as the Khoisan used this layout as temporary shelters. The characteristics of the arrangement traveled with the Bantu in their migration from West Africa, through the east, reaching the most southern limit of their expansion in the northern part of Mpumalanga and KwaZuluNatal (Steyn, 2005:108). The circular floor plan with thatched roof and wattle-and-daub walls that they built became more permanent huts. These dwellings are classified as vernacular as they were built without architects, they do not follow academic theories or rules. The buildings follow the traditions of the people who built them.

FIG 48: The ’Living room floor’ (museedelhomme.fr, nd) Edited (Author, 2021)

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VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE Vernacular architecture can be described as using local knowledge to construct a dwelling, using traditional materials found in the area where the building is built (Ghisleni, 2020). Papanek (1995) characterised it as architecture with a human scale, a less self-conscious image, and the use of local materials, customs, and traditions. It has little connection to urban areas and often relates more to rural areas. Authors have linked current events with history to better understand how people live. Events, patterns of living, and the uses of space and material can all be traced back to changing architectural forms. (Steyn, 2006:11). It may be argued that vernacular architecture lacks the Vitruvius commodity, qualities of firmness, and delight. But it adds value to the user’s experience by adapting to the user’s physical, economic, social, and cultural circumstances. (Ojo-Aromokudu, 2018).

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FIG 49: DK Ching patterns (Author, 2021)

FINDING PATTERNS 5.4 INTRODUCTION

This chapter examines typologies found in traditional African architecture and describes them through the acknowledging of patterns as explained in A Pattern Language by Christopher Alexander. One method of understanding the characteristics of a pattern is by individually studying the features of a place. When looking at typologies, the focus is on form and layout, both of which can contribute to contemporary conceptual solutions.

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A PATTERN LANGUAGE 5.5 Background

Christopher Alexander, architect, educator, and author, has been refining his theory of a pattern language over the past 40 years. Alexander believes in ‘careful empirical study of the psychology of space’. This is evident in the books that he has written, notably A Pattern Language (1977), which is about an organised set of patterns, each of which describes a problem and the solution, and The Timeless Way of Building, which is founded on design principles to solve challenges. Alexander calls his 253 patterns ‘timeless,’ arguing that they provide a practical language for building and design based on natural factors (Steyn, 2006:11).

Norberg-Schulz states that the typology is the way in which the spaces are built and organised, as well as how the various parts are arranged, and morphology as an environment’s “particular local character” (Norberg-Schulz, 1985: 26, 33-48).

According to Alexander’s definition, a pattern is “a morphological law that establishes a set of relationships in space.” (1979:90). In vernacular architecture, patterns emerged and evolved until a physical structure is identified that is a suitable fit with the surroundings and behavioural patterns. He claims that there are already existing patterns in traditional culture that are followed by the entire community. Because they are conventional communal meanings, there is no need to set down the norms. These languages can be identified by presenting patterns that have always existed but were never recognized. Patterns represent a connection between a context, an issue, and a solution. (Steyn, 2006:11).

These examples show a general pattern, but there may be exceptions. The cases that were explored are Groblersdal in South Africa and Watamu, Luma and Malindi in Kenya. These are extreme examples of settlement making in Sub-Saharan Africa. (Steyn, 2005:115).

Steyn used the works of a colleagues at the Faculty of Architecture at the Delft University of Technology to compare villages as regards the enclosure and density of each. (Find figure 1 below). The examples were analysed by the following. The degree of enclosure of courtyards and the degree of enclosure, if typologies are aggregated or freestanding.

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Luma, Kenya

Maludi, Kenya

The Luma house is the most compact urban form, motivate by the traditional house of the Arabian Peninsula and the Gulf. The houses are tightly aggregated, with narrow alleys that hide the entrances to the house. Luma has a clear organised hierarchy of space, from semi-private, to semi-public, to public, and to the private spaces in courtyards. (Steyn, 2006:18)

Malindi houses are a sort of early Swahili Lamu home that is now the most common residential form along the Kenyan and Tanzanian coasts. The majority of Malindi homes are owned by merchants and artisans who work out of a front room. Subletting one or more rooms off the central corridor is also a historic tradition, with all the ladies cooking in the courtyard. (Steyn, 2006:18).

5.5.2 TYPOLOGIES

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Groblersdal, South Africa

Watamu

FIG 50: Traditional African village typologies (Steyn, 2005) The Pedi village at Groblersdal shows a protective clustering facing the cattle kraal. The huts are ranged around the perimeter of a large cattle enclosure, which serves as a defence against raiders and predators. The single sell huts were typically constructed out of thatch roofs and dung walls (Steyn, 2005:115).

Watamu is an open village with houses built in clusters. These open spaces indicate small-scale vegetable and fruit farming, supplemented with fish (Steyn, 2005:115).

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FIG 51: Traditional African village typologies comparison (Steyn, 2005)

5.5.3 SIMILARITIES

Looking at the typology of form and layouts of all four examples, numerous characteristics are alike. Similarities were found and analysed using patterns found in A Pattern Language. The villages and homesteads are built in the HOUSE CLUSTER (#37) with mostly SMALL PUBLIC SQUARES (#61) in the near vicinity. The public squares are COMMON LAND (#67) and used by the whole community. This forms a POSITIVE OUTDOOR SPACE (#106) with ACTIVITY POCKETS (#124). People normally do not linger in open areas; they prefer to group in public open spaces. Without common land, no social system can survive. There is a clear organised HIERARCHY OF OPEN SPACES (#114) from public, semi-public, and semi-private to the private spaces, this is made possible by the placing and typology of the buildings.

Most of the typologies have a COURTYARD WHICH LIVE (#115), which are created in a circular village of a HOUSE FOR A SMALL FAMILY (#67) around a central area, or by the tight arrangement of homes. In the case of Groblersdal, the houses are arranged around a kraal to protect the livestock, the community or village work as a whole. Courtyards can also be seen as a common area to gather and form COMMON AREAS AT THE HEART (#129) which is critical for social groups. The STRUCTURE FLOW SOCIAL SPACES (#205) is where the physical space is in harmony with the social spaces and this is defined by the activities and human groups (Alexander, 1977). Relationships within the patterns form a balance in the making of traditional settlements. The traditional indigenous African house is a courtyard surrounded by thatched huts.

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3.5.5.4 FINDINGS

The two significant findings that were made in the analysis of traditional African towns were the use of a courtyard in the typologies and the clusters in the layout of the villages. Courtyard housing The review of traditional dwellings in southern Africa suggest that many typologies made use of courtyard configurations. Marc suggests that ‘African villages are usually planned in a circle around a central area, a garden for everyone‘, people prefer communal areas rather than isolating themselves (1977: 116). As Crouch and Johnson write, ‘The courtyard in all its guises is one of the most satisfying of these gathering places’ (2001: 272). Courtyards, therefore, have great significance in the fact that they speak to the psyche as well as the physical well-being of people. The courtyard exhibits old but long-lasting settlement-making solutions. The ability to reach higher densities, as well as a high level of privacy and protected outdoor living area, is the most significant advantage of courtyard housing. The courtyard promotes social interaction, as well as opportunities for activities and financial gain.

Southern Africa’s climate allows for year-round outdoor living, with enclosed space utilized for cooking and sleeping in severe weather. This style of life has evolved through ages and is now ingrained in farming practices and cultural values. The units are organically grouped around a core location, rather than being strewn around arbitrarily. The basic idea is that a hut isn’t a house – the entire ensemble is. (Frescura, 1981: 162).

Cluster housing Cluster housing schemes reflect the sense of community in a village. They are developed in a sustainable way representing the unique aspects of the village, while responding to the social needs. Cluster houses are normally arranged around a courtyard, giving individual groups a sense of community.

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FIG 52: Courtyard and cluster exploration (Author, 2021)

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FINDING PATTERNS 5.7 CONCLUSION

Traditional homes offer appropriate and proven settlement and land-use patterns that should be examined for ideas to develop an African urbanism, but squatter settlements and current formal masshousing plans have caused massive sprawl. The low densities of South Africa’s residential regions present enormous restructuring prospects. Traditional courtyard architecture can be applied to informal communities to improve them. A model of courtyard houses might be built based on patterns and a blend of historic precedent and custom, contributing to far more compact, low-energy, and socio-economically equitable neighbourhoods in the region. To conclude: rather than looking at Euro-American models for settlement making, southern Africa’s rich history of traditional courtyard houses could be the basis to plan and developed new settlements typologies.

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EXPERIMENTING WITH PATTERNS

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FIG 53: Experimenting with African patterns (Aurthor, 2021)

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CHAPTER

OPPORTUNITY IN PLASTIC AS BUILDING MATERIAL

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This chapter looks at the plastic waste situation in South Africa and the need for innovation, as explained in the urban vision chapter. It focuses on ways plastics can be used in building material and the opportunities that lie using in the material itself. Current Plastic Situation Plastic Production in South Africa Plastic Waste in Landfills The Urban Prospector Plastic Recycling and Innovation Plastic as building Materials Plastic Repurposing Process Plastic Recycling Schemes Precious plastic Plastic Products Brick Plastic Product Tiles Developing a Component

6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.6.1 6.6.2 6.6.3 6.7.1 6.7.2 6.9

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CURRENT PLASTIC SITUATION 6.1 INTRODUCTION

Plastic waste poses a serious threat, with long-term consequences. A piece of single-use plastic, such as a PET bottle, is estimated to take up to 450 years to decompose completely (Nel, 2020). The reality is that the vast amount of previous disposed plastic waste will remain visible for multiple generations, even if we stop plastic production. Annie Leonard, an American advocate for sustainability and a critic of consumerism says, ‘There is no such thing as “away”. When we throw anything away, it must go somewhere’(Leonard, 2016). Plastic waste litters our environments and there are a variety of opportunities for using this substance. This raises the question of how we can use recycling as an opportunity in developing human settlements for them to grow. The average person in South Africa produces about 2,5kg of waste per day. These are valuable resources being wasted, and around 10 to 12 percent of disposed waste consists of plastic waste, which equates to about 300 million tons annually (Ocean Plastics, 2020). There is a need for innovation to address the plastic waste calamity.

FIG 54: Plastic waste picker at landfill (The Star, 2020)

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PLASTIC POLLUTION IN SOUTH AFRICA

The Waste Act (Act N0.59 of 2008) was created to dress the key waste management concerns that South Africa has. The following hurdles were recognized as the primary issues that South Africa faced and still faces in terms of waste management and future waste management activities in the National Waste Management Strategy (2011) (Department of Environmental Affairs, 2011:5). •

FIG 55: Key words surrounding plastic waste (G Nel, 2020) Edited (Author, 2021)

The quantity of waste created grows in tandem with the population and economy. This increase places a burden on already scarce waste handling infrastructure.

•

There is a historical backlog in waste services for urban informal regions, tribal territories, and rural formal areas in particular. Even though kerbside domestic garbage collection services were accessible to 61% of all South African households in 2007, access is still substantially unequal.

•

An environment in which policy and regulation do not encourage the waste management hierarchy. The waste management industry’s economic potential, which is believed to be worth R10 billion per year, has been restricted as a result. Both garbage collection and recycling are important contributors to job creation, and both have opportunity to expand.

•

There is rising pressure on outdated waste management infrastructure due to diminishing levels of capital investment and maintenance.

•

There is widespread underpricing in waste management, which means that consumers and business are underestimating the costs of trash management, and waste disposal is preferred over other solutions.

With this problem of waste reaching our landfills, alternative ways should be looked at on how this can be an opportunity. More credit should be given to the waste pickers sorting through the waste and interventions can be put in place to credit them. Alternative ways can be looked at how these plastic can be used rather than reselling them for a minimal fee that can benefit both the picker and the government.

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PLASTIC WASTE IN LANDFILLS Waste management to landfills is common in developing countries, where waste disposal, typically to uncontrolled dumpsites, is the norm. Landfilling of general and hazardous waste remains the most common technical solution in South Africa, with landfill accounting for over 90% of all trash generated in the country. This increases pollution levels and causes potential health issues, due to toxins being released into the environment as part of the degradation process. Many of South Africa’s landfills fail to meet compliance criteria, with 45,000 tonnes of plastic trash estimated to have ended up in non-compliant landfills in 2017. Government has implemented policies and laws targeted at improving the design and operation of landfills, but even then the amount of plastic waste that are found in landfills are above the average (Nel, 2020).

FIG 56: Plastic waste (G Nel, 2020)

Another method used by communities to get rid of waste is by dumping. This is an illegal act where waste is discarded in open areas. Individuals who do not have access to efficient trash management are most likely to do so. In some cases, residents of a community dump their trash at designated dumping locations within the neighborhood (Nel, 2020).

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FIG 56: Plastic waste (G Nel, 2020)

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THE URBAN PROSPECTOR The South African government estimates that informal waste pickers working either on landfills or at kerbside amount to between 60,000 to 90,000. However, these figures could be conservative. The growth in the number of informal waste pickers in recent years has been attributed to South Africa’s growing unemployment rate, which has prompted individuals to look for work in the informal sector. Municipalities save an estimated R750 million in landfill space each year thanks to informal rubbish pickers (Nel, 2020). Informal waste collectors face many challenges daily, the most significant of which is the urban spatial disadvantages they must overcome. Another stumbling factor appears to be the unorganised and informal nature of their waste reclamation efforts. Individuals travel other 20km each day to sell their recycled materials to buy back centres, earning between R600 and R900 for a day’s work, depending on the overall weight of recyclables (Nel, 2020).

FIG 57: Obstacles in plastic co-operatives (Author, 2021)

The South African government has supported cooperatives heavily as a means of formalizing the informal economy and improving job creation and enterprise growth. In South Africa, waste and

recycling cooperatives, on the other hand, have a 91.8% failure rate. South African cooperatives have a number of challenges, including a lack of infrastructure, such as transportation, equipment, and facilities for sorting and storing recyclables. Additionally, operational concerns such as trouble reaching markets or recyclables theft, as well as a lack of corporate capacity, have been shown to stymie successful adoption. As a result, many opportunities for upward mobility are lost because of new initiatives that ignore informal waste pickers. These missed opportunities highlight the significance of introducing new architectural interventions into Pretoria’s existing waste management system that work with informal recyclers. Inclusion of informal waste pickers may provide motivation and, as a result, a strong platform for improving the informal sector, fighting poverty and unemployment, and assisting their transition into the formal economy.

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FIG 58: Waste pickers journey (Author, 2021)

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PLASTIC RECYCLING AND INNOVATION

The image of scattered plastic waste is not appealing, and it suggests that recycling alone is insufficient and a need exists for innovation. When it comes to plastic recycling, South Africa is among the best in the world in mechanical recycling.Mechanical recycling is used to recycle the majority of South Africa’s end-of-life plastic. Before being turned into secondary raw material that is considered useful and financially viable, recyclable plastic trash must travel a long value chain. Plastic garbage still appears to make its way into our urban and natural habitats, despite South Africa’s above-average recycling rates (Plastics South-Africa, 2019:3). When considering the need for innovation, society is prone to fantasising about an environmental utopia in which plastic does not exist. If plastic is used correctly and responsibly, it has the potential to add immense value to societies on a global scale. This added value would imply lower costs of living, additional economic growth, as well as the creation of employment opportunities.

FIG 59: Recycled plastic tile innovation (hackaday.com/, 2017)

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PLASTIC AS BUILDING MATERIAL

As previously said, if utilised and disposed of properly, plastic may provide enormous benefit to civilisations. Polymeric building materials have a number of advantages in architecture and the built environment. Durability, reusability and recyclability are just a few of the advantages. Building materials are typically supposed to last 30-50 years; however, plastics can endure much longer. According to the Modern Building Alliance (2020), employing plastic in construction as architectural features or building services meets the design and specification standards that impact the environmental sustainability of a structure. Because of the longevity of plastic, it is frequently possible to recover and recycle items at the end of their useful life. The materials can be simply held in place in some cases. The resilience of these plastic goods is routinely shown in practice. Recycled plastic is discovered by looking at the other end of the plastic spectrum. What is the purpose of this resource in South Africa, and where does it end up? The built environment in South Africa not only consumes a lot of virgin plastics, but it also consumes a lot of recycled plastics. End-markets for polymer recycling are growing in South Africa every year. These innovations assure an annual surplus of raw recyclable plastic material that can be used (Plastics South Africa, 2019:7). As a result of this surplus, there is a rising interest in the implementation of a circular economy and the use of recycled plastics in the field of design and architecture (Ellen Macarthur Foundation, 2016:32). This strategy aims

to deconstruct the linear model that the plastics sector is based on. There are links between the built environment and the use and development of plastic garbage, allowing for new ideas and interventions. To stop the loop on plastic waste, the transformation of plastic trash into secondary materials and systems can offer a new value layer to recycled goods. In the built environment and other sectors, reusing may create new sustainable end-markets for recovered plastics. If plastic recycling are to be made viable in South Africa, these new end markets are critical (Plastics South Africa, 2019:7).

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PLASTIC PROCESS

FIG 60: Plastic repurposing process (Author, 2021)

REPURPOSING

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PLASTIC RECYCLING SCHEMES

FIG 61: Precious Plastic machines (preciousplastic.com, nd)

Precious Plastic’s launch in 2014, by a Dutch designer, Dave Hakkens. The idea behind the Precious Plastic was to make an open hardware plastic recycling project with an open source digital commons. The set includes a plastic shredder, an extruder, an injection moulder and a rowtation moulder, which can each be used to turn waste plastic into new products. The project allows individual consumers to set up “their own miniature recycling company (Tucker, 2016).

Plastic recycling technology was mostly used on an industrial scale, which made the process expensive and limited room for creativity. The company reduced the cost of simple DIY recycling equipment by simplifying and open-sourcing technical designs, making it more accessible to everyday consumers.

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PRODUCTS

PLASTIC

BRICKS Plastic bricks made from recycled plastics have the potential to replace more traditional and wasteful construction materials like hollow blocks. It is constructed entirely of recycled plastic, and it is simple to make and put together without any specific expertise (Precious Plastic Community Platform, 2021). The brick is designed to be an economical, accessible, and long-lasting alternative for low-income countries and countries.

plastic trash. They also provide knowledge on how to make these bricks to communities all around the world (Open-source: Recycled brick , 2021). The brick is developed through means of extrusion. The process involves forming a mould where the hot recycled plastic can be injected in and cooled, to later be removed for the finished product. They are assembled through interlocking Lego®-like blocks building the wall.

Precious Plastic’s open-source recycling machinery is used to make each brick, which holds 1,5kg of

FIG 62: Precious Plastic interlocking wall (preciousplastic.com, nd)

FIG 63: Precious Plastic extrusion machine diagram (community.preciousplastic.com, nd)

FIG 64: Precious Plastic extrusion machine (preciousplastic.com, nd)

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PRODUCTS

PLASTIC Another way of using recycled plastic is by using recycled plastic tiles. The tile is made through a hot press, as explained in the figure below. Different patterns can be achieved by mixing different coloured plastic in the mould. These products can be used as floor covers or wall decorations.

FIG 65: Precious Plastic tile press machine (preciousplastic.com, nd)

TILES The product is durable, makes use of the unwanted plastic that is lying around and is an opportunity for a community to build their own homes as well as learn a new skill.

FIG 66: Precious Plastic extrusion machine diagram (community.preciousplastic.com, nd)

FIG 67: Precious Plastic pressed tiles (preciousplastic.com, nd)

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DEVELOPING A FROM RECYCLED PLASTIC WASTE

COMPONENT PROVIDE OPPORTUNITY FOR PARTICIPATION The system aims to provide the knowledge for the community to build their own housing. The component is designed in a simple manner for community participation and learning a new skill.

FIG 68: Interlocking wall component development All images (Author, 2021)

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FIG 69: Interlocking plastic brick development All images (Author, 2021)

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FIG 70: Axonometric component wall detail All images (Author, 2021)

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page 108

CHAPTER PRECEDENTS

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This chapter highlights how similar situations had been approached architecturally, indicated specific programmatic or solutions in architecture, material choices, morphologies, typologies or shared visions by other projects. It will focus on design layouts as well as unit types and the configuration to create a fabric that will fit into the concept of this thesis. K206 Housing Quinta Monroy Housing Belapur Housing

7.1 7.2 7.3

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K206

HOUSING The K206 project was launched in 2006 with the goal of developing low-income social housing in Alexandra, Johannesburg. This project is part of the ARP Alexandra Renewal Project, which intentions is to improve the living conditions and housing opportunities for families in the Setwetla informal community. The project’s goal is to combine ownership and rental occupation on the same site in order to enhance housing densities. It will create 1,760 residences and over 2,156 rental opportunities (Osman & Davey, 2021). This design is intended to reflect present community interactions in the Alexandra region, increase the housing sector’s quality and density, and offer a source of income for the residents. The housing is arranged into eight to ten apartment clusters, resulting in smaller communities centred around a semi-private public courtyard with shared ablutions on the ground floor. The ground floor rooms will be managed by the main home owner before being rented out to suitable tenants. The housing is oriented in-

ward, away from the busy northern highway, reducing noise and providing a semi-public communal courtyard area. (Osman & Davey, 2021). The K206 project is a unique concept within the settlement. The finishes and materials used in small apartments have a significant influence on how residents perceive them. Because of the project’s positive communal nature, as evidenced by its shared courtyard space and unique clustering, additional communal systems such as solar water heating, rainwater harvesting, refuse separation and collection, washing and drying areas, and unique water and waste recycling opportunities may be installed in future projects. Even if the initial budget did not allow for it, the design, layouts, material choices, and details might be considered for future integration.

Architects: ASA Architects Location: Alexandra Johannesburg, South Africa Year: Unknown Description: Built

FIG 71: K206 Housing in Alexandra Johannesburg (alexnews.co.za, 2016)

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FIG 72: K206 Housing street view (alexnews.co.za, 2016)

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Design considerations The design of the K206 housing consist of a main or primary unit as well as two rental units (fig 4). These rental units contribute to monthly income for the home owner and is a form of opportunity. The house is adaptable to suit the user with interior wall that can be demolished for the users needs (fig 5). This allows the house to form one big house for a larger family. A secondary story can be added in the future to extend the unit (fig 69). This can be for rental space or extra space for the main unit. The key consideration that was taken from this precedent was the adaptability of a unit, it contribute to a sense of ownership and future thinking.

FIG 73: K206 Housing design considerations All images (Osman & Davey, 2021) FIG 54: K206 Housing exploration (A Osman, 2011)

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Quinta Monroy HOUSING Quinta Monroy is located in the town of Iquique, which is 1,500 km north of Santiago, Chile’s capital. When the project began in 2001, it was the town’s final informal settlement. It was part of the government’s plan to replace the settlement with 93 housing units for the people who had been living there in poor conditions. Social housing should be viewed as an investment rather than an expense. Thus, the initial subsidy can add value over time. Despite the fact that the land was three times more expensive than the site allotted for social housing, the decision was taken to keep the residents on the same terrain. ‘To retain the site,’ as Aljeandro put it,’meant to maintain the city’s network of opportunities and therefore to improve the family economy; on the other hand, good location is the key to increasing a property’s worth.’ (ArchDaily, 2008).

The concept resolves these challenges with a typology that makes effective use of the site, allows for controlled housing expansion to reduce overpopulation, and encourages self-built processes. Families are provided half a good house with adequate services, as well as technical assistance to complete the expansions on their own (Elemental, n.d.).

Architects: Alejandro Aravena, ELEMENTAL Location: Iquique, Chile Year: 2003 Description: Built

Finally, providing a physical space for the ‘extended family’ to develop has shown to be a critical problem in disadvantaged families’ economic upliftment. We introduced the common area, which was made up of about 20 households, in between the private and public spaces. The communal space is a degree of association in between that allows for the survival of social situations that are precarious. (ArchDaily, 2008).

FIG 74: Quinta Monroy street view (www.dezeen.com, 2016)

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FIG 73: Quinta Monroy built up unit (dezeen.com, 2016)

FIG 75: Quinta Monroy original structure (dezeen.com, 2016)

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FIG 76: Quinta Monroy plans and layout (dezeen.com, 2016) Edited (Author (2021)

Design considerations The design of Quinta Monroy was an unique approach in dealing with informal areas. The more formalised layout with a courtyard in the middle. This open space gives residents a space to play and let them feel part of a community. The unis face the courtyard which make this a safe space with eyes constantly on this space. The idea of the occupants adding onto the structure allows for growth and informality that is needed in such spaces.

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BELAPUR HOUSING The major issue in Mumbai has always been an overpopulation of people and a shortage of roofs. Architect Charles Correa investigated the problem and proposed appropriate and unusual solutions. His contributions to affordable housing are extensive and inspirational. Belapur is a town in the Thane district of Maharashtra. It is located 2 kilometers from the center of New Bombay and is a node in Nerul. The 5,4-hectare site was meant to house 500 people(about 100 homes). The construction began in 1983 and took three years to finish, with the first inhabitants moving in by 1986. The plan is founded on a simple principle: each home has its own plot, allowing for future expansion if and when necessary. The program was designed to benefit people from all walks of life, including those with low, moderate, and high incomes. Despite the wide range of socioeconomic groups, plot sizes are relatively consistent, ranging from 45 to 75 square meters. Originally, Correa intended for all plots to have the same size, but due to affordability and lending agency regulations, this had to be adjusted.

Each house has its own plot and does not share a common wall with its neighbors, allowing for a modest open space between them. This is advantageous in two ways: it creates a sense of individuality even in densely populated areas, and it allows the owners to expand. This was praised as an example of good modern planning.

Architects: Charles Correa Location: New Bombay, India Year: 1983 - 1986 Description: Built

In line with the majority of Correa’s previous low-cost housing projects, the overall development is low-rise high density. There are five various types of dwellings based on plot size, with the most basic being a single room with a toilet and the most complex being a two-story tenement. Although the units do not share walls, two nearby houses’ toilets do, making plumbing services more convenient. To generate a sense of home and community, Correa cleverly employs his signature hierarchical open spaces. The individual yard of each house is the tiniest open space. Seven homes are clustered around an intimate 8m x 8m patio (Khan Hasan-ud-din, 1987). FIG 77: Belapur housing courtyard (re-thinkingthefuture.com, nd)

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59: Belapur housing cluster FIG 78: layout (www.re-thinkingthefuture.com, (re-thinkingthefuture.com, nd) nd)

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Design considerations Design considerations Three of these clusters combine on a bigger area of around 12m × 12m. Three of these clusters are grouped together around the main common space, which measures 21m x 21m. The common spaces lead to a seasonal creek that runs through the core of the site, carrying rainwater during storms.

FIG 79: Belapur housing cluster expansion layout (re-thinkingthefuture.com, nd)

All of the units are set up in such a way that one house can border two others. To protect the residents’ privacy, no windows are installed on those sides. All of the units are constructed of load-bearing masonry, plastered, and painted. The structure was kept simple so that even unskilled laborers in the area could build the dwellings, providing them with work.

Belapur Housing issues a statement that incorporates Correa’s top housing principles: incrementality, open-to-sky spaces, equity, and a strong sense of community. The development is essentially pedestrian-only, with parking spots on the outside. The open spaces quickly transform from a tiny court to a large community gathering area. (Khan Hasan-ud-din, 1987).

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CHAPTER ANALYSIS OF SITE

page 123

Site Location and Transport Site Surroundings Site General Aspects Site History Development Figure Ground Map Site and Surrounding Functions Circulation Primary Nodes and Flow

8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 8.8

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FIG 80: Site location and transport routes (Author, 2021)

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SITE LOCATION TRANSPORT

The site, Pienaarspoort, is located 23km away from the city centre, having one of the main highways as primary connection point. The main transport method is that of minibus taxis that are privately owned and are responsible for the primary connection between the neighbourhood and work opportunities in the city centre. This form of transportation is expensive and can cost upwards of R100 a day. The second form of transport is the railway, which is unreliable. There is a lack of sufficient transportation, which leads to difficulty for some and causes a sense of division (Linhares, 2020: 60).

FIG 81: Commuters in taxi transport (reviewonline.co.za, 2015)

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FIG 82: Site surroundings (GoogleMaps, 2021) Edited (Author, 2021)

SITE SURROUNDINGS There are limited functions in the surrounding areas leading to little connections and opportunity. Within 3 kilometer walk, it is possible to reach the Hatherley Municipal dumping site, farmland and a public clinic that is located in the center of the proposed site.

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FIG 83: Site Boundaries (GoogleMaps, 2021) Edited (Author, 2021)

FIG 84: Pienaarspoort history 2011 (GoogleMaps, 2021)

SITE GENERAL ASPECTS

Estimate number of the total number of people who currently living in the site: 4700

SITE HISTORY DEVELOPMENT

The site has the following main characteristics:

Distance between North-South axis ends: 875m

Total site area: 527 830 m2

Distance between east west axis ends: 795m

Estimated number community: 1175

families

living

Estimated number of family unit size: 4

the

Total density: 9039/km2

The are no exact known date for the community establishment, but investigation led to the conclusion that the community was established in 2011, with people moving from Mamelodi. It is possible to see from figure 83 the site with no occupants in 2011, and in 2021 the community status as we know today.

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FIG 85: Pienaarspoort Nolli map (Author, 2021)

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SITE FUNCTIONS

The site has limited range of functions, with a public clinic in the center of the informal settlement and shattered informal kiosks and street venders supplying to only the occupant of the community.

FIG 86: Site functions (Author, 2021)

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FIG 87: Site circulation (Author, 2021)

SITE CIRCULATION

All roads too and through the site are unpaved roads. Wide 20m roads with no sidewalks leading to people walking in the road. Most of the occupants travel by foot to there destination, walking to and from the taxi drop off that sites on the southern most corner of the site.

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FIG 88: Site nodes and flow (Author, 2021)

SITE NODES AND FLOW

The flow of the site is prominently through the site with little places to stop. Pedestrians from neighboring settlements, mostly to the north which is more developed travel through the site to the taxi stop and train crossing. The water point and clinic form the center of the site and the split of direction for pedestrians.

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CHAPTER CONCEPT & DEVELOPMENT

page 133

Concept Development

9.1 9.2

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FIG 89: Concept (Author, 2021)

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CONCEPT “Holistic” - Holistic Architecture refers to the use of the built environment to treat the whole person. “Mutualism” - describes the interaction between two or more species where each species has a net benefit. “Holistic Mutualism” - The process where the relationship to the surroundings is the contributing elements that benefit one another. The whole is greater than the sum of its parts.

page 136

There are complex relationships where we create interaction to produce a greater effect. Individual parts or people cannot stand alone to benefit but as a whole they add value. The result is a unique solution were diversity and integration comes into play.

FIG 90: Complex relationships where integration is at the forefront (Author, 2021)

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It is evident in the concept of holistic mutualism that every aspect is link in one way or another, every aspect benefits form the other existence and opportunity is created through these relationships. No single system can survive alone, they all need to form part of the community to create a true thriving community. For example: The waste picker sell his recycled plastic waste to the workshop, the workshop make brick out of the recycled plastic, the brick is used by the builder to build a home for the homeowner, the homeowner buys food from the market or vendor, the vendor gets his food from the farm, the cluster is responsible for the production of food and the waste picker for park of the cluster. It is clear that everything is linked like shown in figure 91. One create an opportunity for the other and the community forms a stronger force than an individual.

FIG 91: System of aspects linked to one another for the greater good of the community (Author, 2021)

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ON A BLOCK SCALE

FIG 92: Concept development on block scale (Author, 2021)

page 139

ON A CLUSTER SCALE

FIG 93: Concept development in community cluster and the relationship between units (Author, 2021)

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DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

URBAN SCALE

SITE BOUNDARY

FIGURE GROUND

EXISTING ROADS (new gird overlay)

The sites edge is permeable with pedestrian accessing the site from all directions. Two main entrances from the southern side as well as the west from Bronkhorstpruit road.

Current urban form as show in figure ground sketch above. The existing house to be as far as possible untouched. This allows for the relationship between neighbors to be maintainable.

As most of our urban planning in cities, there are roads connecting to houses to the formal urban plan. Road based planning in seen and an emphasis on cars where most of the occupants of the human settlement making use of public transport. The new grid has less roads and more space for pedestrians to walk

FIG 94: Urban scale design development All images (Author, 2021)

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BLOCKS

FIG 95: Proposed site block scale (Author, 2021)

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SITE CIRCULATION AND NODES

FIG 96: Urban scale design development All images (Author, 2021)

CONNECTIONS FROM NODES

SITE LAYOUT

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Re blocking is the rearrangement of shacks in informal settlements to maximize open space. The disruption of the residents lives are minimal as they form part of the process. The benefits of re blocking include establishing roads, reducing grey water hazards, introduce fire safety and creating a sense of pride within the neighbourhood (Jiusto and Hersh, 2012).

Empower Shack is a dwelling made out of wood and iron sheeting that can be self-built. The vertical building has two story’s and creates a more dignified house than a traditional shack. The basis structure has smaller footprint thus creating more room for public open spaces improving pedestrian movement and reducing fire hazards (Tory-Henderson, n.d.).

FIG 97: Urban scale design development and block configuremnt (Author, 2021)

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BLOCK SCALE

UNIT ORIENTATION

FIG 98: Block scale design development All images (Author, 2021)

SITE PERMEABILITY

COURTYARDS AND OPEN PUBLIC SPACE

page 145

FIG 99: Block scale courtyard to open space relationship (Author, 2021)

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CHAPTER DESIGN RESOLUTION

page 147

Human Settlement Birdseye view of Block Organic Structure Ground Floor Plan First Floor Plan Walkup Ground Floor Plan Typologies Section Renders

10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.7 10.8 10.9

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PIENAARSPOORT

FIG 100: Final masterplan (Author, 2021)

page 149 FIG 101: The results of added amenities (Author, 2021)

page 150 150

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㈀⸀䈀䰀伀䌀䬀 FIG 100: Work for community growth and basic help (Author, 2021)

page 151 151

FIG 102: Birdseye view of alternative framework fabric (Author, 2021)

page 152

FIG 103: Development of organic cluster structure (Author, 2021)

page 153 153

FIG 104: Final masterplan birdseye view (Author, 2021)

page 154 154

page 155 155

FIG 105: Ground floor plan northern edge of block (Author, 2021) FIG 106: Ground floor plan southern edge of block (Author, 2021)

page 156 156

112: Perspective render from courtyard looking FIG 107: Housing cluster courtyard and public open at walkup unit 2021) (Author, 2021) space (Author,

page 157 157

FIG 113: Perspective render of workers yard courtyard and market area (Author, 2021)

FIG 108: Housing walkway linking houses (Author, 2021)

page 158 158

FIG 109: First floor plan of walkup units (Author, 2021) FIG 110: Ground floor plan of walkup and intrior courtyard (Author, 2021)

page 159 159

page 160

104:Family Familyunit unitstreet development and(Author, perspective FIG 111: perspective 2021) (Author, 2021)

page 161

Housing typology 1 The first strategy is to work with a housing typology that is used to promote diversity and flexibility for family units. This typology can develop to house two families living together or rooms at the back of the site can be rented out for an income to the owner. Plot Size: 128m2

Housing typology 1 development stategy

FIG 112: Family unit floor plans and development All images (Author, 2021)

page 162

FIG 113: Workshop unit perspective (Author, 2021)

page 163

Housing typology 2 Following the same pattern as th typology 1, this unit is designed for families and also accommodate for economic opportunity in for of a workshop space. The workshop space can be used as hair salon, bakery, mechanic or tailoring. The possibilities are endless. Unis are places around the border of the blocks for highest movement rates.

Housing typology 2 development stategy

FIG 114: Workshop unit floor plans and development (Author, 2021)

page 164 164

108 Walkup street unit development and perspective FIG 115: view render (Author, 2021) (Author, 2021)

page 165 165

109:Inferior Walkupcourtyard unit floorview plansfrom (Author, 2021) FIG 116: cafeteria (Author, 2021)

page 166

FIG 117: Walkup perspective (Author, 2021)

page 167

Housing typology 3 Typology three is designed to increase the density and can accommodates a couple, or single person. The one room apartments shares a communal bathroom, kitchen and lounge area, which increase the social connections of the unit and community. It is incorporated into the finer grain of the block to still be inclusive in the community. Room Size: 10m2

FIG 118: Walkup floor plans and development (Author, 2021)

page 168

page 169

FIG 111 Section B-B (Author, 2021)

FIG 119: Block section(Author, 2021)

page 170 170

FIG 120: Community vegetable garden in courtyard (Author, 2021)

171 page 171

FIG 121: Picnic and kiosk in public open space (Author, 2021)

page 172

CHAPTER TECHNICAL RESOLUTION

page 173

Site Information Ground floor plans First floor plan Roof plan Section A-A and Details Edge detail and Details Elevation and Details Section B-B and Details

11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 11.6 11.7 11.8

page 174

3D ISOMETRIC VIEW

SCALE 1:NTS

3D ISOMETRIC VIEW

SCALE 1:NTS

1 36

1360

1365

1370

1365

1360

PROPOSED SITE ERF 651

SCALE 1:NTS

13 70

ERF 643

MELAMU STRE

1360

RA AY ILW

WAY 16m SER VITU

1365

1360

1370

RIG HT

1355

1360

B 1365

1350

1355

T OF

SERV WAY m 16

LA ME

1365

RIGH 1360

ort arspo Piena

ITUDE

E ST R

88°

50 13

ERF 642 80300

R964

AY ILW 65 13

LA ME

S MU

TRE

build

ing

25150

line

2380

8045

Line of slab above

PROPOSED BUILDING ie

Line of roof above

Line of slab above

Municiple connection Line of roof above

400 line

PROPOSED BUILDING

ie R964

110mm Ø uPVC soil pipe to municple sewer connection fall 1:40

Line of slab above

74,5m

50 13

45 13

1 36

ce ie Line of slab above

s.o.p

5900 23100

41501

0m m

30000

400 build

1 °

mm 000

m 111

build

ing

line

Y NDR BOU

E LIN

Datum point 1370 =100 000

D ROA NEW d road e Tarr

00 525

2380

66 °

5200

NE Y LI NDR BOU

ie ce

1200

PROPOSED BUILDING

SCALE 1:5000

BOUNDARY LINE : AB = 111m : BC = 78.5m : CD = 111m : DA = 74.5m

ing

NELLMAPIUS

ERF 645

MAMELODI

PROPOSED SITE

line

SILVERTON

LYNWOOD

5300

2450

Line of slab above

25150

PRETORIA CENTRAL

20330

14745

12500

LOCALITY PLAN

5200

LIST OF DRAWINGS: SHEET 1: Locality Plan & Site Plan SHEET 2: Ground Floor Plan SHEET 3: First Floor Plan SHEET 4: Roof Plan SHEET 5: Section A-A & Details SHEET 6: Perimeter Detail & Details SHEET 7: Elevations & Details

ing

60107

Line of slab above

Vehicle Parking

build

1355

0m m

Area of focus boundry

92°

50 13

1365

24855

PROPOSED COURTYARD 1370

1360

ERF 654

NE Y LI NDR BOU

1345 1355

110mm Ø uPVC soil pipe to municple sewer connection fall 1:40

mm 000

78,5m

E LIN

5155

1365

13 6

13 60

111

DRAINAGE NOTE: All pipes that pass underneath the building to be embedded in a 100mm concrete sleeve, IE every 15m

Y DR UN BO

2500

1370

R104 / Bro nkhors tspruit Rd

170x85mm precast concrete curb

CONTRACT DOCUMENTATION

FAERIE GLEN

ERF 650

SILVER LAKES

136

LOCALITY CITY PLAN SCALE 1:150 000

SITE PLAN SCALE 1:500

D ROA NEW d road e Tarr

AVONDZON

Name

Dian Lucas

student number

214716194

Project description

13 6

FIG 122: Contract documentation - Locality and site plan (Author, 2021)

FRAMEWORK OF OPPORTUNITY: The Design of a Community Fabric to Rejuvenate Human Settlement in Pienaarspoort, Gauteng Drawing number & description

P01 - Locality Plan & Site Plan Date OUT

Date IN

2021.08.03

2021.10.27

Scale:

1:150 000, 1:5000, 1:500

Sheet No./No.

1/7

page 175 A

5 000

B 005

5 000

22505

5 000

35050 5361

12300

5361

645

3500

300

2640

3500

300

3500

555

20110

2640

885

3500

1380

3500

1660

3500

1220

3500

965

4 250 0 250

COLUMN NOTE: 300x300mm galvanised mild steel IPE Column welded to 12mm galvanised mild steel base plate. Base plate to be bolted with M12 anchor bolts to reinforced concrete footing

5000

8 499

COVERED OPEN WORK AREA

600

600mm wide planter

85mm step

Door opening position above

85mm step

D12

150 x 150 mm Recycled plastic column

190mm non-load bearing cement block wall

D12

110mm recycled plastic modular walling system according to detail 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10

2665

Polished Cemcrete 100 170

Landing 101 870 9 7

Polished Cemcrete 100 170

Landing 101 870 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

190mm non-load bearing cement block wall

whb

1930

i.e. duct

6 5

D12

85mm step

D12

Door opening position above

STAIR NOTE: riser:200mm thread:250mm

3020

Polished Cemcrete 100 085

85mm step

1000

450

85mm step

300x300mm reinforce concrete columns, off shutter finish

190mm non-load bearing cement block wall

BRICK PRESS ROOM

Polished Cemcrete 100 170

455

WASH UP AREA 990

4320

COLUMN EXTRUSION

110mm recycled plastic modular walling system according to detail

whb

150X450mm recycled plastic column

PORCH

3020

150X450mm recycled plastic column

D12

450

D12

Line of downstand beam 2 500

Door opening position above

4525

Line of slab above

85mm step

150x150mm recycled plastic column, fixed according to deatil

64°

Door opening position above

85mm step

Door opening position above

7 500

450 4235

5140

4980

7 500

4980

10950

⌀

85mm step

Line of slab above

Door opening position above

0 200

250mm Reinforced concrete bollards

Door opening position above

10950

0 200

Door opening position above

1000

STAIR NOTE: riser:200mm thread:250mm

Door opening position above

2 500

2600

2950

290

Line of slab above

0 200

Line of slab above 85mm step ie

2640

3145

2640

885

3500

1380

3500

1660

3500

1220

8250

8310

85mm step

100x100mm galvanised sheet metal downpipe, finish painted

Line of slab above

Door opening position above

85mm step

D12

Door opening position above

Polished Cemcrete 100 085

1000 150

85mm step 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10

3035

Landing 101 870

Polished Cemcrete 100 170

ie duct

85mm step 2425

2500

2775

2 500

2775

2540

STORE ROOM

D12

Door opening position above

300x300mm reinforce concrete columns, off shutter finish

SHREADING ROOM Polished Cemcrete 100 170

duct

D12 85mm step

850

445

Recycled plastic modular walling system according to detail

995

Water point

2250

100 170

1000

9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

190mm non-load bearing cement block wall

150x150 mm recycled plastic column

D22

ADMIN

Polished Cemcrete 100 170

STAIR NOTE: riser:200mm thread:250mm

Door opening position above

Line of roof above

110mm recycled plastic modular walling system according to detail

190mm non-load bearing cement block wall W4

Line of downstand beam

300x300mm reinforce concrete columns, off shutter finish

D19

OUTSIDE WALKWAY

150X450mm Recycled plastic column

Door opening position above

110mm Ø uPVC soil pipe to municple sewer connection fall 1:40

3250

300x300mm reinforce concrete columns, off shutter finish

3500

10656

CONTRACT DOCUMENTATION

8250

3500

2850

85mm step

Line of slab above

6501

Block Pavers 100 000

Line of slab above

Line of slab above 85mm step

150x150mm Recycled plastic column

85mm step

3150

Polished Cemcrete

1925

MATERIAL WASH ROOM

4240

4960

11100

4960

10 000

7500

D12

1985

450

85mm step

300x300mm reinforce concrete columns, off shutter finish

Line of slab above

PORCH

Door opening position above

995

7310

1000

5040

2500

5810

2500

5810

4540

19650

40700

5000

GROUND FLOOR PLAN SCALE 1:100

5000

10 000

Door opening position above

3 2615

Line of slab above

300x300mm galvanised mild steel IPE Column

85mm Step

3365

2 500

3500

1480

1400

2000

3500

100x100mm galvanised sheet metal downpipe

4960

1600

1480

3500

Line of roof above

3250

100x100mm galvanised sheet metal downpipe

965

BALUSTRADE NOTE: 1000mm galvanised mill steel balustrade according to SANS 10400 fixed to concrete stairs with expansion bolts

COVERED CIRCULATION SPACE Pavers 100 000

2500

3500

20110

8650

3145

990

10 000

8165

ce 990

3365

5004

4015

2425

8650

10 000

15035

Pavers 100 000

3500

15035

SORTING YARD

649

Line of roof above

DRAINAGE NOTE: All pipes that pass underneath the building to be embedded in a 100mm concrete sleeve, IE every 15m

85mm step

11680

110mm Ø uPVC soil pipe to municple sewer connection fall 1:40

100x100mm galvanised sheet metal downpipe, finish painted white

Weepholes every 3 brick perpent joint

255

190mm non-load bearing cement block panter

Ramp

100x100mm galvanised sheet metal downpipe, finish painted

85mm step

2950

100x100mm galvanised sheet metal downpipe, finish painted

Line of slab above

2600

100x100mm galvanised sheet metal downpipe, finish painted

1535

116°

Pavers 99 830

4970

PARKING

9960mm wide reinforced ramp to engineer's specification. Ramp slope maximum 1:12 to SANS 10400 PART S

2000

Pavers 100 085

2000

170x85mm precast concrete curb

Pavers 100 000

1435

Line of roof above

85mm step

10 000

COMMUNAL COURTYARD

3000

0 250

10 000

154° 3

2430

0 250

Line of roof above

0 250

300x300mm galvanised mild steel IPE-Column

0 250

85mm step

5000

19704

5000

B 005

5000

Dian Lucas 214716194

Project description

5000

Name student number

5000

FIG 123: Contract documentation - Ground floor plan (Author, 2021)

FRAMEWORK OF OPPORTUNITY: The Design of a Community Fabric to Rejuvenate Human Settlement in Pienaarspoort, Gauteng Drawing number & description

P01 - Ground Floor Plan Date OUT

Date IN

2021.08.03

2021.10.27

Scale:

1:100

Sheet No./No.

2/7

page 176

5 000

B 005

5 000

40245 17360 3390 725

3360

2255

770

1135

900 310 900

2695

3305

2610

770 2460

1405

2250 900

2505

1740

1015

1025 600

1795

20000

4045

5460

600

3638

2990

675

3227

2250

770

2695

3135

2610

770

3135

2250

1350

3220

2250

770

3645 3418

2695

2250

638

2695

2250

100x50x20mm mild steel lipped channel purlins spaced as 1200c/c

10 000

fall 1:12

0.5mm sheet metal IBR roof sheeting fixed 100x50 mild steel purlins with roofing screws

shwr

Recycled plastic tiles

1145

1055 17 16

2300

900

2300

900

2280

900

D1 2210

900

2300

2415

12 11

11 10

sink

1000mm wide precast reinforced concrete stairs

8 7

whb

6 5

sink

Duct

BIC

COMMUNAL KITCHEN

3 2

Epoxy floor 103 400

Recycled plastic modular walling system according to detail

1000mm wide precast reinforced concrete stairs

landing 100 5009 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

7 500

900

7650

605

15 14

1085

14 13

landing 100 5009

whb

1545 18

whb

void 3320

Recycled plastic tiles

ROOM 10

STAIR NOTE: Riser:200mm Thread:250mm

40mm thick MENTIS SS mentagrid

FHR with 2 9kg portable fire extingiushers

Recycled plastic tiles

ROOM 9

0 ll 1:10

ROOM 8

D5 D3

Recycled plastic tiles

ROOM 7

1200

Recycled plastic tiles

1030

shwr

ROOM 6

2045

0 ll 1:10

STAIR NOTE: riser:200mm thread:250mm

0 ll 1:10

2555

spout

ROOM 5

2555

2415

2565

whb

Epoxy floor 103 400

190mm non-load bearing cement block infill wall

COMMUNAL LOUNGE

Recycles plastic tiles

Recycled plastic modular walling system according to detail

whb

ss ae ie ie

450

3089

ROOM 4

whb

190mm non-load bearing cement block infill wall

Polished Cemcrete

50mm Ø uPVC waste water pipe to stub stack

shwr

MALE BATHROOM

STORE

1576

1200

2 500

10205

7 500

ss ae

1200

wc ur

1030

950

Recycled plastic tiles

40mm thick MENTIS SS mentagrid

40mm thick MENTIS SS mentagrid W1

void

2000

Recycled plastic tiles

1190

ROOM 3

3170

Recycles plastic tiles

ss ae

1405

ROOM 2

1100

ROOM 1

Polished Cemcrete

1000

2920

2975

40mm thick MENTIS SS mentagrid

Galvanised sheet metal IBR roof sheating, fixed to 100x50x20mm zed-channels mild steam strut according to detail 4

FEMALE BATHROOM

100x100mm galvanised sheet metal downpipe

BALUSTRADE NOTE: 1000mm mill steel balustrade according to SANS 10400 fixed to concrete stairs with expansion bolts

200x50mm recycled plastic slates facade according to detail

110mm Ø uPVC soil pipe fall1:40

1990

100x50mm recycled plastic slates facade according to detail

2 500

10 000

150x50x20mm mild steel lipped channel purlins spaced as 2500c/c

100mm concrete channel fall 1:100 to spout

100x50x20mm mild steel lipped channel purlins spaced as 1200c/c

2255

900 235

6665

487 900 302

1456

1015

1496

1649

2695

300x300mm reinforce concrete columns, off shutter finish 110

3610

150x50x20mm mild steel lipped channel purlins spaced as 2500c/c 200x200mm galvanised sheet metal gutter

300x300mm galvanised mild steel I-beam web rib fall 1:12

3355

3350

1405

1740

1015

1795

9815

8745

10 000

100x50mm recycled plastic slates fixed to web rib with angle irons 300x300mm galvanised mild steel I-beam web rib

10 000

12780

100x50mm recycled plastic slates fixed to

150x50x20mm mild steel lipped channel purlins spaced as 2500c/c

fall 1:12

100x50x20mm mild steel lipped channel purlins spaced as 1200c/c

1350

0.5mm sheet metal IBR roof sheeting fixed 100x50 mild steel purlins with roofing screws

whb

Recycles plastic tiles

COMMUNAL LOUNGE Epoxy Floor 103 400

whb

shwr

D51

shwr

fall 1:

900 235

3390

Recycles plastic tiles

3300

ROOM 9

ROOM 10

Recycles plastic tiles

whb

3300

3400

1535

whb

Recycled plastic modular walling system according to detail

12 11 10

whb

3300

sink

BIC

sink

landing 100 5009

Epoxy floor 103 400

1000mm wide precast reinforced concrete stairs

Galvanised sheet metal IBR roof sheating, fixed to 100x50x20mm zed-channels mild steam strut according to detail 4

ROOM 11

COMMUNAL KITCHEN

Recycles plastic tiles

7 6

ROOM 12

50x50mm galvanised sheet metal flasching

Recycles plastic tiles

190mm non-load bearing cement block infill wall

4 3

Recycles plastic tiles

100

fall 1:

STAIR NOTE: riser:200mm thread:250mm

100

fall 1:

100

2 BALUSTRADE NOTE: 1000mm mill steel balustrade according to SANS 10400 fixed to concrete stairs with expansion bolts

300x300mm reinforce concrete columns, off shutter finish

edge of slab

300x300mm reinforce concrete columns, off shutter finish

edge of slab

2255

FHR with 2 9kg portable fire extingiushers

190mm non-load bearing cement block wall 100 fall 1:

shwr

450

2000

ROOM 4

whb

ie ie

ROOM 8

7 500

2295

190mm non-load bearing cement block infill wall

ROOM 7

2 500

900

Recycles plastic tiles

2000

2450

void

985

900 310 900

ROOM 6

946

D14

10185

shwr

ROOM 5

6665

487 900

1865

800

6665

1645

1500

1015

2125 1500

3384

ss ae

2555

1100

D44

1100

2190

705

3060

D47

Polished Cemcrete

D6 1100

1200

2595

ss ae

MALE BATHROOM

STORE

ss ae

1100

Recycles plastic tiles

D53

950

Recycles plastic tiles

D52

1250

ROOM 3

Polished Cemcrete

3080

ROOM 2

FEMALE BATHROOM

2000

Recycles plastic tiles

1409

1000

ROOM 1

356

10205

7 500

200x200mm galvanised sheet metal gutter

1000

530

3140

610

2 500

200x50mm recycled plastic slates facade according to detail

1050

100x100mm galvanised sheet metal downpipe

900 228 1645

18520 2750

CONTRACT DOCUMENTATION

900 310 900

7253

2692

3680

3200

3175

40055

20000

2695

Name

Dian Lucas

student number

214716194

Project description

5000

A N

5000

B 005

5000

FIRST FLOOR PLAN

FRAMEWORK OF OPPORTUNITY: The Design of a Community Fabric to Rejuvenate Human Settlement in Pienaarspoort, Gauteng Drawing number & description

SCALE 1:100

P01 - First Floor Plan

FIG 124: Contract documentation - First floor plan (Author, 2021)

Date OUT

Date IN

2021.08.03

2021.10.27

Scale:

1:100

Sheet No./No.

3/7

page 177 A

B 5 000

D 5 000

5 000

E 5 000

B 005

5 000

G 5 000

H 5 000

5 000

18550

5 000

1450

5 000

21300

1450

100x50x20mm mild steel lipped channel purlins spaced as 1200c/c

10 000

150x50x20mm mild steel lipped channel purlins spaced as 2500c/c

200x200mm galvanised sheet metal gutter

fall 1:12

200x200mm galvanised sheet metal gutter, supported galvanised mild steel gutter bracket

7 500

500mm overhang

direction of fall

500mm overhang

direction of fall

500mm overhang

11685

7 500

100x50x20mm galvanised mild steel purlin spaced @1200mm c/c

500mm overhang

0.5mm galvanised sheet metal IBR roof sheeting, fixed to 100x50x20mm galvanised mild steel purlin spaced @1200mm c/c

2 500

5 2 500

5 200mm galvanised sheet metal corner flashing

4 100x50x20mm mild steel lipped channel purlins spaced as 1200c/c

500mm overhang

150x50x20mm mild steel lipped channel purlins spaced as 2500c/c

200x200mm galvanised sheet metal gutter

10295

fall 1:12

300x300mm galvanised mild steel IPE-beam web rib

fall 1:12

10 000

100x50mm recycled plastic slates fixed to

300x300mm galvanised mild steel IPE-beam web rib

8254

10 000

200x200mm galvanised sheet metal gutter 100x50mm recycled plastic slates fixed to

0.5mm galvanised sheet metal IBR roof sheeting, fixed to 75x50x20 galvanised mild steel lipped channel purlin

DOWNPIPE NOTE: 100x100mm galvasised sheet metal downpipe, finish painted white

200x200mm galvanised sheet metal gutter, supported galvanised mild steel gutter bracket

500mm overhang

3 2290

7 500

0.5mm galvanised sheet metal IBR roof sheeting, fixed to 75x50x20 galvanised mild steel lipped channel purlin

direction of fall

500mm overhang

direction of fall

500mm overhang

11695

7 500

300x300mm galvanised mild steel IPE-beam

100x50x20mm galvanised mild steel lipped channel purlin, spaced at 1200c/c 200mm galvanised sheet metal corner flashing

2 500

500mm overhang

1 500mm overhang

500mm overhang

28440

1600

9720

11090

CONTRACT DOCUMENTATION Name

Dian Lucas

student number

214716194

2345

Project description

5000

A N

5000

B 005

5000

ROOF PLAN SCALE 1:100

FRAMEWORK OF OPPORTUNITY: The Design of a Community Fabric to Rejuvenate Human Settlement in Pienaarspoort, Gauteng Drawing number & description

P05 - Roof Plan

FIG 125: Contract documentation - Roof Plan (Author, 2021)

Date OUT

Date IN

2021.08.03

2021.10.27

Scale:

1:100

Sheet No./No.

4/7

page 178 7

10 000

7 500

2 500

10 000

7 500

1 2 500

11630

D3 7

ED 1 6

85° 105°

ROOM 25

COMMUNAL LOUNGE

GROUND UFFL 100 000

Polish concrete

2930

12mm galvanised mild steel base plate fixed with M12 anchor bolts

170 3145

3400

COVERED WORK AREA

COMMUNAL LOUNGE

COMMUNAL KITCHEN Plaster and paint

exposed and unfinished concrete soffit

ROOM 7

Recycled plastic bricks 1000

Plaster and paint

170

Galvanised mild steel corner flashinng

Recycled plastic bricks

Galvanised mild steel corner flashinng

exposed and unfinished concrete soffit

150X450mm recycled plastic column

D12

COLUMN EXTRUSION

COVERED CIRCULATION

Recycled plastic bricks

85mm step

COMMUNAL KITCHEN

85mm step

SECOND UFFL 106 800

300x300mm reinforced concrete coloum, off shutter finish and according to Engineers specification

Recycled plastic modular walling system according to detail

FIRST UFFL 103 400

Plaster and paint

exposed and unfiniseh concrete soffit

D12

TOP OF WALL 110 200

ROOM 2

Recycled plastic bricks

ROOM 7

170

150x50x20mm galvanised mild steel lipped channel purlins spaced as 2500c/c

200x50mm recycled plastic slates facade according to detail

170mm reinforced concrete downstand beam

exposed and unfinished concrete soffit

300x300mm galvanised mild steel IPE-beam

170mm reinforced concrete roof slab with 85mm upstand beam

170

Plaster and paint

85°

3230

200x50mm recycled plastic slates facade according to detail

100x50x20mm galvanised mild steel lipped channel purlins spaced as 1200c/c

FIRST UFFL 103 400

170mm reinforced concrete roof slab with 170mm upstand beam

0.5mm thick galvanised sheet metal cover flashing

85°

300x300mm reinforced concrete coloum, off shutter finish and according to Engineers specification

Recycled plastic bricks

15060

0.5mm Galvanised sheet metal IBR roof sheeting, fixed to 75x50x20mm Galvanised Mild Steel lipped channel purlin

170mm reinforced concrete roof slab with 85mm upstand beam

3105

Unfinised cement block

3230

3400

COMMUNAL LOUNGE

exposed and unfinished concrete soffit

Galvanised mild steel facade suport structure acording to detail

3400

SECOND UFFL 106 800

2900

ROOM 39

Recycled plastic bricks

190mm non-load bearing cement block wall

TOP OF COLUMN 13 600

300x300mm galvanised mild steel IPE-coloumn

45°

3230

TOP OF WALL 110 200

ROOF NOTE: 0.5mm galvanised sheet metal IBR roof sheeting, fixed to 100x50x20mm galvanised mild steel purlin spaced @1200mm c/c

2900

3400

COLUMN NOTE: 300x300mm galvanised Mild Steel IPE Column welded to 12mm galvanised mild steel base plate. Base plate to be bolted with M12 anchor bolts to reinforced concrete footing

ROOF APEX 15 080

300x300mm galvanised mild steel IPE-beam

85°

2930

1460

TOP OF COLUMN 13 600

0.5mm thick galvanised sheet metal cover flashing

1000

ROOF APEX 15 080

BALUSTRADE NOTE: 1000mm galvanised mill steel balustrade according to SANS 10400 fixed to concrete stairs with expansion bolts

MATERIAL WASH ROOM

D1 5

Recycled plastic bricks

NGL

85mm step

GROUND UFFL 100 000

NGL

Line of 500x800mm reinforced concrete footing to per Engineer specification

170mm reinforced concrete surface bed, with polished concrete finish

SECTION A-A SCALE 1:100

150

110

EXTERIOR

INTERIOR LIST OF DRAWINGS: SHEET 1: Locality Plan & Site Plan SHEET 2: Ground Floor Plan SHEET 3: First Floor Plan SHEET 4: Roof Plan SHEET 5: Section A-A & Details SHEET 6: Perimeter Detail & Details SHEET 7: Elevations & Details

Line of 150X450mm Recycled plastic column 150 x 150 recycled plastic column 110mm recycled interlocking plastic wall

Line of 150x150mm recycled plastic column

110mm recycled interlocking plastic wall

170mm reinforced concrete surface bed, with polished concrete finish

50x36mm recycled plastic base-block to seat on inside of galvanised u-channel

100x65x8mm unequal angle irons bolted to floor slab

50x36mm recycled plastic base-block to seat on inside of galvanised u-channel 190

100x65x8mm unequal angle irons bolted to floor slab

120x60x6mm galvanised u-channel bolted to floor slab 85

85mm concrete thickening

85mm step

170mm reinforced concrete surface bed, with polished concrete finish

120x60x6mm galvanised u-channel bolted to floor slab 85mm reinforced concrete surface bed, with polished concrete finish

85mm reinforced concrete surface bed, with polished concrete finish 0.35mm thick gunplas USB green DPM in compacted filling in layers of 150mm 85mm concrete thickening

CONTRACT DOCUMENTATION Name

Dian Lucas

student number

214716194

Project description

DETAIL 1 _ RECYCLE WALL DETAIL AXO SCALE: NTS

DETAIL 1 _ RECYCLE WALL DETAIL SCALE 1:5

FIG 126: Contract documentation - Section A-A, and details (Author, 2021)

FRAMEWORK OF OPPORTUNITY: The Design of a Community Fabric to Rejuvenate Human Settlement in Pienaarspoort, Gauteng Drawing number & description

P06 - Sections A-A Date OUT

Date IN

2021.08.03

2021.10.27

Scale:

1:100, 1:5

Sheet No./No.

5/7

page 179 6 6 D2 6

0.5mm galvanised sheet metal IBR roof sheeting fixed to 100x50x20 mild steel purlins with roofing screws

100x50x20mm galvanised mild steel purlin spaced @1200mm c/c

5°

75x50mm galvanised mild steel unequal angles support frame 200x200mm galvanised sheet metal gutter, supported galvanised mild steel gutter bracket

0.5mm galvanised sheet metal IBR roof sheeting fixed to 100x50 mild steel purlins with roofing screws

40mm ISOBOARD over purlin insulation installed according to manufacturer

100x50x20mm galvanised mild steel purlin spaced @1200mm c/c

Concrete beam filling

40mm ISOBOARD over purlin insulation installed according to manufacturer

85°

Concrete beam filling 300x300mm galvanised mild steel IPE-beam 125x50x20mm galvanised mild steel purlin

100x100mm galvanised sheet metal downpipe fixed to reincirced concrete coloumn with 30mm stainless steel off pipe brackets

suspended ceiling completed with 12.5mm painted GYPSUM ceilingboard 50x50x3mm galvanised mild steel angle iron, ceiling support

350x305x5mm galvanised mild steel base plate fixed to reinforced concrete coloumn with M12 bolts

75x50mm galvanised mild steel unequal angles support frame 200mm galvanised sheet metal gutter 300

85mm thick reinforced concrete lintol Galvanised mild steel gutter bracket Aluminium framed windows with 6mm lamenated safety glass

Galvanised mild steel facade acorrding to detail 2

300x300mm galvanised mild steel IPE-beam

425

100x100mm galvanised sheet metal downpipe fixed to concrete column with 30mm stainless steel off pipe brackets

2975

Line of reinforced concrete coloumn

Line of 300x300mm reinforced concrete column EXTERIOR

INTERIOR

50x50mm galvanised mild steel equal angle welded to 75x50mm frame, at 15° angle

45° 75°

50x200mm recycled plastic slates fixed to 50x50mm angle irons with screws on a 15° angle 40mm thick MENTIS SS mentagrid on 50x50x3mm galvanised mild steel angle irons

170mm reinforced concrete slab

190mm non load bearing concrete block wall

200x200x20mm thick recycled plastic tiles

150x250x8mm galvanised mild steel fixing plate welded to base plate

INTERIOR

150x250x8mm galvanised mild steel fixing plate sandwiched betweem 70x50mm unequal angle 10mm expantion joint with 15mmø foam sealant backing cord and polyuthene sealant

350x300x5mm galvanised mild steel base plate fixed to reinforced concrete coloumn with M12 bolts 30x30mm galvanised mild steel equal angle bolted with M8 bolts to fixing plate

190mm non load bearing concrete block wall

45°

750

50x200mm recycled plastic slates fixed to 50x50mm angle irons with screws

Aluminium framed windows installed to manufacturers specification with 6mm lamenated safety glass

150x250x5mm galvanised mild steel fixing plate sandwiched betweem 70x50mm unequal angle irons

DETAIL 2 _ FACADE DETAIL 170mm reinforced concrete slab 0.5mm galvanised sheet metal IBR roof sheeting fixed to 100x50 mild steel purlins with roofing screws

SCALE 1:10

200x200x20mm thick recycled plastic tiles

100x50x20mm galvanised mild steel purlin spaced @1200mm c/c

exposed and unfiniseh concrete soffit

300x300mm galvanised mild steel IPE-beam fixed to base plate and bolted to reinforced concrete coloumn

110mm recycled interlocking plastic wall 150x150mm recycled plastic column, fixed to reinforced concrete coloumn

350x300x5mm galvanised mild steel base plate fixed to reinforced concrete coloumn with M12 bolts

190mm non load bearing concrete block infill wall 300x300mm reinforcef concrete coloumn, off shutter finish 300x300x8mm galvanised mild steel base plate fixed to reinforced concrete coloumn with M12 bolts

COVERED WORK AREA

300x300mm reinforced concrete coloumn, off shutter finish

150x250x8mm galvanised mild steel fixing plate welded to base plate

2930

150x250x5mm galvanised mild steel fixing plate sandwiched betweem 70x50mm unequal angle iron 30x30mm galvanised mild steel equal angle bolted with M8 bolts to fixing plates 50x50mm galvanised mild steel equal angle welded to 75x50mm support frame on 15° angle 75x50mm galvanised mild steel unequal angles iron support frame, fixed to galvanised mild steel plate 170mm reinforced concrete floor slab with 170mm upstand beam

85mm reinforced concrete surface bed, with polished concrete finish

500

0.35mm thick gunplas USB green DPM in compacted filling in layers of 150mm

800

PERIMETER DETAIL 1 SCALE 1:25

50x200mm recycled plastic slates fixed to 50x50mm angle irons with screws 50x50x3mm galvanised mild steel angle irons,fixed to reinforced concrete slab with M8 bolts

500x800mm reinforeced concret footing accoring to Engineers specification

40mm thick MENTIS SS mentagrid on 50x50x3mm galvanised mild steel angle irons

DETAIL 2 _ FACADE DETAIL EXLODED AXO SCALE: NTS

FIG 127: Contract documentation - Edge detail (Author, 2021)

CONTRACT DOCUMENTATION Name

Dian Lucas

student number

214716194

Project description

FRAMEWORK OF OPPORTUNITY: The Design of a Community Fabric to Rejuvenate Human Settlement in Pienaarspoort, Gauteng Drawing number & description

P06 - Perimeter Details & Details Date OUT

Date IN

2021.08.03

2021.10.27

Scale:

1:25, 1:10

Sheet No./No.

6/7

page 180 P

N 5000

5000

K 5000

J 5000

5000

C 5000

B 5000

A 5000

ROOF APEX 15 080

0.5mm galvanised sheet metal IBR roof sheeting

TOP OF COLUMN 13 600

0.5mm galvanised sheet metal IBR roof sheeting

200mm galvanised sheet metal corner flashing

TOP OF COLUMN 13 600

200x50mm recycled plastic slates facade

WHB TOP OF WALL 110 200

WHB WC

TOP OF WALL 110 200

ss ae

WHB SECOND UFFL 106 800

WHB WC

SECOND UFFL 106 800

ss ae

WHB

WHB WC

FIRST UFFL 103 400

ss ae

D12

FIRST UFFL 103 400

ss ae

D12

GROUND UFFL 100 000

GROUND UFFL 100 000 NGL

NGL

110mm Ø uPVC soil pipe to municple sewer connection fall 1:40

NORTH ELEVATION SCALE 1:100

ROOF APEX 15 080

5°

0.5mm galvanised sheet metal IBR roof sheeting to 100x50mm mild steel purlins with roofing screws

Aluminium framed windows installed to manufacturers specification with 6mm lamenated safety glass

170

100x50mm galvanised mild steel purlin spaced @1200mm c/c

300

40mm ISOBOARD over purlin insulation installed according to manufacturer

INTERIOR

EXTERIOR

0.5mm thick galvanised sheet metal cover flashing

Galvanised sheet metal window flashing 300x300mm galvanised mild steel IPE-beam welded together

190

85°

100

100x50x20mm galvanised mild steel zed channel

300x300mm galvanised mild steel IPE-Coloumn

TOP OF COLUMN 13 600

170

12mm galvanised mild steel base plate fixed with M12 anchor bolts

170

190mm non-load bearing cement block infill wall

EXTERIOR

170

851

960

Galvanised sheet metal IBR roof sheating, fixed to 50x100 zed-channels mild steam strut

190

100x50x20mm galvanised mild steel zed-channel Galvanised sheet metal corner flashing

300x300mm reinforced concrete coloum, off shutter finish and according to Engineers specification

unfinished concrete soffit

170mm reinforced concrete roof slab with 85mm upstand beam

170mm reinforced concrete floor slab with 170mm upstand beam

300x300mm reinforced concrete coloumn, off shutter finish

CONTRACT DOCUMENTATION Name

Dian Lucas

student number

214716194

Project description

FRAMEWORK OF OPPORTUNITY: The Design of a Community Fabric to Rejuvenate Human Settlement in Pienaarspoort, Gauteng

DETAIL 3 _ ROOF CONNECTION SCALE 1:10

DETAIL 4 _ CLADDING DETAIL SCALE: 1:10

FIG 128: Contract documentation Elevation and details (Author, 2021)

Drawing number & description

P07 - Elevation & Details Date OUT

Date IN

2021.08.03

2021.10.27

Scale:

1:100, 1:10

Sheet No./No.

7/7

page 181 7

10 000

7 500

2 500

10 000

7 500

1 2 500

11630

D3 7

ED 1 6

85° 105°

ROOM 25

COMMUNAL LOUNGE

GROUND UFFL 100 000

Polish concrete

2930

12mm galvanised mild steel base plate fixed with M12 anchor bolts

170 3145

3400

COVERED WORK AREA

COMMUNAL LOUNGE

COMMUNAL KITCHEN Plaster and paint

exposed and unfinished concrete soffit

ROOM 7

Recycled plastic bricks 1000

Plaster and paint

170

Galvanised mild steel corner flashinng

Recycled plastic bricks

Galvanised mild steel corner flashinng

exposed and unfinished concrete soffit

150X450mm recycled plastic column

D12

COLUMN EXTRUSION

COVERED CIRCULATION

Recycled plastic bricks

85mm step

COMMUNAL KITCHEN

85mm step

SECOND UFFL 106 800

300x300mm reinforced concrete coloum, off shutter finish and according to Engineers specification

Recycled plastic modular walling system according to detail

FIRST UFFL 103 400

Plaster and paint

exposed and unfiniseh concrete soffit

D12

TOP OF WALL 110 200

ROOM 2

Recycled plastic bricks

ROOM 7

170

150x50x20mm galvanised mild steel lipped channel purlins spaced as 2500c/c

200x50mm recycled plastic slates facade according to detail

170mm reinforced concrete downstand beam

exposed and unfinished concrete soffit

300x300mm galvanised mild steel IPE-beam

170mm reinforced concrete roof slab with 85mm upstand beam

170

Plaster and paint

85°

3230

200x50mm recycled plastic slates facade according to detail

100x50x20mm galvanised mild steel lipped channel purlins spaced as 1200c/c

FIRST UFFL 103 400

170mm reinforced concrete roof slab with 170mm upstand beam

0.5mm thick galvanised sheet metal cover flashing

85°

300x300mm reinforced concrete coloum, off shutter finish and according to Engineers specification

Recycled plastic bricks

15060

0.5mm Galvanised sheet metal IBR roof sheeting, fixed to 75x50x20mm Galvanised Mild Steel lipped channel purlin

170mm reinforced concrete roof slab with 85mm upstand beam

3105

Unfinised cement block

3230

3400

COMMUNAL LOUNGE

exposed and unfinished concrete soffit

Galvanised mild steel facade suport structure acording to detail

3400

SECOND UFFL 106 800

2900

ROOM 39

Recycled plastic bricks

190mm non-load bearing cement block wall

TOP OF COLUMN 13 600

300x300mm galvanised mild steel IPE-coloumn

45°

3230

TOP OF WALL 110 200

ROOF NOTE: 0.5mm galvanised sheet metal IBR roof sheeting, fixed to 100x50x20mm galvanised mild steel purlin spaced @1200mm c/c

2900

3400

COLUMN NOTE: 300x300mm galvanised Mild Steel IPE Column welded to 12mm galvanised mild steel base plate. Base plate to be bolted with M12 anchor bolts to reinforced concrete footing

ROOF APEX 15 080

300x300mm galvanised mild steel IPE-beam

85°

2930

1460

TOP OF COLUMN 13 600

0.5mm thick galvanised sheet metal cover flashing

1000

ROOF APEX 15 080

BALUSTRADE NOTE: 1000mm galvanised mill steel balustrade according to SANS 10400 fixed to concrete stairs with expansion bolts

MATERIAL WASH ROOM

D1 5

Recycled plastic bricks

NGL

85mm step

GROUND UFFL 100 000

NGL

Line of 500x800mm reinforced concrete footing to per Engineer specification

170mm reinforced concrete surface bed, with polished concrete finish

SECTION A-A SCALE 1:100

150

110

EXTERIOR

Line of 150X450mm Recycled plastic column 150 x 150 recycled plastic column 110mm recycled interlocking plastic wall

Line of 150x150mm recycled plastic column

110mm recycled interlocking plastic wall

170mm reinforced concrete surface bed, with polished concrete finish

50x36mm recycled plastic base-block to seat on inside of galvanised u-channel

100x65x8mm unequal angle irons bolted to floor slab

50x36mm recycled plastic base-block to seat on inside of galvanised u-channel 190

100x65x8mm unequal angle irons bolted to floor slab

120x60x6mm galvanised u-channel bolted to floor slab 85

85mm concrete thickening

85mm step

170mm reinforced concrete surface bed, with polished concrete finish

120x60x6mm galvanised u-channel bolted to floor slab 85mm reinforced concrete surface bed, with polished concrete finish

85mm reinforced concrete surface bed, with polished concrete finish 0.35mm thick gunplas USB green DPM in compacted filling in layers of 150mm 85mm concrete thickening

CONTRACT DOCUMENTATION Name

Dian Lucas

student number

214716194

Project description

DETAIL 1 _ RECYCLE WALL DETAIL AXO SCALE: NTS

DETAIL 1 _ RECYCLE WALL DETAIL SCALE 1:5

FIG 129: Contract documentation - Section B-B and details (Author, 2021)

FRAMEWORK OF OPPORTUNITY: The Design of a Community Fabric to Rejuvenate Human Settlement in Pienaarspoort, Gauteng Drawing number & description

P06 - Sections A-A Date OUT

Date IN

2021.08.03

2021.10.27

Scale:

1:100, 1:5

Sheet No./No.

5/7

page 182

CHAPTER CONCLUSION

page 183

Dissertation Conclusion

12.1

page 184

CONCLUSION The design of an alternative framework to rejuvenate a human settlement. South Africa’s government does not have the financial capability to supply millions of homes for the people living in settlements. As a result, self-build theory would play a critical role in the development’s success. The concept of holistic mutualism which was used as driving force behind the thesis can ensure a thriving community, working together towards an end goal. It’s possible to create better opportunity if a fabric is develop to allow the settlement to grow. Secondly, innovation in the making of building material, could provide opportunity on many levels. The waste picker, the home owner and the acquiring of skills that can be uses. Plastic has major potential and with help this can be used to better the community.

In essence, the project displays conceptual developments of an idealistic environment, which create opportunity for the community. Although there is a lot more to be explored and discovered, this dissertation has brought forward principles that alter the lens through which human settlements should be looked at when developed, with this lens being one of opportunity.

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page 186

APPENDIX EXHIBITION

page 187

Exhibition wall On the day photo

A1.1 A1.2

page 188

page 189

FIG 130: Final exam exhibition layout (Author, 2021)

page 190

page 191

page 192 192

page 193 193

page 194

MODEL

page 195

page 196

APPENDIX Speech

page 197

On te Day Speech

A2.1 A2.2

page 198

SPEECH

The title of the thesis is Framework of opportunity: The design of a community fabric to rejuvenate a human settlement in Pienaarspoort. This dissertation investigates how an alternative framework for human settlements can create opportunity (economic, spatial and recreational) in a human settlement. It will focus on housing and the creation of a self-sufficient community by rethinking the master plan and introducing interventions. Urbanisation is not a new phenomenon that has appeared unexpectedly and without cause. The number of people living in slums are slowly decreasing because of extensive affordable housing programmers, but there are still one billion slum dwellers around the world. South Africa is rapidly urbanising, with 63 percent of the population already living in cities, and statistics predicting that this number will rise to 71 percent by 2030. This unprecedented rate has left the government struggling to meet the infrastructure demands. Lower-income houses in large developments on the outskirts of towns are South Africa’s attempt to accommodate this rapid expansion. These identical, freestanding dwellings, built row upon row, are undeniably problematic the quality, and location is further away from economic opportunities. People move to settlements to improve their living conditions, but due to overurbanisation large numbers of people will not be absorbed into the formal economy in the near future. People will have to rely on the small-scale – and often informal – economic sector to generate their own survival activities. The informal economy has had an impact and we need to recognise the scale in which it is intertwined into the economy. The informal sector cannot be wished away, but entrepreneurs need to be accepted. Urban social problems form part of these issues which comprise a lack of stable social structure, a lack of intimate social relations, and increased social disorganization. The cities in South Africa with the highest population growth rate is Cape town, Johannesburg and Pretoria. Pretoria experienced urban sprawl due to apartheid planning. Previous disadvantaged people were placed outside the city, which resulted in them having to travel to cities for work. This is still evident when looking at the social

page 199

Tapestry map. Urban sprawl is often seen as a problem. It has been criticised for its numerous negative effects on the environment, social life, and the economy of the cities. Human Settlement Pienaarspoort. The first residents lived in Pienaarspoort in 2011 when residents were moved from Mamelodi due to the high density and growth. In 2021 The City of Tshwane rpoposed planes to upgrade Pienaarspoort Extension 21. The plans is to house 1,191 household on the existing site. The layout is in a grid-like fabric with houses in rows. There are long streets creating long blocks with little open space in between the houses. The site, is located 23km away from the city center, having one of the main highways as primary connection point. The main transport method is minibus taxis. There are limited functions in the surrounding areas leading to little connections and opportunity. Within a 3 kilometer walking distance, it is possible to reach the Municipal dumping site, farmland and a public clinic that is located in the center of the proposed site. All roads too and through the site are unpaved roads. Most of the residents travel by foot to their destination, walking to and from the taxi drop off that is located on the southern most corner of the site.

Human settlement rejuvenation proposed system aims to expand on the possibilities of the current system in a matrix that combines different functions and opportunities. the aim is a vibrant self-sufficient, thriving community, creating a sustainable environment, economically as well as spatially, to improve the daily lives of people in human settlements. Question is asked: instread of… looking euro American Models…. Planners + architects… investigate traditional African settlements for creative ideas. Gerald Steyn investigated sub Saharan African traditional villages for similarities and patterns. The conclustion the made was that all of them that made use of the concept of courtyards and cluster houses. I further explored how creating patterns could generate an urban fabric that could be implemented in designing a new framework. An opportunity that is explored is plastic as a building material. As previously stated, with the municipal dumpsite located 3km away from the site. Collecting plastic on the dump site and recycling it in a makerspace by the local people allows for the opportunity for the local residents to create their own building materials.

The flow of the site is prominently through the site with little places to stop. Pedestrians from neighbouring settlements, mostly to the north which is more developed travel through the site to the taxi stop and train crossing. The water point and clinic form the center of the site and the split of direction for pedestrians.

These building materials like plastic bricks, tiles and slats has numerous uses and benefit the communities economy.

In the context of the well-being and the preservation of a thriving community, there are contributions that needs to be explored. 1. People require a sense of place: 2. The community needs a sense of identity 3. People require a sense of evolution 4. The individual in the community requires a sense of ownership 5. And Finally, the sense of community involvement

I looked at three different housing schemes. The design of the K206 housing consist of a main or primary unit as well as two rental units. The house is adaptable to suit the user with interior wall that can be demolished for the users needs. The key consideration that was taken from this precedent was the adaptability of a unit, it contribute to a sense of ownership and future thinking.

With that in mind the urban vision for the project is to develop a new framework that would be a driver to rejuvenate the current settlement. In particular, place plays a key role in fostering innovation and collaboration in local economies.

a interlocking wall system was develop for interior walls. With schemes like precious plastics components can easily be crafted in a makers space.

Alejandro Aravena housing. The idea of the occupants adding onto the structure allows for growth and informality that is needed in such spaces. The more formalised layout with a courtyard in the middle. This open space gives residents a space to play and let

them feel part of a community. Charles Correa Clusters and courtyards. Concept With that in mind a concept of Holistic mutualism was decided on for the project. Holistic Architecture is primarily associated with treating the whole person through the built environment. “Mutualism” meaning the interaction between two or more species where each species has a net benefit. “Holistic Mutualism” - The process where the relationship to the surroundings is the contributing elements that benefit one another. The whole is greater than the sum of its parts. Design Development Design development considerations were taken in account, existing roads were used to for blocks. Blocks have primary nodes that feed the rest of the system and create active points. Houses were orientated to optimize environmental factors. And blocks are broken up into smaller clusters with linking walkways. (Amira comment, Paint a picture.) Units. Three units were develop, One a family unit that grows and expand. Adding on to the house as it evolve. These units can be split to accommodate rentees as a form of income. Workshop unit. To stimulate entrepreneurs example, hair dresses, tuck shops and mechanic. A walkup is a single unit with a communal kitchen. Ground floor is makers space, in this instinct a plastic recycling and martial workshop for building materials that can be used to upgrade homes. 3D and Floor Plan

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APPENDIX Streetscape

page 201

Further investigating the streetscape relationship, activating to the sidewalks with activities to create vibrant spaces. Steetscape and side walk

A3.1

page 202

Green barrier between road and public open space

FIG 131: Streetscape section and sketch (Author, 2021)

page 203

Streetscape promoting livlihood and social engagement for the community

FIG 132: Streetscape plan and axo (Author, 2021)

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APPENDIX ADDED PRECEDENCE

page 205

Further exploring a precedent that relates directly to the context with the project. Rohiholahla Settlement

A4.1

page 206 206

ROHIHLAHLA VILLAGE The question was asked is our cities prepared for the growing and rapid urbanization for the years coming? How do a new social, economic and environmental challenge affect urban context, specifically in human settlements? The project looked at a human community in Port Elizabeth and chose it as the project’s location. The project demonstrates how collaboration is a key component of design and when working with complex communities.

Masters Thesis Project Jean Pierre A. Linhares Title: Bottom-Up Process - For the rehabilitation of human settlements in Port-Elizabeth, South Africa Year: 2020 University: Lund University

The project’s goal was to promote local democracy while also rethinking urban infrastructure and fostering growth.

FIG 133: Rohihilahla ground floor plan (Linhares, 2020)

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page 208 208

Design considerations Block organisation By combining all of the blocks into this organization, a matrix is created that allows for both block and inner public space spatial planning. The clustering of housing groups into a larger urban block frame set is a key architectural concept for promoting inclusion and connections among households.

The blocks are filled with open public areas, circulation space that is energized by street markets and community-based events, and internal courtyards that provide inhabitants with a semi-private space.

FIG 134: Block organisation (Linhares, 2020)

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Typology strategy

Clustering into group models that can develop accordingly to strategies allows a more efficient urban plan to generate social engagement, trust and livelihood to the families. Each house typology has its own clustering method that leads to a diversity of private and semi-private spaces.

FIG 135: Typology and cluster strategy (Linhares, 2020)

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CHAPTER REFERENCES AND LIST OF FIGURES

page 211

List of Refrences List of Figures

10.1 10.2

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ALEXANDER, C., ISHIKAWA, S. AND SILVERSTEIN, M., 1977. A Pattern Language: Towns, Buildings, Construction. New York: Oxford University press. QUINTA MONROY / ELEMENTAL., 2008. [online] ArchDaily . Available from: <https://www.archdaily.com/10775/quinta-monroy-elemental> [Accessed: 18 November 2021]. BENNETT, J. 2011. Platforms of engagement. Masters. University of Pretoria. BURNS, J., HULL, G., LEFKO-EVERETT, K. & JOZEL, A. L. 2021. Defining social cohesion. Cape Town: University of Cape Town, p.6. URBAN Sprawl: A Growing Problem. 2021. Pioneer. [online] Available from: <https://campuspress.yale.edu/pioneer/urban-sprawl-a-growing-problem/> [Accessed: 17 November 2021]. Businesstech.co.za. 2020. Mass migration to Johannesburg and Pretoria. [online] Available at: <https://businesstech.co.za/news/property/379407/mass-migration-to-johannesburg-and-pretoria-heres-how-many-south-africans-are-moving/> [Accessed 17 November 2021]. CITY OF EKURHULENI. 2021. Breaking New Ground [BNG] Housing is Aimed to Eradicate Informal Settlements. [online] Available from: https://ekurhuleni.gov. za/the-city-responds-to-lockdown/33-press-releases/human-settlement/6391breaking-new-ground-bng-housing-is-aimed-to-eradicate- [Accessed: 15 November 2021]. COMMUNITY.PRECIOUSPLASTIC. 2021. Precious plastic community platform. [online] Available from: https://community.preciousplastic.com/how-to/ make-extruded-plastic-bricks [Accessed: 16 November 2021]. CRESWELL, J. (2003). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Thousand Oaks: Sage. CSIR. 2014. Guidelines for human settlement planning and design. 1st ed. [ebook] The Department of Housing. Available from: http://www.dhs.gov.za/sites/ default/files/documents/publications/HS_Volume_1_B.pdf [Accessed: 6 June 2021]. SOUTH AFRICA, Department of Housing. 2004. A comprehensive plan for the development of integrated sustainable human settlements. Republic of South Africa . Available from: http://www.dhs.gov.za/sites/default/files/documents/26082014_BNG2004.pdf [Accessed: 10 september 2021] SOUTH AFRICA, Department of Housing 2009. Incremental interventions: enhanced people’s housing process. Republic of South Africa, pp.9–12 . Available from: http://www.dhs.gov.za/sites/default/files/documents/national_housing_2009/4_Incremental_Interventions/4%20Volume%204%20Enhanced%20 People%20Housing%20Process.pdf [Accessed: 10 september 2021] SOUTH AFRICA, Department of Housing. n.d. A new housing policy and strategy for South Africa. [online] Available from: http://www.dhs.gov.za/sites/default/

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LIST OF

FIGURES

Figure 1: Pienaarspoort site boundary (Author, 2021) Figure 2: Concept diagram of community exploration (Author, 2021) Figure 3: Pienaarspoort street view (Author, 2021) Figure 4: Self entrepreneurship from street kiosk (Author, 2021) Figure 5: Current human settlement development (westonariaborwa.co.za, 2021) Figure 6: Sense of identity create through fabric (Apapted by autor, 2021) Figure 7: Site photos from street perspective (Author, 2021) Figure 8: Proportion of world population living in slum (Linhares, 2020) Figure 9: World map divided into global-north and -south (Linhares, 2020) Figure 10: World population trends (Linhares, 2020) Figure 11: Wave of urbanisation (Linhares, 2020) Figure 12: Kiosk on street edge (Author, 2021) Figure 13: Street trading (Author, 2021) Figure 14: Piecemeal workers on street corners (www.businesslive.co.za, 2021) Figure 15: Waste picker on landfill (www.spotlightnsp.co.za, 2020) Figure 16: Global position diagram (Author, 2021) Figure 17: Goverment Housing Scheme (Adobe Lightroom Instagram, 2021) Figure 18: Site Service schemes (esi-africa.com, 2020) Figure 19: Main house with added backyard addition (Friedman M, 2013) Figure 20: Global position diagram (Author, 2021) Figure 21: Local context analysis map (Google, 2021), Map (Author, 2021) Figure 22: Social tapestry and location of human settlements (G Nel,2020) Figure 23: Atteridgeville layout and density (Google,2021) Figure 24: Mamelodi layout and density (Google,2021) Figure 25: Hammanskraal layout and density (Google,2021) Figure 26: Soshanguve layout and density (Google,2021) Figure 27: Pienaarspoort layout and density (Google,2021) Figure 28: Diepsloot layout and density (Google,2021) Figure 29: Pienaarspoort site boundary (Google, 2021) Edited (Author, 2021) Figure 30: Pienaarspoort site photos (Author, 2021) Figure 31: Pienaarspoort density (M Levy, 2020) Edited (Author, 2021)

Figure 32: Pienaarspoort unemployment (M Levy, 2020) Figure 33: Pienaarspoort employment proximity (M Levy, 2020) Figure 34: Pienaarspoort income and population diversity (M Levy, 2020) Figure 35: Pienaarspoort household income (M Levy, 2020) Figure 36: Pienaarspoort density PP/HA (M Levy, 2020) Figure 37: Pienaarspoort dwelling kernel (M Levy, 2020) Figure 38: Pienaarspoort community facilities (M Levy, 2020) Figure 39: Pienaarspoort business facilities (M Levy, 2020) Figure 40: Pienaarspoort with education (M Levy, 2020) Edited (Author, 2021) Figure 41: Mamelodi and Pienaarspoort History (Bennett, 2011:41-42) Figure 42: Tshwane human settlement development for Pienaarspoort Ext 21 (Metroplan, 2021) Figure 43: Pienaarspoort row housing birdseye perspective (Author, 2021) Figure 44: Alternative framework to assist in achieving urban vision (Author, 2021) Figure 45: Existing housing program (Linhares, 2020) Edited (Author, 2021) Figure 46: Proposed housing program (Linhares, 2020) Edited (Author, 2021) Figure 47: Current human settlement development (westonariaborwa.co.za, 2019) Figure 48: The’ Living room floor’ (www.museedelhomme.fr/, nd) Figure 49: DK Ching patterns (Author, 2021) Figure 50: Traditional African village typologies (Steyn, 2005) Figure 51: Traditional African village typologies comparison (Steyn, 2005) Figure 52: Courtyard and cluster exploration (Author, 2021) Figure 53: Experimenting with African patterns (Aurthor, 2021) Figure 54: Plastic waste picker on landfill (The Star, 2020) Figure 55: Key words surrounding plastic waste (G Nel, 2020) Figure 56: Plastic waste (G Nel, 2020) Figure 57: Obstacles in plastic co-operatives (Author, 2021) Figure 58: Waste pickers journey (Author, 2021) Figure 59: Recycled plastic tile innovation (hackaday.com/, 2017) Figure 60: Plastic repurposing process (Author, 2021) Figure 61: Precious Plastic machines (preciousplastic.com, nd) Figure 62: Precious Plastic interlocking wall (preciousplastic.com, nd) Figure 63: Precious Plastic extrusion machine diagram (preciousplastic.com, nd) Figure 64: Precious Plastic extrusion machine (preciousplastic.com, nd) Figure 65: Precious Plastic tile press machine (preciousplastic.com, nd) Figure 66: Precious Plastic tile press machine diagram (preciousplastic.com, nd)

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Figure 67: Precious Plastic pressed tiles (preciousplastic.com, nd) Figure 68: Interlocking wall component development (Author, 2021) Figure 69: Interlocking plastic brick development All images (Author, 2021) Figure 70: Axonometric component wall detail (Author, 2021) Figure 71: K206 Housing in Alexandra Johannesburg (alexnews.co.za, 2016) Figure 72: K206 Housing street view (alexnews.co.za, 2016) Figure 73: K206 Housing exploration (A Osman, 2011) Figure 74: Quinta Monroy street view (www.dezeen.com, 2016) Figure 75: Quinta Monroy original structure (www.dezeen.com, 2016) Figure 76: Belapur housing courtyard (www.re-thinkingthefuture.com, nd) Figure 77: Belapur housing cluster (www.re-thinkingthefuture.com, nd) Figure 78: Belapur housing layout (www.re-thinkingthefuture.com, nd) Figure 79: Belapur housing cluster expansion layout (re-thinkingthefuture.com, nd) Figure 80: Site location (Author, 2021) Figure 81: Commuters in taxi transport (reviewonline.co.za, 2015) Figure 82: Site surroundings (Google, 2021) Edited (Author, 2021) Figure 83: Site Boundaries (Google, 2021) Edited (Author, 2021) Figure 84: Pienaarspoort history 2011(Google, 2021) Figure 85: Pienaarspoort Nolli map (Author, 2021) Figure 86: Site and functions (Author, 2021) Figure 87: Site circulation (Author, 2021) Figure 88: Site nodes and flow (Author, 2021) Figure 89: Concept exploration (Author, 2021) Figure 90: Complex relationships where intergration is at the forfront (Author, 2021) Figure 91: System of aspects linked to one another for the greater good of the community (Author, 2021) Figure 92: Concept development on block scale (Author, 2021) Figure 93: Concept development on cluster scale (Author, 2021) Figure 94: Urban scale design development (Author, 2021) Figure 95: Proposed site block scale (Author, 2021) Figure 96: Urban scale design development (Author, 2021) Figure 97: Urban scale design development and block configuremnt (Author, 2021) Figure 98: Block scale design development (Author, 2021) Figure 99: Block scale courtyard to open space relationship (Author, 2021) Figure 100: Final masterplan (Author, 2021)

Figure 101: The results of added amenities (Author, 2021) Figure 102: Birdseye view of alternative framework fabric (Author, 2021) Figure 103: Development of organic cluster structure (Author, 2021) Figure 104: Final masterplan birdseye view (Author, 2021) Figure 105: Ground floor plan northern edge of block (Author, 2021) Figure 106: Ground floor plan southern edge of block (Author, 2021) Figure 107: Housing cluster courtyard and public open space (Author, 2021) Figure 108: Housing walkway linking houses (Author, 2021) Figure 109: First floor plan of walkup units (Author, 2021) Figure 110: Ground floor plan of walkup and intrior courtyard (Author, 2021) Figure 111: Family unit street perspective (Author, 2021) Figure 112: Family unit floor plans and development (Author, 2021) Figure 113: Workshop unit perspective (Author, 2021) Figure 114: Workshop unit floor plans and development (Author, 2021) Figure 115: Walkup street view render (Author, 2021) Figure 116: Inferior courtyard view from cafeteria (Author, 2021) Figure 117: Walkup perspective (Author, 2021) Figure 118: Walkup floor plans and development (Author, 2021) Figure 119: Block section(Author, 2021) Figure 120: Community vegetable garden in courtyard (Author, 2021) Figure 121: Picnic and kiosk in public open space (Author, 2021) Figure 122: Contract documentation - Locality and site plan (Author, 2021) Figure 123: Contract documentation - Ground floor plan (Author, 2021) Figure 124: Contract documentation - First floor plan (Author, 2021) Figure 125: Contract documentation - Roof Plan (Author, 2021) Figure 126: Contract documentation - Section A-A, and details (Author, 2021) Figure 127: Contract documentation - Edge detail (Author, 2021) Figure 128: Contract documentation - Elevation and details (Author, 2021) Figure 129: Contract documentation - Section B-B and details (Author, 2021) Figure 130: Final exam exhibition layout (Author, 2021) Figure 131: Streetscape section and sketch (Author, 2021) Figure 132: Streetscape plan and axo (Author, 2021) Figure 133: Rohihilahla ground floor plan (Linhares, 2020) Figure 134: Block organisation (Linhares, 2020) Figure 135: Typology and cluster strategy (Linhares, 2020)

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