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“Design can be a powerful tool for good.” -Mariam Kamara
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Thanks and appreciation to all the people who made this thesis a reality. This would not have been possible without your support and inspiration on this journey. Professor Amira Osman, my supervisor, deserves my gratitude. Without her passion, encouragement, support and input, this thesis would not have achieved its full potential. A special thanks to my family for their unconditional love, motivation, and guidance. I will be eternally grateful to my parents, Dirk and Antoinette, who made my studies possible. I love you. Finally, I would like to acknowledge and thank the NRF for providing me with the financial support to complete my Master’s Degree in Architecture, as well as their ongoing support on this path.
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FRAMEWORK OF OPPORTUNITY: THE DESIGN OF A COMMUNITY FABRIC TO REJUVENATE A HUMAN SETTLEMENT IN PIENAARSPOORT, GAUTENG Submitted by Dian Dirk Lucas Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE: (MArch) Department of Architecture and Industrial Design
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT TSHWANE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY
Supervisor: Prof. Amira Osman
2021
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DECLARATION I, Dian Dirk Lucas, hereby declare that this mini-dissertation, which I hereby submit for the degree of Master of Architecture Professional (structured) at the Tshwane University of Technology, is my own, original work, and it has not been submitted by me or any other person (s) for a degree or any other tertiary institution. I understand what plagiarism entails and I am aware of the Tshwane University of Technology’s policy in this regard. Where someone else’s work was used, it was acknowledged, and reference was made according to TUT requirements. Furthermore, I declare that this mini-dissertation is my own work. I also declare that this project will rely on secondary sources and knowledge available in the public domain. Observations based on data collection will not infringe on vulnerable groups or individuals.
Dian Dirk Lucas
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FIG 1: Pienaarspoort site boundary (Author, 2021)
ABSTRACT This dissertation investigates how an alternative framework for human settlements can create opportunity (economic, spatial and recreational) in a human settlement. It will focus on housing and the creation of a self-sufficient community by rethinking the master plan and introducing interventions such as self-build and cooperation. The alternative framework and housing will support the basic needs, commerce and housing needs of the community. Lessons learned from traditional African architecture could enhance informal settlements. Exploring the rich history of traditional houses found in Africa could be the basis to plan and develop new settlement typologies. Social cohesion influences the quality of peoples’ life’s as it promotes greater growth and productivity, tolerance and improves social support measures. John Turner’s self-help and freedom to build theory will play an essential part in the theoretical analysis of the research and inform the design intervention. The dissertation takes a mixed-methods approach to research. It is characterised as a mixture of quantitative and qualitative research methodologies, to achieve a better understanding of the research problem by combining the two approaches. Qualitative approach would be predominantly used as it refers to gathered information primarily through observation. Its goal is to understand connections found in social life and would be the best approach focusing on communities. The aim is a vibrant self-sufficient community where the occupant is responsible for their own better living. Creating a sustainable environment, economically as well as spatially to improve the daily lives of people in human settlements
Keywords: Housing, Community, Opportunity, Social Cohesion
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The whole is greater than the sum of its parts
FIG 2: Concept diagram of community exploration (Author, 2021)
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INTRODUCING THE CONCEPT “Holistic” - Holistic Architecture is primarily associated with treating the whole person through the built environment. “Mutualism” - Describes the interaction between two or more species where each species has a net benefit. “Holistic Mutualism” - The process where the relationship to the surroundings is the contributing elements that benefit one another. The whole is greater than the sum of its parts.
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INTRODUCTION
PREFACE Acknowledgment Declaration Abstract Index
X
1.1 The Current Situation 1.2 The Problem Statement 1.2.1 General Issue 1.2.2 Urban Issue 1.3 Contribution 1.4 Objective 1.4.1 Main Research Question 1.4.2 Sub Research Questions 1.4.3 Delimitations 1.5 The Methodology
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URBANISATION AND HUMAN SETTLEMENTS
2.1 Global Context 2.2 Urbanisation Trends and Benefits 2.3 Economic Employment 2.4 Urbanisation housing in South Africa 2.4.1 Introduction 2.4.2 Government Housing Programs 2.4.3 Site Service Schemes 2.5 Informality and Backyard Shacks 2.6 Literature Review
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INTRODUCING THE SITE
3.1 Site Location 3.2 Population Growth 3.3 Identifying the Local Context 3.4 Humann Settlements Density & Layout 3.5 Immediate Context 3.6 Site Photos 3.7 Review Context 3.8 History 3.9 Current Urban Planning
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URBAN VISION
4.1 4.2 4.2.1 4.2.2 4.3
Developing a New Framework Human Settlement Rejuvenation Existing Housing Program Proposed Program Opportunities for Occupants
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AFRICAN INFLUENCE
5.1 Introduction 5.2 Background and History 5.3 Vernacular Architecture 5.4 Finding Patterns 5.5 A Pattern Language 5.5.1 Background 5.5.2 Brief History of the Four Typologies 5.5.3 Similarities found in the examples 5.5.4 Findings 5.6 New patterns 5.7 Conclusion 5.8 Experimenting with patterns
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OPPORTUNITY IN PLASTIC AS BUILDING MATERIAL
6.1 Current Plastic Situation 6.2 Plastic Production in South Africa 6.3 Plastic Waste in Landfills 6.4 The Urban Prospector 6.5 Plastic Recycling and Innovation 6.6 Plastic as building Materials 6.6.1 Plastic Repurposing Process 6.6.2 Plastic Recycling Schemes 6.6.2.1 Precious plastic 6.7.1 Plastic Products Brick 6.7.2 Plastic Product Tiles 6.9 Developing a Component
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PRECEDENTS 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4
K206 Housing Quinta Monroy Housing Belapur Housing Nelson Boateng House
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ANALYSIS & CONTEXT
8.1 Site Location and Transport 8.2 Site Surroundings 8.3 Site General Aspects 8.4 Site History Development 8.5 Figure Ground Map 8.6 Site and Surrounding Functions 8.7 Circulation 8.8 Primary Nodes and Flow
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DESIGN RESOLUTION
10.1 Site Plan 10.2 Plans 10.3 Sections 10.4 Elevation 10.5 Detail 10.6 Perspectives 10.7 Models
CONCEPT & DEVELOPMENT
9.1 Concept 9.2 Development
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TECHNICAL RESOLUTION
11.1 Site Information 11.2 Plans 11.3 Sections 11.4 Elevation 11.5 Edge Detail 11.6 Details
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CONCLUSION
12.1 Dissertation Conclusion 12.2 Personal Acknowledgment References 13.1 References 13.2 List of figures
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and List of Figures
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01
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CHAPTER INTRODUCTION
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The aim of this chapter is to establish the basis for the research towards the development of a new framework for Pienaarspoort. The Current Situation The Problem Statement General Issue Urban Issue Contribution Objective Main Research Question Sub Research Questions Delimitations The Methodology Delimitations The Methodology
1.1 1.2 1.2.1 1.2.2 1.3 1.4 1.4.1 1.4.2 1.4.3 1.5 1.4.3 1.5
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THE CURRENT SITUATION
South Africa is rapidly urbanising, with 63 percent of the population already living in cities, and statistics predicting that this number will rise to 71 percent by 2030 (Nel, 2018). This unprecedented rate has left the government struggling to meet the infrastructure demands. Apart from that, South Africa remains the most economically unequal country globally, with more than half of South Africans (55, 5 percent) living on less than $83 (R1 115) a month. Yet while inequality may be a problem, the real issue is the unequal access to opportunities and essential public services in human settlements (Linhares, 2020). Housing provision has improved under the current democratic government, with close to four million dwellings having been built since 1994 (StatsSA, 2017), but there is still work to be done to ensure that the vast majority of people have good living standards. History has led to fragmented human settlements where disadvantaged members of the society live in areas with low levels of service and high levels of inconvenience (CSIR, 2014).
FIG 3: Pienaarspoort street view (Author, 2021)
The human settlement policy set by the South African government, Breaking New Ground (BNG), claims to build sustainable human settlements that provide inhabitants with basic needs and amenities. These include health, welfare, educational activities and the promotion of employment opportunities nearby. However, these aims have not been met and a relook at the framework of these proposed interventions provides an opportunity to design spaces outside of city borders.
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THE PROBLEM STATEMENT 1.1 GENERAL ISSUE
People move to settlements to improve their living conditions, but due to overurbanisation large numbers of people will not be absorbed into the formal economy in the near future. People will have to rely on the small-scale – and often informal – economic sector to generate their own survival activities. (CSIR, 2014). The capability of human settlements to generate economic, social, cultural, and recreational opportunities needs to be addressed in the framework. There are a range of methods that human settlements can use to develop economic opportunities. These include intensification, which creates more opportunities for interaction and a climate conducive to small-scale economic activity (CSIR, 2014). Traditional dwellings provide proven settlement and land-use patterns which should be investigated for ideas to develop an African urbanism. The low densities of South Africa’s residential areas provide significant restructuring potential. Lessons from traditional courtyard architecture might help improve informal settlements.
A model of courtyard and cluster dwellings may be developed based on patterns and historical precedent, contributing to considerably more compact, low-energy, and socio-economically equal neighbourhoods in the region. The theoretical notion adapted is the collaboration of communities, governments, and planners to develop an approach and framework to redesign human settlements. Human settlements define people’s existence. They are spaces, formal and informal, where people live, learn, work, and create. Settlements that perform well are complex environments. They provide diversity in terms of places, lifestyles, activities, and opportunities for interaction. With a better framework for the fabric of human settlements, basic services and opportunity creation will be something that can be achieved. Migrants that have moved from the rural areas for job opportunities could then find this in their community rather than in urban areas that are already over-urbanised. FIG 4: Self entrepreneurship from street kiosk (Author, 2021)
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FIG 5: Current human settlement development (westonariaborwa.co.za, 2021)
1.2 URBAN ISSUE
Lower-income houses in large developments on the outskirts of towns are South Africa’s attempt to accommodate this rapid expansion. These identical, freestanding dwellings, built row upon row, are undeniably problematic (Steyn, 2005:108). According to Gerald Steyn (2005:108), not only is the low-density detach-units approach maintained, but the situation is worse because these enormous developments are smaller, often of lower quality, and located further away from economic opportunities.
These sites do not have the other needed services like clinics (or poorly run clinics), waste dump sites, solid waste removal sites, and clean running water accessibility – all factors that contribute to health problems. Urban social problems form part of these issues which comprise a lack of stabile social structure, lack of intimate social relations, and increased social disorganisation (Social Problems: Continuity and Change, 2010).
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FIG 6: Sense of identity create through fabric (Adapted by author, 2021)
THE CONTRIBUTION
In the context of the well-being and the preservation of a thriving community, there are aspects that need to be explored:
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People require a sense of place: they want to have a building or space that creates meaning for the occupants
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•
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The community needs a sense of identity, a cultural expression of diversity that provides solidarity at a community level
People require a sense of evolution where they can keep up with constant change and adapt as the future cannot be predicted The individual in the community requires a
sense of ownership so that the concept of ‘ours’ influences the way in which they take part to reach the goal •
Finally, the sense of community evolves so that the members are invested and involved in the creation of a thriving neighbourhood (Grazuleviciute-Vileniske, 2011).
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THE OBJECTIVE
The objective for this research project is to design an alternative framework for the Pienaarspoort settlement in Gauteng that will create opportunity The aim of the design is to create a self-sufficient community through housing. The housing will support the basic needs and commerce of the community.
DELIMITATIONS
MAIN RESEARCH QUESTION
The focus of the research project is solely to design a framework for the fabric of a particular community. It will not delve into politics of land reformation, nor will it be posited as an absolute for the future. It is an opinion for an alternative way to design human settlements based on the research that has been done.
This dissertation’s main goal is to answer the following question: can retrofitting a new framework for human settlements in Pienaarspoort create opportunity in an already existing community?
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The whole community will be looked at, but only a portion will be designed in detail, as time constrains prevent the design of a whole community
SUB RESEARCH QUESTIONS
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No property needs to be relocated as it is a framework for future exploitations and the creation of opportunity in human settlements
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The project will not delve into the land reform debate currently that is ongoing in South Africa
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The project will not be culture specific; it will not place one culture’s needs above any other.
1. How can architecture interventions in a human settlement be designed to assist economic growth and utilise local skills and materials? 2. Can traditional land-use patterns help in the design of modern urban models for settlementmaking? 3. Do the basic needs described by the government fulfil the need of a growing community? 4. Can such a framework be adapted to other human settlements?
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RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
The research methodology used for this dissertation was based on a constructivist worldview. This worldview is a philosophical view that claims that all knowledge is constructed from human experience as opposed to discovering self-evident knowledge. Because constructivism considers reality as a creation of the human mind, reality is perceived as subjective. This worldview was aligned with the objectives set out for this dissertation to inspire innovation and develop alternative ways of looking at the design and the fabric of a human settlements (Dudovskiy, n.d.). A concept and a mixed-method approach combining both quantitative and qualitative research were used to develop the fabric for human settlement. The openended nature of the constructivist methodological approach, match the narrative established by the research objective and the goals of the dissertation. Conclusions were reached that helped develop the thesis using a mixed-method (qualitative and quantitative) approach to research. The following research methods throughout the dissertation: •
were
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Mapping: this method informed the design decisions by analysing, and then mapping the selected site and its surrounding context. The mapping and visualisation of valuable information on and around the selected site were made possible through this method.
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Archiving: data and material utilised in the study’s development, such as aerial photographs, maps, and articles looking at the human settlement framework set out by the government and its outline for the future, were collected.
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Precedent study: this study showed or highlighted how similar issues have been addressed architecturally, as well as showing how specific programmatic or systematic architectural solutions, system or material selections, morphologies, typologies or shared visions by other projects were addressed
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Concept design proposal: Using a successful strategy to rejuvenate the area and that contribute towards enhancing the community.
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Design development: various design iterations and revisions (plans, sections, details, etc.), as well as conceptual model building and development, were used to inform and guide the design process towards the final synthesised architectural output.
used
Analysing: a method that entails documenting and analysing the selected site, by means of visits to the site, and conducting studies of local human settlement development to better understand the thinking behind these communities.
02
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CHAPTER URBANISATION AND HUMAN SETTLEMENTS
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The aim of this chapter is to present a deeper investigation into the current urbanisation and South Africa’s housing solutions Global Context 2.1 Urbanisation Trends And Benefits 2.2 Economic Employment 2.3 Urbanisation housing in South Africa 2.4 Introduction 2.4.1 Government Housing Programs 2.4.2 Site Service Schemes 2.4.3 Informality and Backyard Shacks 2.5 Literature Review 2.6
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Proportion of world population living in slums (%)
FIG 8: Proportion of world population living in slums (Linhares, 2020)
GLOBAL CONTEXT 2.1 Introduction
FIG 7: Site photos from street perspective (Author, 2021)
Urbanisation is not a new phenomenon that has appeared unexpectedly and without cause, and has been in development for quite some time. However, it is often used more loosely to refer to a broad-based rural to urban transition involving population, land use, economic activity and culture or indeed any one of these. Thus, it is frequently used to refer to changes in land use for specific areas as this land becomes ‘urbanised’ and is sold and developed for urban use (for example, the sale of plots for housing) (Linhares, 2020:11). Urbanisation is primarily the outcome of migration from rural to urban areas. The expansion of urban boundaries and the formation of new urban centres
also contribute to urbanisation. It should be kept in mind that migration is also an important driver behind the formation of new urban centres and the spatial expansion of old ones. The number of people living in slums are slowly decreasing because of extensive affordable housing programmes, but there are still one billion slum dwellers around the world. Sub-Saharan Africa has the largest number of a slum population, amounting to nearly 200 million people (Linhares, 2020:11). The aim of the United Nations is to improve significantly the lives of at least 100 million slum dwellers by the year 2020 . This could be achieved by upgrading the current housing system as well as developing policies and strategies to further prevent
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FIG 9: World map divided into global-north and -south (Linhares, 2020)
URBANSATION TRENDS AND BENEFITS 2.1 Trends
The phenomenon of urbanisation occurred in what is now called the ‘two waves’. The first waves occurred in Europe and North America in early 18th century in what is called the Global North. These areas experienced the first wave of urbanisation, the first demographic transition and the first industrialisation (Bennett, 2011:20). The urban population of the Global North reached 15 percent, with 10 million people living in cities. The urbanisation process continued gradually, reaching the tipping point in 1950, with 52 percent of the population were now in urban areas representing
423 million people (Linhares, 2020:14). This first wave was a comparatively slow process in contrast to the past half-century, where less developed regions of the world have begun a similar transition of urbanisation. The second wave is considerably larger and much faster with a greater impact than the first, which took place in what we call the Global South. While the Global North’s urbanisation process took about 200 years, in the Global South it is projected to happen in 80 years and on a scale of seeing 309 million to 3.9 billion people moving at the end of 2030.
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World population trends
First wave of urbanisation in the global north
Second wave of urbanisation in the global south
FIG 10: World population trends (Linhares, 2020)
The United Nations World Report of 2007 states that the second wave will occur in the developing sectors of the globe (UN, 2007:13). The rapid growth of this second wave has major implications for cities in poorer countries. The need for urban infrastructure will be more rapidly and effectively required than during the first wave of global urbanisation. Projections indicate that by 2050 the estimated urban population will double to nine billion, with the middle-class population more than doubling and the vulnerable class tripling (Linhares, 2020:14).
FIG 11: Wave of urbanisation (Linhares, 2020)
2.1 Benefits Urban migration patterns within urbanisation have far-reaching effects on the social, economic and environmental conditions of the migrant population. Yet there are many advantages that urbanisation can offer the planet, people, and local economies. It should be noted that migration is often a central component of households’ livelihood strategies, and that it not only offers hope for the future but could play a vital role in redressing past imbalances (Bennett, 2011:22).
However, if urban planning is haphazard or not implemented strategically, it could have unforeseen consequences, contributing to unsuitable living conditions in cities and countries. Focusing on the benefits of urbanisation allows us to identify what to focus on as new urban areas (Linhares, 2020:14).
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ECONOMIC EMPLOYMENT
Cities are responsible for most of the country’s economic activity and employment but are not as profitable, productive or inclusive as they should be. The informal economy has had an impact and we need to recognise the scale in which it is intertwined into the economy of the formal sector. The informal sector cannot be wished away, but entrepreneurs need to be accepted. Creating skillsets in the labour force has created opportunities for ‘manual jobs; for example plumbers, tilers, plasterers, and builders. Many economically active adults including the youth, cannot find formal employment and therefor are creating their own form of income, reducing poverty and developing skills (Dlamini, n.d.).
FIG 12: Kiosk on street edge(Author, 2021)
FIG 13: Street trading (Author, 2021)
HOME BASE ENTERPRISES
STREET TRADING
FIG 14: Piecemeal workers on street corners (businesslive.co.za, 2021)
FIG 15: Waste picker on landfill (spotlightnsp.co.za, 2020)
PIECEMEAL WORK
WASTE COLLECTION
The benefit of spaza shops, hawkers or minisupermarkets must not be underestimated. They are the hidden economy that services 77 percent of the population, and millions of people reply on them to provide essentials. They respond to the shoppers’ needs and are an affordable close-to-home solution (Smith, 2021). ‘One man’s trash becomes another one’s treasure’: this saying rings true for many individuals who pick through waste in search of materials which they collect, clean, and sell to recycling companies. They are responsible for up to 90 percent of South Africa’s recycling outputs (Naidoo, 2021). Self-employment is an opportunity for those with limited skills to have a share in the economy and can be a sustainable, rewarding option for many unemployed.
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FIG 16: Informal Settlements (Adapted by Author, 2021)
URBANISATION HOUSING IN SOUTH AFRICA
2.1 INTRODUCTION
One of the greatest challenges facing the government is to address the housing backlog and the desperation of the homeless. South Africa is characterised by unemployment, which has resulted in a lower demand for investment housing. A progressively low rate for formal and informal housing delivery has resulted in a massive increase in the number of people who have moved to informal settlements. (Linhares, 2020).
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2.3.1 GOVERNMENT HOUSING PROGRAMS A century ago, South Africa’s first national scheme for financing public housing passed into law. The Housing Act, number 35 of 1920, created a fund administered by a Central Housing Board, from which municipalities could borrow to support the construction of houses at a lower interest rate than available elsewhere. A lot has changed since then (A New Housing Policy and Strategy for South Africa, n.d.) . In 1994, democracy was initiated in South Africa. There was a plan to empower social services to previous disadvantaged South Africans with a focus on building a stronger macroeconomic environment. The RDP (Reconstruction and Development Programme) was developed to provide newly built one-bedroom houses to empower new house owners. Row upon rows of ‘one-size-fits-all’ houses were built far from work opportunities, located on the fringes of cities. According to the South African government, 3,2 million homes were built from 1994 to 2018. The supply has not been able to keep up with the demand in urban areas. The backlog in housing demand has forced many to live in informal settlements far from opportunities (A New Housing Policy and Strategy for South Africa, n.d.).
The RDP houses have limitations: 1. The quality is poor and houses are small 2. They consist of row upon row of identical houses in areas with no social or economic infrastructure 3. The impact on the environment is not desirable 4. There is limited access to basic services such as water, electric and sanitation 5. Reliable public transport is often not accessible 6. There is a lack of community participation 7. There are cases of corruption and maladministration with slow delivery 8. There is limited public sector participation. The RDP was reviewed by the National Department of Housing and a new policy direction was established in 2004, the Breaking New Ground (BNG) programme (Department of Housing, 2004). The BNG programme focuses on constructing sustainable and well-integrated human settlements, to provide better-located, better-serviced houses. The housing units are medium rise , four-story buildings that people can rent and/or buy through
bank loans. No freestanding houses are built, as they take too much land and can accommodate only a few people. This new approach includes making sure that services and amenities are available, for example schools, clinics and public transport (Department of Housing, 2004). The BNG has a few objectives: 1. Alleviating poverty by accelerating housing 2. Placing housing as a major job creation initiative 3. Utilising housing as an accent for wealth creation and employment 4. Growing the economy 5. Improving quality of life for the poor 6. Developing sustainable human settlements. (Breaking New Ground [BNG] Housing is Aimed to Eradicate Informal Settlements, 2021). There has been a shift from product uniformity (RDP) to demand responsiveness (BNG). The partnership between the government and the private sector plays a significant increasing role in the housing process. Greater flexibility enhances the mobility of households.
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The role of the private sector is to increase the construction capacity by means of new opportunities for private housing companies, and the provision of housing finance to occupants. These financial institutions are key in supporting tenders, in fixing the interest rate, sharing insurance risk and monitoring lending trends. They are also responsible for project management and support, and for ensuring project delivery in the shortest time possible, either through outsourcing projects and/or engineer and project management. They are also responsible for ensuring that there is employer-assisted housing for the lowto-moderate income earners as a partnership. A key factor in the BNG programme is housing product and design. Introducing design professionals at planning and design stage will improve the design of the settlements. The design of houses will no longer be stereotypical ‘RDP’ houses but dignifiedsized houses that can support families. Compliance to building-plan standards will address the housing quality issue. These BNG houses typical include two bedrooms, separate bathrooms (with toilets, a shower and hand basin), a kitchen, a living room and complete
electrical installation. The plan includes subsidised, bond and rental housing, with different housing types and densities. Changing the settlement patterns by building economical and socially integrated human settlements will improve the lives of many shack dwellers and create a healthy community. The Enhanced People Housing Process (EPHP) was created in 2006 by the National Department of Housing and focuses on community involvement in the decision-making processes as well as the housing product. Beneficiaries actively participate and are empowered as individuals to identify land, plan the settlement, get approval and resources, contract out of building houses, provide for services, and upgrade their homes (Department of Housing, 2009:9–12). This strategy allows for ‘ownership’ within a stable community which promotes economic development and direct state in the neighbourhoods’ future. The needs of the individual are recognised and skills transfer include providing these to women and the youth. The programme builds on the strength of the community and value they add (Department of
Housing, 2009:9–12). Commitment, participation, leadership, responsibility and ownership are key factors in the EPHP. Improving the human settlements outcome is the primary objective, but the implementation of this programme has not been as successful (Habitat.org.za) as originally intended. Guidelines have been developed, but an effective roll-out has been problematic. It is crucial for the government and communities to work together to contribute to increasing access to safe, decent, and affordable housing. Self-help is known as the People Housing Process (PHP) in the South African context, and it was a part of the country’s housing strategy for a century under colonial and apartheid governments (Parnell & Hart, 1999).
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FIG 17: Site Service schemes (esi-africa.com, 2020)
2.3.2 SITE SERVICE SCHEMES
The National Department of Housing and Human Settlement has ordered provincial governments to downscale free housing projects and replace them with serviced sites, where people can build their own homes. The policy of providing free housing for the poor has had an unintended consequence. Many of their homes ended up being sold or rented out by the owners. It also created ‘a culture of entitlement’ among South Africans . The Covid–19 pandemic has had a detrimental financial impact on housing subsidies and project has been frozen (Thukwana, 2020). The focus has instead shifted to handing over serviced sites where people can build for themselves. These serviced stands include access to water, sanitation,
and electrical services. Grant funding programmes are provided to establish social housing institutions which may develop these houses. Social housing is a rental or cooperative housing option for lower-income households earning between R1,501 and R15,000 per month. It is a subsidised programme where people can rent a house or apartment from a social-housing institution that is funded by the government. They pay a reduced rental amount, based on the households’ income. The people have to apply and quality for the subsidised programme. There is no single formula for solving South Africa’s housing problems, but a multi-faceted approach, where people are assisted by the government, has potential.
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INFORMALITY AND BACKYARD SHACKS The subject of informality within urban studies emerged during the 20th century as a means to understand human settlements that did not (and do not) conform to the formally planned cities of the time. The concept of urban informality does not seem to identify the human aspect of informality, namely the individual’s ideals and values that enable urban informality as a language of architectural and urban
complexity within the discourses of urbanism and urban morphology (Salat 2011). Salat (2011) describes urban morphology as the continuous formation of a city whose form takes shape as a result of the people living there. This interaction can be understood in many ways, and in less formal settlements the prevailing urban informality can be understood as these complex interactions that give shape to urban form – that give rise to urban life. Urban informality is a structurally ambiguous term with ‘ever-changing formations’ (Herrle and Fokdal 2011:8) used to define a complex, dynamic and multi-faceted urban phenomenon. However, this urban phenomenon is regarded as a system of urban complexity that enables urban
form at multiple scales, and that ‘only by recognising the complexity of this urban phenomenon, can we generate living cities’. The idea of self-help housing, wherein the owner/ occupier builds their own accommodation completely or in part without any assistance from the government, was also developed (Lombard, 2014). This led to the freedom of the occupants to build what they needed, unplanned and with the materials available. This gave shape to the urban form that the occupants lived in, with gave rise to urban life.
FIG 18: Main house with added backyard addition (Friedman M, 2013)
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LITERATURE REVIEW
The points made in the previous paragraphs correlate with author and architect JFC Turner regarding housing for the people. He is an advocate of the theoretical concept of self-help in developing countries. According to Turner, the government should not provide housing that people can provide for themselves. The following chapter focuses on three main points: first, the concept of self-help and housing as an active space that is consistently changing; second, informality and how social cohesion in a human settlement helps with the idea of community; and, third, creating opportunities in human settlements. Turner’s theory emphasises peoples’ rights and ability to make crucial decisions concerning house design and construction. Turner believes that the dweller should play an important role, but that the total success of any housing process should be assessed by the amount to which these individuals can practise dweller control and the freedom to build. The willingness of the state to recognise a shack as a house-in-process is essential to the realisation of these principles. Thus, it plays a supporting, rather than dominant, role in helping squatters in incrementally improving their living conditions (Turner, 1976). As a result of this shift in the state’s role, Turner argues for ‘housing by people rather than [the] state’s mass housing’. In summary, dweller control is one of Turner’s essential notions for adequate housing. Turner
adopts the notion of ‘freedom to build’, arguing that the user who has total control over the design produces the best outcomes. Second, a shack is a work-in-progress home. ‘Households are able to improve their housing incrementally, using better materials and adding space over a period of some 15 years or so’ (Pugh, 2001:402). Finally, Turner believes that ‘housing is a verb’ in which dwellings are framed, changed and used by their occupants. A house’s value lies in the function and the contribution it has to the community, especially a close-knit community. The relationship between the buildings, their use and the people who utilise them is the focus. Buildings should be created for their ‘use value’ rather than their market ‘exchange value’, as this will help to ensure better architectural results (Mathey, 1992). Following the previous paragraph, self-help housing involves a degree of informality that needs to be accepted in housing development. Informality fills the void left by formal architecture. Formality and informality cannot substitute each other, but they can overlap.(Kucina, 2018). Alejandro Aravena, a Chilean architect, seized this concept. He had no fear of having no control over the final aesthetics; his concern was the position of void and observing the works around it for the time being. Furthermore, utlising this concept decreased the project’s cost, and the personalisation of each
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unit meant that it to adapt to changing demands. Society is unaffected by increasing or decreasing formality (Kucina, 2018). Informality plays a role in planned housing, where the spatial quality of the area is lacking. In unplanned housing, it forms one of the main characteristics, it facilitate the dweller’s need as the dweller has built it for the dweller. On a bigger urban scale, the quality of informality is diverse and flexible. Social cohesiveness refers to the bonds or relationships between neighbours and within intimate social groupings, particularly in ethnically diverse areas (Burns, Hull, Lefko-Everett and Njozela, 2014). Social cohesion influences the quality of life of people as it promotes greater growth and productivity, effective conflict management, tolerance and improves social support measures. The review of traditional dwellings in southern Africa suggests that many typologies made use of courtyard configurations. Marc suggests that ‘African villages are usually planned in a circle around a central area, a garden for everyone’, people prefer communal areas rather than isolating themselves (1977: 116). Crouch and Johnson write, ‘The courtyard in all its guises is one of the most satisfying of these gathering places’ (2001: 272). Courtyards, therefore, have great significance in the fact that they speak to the psyche and the physical well-being of people. The courtyard demonstrates old but long-lasting settlement-making strategies. The most significant benefit of courtyard housing is
the increased densities that can be achieved as well as a protected outdoor living space and a high level of privacy. The courtyard promotes social interaction, and opportunities for activities and economic gain. In South Africa, social cohesion is critical as we deal with the history of inequality, racial difference, and growing unemployment. To improve social cohesion, communities need to cooperate within and across group boundaries. Poverty, unemployment, and service delivery protests negatively influence social cohesion. To improve social cohesion, communities need to improve their living conditions through better housing, sanitation, services, and public space. Creating employment and higher levels of per capita income is associated positively with higher social cohesion (Burns, Hull, Lefko-Everett and Njozela, 2014). Social cohesion often refers to as the ‘glue that binds us together’ or ubuntu. Kamwangamalu (1999) writes that ubuntu is a Nguni term and a
‘multidimensional concept which represents the core values of African ontologies: respect for any human being, for human dignity and for human life, collective shared-ness, obedience, humility, solidarity, caring, hospitality, interdependence, communalism, to list but a few’ (Kamwangamalu 1999, pp. 25-26).
Opportunities (economic, social, cultural are recreational) are most often found where many people are concentrated. However, the potential to generate these opportunities is influenced by how a community is built and structured not just by the number of people. It is critical to provide small-scale economic activity opportunities in South Africa. Although plans (and planners) cannot create jobs, they can create preconditions to promote economic generation (Burns, Hull, Lefko-Everett and Njozela, 2014). In conclusion, collaboration is a crucial element for human settlements and how it is essential to work with complex communities to create a sustainable working fabric. Human settlements should be considered as an active space with an ongoing process that is ever-changing, according to Turner. He also states that informality in an environment fills up the void that the formal structure left. Another important point to remember is that social cohesion influences the quality of life and empowers the community to grow. These ideas are used to create a new framework to fulfil the research objectives and answer the research questions posed.
03
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CHAPTER
INTRODUCING THE SITE
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This chapter investigates the selected site and its position within its immediate and broader context. The study explores why the particular site and setting is an appropriate option for developing a new framework of opportunity.
FIG 19: Global position diagram (Author, 2021)
Site Location Population Growth Identifying the Local Context Humann Settlements Density & Layout Immediate Context Site Photos Review Context History Current Urban Planning
3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9
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POPULATION GROWTH South Africa’s population growth is above expected with most people migrating to big cities for economic opportunity. Gauteng has breached a population of 13 million in 2021 (Mass migration to Johannesburg and Pretoria, 2021) Johannesburg had 1,50 million people in 1950; this increased by 470 percent to 9,4 million by 2021. However, as the biggest city in Gauteng, Johannesburg did not experience the biggest boom. Pretoria has experienced a tremendous growth, with the settlement of Soshanguve increasing with 3 100 percent, making Pretoria the fastest-growing city in South Africa (Mass migration to Johannesburg and Pretoria, 2021) This has serious impacts as ‘This growth has a significant bearing on provincial priorities and budget allocations. The high number of people drawn to the province has resulted in population density levels that are significantly higher than the country’s average (675 people per square kilometre, in contrast with the national average density of 42 people per square kilometre) (Mass migration to Johannesburg and Pretoria, 2021)
SOUTH AFRICAN CITIES
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FIG 20: Local context analysis map (GoogleMaps, 2021), Map (Author, 2021)
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IDENTIFYING THE LOCAL CONTEXT The city of Tshwane has been identified as the appropriate local context in which to situate the project of this dissertation. As seen in the previous chapter, Pretoria experienced the highest growth rate in terms of migrants of all the cities. This is mostly due to those searching for opportunities in the capital city of South Africa. Pretoria experienced urban sprawl due to apartheid planning. Previous disadvantaged people were placed outside the city, which resulted in them having to travel to cities for work. This is still evident when looking at figure 21. Urban sprawl is often seen as a problem. It has been criticised for its numerous negative effects on the environment, social life, and the economy of the cities
FIG 21: Social tapestry and location of human settlements (G Nel,2020) Edited (Author, 2021)
The 2011 Mapping diversity: an exploration of our social tapestry survey conducted by the South African Department of Statistics shows that racial division by neighbourhood is still profoundly accentuated. In the study, people who perceive themselves as white live predominantly in the central area around the CBD region of the city, with access to neighbourhoods equipped with urban infrastructure, and access to good education and healthcare facilities. The areas further away from the CDB are historical regions of the apartheid era and continue to be predominantly inhabited by the black African population. A large portion live in neighbourhoods with insufficient infrastructure and far from the urban centre (Linhares, 2020).
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HUMAN SETTLEMENTS DENSITY & LAYOUT
FIG 22: Atteridgeville layout and density (GoogleMaps, 2021)
FIG 23: Mamelodi layout and density (GoogleMaps, 2021)
FIG 24: Hammanskraal layout and density (GoogleMaps, 2021)
ATTERIDGEVILLE DENSITY: 6 500/km 2
MAMELODI EAST DENSITY: 7 400/km 2
HAMMANSKRAAL DENSITY: 2 800/km 2
Atteridgeville was established by the government in 1993 as a settlement for black people. The first occupants were moved to Atteridgeville from Marabastad. The settlement provided amenities such as brick housing, lighting and toilets to enhance living standards. The township is connected by train to the Pretoria CBD. Atteridgeville is a diverse township, where the residents speak many languages.
Mamelodi was established in June 1953, starting with sixteen houses that were built on the farm Vlakwater. This name was later changed to Mamelodi, meaning Mother of Melodies. The Group Areas Act designated Mamelodi as a blacks-only suburb. In 1960, citizens from Lady Selboune were forcefully moved to Mamelodi. Crime is a major problem in the township, with poverty and unemployment being the biggest causes of crime.
Hammanskraal consists of multiple residential, industrial, and commercial areas in a decentralised settlement pattern. There is a residual overflow of housing developments on the southern part of the region. This area has a mix of subsidised housing and free-title stands. Such an increase in housing developments indicates a large population growth in the region, particularly the urban settlement areas
Image © 2021 Maxar Technologies
Image © 2021 Maxar Technologies
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CHOSEN SITE
FIG 25: Soshanguve layout and density (GoogleMaps, 2021)
FIG 26: Pienaarspoort layout and density (GoogleMaps, 2021)
FIG 27: Diepsloot layout and density (GoogleMaps, 2021)
SOSHANGUVE DENSITY: 3 200/km 2
PIENAARSRSPOORT DENSITY: unknown
DIEPSLOOT DENSITY: 12 000/km 2
Soshanguve was established through the resettlement of people from Mamelodi and Atteridgeville. This it left a community divided and suspicious of each other. More than 20 years later, there are still remnants of the past but there is an integration of cultures. The people of Soshanguve are the most multilingual of South Africans.
Pienaarspoort is a new settlement, with occupants that have been relocated from Mamelodi. The government plans to upgrade it, but it is continuously growing, with backyard houses and zinc pop-ups. The community travel mostly to Pretoria via a train for work opportunities.
Diepsloot is a township in the north of Johannesburg, South Africa. It is located in Region A in the City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality. The township has a population estimate of 350,000. Diepsloot has a mixture of informal and formal settlements. It is the densest and fastest-growing informal settlement in Gauteng. Government has no answers to the rapid growth and number of people living there.
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HUMAN SETTLEMENTS PIENAARSPOORT
IMMEDIATE CONTEXT
FIG 28: Pienaarspoort site boundary (GoogleMaps, 2021) Edited (Author, 2021)
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SITE PHOTOS
HUMAN SETTLEMENTS PIENAARSPOORT
FIG 29: Pienaarspoort site photos (Author, 2021)
HIGH DENSITY HOUSING [GEOGRAPHICALLY EXCLUDED]
倀刀伀堀䤀䴀䤀吀夀 吀伀 䔀䴀倀䰀伀夀䴀䔀一吀 ㌀ 䴀䤀一匀 嬀䰀伀圀 倀刀伀堀䤀䴀䤀吀夀 吀伀 䔀䴀倀䰀伀夀䴀䔀一吀崀
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FIG 30: Pienaarspoort density (M Levy, 2020) Edited (Author, 2021)
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UNEMPLOYMENT % 2011 [LOW PROXIMITY TO EMPLOYMENT] FIG 31: Pienaarspoort unemployment (M Levy, 2020) Edited (Author, 2021)
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PROXIMITY TO EMPLOYMENT 30 MINS [GEOGRAPHICALLY EXCUDED] FIG 32: Pienaarspoort employment proximity (M Levy, 2020) Edited (Author, 2021)
⸀㌀㔀㤀㌀㘀ⴀ ⸀㜀㠀㜀㈀
㈀⸀㠀㜀㐀㠀㠀ⴀ㌀⸀㈀㐀㈀㐀
㌀⸀㈀㌀㐀㈀㐀ⴀ㌀⸀㔀㤀㌀㘀
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INCOME AND POPULATION GROUP DIVERSITY [MID SPECTRUM INCOME FIG 33: Pienaarspoort income and population diversity (M Levy, 2020) Edited (Author, 2021)
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AVERAGE HOUSEHOLD INCOME [MID SPECTRUM HOUSEHOLD INCOME] FIG 34: Pienaarspoort household income (M Levy, 2020) Edited (Author, 2021)
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DENSITY PP / HA [HIGH HUMAN DENSITY] FIG 35: Pienaarspoort density PP/HA (M Levy, 2020) Edited (Author, 2021)
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DWELLINGS 1KM KERNEL [HIGH DWELLING DENSITY] FIG 36: Pienaarspoort dwelling kernel (M Levy, 2020) Edited (Author, 2021)
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COMMUNITY FACILITIES 1KM KERNEL [INSUFFICIENT SUPPLY OF COMMUNITY FACILITIES FOR POPULATION] FIG 37: Pienaarspoort community facilities (M Levy, 2020) Edited (Author, 2021)
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BUSINESS FACILITIES 1KM KERNEL [ALMOST NO BUSINESS FACILITY] FIG 38: Pienaarspoort business facilities (M Levy, 2020) Edited (Author, 2021)
ⴀ㈀
㠀 ⴀ㤀
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% WITH DEGREE [POOR TERTIARY EDUCATION] FIG 39: Pienaarspoort with education (M Levy, 2020) Edited (Author, 2021)
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page 61 61 FIG 40: Mamelodi and Pienaarspoort History (Bennett, 2011:41-42)
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FIG 41: Tshwane human settlement development for Pienaarspoort Ext 21 (Metroplan, 2021)
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URBAN PLANNING The City of Tshwane has plans in progress to upgrade nineteen of the 226 human settlements around Pretoria within the next financial year. Pienaarspoort Extension 21 is one of the nineteen already approved (Mahlokwane, 2021). The plan is to house 1,191 household on the existing site. This will accommodate the already existing infrastructure, including the clinic and place of worship, educational facilities, and the transport terminal. The layout was adapted to accommodate the already planned setting out of the site in 2014 when the first occupants where moved there. The layout is in a grid-like fabric with houses in rows. There are long streets creating long blocks with little open space in between the houses. One open public space is provided in the plans and sits on the northern edge of the site. Additional access is planned from the main road (Bronkhorstpruit Road) running past the site.
FIG 42: Pienaarspoort row housing birds eye perspective (Author, 2021)
04
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CHAPTER URBAN VISION
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The aim of this chapter is to look at the goals set by the project in terms urban vision. This is further explored in the following chapters.
Developing a New Framework 4.1 Human Settlement Rejuvenation 4.2 Existing Housing Program 4.2.1 Proposed Program 4.2.2 Opportunities for Occupants 4.3
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DEVELOPING A NEW FRAMEWORK
The development of a new fabric would be a major driver in helping to rejuvenate the current human settlement. Alternative ways in which the layout can be design would have different outcomes. Urban design deals with the design of buildings, groups of buildings, spaces, and landscapes within the city to create positive, thriving places. Urban design aims to make connections at multiple scales (for example between people and places, buildings and streets, movement and built form, natural heritage and the built environment). In addition, from an economic development perspective, a sense of place not only attracts people and business to the city, but it helps to keep them there. Place is becoming more important than traditional assets, such as available infrastructure. In particular, place plays a key role in fostering innovation and collaboration in local economies.
FIG 43: Alternative framework to assist in achieving urban vision (Author, 2021)
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HUMAN SETTLEMENT REJUVENATION Existing Housing Program System The current housing program can be described with the items shown in figure 44. It provides the necessary infrastructure and accommodation.
FIG 44: Existing housing program (Linhares, 2020) Edited (Author, 2021)
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Proposed System The proposed system aims to expand on the possibilities of the current system in a matrix that combines different functions and opportunities. The aim is a vibrant self-sufficient, thriving community, creating a sustainable environment, economically as well as spatially, to improve the daily lives of people in human settlements.
OPPORTUNITY FOR OCCUPANTS Opportunities created by the proposed system.
FIG 45: Proposed housing program (Linhares, 2020) Edited (Author, 2021)
05
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CHAPTER AFRICAN INFLUENCE
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This chapter will look at the theories relevant to the African influence of placemaking for the project. The theories will be a guide to the project and present a resilient foundation on which future decisions for development can be made. Introduction 5.1 Background and History 5.2 Vernacular Architecture 5.3 Finding Patterns 5.4 A Pattern Language 5.5 Background 5.5.1 Typologies 5.5.2 Similarities 5.5.3 Findings 5.5.4 New patterns 5.6 Conclusion 5.7 Experimenting with African patterns 5.8
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INTRODUCTION
Current formal housing schemes have caused massive sprawl and the ongoing urbanisation has the Government struggling to keep up with the demand for infrastructure. The principles of compact neighbourhoods and cluster houses are firmly fixed as part of the New Urban movement and are rapidly becoming established in many parts of the world as a more sustainable alternative to urban sprawl. South Africa’s attempt to accommodate this rapid expansion by lowerincome households lies in creating massive schemes on the outskirts of towns. These identical, row-like, little freestanding houses built row upon row are unquestionably problematic (Steyn, 2005:108). Steyn (2005:108) states that not only is the low-density, detach-units approach of the past being maintained, but the situation is worsened because these massive schemes are smaller, often of lower quality and further away from economic opportunities. Alan Lipman accuses architects and planners of not learning anything from traditional South African settlements models. He criticises the ongoing provision of single-house layouts to the exclusion of clusters, courtyards and other forms of low-rise, highdensity housing (2003: 95). The question is asked: instead of looking at Euro-American models, should planners and architects not investigate traditional African settlements for creative ideas? FIG 46: Current humann settlement development (westonariaborwa.co.za, 2019)
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BACKGROUND AND HISTORY
The first human made shelter was the ‘living-room floor’, which originated about a million years ago. These shelters changed to the point where they were fenced, and sometimes cobbled (Oliver, 1999: 21, 23). This arrangement evolved into the temporary shelters of the nomadic hunter gatherers like the Khoisan. The characteristics of the arrangement traveled with the Bantu in their migration from West Africa, through the east, reaching the most southern limit of their expansion in the northern part of Mpumalanga and KwaZulu-Natal (Steyn, 2005:108). The circular floor plan with wattle-and-daub walls and thatched roof that they built became more permanent huts. These dwellings are classified as vernacular as they were built without architects, they do not follow academic theories or rules. The buildings follow the traditions of the people who built them.
FIG FIG 47:36: The The’ ’Living Living room room floor’ floor’ (museedelhomme.fr, (https://www. nd) Edited museedelhomme.fr/, (Author, 2021) nd) Edited (Author, 2021)
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VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE
Vernacular architecture can be described as using local knowledge to construct a dwelling, using traditional materials found in the area where the building is built (Ghisleni, 2020). Papanek (1995) characterised it as architecture with a human scale, a less self-conscious image, and the use of local materials, customs, and traditions. It has little connection to urban areas and often relates more to rural areas. However, vernacular architecture is found in many urban cities through processes like self-help housing in informal settlements. Authors have made connections with ongoing events of time to understand how people live. It is thus possible to trace changing architectural styles in terms of events, ways of life, and the uses of space and the material (Steyn, 2006:11). It may be argued that vernacular architecture lacks the Vitruvius qualities of firmness, commodity, and delight. But it offers value to the user by responding to the physical, economic, social, and cultural context (Ojo-Aromokudu, 2018).
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FIG 48: DK Ching patterns (Author, 2021)
FINDING PATTERNS 3.2 INTRODUCTION
This chapter examines typologies found in traditional African architecture and describes them through the acknowledging of patterns as explained in A Pattern Language by Christopher Alexander. One method of understanding the characteristics of a pattern is by individually reviewing the characteristics of a place. When looking at typologies, the focus is on form and layout, aspects that could contribute towards contemporary conceptual solutions.
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A PATTERN LANGUAGE 3.4 Background
Christopher Alexander, architect, educator, and author, has been refining his theory of a pattern language over the past 40 years. Alexander believes in ‘careful empirical study of the psychology of space’. This is evident in the books that he has written, notably A Pattern Language (1977), which is about an organised set of patterns, each of which describes a problem and the solution, and The Timeless Way of Building, which is based on principles that solves problems through design. Alexander describes his 253 patterns as ‘timeless’, claiming that they provide a practical language for building and planning based on natural considerations (Steyn, 2006:11). A pattern, in terms of Alexander’s approach, is ‘a morphological law, which establishes a set of relationships in space’ (1979:90). In vernacular architecture, patterns developed and evolved until a physical configuration that provided a good fit with the environment and with behavioural patterns, was found. He argues that in traditional culture there are already existing patterns, which are practiced by the whole community. There is no need to write down the rules as these are traditional collective meanings. These languages can be identified by exposing the patterns, they were always there, but not identified. Patterns express a relationship between a certain context, a problem, and a solution (Steyn, 2006:11).
Norberg-Schulz states that the typology is the way in which the spaces are built and organised, as well as the how the various parts are grouped, and morphology as the ‘particular local character’ of an environment (Norberg-Schulz, 1985: 26, 33-48). Steyn used the works of a colleagues at the Faculty of Architecture at the Delft University of Technology to compare villages as regards the enclosure and density of each. (Find figure 1 below). The examples were analysed by the following. The degree of enclosure of courtyards and the degree of enclosure, if typologies are aggregated or freestanding. These examples indicate a broad trend and there may be exceptions. The cases that were explored are Groblersdal in South Africa and Watamu, Luma and Malindi in Kenya. These examples are the extreme forms of settlement making found in sub-Saharan Africa (Steyn, 2005:115).
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Luma, Kenya
Maludi, Kenya
The Luma house is the most compact urban form, inspired by the traditional house of the Arabian Peninsula and the Gulf. The houses are tightly aggregated, with narrow alleys that hide the entrances to the house. Luma has a clear organised hierarchy of space, from public, semi-public, and semi-private to the private spaces in courtyards (Steyn, 2006:18).
The Malindi house is a vernacular type of early Swahili Lamu typology, and today the most widespread residential form along the Kenyan and Tanzanian coasts. Most Malindi houses are owned by merchants and craftsmen working from a front room. There is also a long tradition of subletting one or more rooms off the central corridor, with all the women using the courtyard for cooking (Steyn, 2006:18).
3.4 TYPOLOGIES
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Groblersdal, South Africa
Watamu
FIG 49: Traditional African village typologies (Steyn, 2005) The Pedi village at Groblersdal shows a protective clustering facing the cattle kraal. The huts are ranged around the perimeter of a large cattle enclosure, which serves as a defence against raiders and predators. The single sell huts were typically constructed out of thatch roofs and dung walls (Steyn, 2005:115).
Watamu is an open village with houses built in clusters. These open spaces indicate small-scale vegetable and fruit farming, supplemented with fish (Steyn, 2005:115).
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FIG 50: Traditional African village typologies comparison (Steyn, 2005)
3.4 SIMILARITIES
Looking at the typology of form and layouts of all four examples, numerous characteristics are alike. Similarities were found and analysed using patterns found in A Pattern Language. The villages and homesteads are built in the HOUSE CLUSTER (#37) with mostly SMALL PUBLIC SQUARES (#61) in the near vicinity. The public squares are COMMON LAND (#67) and used by the whole community. This forms a POSITIVE OUTDOOR SPACE (#106) with ACTIVITY POCKETS (#124). People normally do not linger in open areas; they prefer to group in public open spaces. Without common land, no social system can survive. There is a clear organised HIERARCHY OF OPEN SPACES (#114) from public, semi-public, and semi-private to the private spaces, this is made possible by the placing and typology of the buildings.
Most of the typologies have a COURTYARD WHICH LIVE (#115), which are created in a circular village of a HOUSE FOR A SMALL FAMILY (#67) around a central area, or by the tight arrangement of homes. In the case of Groblersdal, the houses are arranged around a kraal to protect the livestock, the community or village work as a whole. Courtyards can also be seen as a common area to gather and form COMMON AREAS AT THE HEART (#129) which is critical for social groups. The STRUCTURE FLOW SOCIAL SPACES (#205) is where the physical space is in harmony with the social spaces and this is defined by the activities and human groups (Alexander, 1977). Relationships within the patterns form a balance in the making of traditional settlements. The typical indigenous African dwelling is that of thatched huts around a courtyard.
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3.4 FINDINGS
The two significant findings that were made in the analysis of traditional African towns were the use of a courtyard in the typologies and the clusters in the layout of the villages. Courtyard housing The review of traditional dwellings in southern Africa suggest that many typologies made use of courtyard configurations. Marc suggests that ‘African villages are usually planned in a circle around a central area, a garden for everyone‘, people prefer communal areas rather than isolating themselves (1977: 116). As Crouch and Johnson write, ‘The courtyard in all its guises is one of the most satisfying of these gathering places’ (2001: 272). Courtyards, therefore, have great significance in the fact that they speak to the psyche as well as the physical well-being of people. The courtyard demonstrates ancient but lasting solutions to the problem of settlement making. The biggest benefit of courtyard housing is the increased densities that can be achieved, as well as a high level of privacy and protected outdoor living space. The courtyard encourages social mix, and opportunity for activities and economic gain.
The climate of southern Africa allows for yearround outdoor living, and enclosed space is used for cooking in inclement weather and sleeping. This way of living has developed over centuries and forms part of farming and cultural beliefs. Units are certainly not randomly scattered, but organically arranged around a central space. The fundamental concept is that a hut is not a home – the whole ensemble is (Frescura, 1981: 162). Cluster housing Cluster housing schemes reflect the sense of community in a village. They are developed in a sustainable way representing the unique aspects of the village, while responding to the social needs. Cluster houses are normally arranged around a courtyard, giving individual groups a sense of community.
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FIG 51: Courtyard and cluster exploration (Author, 2021)
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A PATTERN LANGUAGE 3.4 CONCLUSION
While squatter settlements and current formal mass-housing schemes have caused massive sprawl, traditional dwellings offer appropriate and proven settlement and land-use patterns which should be explored for ideas to create an African urbanism. The low densities of South Africa’s residential areas offer tremendous opportunities for restructuring. Informal settlements could be enhanced by lessons learned from traditional courtyard architecture. Patterns and the mixture of historic precedent and custom, a paradigm of courtyard houses could be developed that would contribute towards much more compact, low-energy and socio-economically equitable neighbourhoods in the region. To conclude: rather than looking at Euro-American models for settlement making, southern Africa’s rich history of traditional courtyard houses could be the basis to plan and developed new settlements typologies.
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EXPERIMENTING WITH PATTERNS
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FIG 52: Experimenting with African patterns (Aurthor, 2021)
06
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CHAPTER
OPPORTUNITY IN PLASTIC AS BUILDING MATERIAL
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This chapter looks at the plastic waste situation in South Africa and the need for innovation, as explained in the urban vision chapter. It focuses on ways plastics can be used in building material and the opportunities that lie using in the material itself. Current Plastic Situation Plastic Production in South Africa Plastic Waste in Landfills The Urban Prospector Plastic Recycling and Innovation Plastic as building Materials Plastic Repurposing Process Plastic Recycling Schemes Precious plastic Plastic Products Brick Plastic Product Tiles Developing a Component
6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.6.1 6.6.2 6.6.3 6.7.1 6.7.2 6.9
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CURRENT PLASTIC SITUATION INTRODUCTION
Plastic waste poses a serious threat, with long-term consequences. A piece of single-use plastic, such as a PET bottle, is estimated to take up to 450 years to decompose completely (Nel, 2020). The reality is that the vast amount of previous disposed plastic waste will remain visible for multiple generations, even if we stop plastic production. Annie Leonard, an American advocate for sustainability and a critic of consumerism says, ‘There is no such thing as “away”. When we throw anything away, it must go somewhere’(Leonard, 2016). Plastic waste litters our environments and there are a variety of opportunities for using this substance. This raises the question of how we can use recycling as an opportunity in developing human settlements for them to grow. The average person in South Africa produces about 2,5kg of waste per day. These are valuable resources being wasted, and around 10 to 12 percent of disposed waste consists of plastic waste, which equates to about 300 million tons annually (Ocean Plastics, 2020). There is a need for innovation to address the plastic waste calamity.
FIG 53: Plastic waste picker on landfill (The Star, 2020)
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FIG 40: ******************************** (Steyn, 2005)
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PLASTIC POLLUTION IN SOUTH AFRICA
The Waste Act (Act N0.59 of 2008) was created to dress the key waste management concerns that South Africa has. The following hurdles were recognized as the primary issues that South Africa faced and still faces in terms of waste management and future waste management activities in the National Waste Management Strategy (2011) (Department of Environmental Affairs, 2011:5). •
FIG 54: Key words surrounding plastic waste (G Nel, 2020) Edited (Author, 2021)
The quantity of waste created grows in tandem with the population and economy. This increase places a burden on already scarce waste handling infrastructure.
•
Waste services for urban informal areas, tribal territories, and rural formal areas, in particular, have a historical backlog. Even though kerbside domestic garbage collection services were accessible to 61% of all South African households in 2007, access is still substantially unequal.
•
An environment in which policy and regulation do not encourage the waste management hierarchy. The waste management industry’s economic potential, which is believed to be worth R10 billion per year, has been restricted as a result. Both garbage collection and recycling are important contributors to job creation, and both have opportunity to expand.
•
With declining levels of capital investment and maintenance, there is increasing pressure on outdated waste management infrastructure.
•
Waste management suffers from widespread under-pricing, which means that consumers and industry don’t fully appreciate the costs of waste management, and waste disposal is preferred over other options.
With this problem of waste reaching our landfills, alternative ways should be looked at on how this can be an opportunity. More credit should be given to the waste pickers sorting through the waste and interventions can be put in place to credit them. Alternative ways can be looked at how these plastic can be used rather than reselling them for a minimal fee that can benefit both the picker and the government.
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PLASTIC WASTE IN LANDFILLS The waste management to landfills practices are typical of developing countries, where disposal of waste, often to uncontrolled dumpsites, dominates. Landfilling of general and hazardous waste remains the dominant technology solution in South Africa, with an estimated 90 percent of all waste generated in South Africa disposed of to landfill. This increases pollution levels and causes potential health issues, due to toxins being released into the environment as part of the degradation process. Many of South Africa’s landfills do not meet compliance standards, with an estimated 40 percent of plastic waste – 45,000 tonnes – having ended up in non-compliant landfills in 2017. Government has developed policy and regulations aimed at improving the way in which landfills were designed and operated, but even then the amount of plastic waste that are found in landfills are above the average (Nel, 2020).
FIG 55: Plastic waste (G Nel, 2020)
Another method used by communities to get rid of waste is by dumping. This is an illegal act where waste is discarded in open areas. This is done usually by individuals who do not have access to efficient waste management. In some instances, community members dump their waste in designated dumping sites within their own community (Nel, 2020).
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FIG 56: Plastic waste (G Nel, 2020)
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THE URBAN PROSPECTOR The South African government estimates that there are between 60,000 to 90,000 informal waste pickers working either at kerbside or on landfills in South Africa. These numbers may be conservative, however. The rise in the number of informal waste pickers in recent years has been due to the rising unemployment rate in South Africa, which has led people to seek work in the informal sector. Municipalities save an estimated R750 million in landfill space each year thanks to informal rubbish pickers (Nel, 2020). Informal waste collectors face many challenges daily, the most significant of which is the urban spatial disadvantages they must overcome. Another stumbling factor appears to be the unorganised and informal nature of their waste reclamation efforts. Individuals travel other 20km each day to sell their recycled materials to buy back centres, earning between R600 and R900 for a day’s work, depending on the overall weight of recyclables (Nel, 2020).
FIG 56: Obstacles in plastic co-operatives (Author, 2021)
Cooperatives have been extensively supported by the South African government as a way of formalising the informal sector and increasing job creation and enterprise development. Waste and recycling
cooperatives, on the other hand, have a 91,8 percent failure rate in South Africa. Cooperatives in South Africa confront a variety of obstacles, including a lack of infrastructure, such as transportation, equipment or facilities for sorting and storing recyclables. Furthermore operational issues such difficulty reaching markets or recyclables theft, as well as a lack of capacity to run a business, have been found to hamper successful adoption. As a result, many opportunities for upward mobility are lost because of new initiatives that ignore informal waste pickers. These missed opportunities highlight the significance of introducing new architectural interventions into Pretoria’s existing waste management system that work with informal recyclers. Inclusion of informal waste pickers may provide motivation and, as a result, a strong platform for improving the informal sector, fighting poverty and unemployment, and assisting their transition into the formal economy.
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FIG 57: Waste pickers journey (Author, 2021)
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PLASTIC RECYCLING AND INNOVATION
The image of scattered plastic waste is not appealing, and it suggests that recycling alone is insufficient and a need exists for innovation. South Africa is among the best in the world at mechanical recycling when it comes to plastic recycling. Mechanical recycling is used to recycle the majority of South Africa’s end-of-life plastic. Before being turned into secondary raw material that is considered useful and financially viable, recyclable plastic trash must travel a long value chain. Plastic garbage still appears to make its way into our urban and natural habitats, despite South Africa’s aboveaverage recycling rates (Plastics South-Africa, 2019:3). When considering the need for innovation, society is prone to fantasising about an environmental utopia in which plastic does not exist. If plastic is used correctly and responsibly, it has the potential to add immense value to societies on a global scale. This added value would imply lower costs of living, additional economic growth, as well as the creation of employment opportunities.
FIG 58: Recycled plastic tile innovation (hackaday.com/, 2017)
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PLASTIC AS BUILDING MATERIAL
As previously said, if utilised and disposed of properly, plastic may provide enormous benefit to civilisations. Polymeric building materials have a number of advantages in architecture and the built environment. Durability, reusability and recyclability are just a few of the advantages. Building materials are typically supposed to last 30-50 years; however, plastics can endure much longer. According to the Modern Building Alliance (2020), employing plastic in construction as architectural features or building services meets the design and specification standards that impact the environmental sustainability of a structure. Because of the longevity of plastic, it is frequently possible to recover and recycle items at the end of their useful life. The materials can be simply held in place in some cases. The resilience of these plastic goods is routinely shown in practice. Recycled plastic is discovered by looking at the other end of the plastic spectrum. What is the purpose of this resource in South Africa, and where does it end up? The built environment in South Africa not only consumes a lot of virgin plastics, but it also consumes a lot of recycled plastics. End-markets for polymer recycling are growing in South Africa every year. These innovations assure an annual surplus of raw recyclable plastic material that can be used (Plastics South Africa, 2019:7). As a result of this surplus, there is a rising interest in the implementation of a circular economy and the use of recycled plastics in the field of design and architecture (Ellen Macarthur Foundation, 2016:32). This strategy aims
to deconstruct the linear model that the plastics sector is based on. There are links between the built environment and the use and development of plastic garbage, allowing for new ideas and interventions. To stop the loop on plastic waste, the transformation of plastic trash into secondary materials and systems can offer a new value layer to recycled goods. In the built environment and other sectors, reusing may create new sustainable end-markets for recovered plastics. If plastic recycling are to be made viable in South Africa, these new end markets are critical (Plastics South Africa, 2019:7).
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PLASTIC PROCESS
FIG 59: Plastic repurposing process (Author, 2021)
REPURPOSING
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PLASTIC RECYCLING SCHEMES
FIG 60: Precious Plastic machines (preciousplastic.com, nd)
Precious Plastic’s launch in 2014, by a Dutch designer, Dave Hakkens. The idea behind the Precious Plastic was to make an open hardware plastic recycling project with an open source digital commons. The set includes a plastic shredder, an extruder, an injection moulder and a rotation moulder, which can each be used to turn waste plastic into new products. The project allows individual consumers to set up “their own miniature recycling company (Tucker, 2016).
Plastic recycling machinery was mainly used on an industrial scale, making the process costly and leaving little room for creativity. By simplifying and open-sourcing technical blueprints, the organization reduced the cost of basic DIY recycling equipment and make it more accessible for every day users.
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PRODUCTS
PLASTIC
BRICKS Plastic bricks made from recycled plastics have the potential to replace more traditional and wasteful construction materials like hollow blocks. It is constructed entirely of recycled plastic, and it is simple to make and put together without any specific expertise (Precious Plastic Community Platform, 2021). The brick is intended as an affordable, accessible and durable alternative for low-income nations and countries.
plastic trash. They also provide knowledge on how to make these bricks to communities all around the world (Open-source: Recycled brick , 2021). The brick is developed through means of extrusion. The process involves forming a mould where the hot recycled plastic can be injected in and cooled, to later be removed for the finished product. They are assembled through interlocking Lego®-like blocks building the wall.
Precious Plastic’s open-source recycling machinery is used to make each brick, which holds 1,5kg of
FIG 61: Precious Plastic interlocking wall (preciousplastic.com, nd)
FIG 62: Precious Plastic extrusion machine (community.preciousplastic.com, nd)
FIG 63: Precious Plastic extrusion machine (preciousplastic.com, nd)
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PRODUCTS
PLASTIC
Another way of using recycled plastic is by using recycled plastic tiles. The tile is made through a hot press, as explained in the figure below. Different patterns can be achieved by mixing different coloured plastic in the mould. These products can be used as floor covers or wall decorations.
FIG 64: Precious Plastic tile press machine (preciousplastic.com, nd)
TILES The product is durable, makes use of the unwanted plastic that is lying around and is an opportunity for a community to build their own homes as well as learn a new skill.
FIG 65: Precious Plastic extrusion machine (community.preciousplastic.com, nd)
FIG 66: Precious Plastic pressed tiles (preciousplastic.com, nd)
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DEVELOPING A FROM RECYCLED PLASTIC WASTE
COMPONENT PROVIDE OPPORTUNITY FOR PARTICIPATION The system aims to provide the knowledge for the community to build their own housing. The component is designed in a simple manner for community participation and learning a new skill.
FIG 67: Interlocking wall component development All images (Author, 2021)
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FIG 68: Interlocking plastic brick development All images (Author, 2021)
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07
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CHAPTER PRECEDENTS
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This chapter highlights how similar situations had been approached architecturally, indicated specific programmatic or solutions in architecture, material choices, morphologies, typologies or shared visions by other projects. It will focus on design layouts as well as unit types and the configuration to create a fabric that will fit into the concept of this thesis. K206 Housing Quinta Monroy Housing Belapur Housing Nelson Boateng House
7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4
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K206
HOUSING The K206 project was launched in 2006 with the goal of developing low-income social housing in Alexandra, Johannesburg. This project is part of the ARP Alexandra Renewal Project, which aims to improve the living conditions and housing opportunities for families in the Setwetla informal community. The project’s goal is to combine ownership and rental occupation on the same site in order to enhance housing densities. It will create 1,760 residences and over 2,156 rental opportunities (Osman & Davey, 2021). This design is intended to reflect present community interactions in the Alexandra region, increase the quality and density of the housing sector, and provide a source of income for the homeowner. The housing is organised into clusters of eight to 10 apartments, resulting in smaller communities around a semi-private communal courtyard with shared ablutions on the ground floor. The ground floor rooms are intended to be managed by the owner of the main house before being rented to suitable tenants. The
courtyards are primarily concrete surfaces with a few plants. The housing clusters are inward facing, with their backs to the busy northern roadway minimising noise and creating a semi-public social courtyard space (Osman & Davey, 2021).
Architects: ASA Architects Location: Alexandra Johannesburg, South Africa Year: Unknown Description: Built
The K206 project is a unique concept within the settlement. The finishes and materials used in small apartments have a significant influence on how residents perceive them. Because of the project’s positive communal nature, as evidenced by its unique clustering and shared courtyard space, additional communal systems such as solar water heating, rainwater harvesting, refuse separation and collection, washing and drying areas, and unique water and waste recycling opportunities may be installed in future projects. The design, layouts, material selection, and detailing could be taken into consideration for future incorporation, even if the initial budget did not allow for it.
FIG 69: K206 Housing in Alexandra Johannesburg (alexnews.co.za, 2016)
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FIG 70: K206 Housing street view (alexnews.co.za, 2016)
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Design considerations The design of the K206 housing consist of a main or primary unit as well as two rental units (fig 4). These rental units contribute to monthly income for the home owner and is a form of opportunity. The house is adaptable to suit the user with interior wall that can be demolished for the users needs (fig 5). This allows the house to form one big house for a larger family. A secondary story can be added in the future to extend the unit (fig 69). This can be for rental space or extra space for the main unit. The key consideration that was taken from this precedent was the adaptability of a unit, it contribute to a sense of ownership and future thinking.
FIG 71: K206 Housing design considerations (Osman & Davey, 2021) FIG 54: K206 Housing exploration (A Osman, 2011)
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Quinta Monroy HOUSING Quinta Monroy is located in the town of Iquique, which is 1,500 km north of Santiago, Chile’s capital. When the project began in 2001, it was the town’s final informal settlement. It was part of the government’s plan to replace the settlement with 93 housing units for the people who had been living there in poor conditions. Social housing should be seen as an investment and not as an expense. Thus, the initial subsidy can add value over time. Despite the fact that the land was three times more expensive than the site allotted for social housing, the decision was taken to keep the residents on the same terrain. As Aljeandro has said, ‘To keep the site, meant to maintain the network of opportunities that the city offered and therefore to strengthen the family economy; on the other hand, good location is the key to increase a property value’ (ArchDaily, 2008).
The concept resolves these challenges with a typology that makes effective use of the site, allows for controlled housing expansion to reduce overpopulation, and encourages self-built processes. Families are provided half a good house with adequate services, as well as technical assistance to complete the expansions on their own (Elemental, n.d.).
Architects: Alejandro Aravena, ELEMENTAL Location: Iquique, Chile Year: 2003 Description: Built
Lastly, the provision of a physical space for the ‘extensive family’ to develop, has proved to be a key issue in the upliftment economically of poor families. In between the private and public space, we introduced the collective space, conformed by around 20 families. The collective space is an intermediate level of association that allows surviving fragile social conditions (ArchDaily, 2008).
FIG 72: Quinta Monroy street view (www.dezeen.com, 2016)
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FIG 73: Quinta Monroy built up unit (dezeen.com, 2016)
FIG 74: Quinta Monroy original structure (dezeen.com, 2016)
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FIG 75: Quinta Monroy plans and layout (dezeen.com, 2016) Edited (Author (2021)
Design considerations The design of Quinta Monroy was an unique approach in dealing with informal areas. The more formalised layout with a courtyard in the middle. This open space gives residents a space to play and let them feel part of a community. The unis face the courtyard which make this a safe space with eyes constantly on this space. The idea of the occupants adding onto the structure allows for growth and informality that is needed in such spaces.
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BELAPUR HOUSING The main problem in Mumbai has always been too many people and not enough roofs. Architect Charles Correa studied and provided suitable and unconventional solutions to this problem. His work in low-cost housing is vast and exemplary. Belapur is located in Thane district. It is a node in Nerul and situated 2km from the centre of New Bombay. The site area of 5,4 hectares was developed to house 500 people (about 100 families) per hectare. Work on the project began in 1983, taking three years to complete, with the first residents moving in by 1986. The project has a single principle at its roots: an individual plot for each dwelling to allow for future expansion as and when necessary. The scheme was designed to cater to a variety of income groups: lower, middle and upper. Though the range of income groups is wide the plot sizes vary less, from 45m2 to 75m2. Initially, Correa wanted the same plot size for all, but that had to be modified due to affordability and rules of lending agencies. Each house has its own plot and does not share a common wall with its neighbour, allowing for a small open space. This is beneficial in two ways: it provides a sense of individuality even in a dense
community, and for expansion by the owners. This was commended as a feature of good contemporary planning. The overall development is low-rise high density, in keeping with most of Correa’s other low-cost housing projects. There are five types of dwellings designed according to plot size, the smallest being just a single room with a toilet, and the most elaborate a twostoreyed tenement. The houses have no common walls, but the toilets of two neighbouring dwellings do, for ease of plumbing services.
Architects: Charles Correa Location: New Bombay, India Year: 1983 - 1986 Description: Built
Correa ingeniously uses his trademark hierarchical open spaces to create a sense of home and community. The smallest open space is the individual yard of each house. Seven dwellings are grouped around an intimate courtyard of about 8m x 8m (Khan Hasanud-din, 1987).
FIG 76: Belapur housing courtyard (re-thinkingthefuture.com, nd)
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FIG FIG77: 59:Belapur Belapurhousing housinglayout cluster (re-thinkingthefuture.com, (www.re-thinkingthefuture.com, nd) nd)
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Design considerations Three such clusters come together around a larger space of about 12m x 12m. Three of these clusters combine around the largest community space of 21m x 21m. The community spaces open out to a seasonal stream which flows through the centre of the site, which also carries the stormwater during rains.
FIG 78: Belapur housing layout (re-thinkingthefuture.com, nd)
All the units are arranged such that one house can abut the boundaries of two others. No windows are placed on those sides to maintain the privacy of the residents. All the units are built in loadbearing masonry and are plastered and painted. The structure was kept simple so that the houses could be constructed even by local unskilled labourers, giving them employment.
Belapur Housing makes a statement which combines the principles that Correa believes to be most important in housing: incrementality, open-to-sky spaces, equity, and a strong sense of community. The movement within the development is entirely pedestrian, with parking spaces allotted on the fringes. The open spaces flow from small court to large community spaces with ease (Khan Hasan-uddin, 1987).
08
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CHAPTER ANALYSIS OF SITE
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Site Location and Transport Site Surroundings Site General Aspects Site History Development Figure Ground Map Site and Surrounding Functions Circulation Primary Nodes and Flow
8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 8.8
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FIG 79: Site location and transport routes (Author, 2021)
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SITE LOCATION TRANSPORT
The site, Pienaarspoort, is located 23km away from the city centre, having one of the main highways as primary connection point. The main transport method is that of minibus taxis that are privately owned and are responsible for the primary connection between the neighbourhood and work opportunities in the city centre. This form of transportation is expensive and can cost upwards of R100 a day. The second form of transport is the railway, which is unreliable. There is a lack of sufficient transportation, which leads to difficulty for some and causes a sense of division (Linhares, 2020: 60).
FIG 80: Commuters in taxi transport (reviewonline.co.za, 2015)
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FIG 81: Site surroundings (GoogleMaps, 2021) Edited (Author, 2021)
SITE SURROUNDINGS There are limited functions in the surrounding areas leading to little connections and opportunity. Within 3 kilometer walk, it is possible to reach the Hatherley Municipal dumping site, farmland and a public clinic that is located in the center of the proposed site.
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FIG 83: Pienaarspoort history 2011 (GoogleMaps, 2021)
FIG 82: Site Boundaries (GoogleMaps, 2021) Edited (Author, 2021)
FIG 84: Pienaarspoort history 2021 (GoogleMaps, 2021)
SITE GENERAL ASPECTS
Estimate number of the total number of people who currently living in the site: 4700
SITE HISTORY DEVELOPMENT
The site has the following main characteristics:
Distance between North-South axis ends: 875m
Total site area: 527 830 m2
Distance between east west axis ends: 795m
Estimated number community: 1175
of
families
living
Estimated number of family unit size: 4
in
the
Total density: 9039/km2
The are no exact known date for the community establishment, but investigation led to the conclusion that the community was established in 2011, with people moving from Mamelodi. It is possible to see from figure 83 the site with no occupants in 2011, and in 2021 the community status as we know today.
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FIG 85: Pienaarspoort Nolli map (Author, 2021)
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SITE FUNCTIONS
The site has limited range of functions, with a public clinic in the center of the informal settlement and shattered informal kiosks and street venders supplying to only the occupant of the community.
FIG 86: Site and surroundings (Author, 2021)
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FIG 87: Site and surroundings (Author, 2021)
SITE CIRCULATION
All roads too and through the site are unpaved roads. Wide 20m roads with no sidewalks leading to people walking in the road. Most of the occupants travel by foot to there destination, walking to and from the taxi drop off that sites on the southern most corner of the site.
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FIG 88: Site and surroundings (Author, 2021)
SITE NODES AND FLOW
The flow of the site is prominently through the site with little places to stop. Pedestrians from neighbouring settlements, mostly to the north which is more developed travel through the site to the taxi stop and train crossing. The water point and clinic form the center of the site and the split of direction for pedestrians.
09
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CHAPTER CONCEPT & DEVELOPMENT
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Concept Development
9.1 9.2
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FIG 89: Concept (Author, 2021)
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CONCEPT “Holistic” - Holistic Architecture is primarily associated with treating the whole person through the built environment. “Mutualism” - describes the interaction between two or more species where each species has a net benefit. “Holistic Mutualism” - The process where the relationship to the surroundings is the contributing elements that benefit one another. The whole is greater than the sum of its parts.
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There are complex relationships where we create interaction to produce a greater effect. Individual parts or people cannot stand alone to benifit but as a whole they add value. The result is a unique solution were diversity and integration comes into play.
FIG 90: Complex relationships where intergration is at the forfront (Author, 2021)
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It is evident in the concept of holistic mutualism that every aspect is link in one way or another, every aspect benefits form the other existence and opportunity is created through these relationships. No single system can survive alone, they all need to form part of the community to create a true thriving community. For example: The waste picker sell his recycled plastic waste to the workshop, the workshop make brick out of the recycled plastic, the brick is used by the builder to build a home for the homeowner, the homeowner buys food from the market or vendor, the vendor gets his food from the farm, the cluster is responsible for the production of food and the waste picker for park of the cluster. It is clear that everything is linked like shown in figure 91. One create an oppertunity for the other and the community forms a stonger force than an individual.
FIG 91: System of aspects linked to one another for the greater good of the community (Author, 2021)
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ON A BLOCK SCALE
FIG 92: Concept development on block scale (Author, 2021)
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ON A CLUSTER SCALE
FIG 93: Concept development in community cluster and the relationship between units (Author, 2021)
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DESIGN DEVELOPMENT
URBAN SCALE
SITE BOUNDARY
FIGURE GROUND
EXISTING ROADS (new gird overlay)
The sites edge is permeable with pedestrian accessing the site from all directions. Two main entrances from the southern side as well as the west from Bronkhorstpruit road.
Current urban form as show in figure ground sketch above. The existing house to be as far as possible untouched. This allows for the relationship between neighbors to be maintainable.
As most of our urban planning in cities, there are roads connecting to houses to the formal urban plan. Road based planning in seen and an emphasis on cars where most of the occupants of the human settlement making use of public transport. The new grid has less roads and more space for pedestrians to walk
FIG 94: Urban scale design development All images (Author, 2021)
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BLOCKS
FIG 95: Proposed site block scale (Author, 2021)
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SITE CIRCULATION AND NODES
FIG 96: Urban scale design development All images (Author, 2021)
CONNECTIONS FROM NODES
SITE LAYOUT
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Re blocking is the rearrangement of shacks in informal settlements to maximize open space. The disruption of the residents lives are minimal as they form part of the process. The benefits of re blocking include establishing roads, reducing grey water hazards, introduce fire safety and creating a sense of pride within the neighbourhood (Jiusto and Hersh, 2012).
Empower Shack is a dwelling made out of wood and iron sheeting that can be self-built. The vertical building has two story’s and creates a more dignified house than a traditional shack. The basis structure has smaller footprint thus creating more room for public open spaces improving pedestrian movement and reducing fire hazards (Tory-Henderson, n.d.).
FIG 97: Urban scale design development and block configuremnt (Author, 2021)
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BLOCK SCALE
UNIT ORIENTATION
FIG 98: Block scale design development All images (Author, 2021)
SITE PERMEABILITY
COURTYARDS AND OPEN PUBLIC SPACE
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FIG 99: Block scale courtyard to open space relationship (Author, 2021)
10
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CHAPTER DESIGN RESOLUTION
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Site Plan Plans Sections Elevation Detail Perspectives Models
10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.7
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䘀刀䄀䌀吀䄀䰀 唀刀䈀䄀一䤀吀夀
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䌀伀䴀䴀唀一䤀吀夀 圀伀刀䬀 吀伀䜀䔀吀䠀䔀刀 吀伀 䄀䌀䠀䤀䔀嘀䔀 䄀 䜀刀䔀䄀吀䔀刀 䌀伀䴀䴀唀一䤀吀夀
䜀䄀刀䐀䔀一 䘀伀吀 䈀䔀一䤀䘀䤀吀 伀䘀 匀唀刀ⴀ 刀伀唀一䘀䤀一䜀 䠀伀唀匀䔀䐀Ⰰ 伀倀䔀一 䄀刀䔀䄀 吀伀 刀䔀䰀䄀堀⸀ 匀䄀嘀䔀 匀倀䄀䌀䔀 圀䤀吀䠀 䔀夀䔀匀 伀一 吀䠀䔀 䌀伀唀刀吀夀䄀刀䐀 䄀吀 䄀䰀䰀 吀䤀䴀䔀匀
㈀⸀䈀䰀伀䌀䬀 FIG 100: Work for community growth and basic help (Author, 2021)
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FIG 101: Birdseye view of alternative framework fabric (Author, 2021)
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FIG 102: Ground floor plan northern edge of block (Author, 2021) FIG 103: Ground floor plan southern edge of block (Author, 2021)
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FIG 104: Family unit development and perspective (Author, 2021)
page 153
䈀䔀䐀刀伀伀䴀 䈀䔀䐀刀伀伀䴀
䬀䤀吀䌀䠀䔀一
䈀䔀䐀刀伀伀䴀
䈀䔀䐀刀伀伀䴀
䬀䤀吀䌀䠀䔀一
䈀䔀䐀刀伀伀䴀
䐀䤀一一䤀一䜀
䰀伀唀一䜀䔀
䰀伀唀一䜀䔀
唀一䤀吀
唀一䤀吀 ㈀
䐀䤀一一䤀一䜀
䜀刀伀唀一䐀 䘀䰀伀伀刀
䈀䔀䐀刀伀伀䴀 䈀䔀䐀刀伀伀䴀
䬀䤀吀䌀䠀䔀一
䐀䤀一一䤀一䜀
䐀䤀一一䤀一䜀
䰀伀唀一䜀䔀
䰀伀唀一䜀䔀
唀一䤀吀 ㌀
䬀䤀吀䌀䠀䔀一
䈀䔀䐀刀伀伀䴀
唀一䤀吀 㐀
䈀䔀䐀刀伀伀䴀 䈀䔀䐀刀伀伀䴀
匀䔀䌀伀一䐀 䘀䰀伀伀刀 FIG 105: Family unit floor plans (Author, 2021)
page 154
FIG 106 Workshop unit development and perspective (Author, 2021)
page 155
䐀䤀一一䤀一䜀 䬀䤀吀䌀䠀䔀一
䰀伀唀一䜀䔀
圀伀刀䬀匀䠀伀倀
䐀䤀一一䤀一䜀 䬀䤀吀䌀䠀䔀一
䰀伀唀一䜀䔀
圀伀刀䬀匀䠀伀倀
䜀刀伀唀一䐀 䘀䰀伀伀刀
䈀䔀䐀刀伀伀䴀
䈀䔀䐀刀伀伀䴀
䈀䔀䐀刀伀伀䴀
䘀䤀刀匀吀 䘀䰀伀伀刀 FIG 107: Workshop unit floor plans (Author, 2021)
page 156
FIG 108 Walkup unit development and perspective (Author, 2021)
page 157
刀䔀一吀䄀䈀䰀䔀 唀一䤀吀匀
䘀䤀刀匀吀 䘀䰀伀伀刀
FIG 109: Walkup unit floor plans (Author, 2021)
page 158
匀䔀䌀吀䤀伀一 䄀 ⴀ 䄀 㔀
㔀
FIG 110 Section A-A (Author, 2021)
page 159
匀䔀䌀吀䤀伀一 䄀 ⴀ 䄀 㔀
㔀
匀䔀䌀吀䤀伀一 䈀 ⴀ 䈀 㔀
㔀
FIG 111 Section B-B (Author, 2021)
page 160
FIG 112: Perspective render from courtyard looking at walkup unit (Author, 2021)
page 161
FIG 113: Perspective render of workers yard courtyard and market area (Author, 2021)
11
page 162
CHAPTER TECHNICAL RESOLUTION
page 163
Site Information Plans Sections Edge Detail Detail
10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5
page 164
C
3D ISOMETRIC VIEW
3D ISOMETRIC VIEW
SCALE 1:NTS
3D ISOMETRIC VIEW
SCALE 1:NTS
13
1 36
1360
9
68
1365
1370
1365
1360
PROPOSED SITE ERF 651
SCALE 1:NTS
13 70
EET MELAMU STR
ERF 643 1360
RA A ILW
WA Y 16m SER VITU
DE
Y
1365
1360
1370
RIG HT
OF
1355
1360
B 1365
1350
1355
T OF
SE WAY m 16
ME
1365
RIGH
UDE RVIT
ET TRE US L AM
88°
1360
Rd oort aarsp Pien
50 13
ERF 642 80300
A ILW
R964
Y
S MU
ET TRE
ing
25150
line
2380
8045
Line of slab above
PROPOSED BUILDING ie
ce
Line of roof above
Line of slab above
Municiple connection Line of roof above
4 00 line
PROPOSED BUILDING
ie R964
ie
110mm Ø uPVC soil pipe to municple sewer connection fall 1:40
ce
ie
ce
Line of slab above
m 74,5
50 13
45 13
1 36
INE
ce ie Line of slab above
s.o.p
5900 23100
41501
0m m
30000
4 00 build
66
1 00 °
0m m
m 111
build
ing
line
INE YL NDR BOU
Datum point 1370 =100 000
D ROA NEW d road e Tarr
00 525
2380
66 °
9
5200
YL NDR BOU
ie ce
C
1200
PROPOSED BUILDING
SCALE 1:5000
BOUNDARY LINE : AB = 111m : BC = 78.5m : CD = 111m : DA = 74.5m
ing
NELLMAPIUS
ERF 645
MAMELODI
PROPOSED SITE
N4
line
SILVERTON
LYNWOOD
ce
5300
2450
Line of slab above
25150
PRETORIA CENTRAL
20330
14745
12500
LOCALITY PLAN
5200
N4
N
LIST OF DRAWINGS: SHEET 1: Locality Plan & Site Plan SHEET 2: Ground Floor Plan SHEET 3: First Floor Plan SHEET 4: Roof Plan SHEET 5: Section A-A & Details SHEET 6: Perimeter Detail & Details SHEET 7: Elevations & Details
ing
Vehicle Parking
60107
Line of slab above
build
1355
0m m
Area of focus boundry
92°
50 13
A
1365
24855
PROPOSED COURTYARD 1370
1360
ERF 654
INE
65 13
LA ME
110mm Ø uPVC soil pipe to municple sewer connection fall 1:40
40
uild
YL NDR BOU
1345 1355
ce
mb 00m
m 78,5
ie
9
m
E LIN
5155
1365
13 6
13 60
111
DRAINAGE NOTE: All pipes that pass underneath the building to be embedded in a 100mm concrete sleeve, IE every 15m
Y DR UN BO
2500
RA
1370
R104 / Bro nkhors tspruit Rd
170x85mm precast concrete curb
CONTRACT DOCUMENTATION
D
N4
FAERIE GLEN
ERF 650
N4
SILVER LAKES
8
136
N
LOCALITY CITY PLAN SCALE 1:150 000
N
8
SITE PLAN SCALE 1:500
D ROA NEW d road e Tarr
AVONDZON
136
Name
Dian Lucas
student number
214716194
Project description
13 6
9
13
70
FRAMEWORK OF OPPORTUNITY: The Design of a Community Fabric to Rejuvenate Human Settlement in Pienaarspoort, Gauteng Drawing number & description
P01 - Locality Plan & Site Plan Date OUT
Date IN
2021.08.03
2021.10.27
Scale:
1:150 000, 1:5000, 1:500
Sheet No./No.
1/7
A
B
C
5 000
D
5 000
E
5 000
B 005
F
5 000
5 000
G
H
5 000
J
5 000
K
5 000
L
5 000
22505
M
5 000
page 165
N
5 000
5 000
5 000
35050 5361
12300
5361
645
3500
300
2640
3500
300
3500
555
20110
2640
885
3500
1380
3500
1660
3500
1220
3500
965
4 250 0 250
COLUMN NOTE: 300x300mm galvanised mild steel IPE Column welded to 12mm galvanised mild steel base plate. Base plate to be bolted with M12 anchor bolts to reinforced concrete footing
5000
COVERED OPEN WORK AREA
85mm step
Door opening position above
Door opening position above
85mm step
85mm step
85mm step
D12
D12
D12
150 x 150 mm Recycled plastic column
190mm non-load bearing cement block wall 16
D12
110mm recycled plastic modular walling system according to detail 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10
14
Polished Cemcrete 100 170
9
Polished Cemcrete 100 170
Landing 101 870 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
190mm non-load bearing cement block wall
8
whb
1930
Landing 101 870 7 6 5 4
D12
3
D12
D12
85mm step
85mm step
D12
2 1
D4
85mm step
Door opening position above
3020
Polished Cemcrete 100 085
85mm step
1000
STAIR NOTE: riser:200mm thread:250mm
450
455
i.e. duct
BRICK PRESS ROOM
10
Polished Cemcrete 100 170
W4
ie
300x300mm reinforce concrete columns, off shutter finish
190mm non-load bearing cement block wall
12 11
WASH UP AREA 990
4320
COLUMN EXTRUSION
110mm recycled plastic modular walling system according to detail
whb
150X450mm recycled plastic column
PORCH
3020
150X450mm recycled plastic column
13
D12
4
D12
15
450
D12 2665
85mm step
D12
Line of downstand beam 2 500
Door opening position above
17
4525
Line of slab above
150x150mm recycled plastic column, fixed according to deatil
64°
5
Door opening position above
Door opening position above
Door opening position above
85mm step
Door opening position above
6
7 500
450 4235
5140
4980
7 500
4980
10950
⌀
85mm step
Line of slab above
Door opening position above
18
0 200
250mm Reinforced concrete bollards
Door opening position above
10950
0 200
Door opening position above
5
1000
STAIR NOTE: riser:200mm thread:250mm
Door opening position above
2 500
2600
2950
290
Line of slab above
0 200
4
Line of slab above 85mm step ie
2640
3145
2640
885
3500
1380
3500
1660
3500
1220
8250
8310
85mm step
100x100mm galvanised sheet metal downpipe, finish painted
Line of slab above
Door opening position above
85mm step
85mm step
D12
D12
Door opening position above
Polished Cemcrete 100 085
1000 150
85mm step 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10
3035
Landing 101 870
W4
Polished Cemcrete 100 170
ie duct
85mm step 2425
2500
2775
2 500
2775
2540
STORE ROOM
D12
D4
Door opening position above
300x300mm reinforce concrete columns, off shutter finish
SHREADING ROOM Polished Cemcrete 100 170
duct
D12 85mm step
1
850
ie
445
Recycled plastic modular walling system according to detail
2
995
Water point
2250
100 170
1000
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
190mm non-load bearing cement block wall
150x150 mm recycled plastic column
D22
ADMIN
Polished Cemcrete 100 170
STAIR NOTE: riser:200mm thread:250mm
Door opening position above
Line of roof above
110mm recycled plastic modular walling system according to detail
190mm non-load bearing cement block wall W4
Line of downstand beam
300x300mm reinforce concrete columns, off shutter finish
D19
OUTSIDE WALKWAY
150X450mm Recycled plastic column
Door opening position above
110mm Ø uPVC soil pipe to municple sewer connection fall 1:40
ie
ie
ce
3250
300x300mm reinforce concrete columns, off shutter finish
3500
10656
CONTRACT DOCUMENTATION
8250
3500
2850
1
85mm step
Line of slab above
ce
6501
Block Pavers 100 000
Line of slab above
Line of slab above 85mm step
2
150x150mm Recycled plastic column
85mm step
3150
Polished Cemcrete
1925
MATERIAL WASH ROOM
W4
4240
4960
11100
4960
10 000
7500
D12
1985
450
85mm step
300x300mm reinforce concrete columns, off shutter finish
Line of slab above
PORCH
Door opening position above
995
7310
1000
5040
2500
5810
2500
5810
4540
19650
40700
5000
5000
A
GROUND FLOOR PLAN SCALE 1:100
B
5000
C
LIST OF DRAWINGS: SHEET 1: Locality Plan & Site Plan SHEET 2: Ground Floor Plan SHEET 3: First Floor Plan SHEET 4: Roof Plan SHEET 5: Section A-A & Details SHEET 6: Perimeter Detail & Details SHEET 7: Elevations & Details
10 000
Door opening position above
3 2615
Line of slab above
300x300mm galvanised mild steel IPE Column
85mm Step
3365
3
2 500
3500
1480
1400
2000
3500
100x100mm galvanised sheet metal downpipe
4960
1600
1480
3500
Line of roof above
3250
100x100mm galvanised sheet metal downpipe
965
BALUSTRADE NOTE: 1000mm galvanised mill steel balustrade according to SANS 10400 fixed to concrete stairs with expansion bolts
COVERED CIRCULATION SPACE Pavers 100 000
2500
3500
20110
8650
3145
990
10 000
8165
ce 990
3365
5004
4015
2425
8650
8650
10 000
15035
Pavers 100 000
3500
15035
SORTING YARD
649
Line of roof above
DRAINAGE NOTE: All pipes that pass underneath the building to be embedded in a 100mm concrete sleeve, IE every 15m
85mm step
11680
110mm Ø uPVC soil pipe to municple sewer connection fall 1:40
N
600
600mm wide planter
255
6
100x100mm galvanised sheet metal downpipe, finish painted white
Weepholes every 3 brick perpent joint
2950
Line of slab above
190mm non-load bearing cement block panter
Ramp
100x100mm galvanised sheet metal downpipe, finish painted
85mm step
2600
100x100mm galvanised sheet metal downpipe, finish painted
1535
100x100mm galvanised sheet metal downpipe, finish painted
4970
116°
Pavers 99 830
2000
PARKING
9960mm wide reinforced ramp to engineer's specification. Ramp slope maximum 1:12 to SANS 10400 PART S
2000
7
Pavers 100 085
1435
170x85mm precast concrete curb
Pavers 100 000
2430
6
Line of roof above
5
85mm step
10 000
8 499
0 250
COMMUNAL COURTYARD
3000
4
10 000
154° 3
Line of roof above
2
0 250 0 250
7
300x300mm galvanised mild steel IPE-Column
1
0 250
85mm step
7
5000
D
19704
5000
E
5000
F
B 005
5000
G
5000
H
5000
J
5000
K
Dian Lucas 214716194
Project description
5000
L
Name student number
5000
M
5000
N
FRAMEWORK OF OPPORTUNITY: The Design of a Community Fabric to Rejuvenate Human Settlement in Pienaarspoort, Gauteng Drawing number & description
P01 - Ground Floor Plan Date OUT
Date IN
2021.08.03
2021.10.27
Scale:
1:100
Sheet No./No.
2/7
page 166
A
B
C
5 000
D
E
5 000
5 000
B 005
F
5 000
G
5 000
H
5 000
J
5 000
K
5 000
L
5 000
M
5 000
N
5 000
5 000
5 000
40245 17360 3390 725
3360
2255
770
1135
3305
2610
900 310 900
770 2460
1405
2250 900
2505
2695 1740
1015
1025 600
1795
20000
4045
5460
600
3638
2990
675
3227
2250
770
2695
3135
2610
770
3135
2250
1350
3220
2250
770
3645 3418
2695
2250
638
2695
2250
7
7
100x50x20mm mild steel lipped channel purlins spaced as 1200c/c
10 000
fall 1:12
0.5mm sheet metal IBR roof sheeting fixed 100x50 mild steel purlins with roofing screws
ie
shwr
ie
D5
shwr
ae
Recycled plastic tiles
Recycled plastic tiles
W1
Recycled plastic tiles
1145
1055 17 16
900
2300
D1
D1
900
2300
D1
900
2280
900
D1 2210
900
2300
D1
14 13
2415
12 11
11 10
sink
landing 100 5009
1000mm wide precast reinforced concrete stairs
8 7
whb
6 5
sink
Duct
BIC
10
BIC
COMMUNAL KITCHEN
4 3 2
Epoxy floor 103 400
Recycled plastic modular walling system according to detail
1000mm wide precast reinforced concrete stairs
landing 100 5009 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
1
D6
7 500
605
7650
13 12
15
1085
D1
14
whb
1545 18
16 15
whb
6
void
ROOM 10
3320
Recycled plastic tiles
W1
ROOM 9
17
STAIR NOTE: Riser:200mm Thread:250mm
40mm thick MENTIS SS mentagrid
FHR with 2 9kg portable fire extingiushers
0
W1
ROOM 8
18
D5 D3
Recycled plastic tiles
ROOM 7
W1
1200
D5
Recycled plastic tiles
W1
2045
shwr
ROOM 6
W1
1030
ie ie
W1
W8
10 fall 1:
W8
0
10 fall 1:
STAIR NOTE: riser:200mm thread:250mm
0
2555
D4
D6
10 fall 1:
spout
D4
wc
ROOM 5
W1
2555
2415
2565
whb
Epoxy floor 103 400
D1
190mm non-load bearing cement block infill wall
4
COMMUNAL LOUNGE
Recycles plastic tiles
Recycled plastic modular walling system according to detail
whb
wc
ss ae
D5
450
3089
3089
ROOM 4
5
whb
190mm non-load bearing cement block infill wall
Polished Cemcrete
50mm Ø uPVC waste water pipe to stub stack
shwr
MALE BATHROOM
STORE
1576
1576
D1
1200
W2
2 500
D1
D6
10205
7 500
D1
ss ae
W1
1200
wc ur
W1
1030
D4
950
Recycled plastic tiles
40mm thick MENTIS SS mentagrid
40mm thick MENTIS SS mentagrid W1
void
2000
Recycled plastic tiles
D4
1190
ROOM 3
wc
3170
Recycles plastic tiles
W7
ss ae
wc
D4
1405
ROOM 2
W1
1100
W1
1100
W1
1100
ROOM 1
W2
W7
W1
Polished Cemcrete
W1
1000
W1
1000
2920
2975
40mm thick MENTIS SS mentagrid
Galvanised sheet metal IBR roof sheating, fixed to 100x50x20mm zed-channels mild steam strut according to detail 4
FEMALE BATHROOM
100x100mm galvanised sheet metal downpipe
6
BALUSTRADE NOTE: 1000mm mill steel balustrade according to SANS 10400 fixed to concrete stairs with expansion bolts
200x50mm recycled plastic slates facade according to detail
110mm Ø uPVC soil pipe fall1:40
1990
100x50mm recycled plastic slates facade according to detail
2 500
10 000
150x50x20mm mild steel lipped channel purlins spaced as 2500c/c
4
100mm concrete channel fall 1:100 to spout
100x50x20mm mild steel lipped channel purlins spaced as 1200c/c
2255
900 235
6665
487 900 302
1456
1015
1496
1649
2695
300x300mm reinforce concrete columns, off shutter finish 110
3610
3610
150x50x20mm mild steel lipped channel purlins spaced as 2500c/c 200x200mm galvanised sheet metal gutter
300x300mm galvanised mild steel I-beam web rib fall 1:12
3355
3350
3350
1405
1740
1015
1795
9815
8745
10 000
100x50mm recycled plastic slates fixed to web rib with angle irons 300x300mm galvanised mild steel I-beam web rib
10 000
12780
100x50mm recycled plastic slates fixed to
150x50x20mm mild steel lipped channel purlins spaced as 2500c/c
fall 1:12
100x50x20mm mild steel lipped channel purlins spaced as 1200c/c
1350
0.5mm sheet metal IBR roof sheeting fixed 100x50 mild steel purlins with roofing screws
Recycles plastic tiles
COMMUNAL LOUNGE Epoxy Floor 103 400
whb
D1
D9 ie
shwr
ie
D51
shwr
ae
D5
3390
W1
W1
W1 W2
Recycles plastic tiles
ROOM 9
Recycles plastic tiles
Recycles plastic tiles
ROOM 10
Recycles plastic tiles
18 17
3300
D1
16
D1 3400
14
1535
whb
D1
D1
13
Recycled plastic modular walling system according to detail
12 11 10
sink
whb
D1
15
3300
BIC
sink
landing 100 5009
Epoxy floor 103 400
Galvanised sheet metal IBR roof sheating, fixed to 100x50x20mm zed-channels mild steam strut according to detail 4
W2
ROOM 11
8
W4
COMMUNAL KITCHEN
1000mm wide precast reinforced concrete stairs Recycles plastic tiles
7 6
ROOM 12
50x50mm galvanised sheet metal flasching
Recycles plastic tiles
5
190mm non-load bearing cement block infill wall
4 3
W8
2
D1
1
0
10 fall 1:
STAIR NOTE: riser:200mm thread:250mm
0
10 fall 1:
D1
0
2 BALUSTRADE NOTE: 1000mm mill steel balustrade according to SANS 10400 fixed to concrete stairs with expansion bolts
300x300mm reinforce concrete columns, off shutter finish
1
edge of slab
6665
487 900
1865
800
6665
1645
1500
1015
2125 1500
900 228 1645
18520 2750
CONTRACT DOCUMENTATION
900 310 900
7253
2692
3680
3200
7 500
D1 whb
300x300mm reinforce concrete columns, off shutter finish
900 235
W1
3300
Recycles plastic tiles
D7
D3
10 fall 1:
edge of slab
2255
shwr
D6
FHR with 2 9kg portable fire extingiushers
190mm non-load bearing cement block wall 100 fall 1:
1
wc
Recycles plastic tiles
D8
450
2000
ROOM 4
whb
ie ie
W1
ROOM 8
2 500
190mm non-load bearing cement block infill wall
ss ae
shwr
W1
void
946
whb
W1
ROOM 7
10185
2295
W1
ROOM 6
985
900
W1
2000
D1 2450
W1
ROOM 5
LIST OF DRAWINGS: SHEET 1: Locality Plan & Site Plan SHEET 2: Ground Floor Plan SHEET 3: First Floor Plan SHEET 4: Roof Plan SHEET 5: Section A-A & Details SHEET 6: Perimeter Detail & Details SHEET 7: Elevations & Details
3384
D14
ur
W1
3
2555
1100
D44
1100
D1
900 310 900
2190
705
3060
D47
wc
Polished Cemcrete
1200
2595
2595
wc
ss ae
MALE BATHROOM
STORE
D1 D6 1100
W2
2
ss ae
wc
1100
Recycles plastic tiles
wc
D53
950
Recycles plastic tiles
D52
1250
W1
ROOM 3
Polished Cemcrete
W1
3080
W1
ROOM 2
FEMALE BATHROOM
2000
Recycles plastic tiles
1409
1409
W1
1000
W1
ROOM 1
356
10205
7 500
200x200mm galvanised sheet metal gutter
1000
W1
W2
530
3140
610
3
2 500
200x50mm recycled plastic slates facade according to detail
1050
1050
100x100mm galvanised sheet metal downpipe
3175
40055
20000
2695
Name
Dian Lucas
student number
214716194
Project description
5000
A N
FIRST FLOOR PLAN SCALE 1:100
5000
B
5000
C
5000
D
5000
E
5000
F
B 005
5000
G
5000
H
5000
J
5000
K
5000
L
5000
M
5000
N
FRAMEWORK OF OPPORTUNITY: The Design of a Community Fabric to Rejuvenate Human Settlement in Pienaarspoort, Gauteng Drawing number & description
P01 - First Floor Plan Date OUT
Date IN
2021.08.03
2021.10.27
Scale:
1:100
Sheet No./No.
3/7
A
B 5 000
C
D 5 000
5 000
E 5 000
F
B 005
5 000
G 5 000
H 5 000
J
K
5 000
5 000
18550
L
M
5 000
1450
5 000
N
page 167
P
5 000
5 000
21300
1450
7
7
100x50x20mm mild steel lipped channel purlins spaced as 1200c/c
10 000
10 000
150x50x20mm mild steel lipped channel purlins spaced as 2500c/c
200x200mm galvanised sheet metal gutter
fall 1:12
200x200mm galvanised sheet metal gutter, supported galvanised mild steel gutter bracket
6
6
7 500
500mm overhang
500mm overhang
direction of fall
direction of fall
500mm overhang
direction of fall
direction of fall
500mm overhang
11685
7 500
100x50x20mm galvanised mild steel purlin spaced @1200mm c/c
500mm overhang
0.5mm galvanised sheet metal IBR roof sheeting, fixed to 100x50x20mm galvanised mild steel purlin spaced @1200mm c/c
2 500
5 2 500
5 200mm galvanised sheet metal corner flashing
4
4 100x50x20mm mild steel lipped channel purlins spaced as 1200c/c
500mm overhang
500mm overhang
150x50x20mm mild steel lipped channel purlins spaced as 2500c/c
200x200mm galvanised sheet metal gutter
10295
fall 1:12
300x300mm galvanised mild steel IPE-beam web rib
fall 1:12
10 000
100x50mm recycled plastic slates fixed to
300x300mm galvanised mild steel IPE-beam web rib
8254
10 000
200x200mm galvanised sheet metal gutter 100x50mm recycled plastic slates fixed to
0.5mm galvanised sheet metal IBR roof sheeting, fixed to 75x50x20 galvanised mild steel lipped channel purlin
DOWNPIPE NOTE: 100x100mm galvasised sheet metal downpipe, finish painted white
200x200mm galvanised sheet metal gutter, supported galvanised mild steel gutter bracket
500mm overhang
3 2290
3
LIST OF DRAWINGS: SHEET 1: Locality Plan & Site Plan SHEET 2: Ground Floor Plan SHEET 3: First Floor Plan SHEET 4: Roof Plan SHEET 5: Section A-A & Details SHEET 6: Perimeter Detail & Details SHEET 7: Elevations & Details
7 500
0.5mm galvanised sheet metal IBR roof sheeting, fixed to 75x50x20 galvanised mild steel lipped channel purlin
direction of fall
500mm overhang
500mm overhang
direction of fall
direction of fall
direction of fall
500mm overhang
11695
7 500
300x300mm galvanised mild steel IPE-beam
100x50x20mm galvanised mild steel lipped channel purlin, spaced at 1200c/c 200mm galvanised sheet metal corner flashing
2 500
2 500
500mm overhang
2
1
1 500mm overhang
500mm overhang
500mm overhang
28440
1600
9720
11090
CONTRACT DOCUMENTATION Name
Dian Lucas
student number
214716194
2345
Project description
5000
A N
ROOF PLAN SCALE 1:100
5000
B
5000
C
5000
D
5000
E
5000
F
B 005
5000
G
5000
H
5000
J
5000
K
5000
L
5000
M
5000
N
P
FRAMEWORK OF OPPORTUNITY: The Design of a Community Fabric to Rejuvenate Human Settlement in Pienaarspoort, Gauteng Drawing number & description
P05 - Roof Plan Date OUT
Date IN
2021.08.03
2021.10.27
Scale:
1:100
Sheet No./No.
4/7
page 168 7
6
5
10 000
4
7 500
3
2 500
2
10 000
7 500
1 2 500
11630
D3 7
ED 1 6
TOP OF COLUMN 13 600
0.5mm thick galvanised sheet metal cover flashing
105°
ROOM 25
COMMUNAL LOUNGE
GROUND UFFL 100 000
Polish concrete
2930
12mm galvanised mild steel base plate fixed with M12 anchor bolts
170 3145
3400
COVERED WORK AREA
COMMUNAL LOUNGE
COMMUNAL KITCHEN Plaster and paint
exposed and unfinished concrete soffit
ROOM 7
Recycled plastic bricks 1000
Plaster and paint
170
Galvanised mild steel corner flashinng
Recycled plastic bricks
Galvanised mild steel corner flashinng
exposed and unfinished concrete soffit
150X450mm recycled plastic column
D12
COLUMN EXTRUSION
COVERED CIRCULATION
Recycled plastic bricks
85mm step
COMMUNAL KITCHEN
85mm step
SECOND UFFL 106 800
300x300mm reinforced concrete coloum, off shutter finish and according to Engineers specification
Recycled plastic modular walling system according to detail
FIRST UFFL 103 400
Plaster and paint
exposed and unfiniseh concrete soffit
D12
TOP OF WALL 110 200
W2
ROOM 2
Recycled plastic bricks
W1
ROOM 7
170
150x50x20mm galvanised mild steel lipped channel purlins spaced as 2500c/c
200x50mm recycled plastic slates facade according to detail
170mm reinforced concrete downstand beam
exposed and unfinished concrete soffit
300x300mm galvanised mild steel IPE-beam
170mm reinforced concrete roof slab with 85mm upstand beam
170
170
Plaster and paint
85°
W1
3230
200x50mm recycled plastic slates facade according to detail
100x50x20mm galvanised mild steel lipped channel purlins spaced as 1200c/c
FIRST UFFL 103 400
170mm reinforced concrete roof slab with 170mm upstand beam
0.5mm thick galvanised sheet metal cover flashing
85°
300x300mm reinforced concrete coloum, off shutter finish and according to Engineers specification
W1
Recycled plastic bricks
15060
0.5mm Galvanised sheet metal IBR roof sheeting, fixed to 75x50x20mm Galvanised Mild Steel lipped channel purlin
170mm reinforced concrete roof slab with 85mm upstand beam
3105
Unfinised cement block
3230
3400
COMMUNAL LOUNGE
exposed and unfinished concrete soffit
Galvanised mild steel facade suport structure acording to detail
3400
SECOND UFFL 106 800
2900
ROOM 39
Recycled plastic bricks
190mm non-load bearing cement block wall
TOP OF COLUMN 13 600
300x300mm galvanised mild steel IPE-coloumn
45°
3230
TOP OF WALL 110 200
ROOF NOTE: 0.5mm galvanised sheet metal IBR roof sheeting, fixed to 100x50x20mm galvanised mild steel purlin spaced @1200mm c/c
2900
3400
COLUMN NOTE: 300x300mm galvanised Mild Steel IPE Column welded to 12mm galvanised mild steel base plate. Base plate to be bolted with M12 anchor bolts to reinforced concrete footing
ROOF APEX 15 080
300x300mm galvanised mild steel IPE-beam
85°
2930
1460
85°
1000
ROOF APEX 15 080
BALUSTRADE NOTE: 1000mm galvanised mill steel balustrade according to SANS 10400 fixed to concrete stairs with expansion bolts
MATERIAL WASH ROOM
D1 5
Recycled plastic bricks
NGL
85mm step
GROUND UFFL 100 000
NGL
Line of 500x800mm reinforced concrete footing to per Engineer specification
170mm reinforced concrete surface bed, with polished concrete finish
SECTION A-A SCALE 1:100
150
110
EXTERIOR
INTERIOR LIST OF DRAWINGS: SHEET 1: Locality Plan & Site Plan SHEET 2: Ground Floor Plan SHEET 3: First Floor Plan SHEET 4: Roof Plan SHEET 5: Section A-A & Details SHEET 6: Perimeter Detail & Details SHEET 7: Elevations & Details
Line of 150X450mm Recycled plastic column 150 x 150 recycled plastic column 110mm recycled interlocking plastic wall
Line of 150x150mm recycled plastic column
110mm recycled interlocking plastic wall
170mm reinforced concrete surface bed, with polished concrete finish
50x36mm recycled plastic base-block to seat on inside of galvanised u-channel
100x65x8mm unequal angle irons bolted to floor slab
100x65x8mm unequal angle irons bolted to floor slab
100x65x8mm unequal angle irons bolted to floor slab
50x36mm recycled plastic base-block to seat on inside of galvanised u-channel 190
100x65x8mm unequal angle irons bolted to floor slab
120x60x6mm galvanised u-channel bolted to floor slab 85
N
85mm concrete thickening
85mm step
170mm reinforced concrete surface bed, with polished concrete finish
120x60x6mm galvanised u-channel bolted to floor slab 85mm reinforced concrete surface bed, with polished concrete finish
85mm reinforced concrete surface bed, with polished concrete finish 0.35mm thick gunplas USB green DPM in compacted filling in layers of 150mm 85mm concrete thickening
CONTRACT DOCUMENTATION Name
Dian Lucas
student number
214716194
Project description
DETAIL 1 _ RECYCLE WALL DETAIL AXO SCALE: NTS
DETAIL 1 _ RECYCLE WALL DETAIL SCALE 1:5
FRAMEWORK OF OPPORTUNITY: The Design of a Community Fabric to Rejuvenate Human Settlement in Pienaarspoort, Gauteng Drawing number & description
P06 - Sections A-A Date OUT
Date IN
2021.08.03
2021.10.27
Scale:
1:100, 1:5
Sheet No./No.
5/7
page 169
6 6 D2 6
0.5mm galvanised sheet metal IBR roof sheeting fixed to 100x50x20 mild steel purlins with roofing screws
100x50x20mm galvanised mild steel purlin spaced @1200mm c/c
5°
75x50mm galvanised mild steel unequal angles support frame 200x200mm galvanised sheet metal gutter, supported galvanised mild steel gutter bracket
0.5mm galvanised sheet metal IBR roof sheeting fixed to 100x50 mild steel purlins with roofing screws
40mm ISOBOARD over purlin insulation installed according to manufacturer
100x50x20mm galvanised mild steel purlin spaced @1200mm c/c
Concrete beam filling
40mm ISOBOARD over purlin insulation installed according to manufacturer
85°
Concrete beam filling 300x300mm galvanised mild steel IPE-beam 125x50x20mm galvanised mild steel purlin
100x100mm galvanised sheet metal downpipe fixed to reincirced concrete coloumn with 30mm stainless steel off pipe brackets
suspended ceiling completed with 12.5mm painted GYPSUM ceilingboard 50x50x3mm galvanised mild steel angle iron, ceiling support
350x305x5mm galvanised mild steel base plate fixed to reinforced concrete coloumn with M12 bolts
75x50mm galvanised mild steel unequal angles support frame 200mm galvanised sheet metal gutter 300
85mm thick reinforced concrete lintol Galvanised mild steel gutter bracket Aluminium framed windows with 6mm lamenated safety glass
Galvanised mild steel facade acorrding to detail 2
300x300mm galvanised mild steel IPE-beam
425
100x100mm galvanised sheet metal downpipe fixed to concrete column with 30mm stainless steel off pipe brackets
2975
Line of reinforced concrete coloumn
Line of 300x300mm reinforced concrete column EXTERIOR
INTERIOR
50x50mm galvanised mild steel equal angle welded to 75x50mm frame, at 15° angle
45° 75°
50x200mm recycled plastic slates fixed to 50x50mm angle irons with screws on a 15° angle 40mm thick MENTIS SS mentagrid on 50x50x3mm galvanised mild steel angle irons
170mm reinforced concrete slab
190mm non load bearing concrete block wall
200x200x20mm thick recycled plastic tiles
150x250x8mm galvanised mild steel fixing plate welded to base plate
INTERIOR
150x250x8mm galvanised mild steel fixing plate sandwiched betweem 70x50mm unequal angle 10mm expantion joint with 15mmø foam sealant backing cord and polyuthene sealant
350x300x5mm galvanised mild steel base plate fixed to reinforced concrete coloumn with M12 bolts 30x30mm galvanised mild steel equal angle bolted with M8 bolts to fixing plate
190mm non load bearing concrete block wall
45°
750
50x200mm recycled plastic slates fixed to 50x50mm angle irons with screws
Aluminium framed windows installed to manufacturers specification with 6mm lamenated safety glass
150x250x5mm galvanised mild steel fixing plate sandwiched betweem 70x50mm unequal angle irons
DETAIL 2 _ FACADE DETAIL 170mm reinforced concrete slab 0.5mm galvanised sheet metal IBR roof sheeting fixed to 100x50 mild steel purlins with roofing screws
SCALE 1:10
200x200x20mm thick recycled plastic tiles
100x50x20mm galvanised mild steel purlin spaced @1200mm c/c
exposed and unfiniseh concrete soffit
300x300mm galvanised mild steel IPE-beam fixed to base plate and bolted to reinforced concrete coloumn
110mm recycled interlocking plastic wall 150x150mm recycled plastic column, fixed to reinforced concrete coloumn
350x300x5mm galvanised mild steel base plate fixed to reinforced concrete coloumn with M12 bolts
LIST OF DRAWINGS: SHEET 1: Locality Plan & Site Plan SHEET 2: Ground Floor Plan SHEET 3: First Floor Plan SHEET 4: Roof Plan SHEET 5: Section A-A & Details SHEET 6: Perimeter Detail & Details SHEET 7: Elevations & Details
190mm non load bearing concrete block infill wall 300x300mm reinforcef concrete coloumn, off shutter finish 300x300x8mm galvanised mild steel base plate fixed to reinforced concrete coloumn with M12 bolts
COVERED WORK AREA
300x300mm reinforced concrete coloumn, off shutter finish
150x250x8mm galvanised mild steel fixing plate welded to base plate
2930
150x250x5mm galvanised mild steel fixing plate sandwiched betweem 70x50mm unequal angle iron 30x30mm galvanised mild steel equal angle bolted with M8 bolts to fixing plates 50x50mm galvanised mild steel equal angle welded to 75x50mm support frame on 15° angle 75x50mm galvanised mild steel unequal angles iron support frame, fixed to galvanised mild steel plate 170mm reinforced concrete floor slab with 170mm upstand beam
85mm reinforced concrete surface bed, with polished concrete finish
500
0.35mm thick gunplas USB green DPM in compacted filling in layers of 150mm
800
PERIMETER DETAIL 1 SCALE 1:25
50x200mm recycled plastic slates fixed to 50x50mm angle irons with screws 50x50x3mm galvanised mild steel angle irons,fixed to reinforced concrete slab with M8 bolts
500x800mm reinforeced concret footing accoring to Engineers specification
40mm thick MENTIS SS mentagrid on 50x50x3mm galvanised mild steel angle irons
DETAIL 2 _ FACADE DETAIL EXLODED AXO SCALE: NTS
CONTRACT DOCUMENTATION Name
Dian Lucas
student number
214716194
Project description
FRAMEWORK OF OPPORTUNITY: The Design of a Community Fabric to Rejuvenate Human Settlement in Pienaarspoort, Gauteng Drawing number & description
P06 - Perimeter Details & Details Date OUT
Date IN
2021.08.03
2021.10.27
Scale:
1:25, 1:10
Sheet No./No.
6/7
page 170 P
N 5000
M
L
5000
5000
K 5000
J 5000
H
G
5000
F
5000
5000
E
D
5000
5000
C 5000
B 5000
A 5000
ROOF APEX 15 080
ROOF APEX 15 080
0.5mm galvanised sheet metal IBR roof sheeting
TOP OF COLUMN 13 600
0.5mm galvanised sheet metal IBR roof sheeting
vp
200mm galvanised sheet metal corner flashing
TOP OF COLUMN 13 600
200x50mm recycled plastic slates facade
WHB TOP OF WALL 110 200
WHB WC
ie
TOP OF WALL 110 200
WC
ss ae
ss ae
ie
WHB SECOND UFFL 106 800
WHB WC
ie
SECOND UFFL 106 800
WC
ss ae
ss ae
ie
WHB
WHB WC
FIRST UFFL 103 400
ss ae
ie
D12
D12
D12
WC
D12
FIRST UFFL 103 400
ss ae
D12
D12
D12
D12
D12
D12
GROUND UFFL 100 000
GROUND UFFL 100 000 NGL
ce
NGL
110mm Ø uPVC soil pipe to municple sewer connection fall 1:40
ie
NORTH ELEVATION SCALE 1:100
J
4
ROOF APEX 15 080
5°
0.5mm galvanised sheet metal IBR roof sheeting to 100x50mm mild steel purlins with roofing screws
Aluminium framed windows installed to manufacturers specification with 6mm lamenated safety glass
170
100x50mm galvanised mild steel purlin spaced @1200mm c/c
300
40mm ISOBOARD over purlin insulation installed according to manufacturer
INTERIOR
EXTERIOR
0.5mm thick galvanised sheet metal cover flashing
Galvanised sheet metal window flashing 300x300mm galvanised mild steel IPE-beam welded together
190
85°
100
45
LIST OF DRAWINGS: SHEET 1: Locality Plan & Site Plan SHEET 2: Ground Floor Plan SHEET 3: First Floor Plan SHEET 4: Roof Plan SHEET 5: Section A-A & Details SHEET 6: Perimeter Detail & Details SHEET 7: Elevations & Details
100x50x20mm galvanised mild steel zed channel
300x300mm galvanised mild steel IPE-Coloumn
TOP OF COLUMN 13 600
170
85
12mm galvanised mild steel base plate fixed with M12 anchor bolts
170
190mm non-load bearing cement block infill wall
EXTERIOR
170
851
960
Galvanised sheet metal IBR roof sheating, fixed to 50x100 zed-channels mild steam strut
190
100x50x20mm galvanised mild steel zed-channel Galvanised sheet metal corner flashing
300x300mm reinforced concrete coloum, off shutter finish and according to Engineers specification
unfinished concrete soffit
170mm reinforced concrete roof slab with 85mm upstand beam
170mm reinforced concrete floor slab with 170mm upstand beam
300x300mm reinforced concrete coloumn, off shutter finish
CONTRACT DOCUMENTATION Name
Dian Lucas
student number
214716194
Project description
FRAMEWORK OF OPPORTUNITY: The Design of a Community Fabric to Rejuvenate Human Settlement in Pienaarspoort, Gauteng
DETAIL 3 _ ROOF CONNECTION SCALE 1:10
DETAIL 4 _ CLADDING DETAIL SCALE: 1:10
Drawing number & description
P07 - Elevation & Details Date OUT
Date IN
2021.08.03
2021.10.27
Scale:
1:100, 1:10
Sheet No./No.
7/7
page 171 7
6
5
10 000
4
7 500
3
2 500
2
10 000
7 500
1 2 500
11630
D3 7
ED 1 6
TOP OF COLUMN 13 600
0.5mm thick galvanised sheet metal cover flashing
105°
ROOM 25
COMMUNAL LOUNGE
GROUND UFFL 100 000
Polish concrete
2930
12mm galvanised mild steel base plate fixed with M12 anchor bolts
170 3145
3400
COVERED WORK AREA
COMMUNAL LOUNGE
COMMUNAL KITCHEN Plaster and paint
exposed and unfinished concrete soffit
ROOM 7
Recycled plastic bricks 1000
Plaster and paint
170
Galvanised mild steel corner flashinng
Recycled plastic bricks
Galvanised mild steel corner flashinng
exposed and unfinished concrete soffit
150X450mm recycled plastic column
D12
COLUMN EXTRUSION
COVERED CIRCULATION
Recycled plastic bricks
85mm step
COMMUNAL KITCHEN
85mm step
SECOND UFFL 106 800
300x300mm reinforced concrete coloum, off shutter finish and according to Engineers specification
Recycled plastic modular walling system according to detail
FIRST UFFL 103 400
Plaster and paint
exposed and unfiniseh concrete soffit
D12
TOP OF WALL 110 200
W2
ROOM 2
Recycled plastic bricks
W1
ROOM 7
170
150x50x20mm galvanised mild steel lipped channel purlins spaced as 2500c/c
200x50mm recycled plastic slates facade according to detail
170mm reinforced concrete downstand beam
exposed and unfinished concrete soffit
300x300mm galvanised mild steel IPE-beam
170mm reinforced concrete roof slab with 85mm upstand beam
170
170
Plaster and paint
85°
W1
3230
200x50mm recycled plastic slates facade according to detail
100x50x20mm galvanised mild steel lipped channel purlins spaced as 1200c/c
FIRST UFFL 103 400
170mm reinforced concrete roof slab with 170mm upstand beam
0.5mm thick galvanised sheet metal cover flashing
85°
300x300mm reinforced concrete coloum, off shutter finish and according to Engineers specification
W1
Recycled plastic bricks
15060
0.5mm Galvanised sheet metal IBR roof sheeting, fixed to 75x50x20mm Galvanised Mild Steel lipped channel purlin
170mm reinforced concrete roof slab with 85mm upstand beam
3105
Unfinised cement block
3230
3400
COMMUNAL LOUNGE
exposed and unfinished concrete soffit
Galvanised mild steel facade suport structure acording to detail
3400
SECOND UFFL 106 800
2900
ROOM 39
Recycled plastic bricks
190mm non-load bearing cement block wall
TOP OF COLUMN 13 600
300x300mm galvanised mild steel IPE-coloumn
45°
3230
TOP OF WALL 110 200
ROOF NOTE: 0.5mm galvanised sheet metal IBR roof sheeting, fixed to 100x50x20mm galvanised mild steel purlin spaced @1200mm c/c
2900
3400
COLUMN NOTE: 300x300mm galvanised Mild Steel IPE Column welded to 12mm galvanised mild steel base plate. Base plate to be bolted with M12 anchor bolts to reinforced concrete footing
ROOF APEX 15 080
300x300mm galvanised mild steel IPE-beam
85°
2930
1460
85°
1000
ROOF APEX 15 080
BALUSTRADE NOTE: 1000mm galvanised mill steel balustrade according to SANS 10400 fixed to concrete stairs with expansion bolts
MATERIAL WASH ROOM
D1 5
Recycled plastic bricks
NGL
85mm step
GROUND UFFL 100 000
NGL
Line of 500x800mm reinforced concrete footing to per Engineer specification
170mm reinforced concrete surface bed, with polished concrete finish
SECTION A-A SCALE 1:100
150
110
EXTERIOR
INTERIOR LIST OF DRAWINGS: SHEET 1: Locality Plan & Site Plan SHEET 2: Ground Floor Plan SHEET 3: First Floor Plan SHEET 4: Roof Plan SHEET 5: Section A-A & Details SHEET 6: Perimeter Detail & Details SHEET 7: Elevations & Details
Line of 150X450mm Recycled plastic column 150 x 150 recycled plastic column 110mm recycled interlocking plastic wall
Line of 150x150mm recycled plastic column
110mm recycled interlocking plastic wall
170mm reinforced concrete surface bed, with polished concrete finish
50x36mm recycled plastic base-block to seat on inside of galvanised u-channel
100x65x8mm unequal angle irons bolted to floor slab
100x65x8mm unequal angle irons bolted to floor slab
100x65x8mm unequal angle irons bolted to floor slab
50x36mm recycled plastic base-block to seat on inside of galvanised u-channel 190
100x65x8mm unequal angle irons bolted to floor slab
120x60x6mm galvanised u-channel bolted to floor slab 85
N
85mm concrete thickening
85mm step
170mm reinforced concrete surface bed, with polished concrete finish
120x60x6mm galvanised u-channel bolted to floor slab 85mm reinforced concrete surface bed, with polished concrete finish
85mm reinforced concrete surface bed, with polished concrete finish 0.35mm thick gunplas USB green DPM in compacted filling in layers of 150mm 85mm concrete thickening
CONTRACT DOCUMENTATION Name
Dian Lucas
student number
214716194
Project description
DETAIL 1 _ RECYCLE WALL DETAIL AXO SCALE: NTS
DETAIL 1 _ RECYCLE WALL DETAIL SCALE 1:5
FRAMEWORK OF OPPORTUNITY: The Design of a Community Fabric to Rejuvenate Human Settlement in Pienaarspoort, Gauteng Drawing number & description
P06 - Sections A-A Date OUT
Date IN
2021.08.03
2021.10.27
Scale:
1:100, 1:5
Sheet No./No.
5/7
12
page 172
CHAPTER CONCLUSION
page 173
Dissertation Conclusion Personal Acknowledgmen
11.1 11.2
page 174
CONCLUSION The design of an alternative framework to rejuvenate a human settlement. South Africa’s government does not have the financial capability to supply millions of homes for the people living in settlements. For that reason theory of self-build would play a major role in the success a development. The concept of holistic mutualism which was used as driving force behind the thesis can ensure a thriving community, working together towards an end goal. It’s possible to create better opportunity if a fabric is develop to allow the settlement to grow. Secondly, innovation in the making of building material, could provide opportunity on many levels. The waste picker, the home owner and the acquiring of skills that can be uses. Plastic has major potential and with help this can be used to better the community.
In essence, the project displays conceptual developments of an idealistic environment, which create opportunity for the community. Although there is a lot more to be explored and discovered, this dissertation has brought forward principles that alter the lens through which human settlements should be looked at when developed, with this lens being one of opportunity.
page 175
13
page 176
CHAPTER REFERENCES AND LIST OF FIGURES
page 177
List of Refrences List of Figures
10.1 10.2
page 178
ALEXANDER, C., ISHIKAWA, S. AND SILVERSTEIN, M., 1977. A Pattern Language: Towns, Buildings, Construction. New York: Oxford University press. QUINTA MONROY / ELEMENTAL., 2008. [online] ArchDaily . Available from: <https://www.archdaily.com/10775/quinta-monroy-elemental> [Accessed: 18 November 2021]. BENNETT, J. 2011. Platforms of engagement. Masters. University of Pretoria. BURNS, J., HULL, G., LEFKO-EVERETT, K. & JOZEL, A. L. 2021. Defining social cohesion. Cape Town: University of Cape Town, p.6. URBAN Sprawl: A Growing Problem. 2021. Pioneer. [online] Available from: <https://campuspress.yale.edu/pioneer/urban-sprawl-a-growing-problem/> [Accessed: 17 November 2021]. Businesstech.co.za. 2020. Mass migration to Johannesburg and Pretoria. [online] Available at: <https://businesstech.co.za/news/property/379407/mass-migration-to-johannesburg-and-pretoria-heres-how-many-south-africans-are-moving/> [Accessed 17 November 2021]. CITY OF EKURHULENI. 2021. Breaking New Ground [BNG] Housing is Aimed to Eradicate Informal Settlements. [online] Available from: https://ekurhuleni.gov. za/the-city-responds-to-lockdown/33-press-releases/human-settlement/6391breaking-new-ground-bng-housing-is-aimed-to-eradicate- [Accessed: 15 November 2021]. COMMUNITY.PRECIOUSPLASTIC. 2021. Precious plastic community platform. [online] Available from: https://community.preciousplastic.com/how-to/ make-extruded-plastic-bricks [Accessed: 16 November 2021]. CRESWELL, J. (2003). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Thousand Oaks: Sage. CSIR. 2014. Guidelines for human settlement planning and design. 1st ed. [ebook] The Department of Housing. Available from: http://www.dhs.gov.za/sites/ default/files/documents/publications/HS_Volume_1_B.pdf [Accessed: 6 June 2021]. SOUTH AFRICA, Department of Housing. 2004. A comprehensive plan for the development of integrated sustainable human settlements. Republic of South Africa . Available from: http://www.dhs.gov.za/sites/default/files/documents/26082014_BNG2004.pdf [Accessed: 10 september 2021] SOUTH AFRICA, Department of Housing 2009. Incremental interventions: enhanced people’s housing process. Republic of South Africa, pp.9–12 . Available from: http://www.dhs.gov.za/sites/default/files/documents/national_housing_2009/4_Incremental_Interventions/4%20Volume%204%20Enhanced%20 People%20Housing%20Process.pdf [Accessed: 10 september 2021] SOUTH AFRICA, Department of Housing. n.d. A new housing policy and strategy for South Africa. [online] Available from: http://www.dhs.gov.za/sites/default/
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LIST OF
FIGURES
Figure 26: Pienaarspoort layout and density (GoogleMaps, 2021) Figure 27: Diepsloot layout and density (GoogleMaps, 2021) Figure 28: Pienaarspoort site boundary (GoogleMaps, 2021)
Edited (Author, 2021)
Figure 29: Pienaarspoort site photos (Author, 2021)
Figure 1: Pienaarspoort site boundary (Author, 2021)
Figure 30: Pienaarspoort density (M Levy, 2020) Edited (Author, 2021)
Figure 2: Concept diagram of community exploration (Author, 2021)
Figure 31: Pienaarspoort unemployment (M Levy, 2020) Edited (Author, 2021)
Figure 3: Pienaarspoort street view (Author, 2021)
Figure 32: Pienaarspoort employment proximity (M Levy, 2020)
Figure 4: Self entrepreneurship from street kiosk (Author, 2021)
Figure 5: Current human settlement development
Figure 33: Pienaarspoort income and population diversity (M Levy, 2020)
(westonariaborwa.co.za, 2021)
Edited (Author, 2021) Edited (Author, 2021)
Figure 6: Sense of identity create through fabric (Adapted by author, 2021)
Figure 34: Pienaarspoort household income (M Levy, 2020)
Figure 7: Site photos from street perspective (Author, 2021)
Figure 8: Proportion of world population living in slums (Linhares, 2020)
Figure 35: Pienaarspoort density PP/HA (M Levy, 2020) Edited (Author, 2021)
Figure 9: World map divided into global-north and -south (Linhares, 2020)
Figure 36: Pienaarspoort dwelling kernel (M Levy, 2020) Edited (Author, 2021)
Figure 10: World population trends (Linhares, 2020)
Figure 37: Pienaarspoort community facilities (M Levy, 2020)
Figure 11: Wave of urbanisation (Linhares, 2020)
Figure 12: Kiosk on street edge(Author, 2021)
Figure 38: Pienaarspoort business facilities(M Levy, 2020) Edited (Author, 2021)
Figure 13: Street trading (Author, 2021)
Figure 39: Pienaarspoort with education (M Levy, 2020)Edited (Author, 2021)
Figure 14: Piecemeal workers on street corners(businesslive.co.za, 2021)
Figure 40: Mamelodi and Pienaarspoort History (Bennett, 2011:41-42)
Figure 15: Waste picker on landfill (spotlightnsp.co.za, 2020)
Figure 41: Tshwane human settlement development for
Figure 16: Informal Settlements (Adapted by Author, 2021)
Figure 17: FIG 17: Site Service schemes (esi-africa.com, 2020)
Figure 42: Pienaarspoort row housing birds eye perspective (Author, 2021)
Figure 18: Main house with added backyard addition (Friedman M, 2013)
Figure 43: Alternative framework to assist in achieving urban
Figure 19: Global position diagram(Author, 2021)
Figure 20: Local context analysis map (Googlemaps, 2021),
Figure 44: Existing housing program (Linhares, 2020) Edited (Author, 2021)
Figure 45: FIG 45: Proposed housing program (Linhares, 2020)
Map (Author, 2021)
Edited (Author, 2021)
Edited (Author, 2021)
Pienaarspoort Ext 21 (Metroplan, 2021)
vision (Author, 2021)
Figure 21: Social tapestry and location of human settlements
Figure 46: Current humann settlement development
(G Nel,2020) Edited (Author, 2021)
Edited (Author, 2021)
Figure 22: Atteridgeville layout and density (GoogleMaps, 2021)
(westonariaborwa.co.za, 2019)
Figure 23: Mamelodi layout and density (GoogleMaps , 2021)
Figure 47: The ’Living room floor’ (museedelhomme.fr, nd)
Figure 24: Hammanskraal layout and density (GoogleMaps, 2021)
Figure 25: Soshanguve layout and density (GoogleMaps, 2021)
Figure 48: DK Ching patterns (Author, 2021)
Edited (Author, 2021)
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Figure 49: Traditional African village typologies (Steyn, 2005)
Figure 79: Site location and transport routes(Author, 2021)
Figure 50: Traditional African village typologies comparison (Steyn, 2005)
Figure 80: Commuters in taxi transport (reviewonline.co.za, 2015)
Figure 51: Courtyard and cluster exploration (Author, 2021)
Figure 81: Site surroundings (GoogleMaps, 2021) Edited (Author, 2021)
Figure 52: Experimenting with African patterns (Aurthor, 2021)
Figure 82: Site Boundaries (GoogleMaps, 2021) Edited (Author, 2021)
Figure 53: Plastic waste picker on landfill (The Star, 2020)
Figure 83: Pienaarspoort history 2011 (GoogleMaps, 2021)
Figure 54: Key words surrounding plastic waste (G Nel, 2020)
Figure 84: Pienaarspoort history 2021 (GoogleMaps, 2021)
Figure 85: Pienaarspoort Nolli map (Author, 2021)
Edited (Author, 2021)
Figure 55: Plastic waste (G Nel, 2020)
Figure 86: Site and surroundings(Author, 2021)
Figure 56: Obstacles in plastic co-operatives (Author, 2021)
Figure 87: Site and surroundings (Author, 2021)
Figure 57: Waste pickers journey (Author, 2021)
Figure 88: Site and surroundings (Author, 2021)
Figure 58: Recycled plastic tile innovation (hackaday.com/, 2017)
Figure 89: Concept (Author, 2021)
Figure 59: Plastic repurposing process (Author, 2021)
Figure 90: Complex relationships where intergration is at the forfront (Author, 2021)
Figure 60: Precious Plastic machines (preciousplastic.com, nd)
Figure 91: System of aspects linked to one another for the greater good of the
Figure 61: Precious Plastic interlocking wall (preciousplastic.com, nd)
community (Author, 2021)
Figure 62: Precious Plastic extrusion machine (preciousplastic.com, nd)
Figure 92: Concept development on block scale (Author, 2021)
Figure 63: Precious Plastic extrusion machine (preciousplastic.com, nd)
Figure 93: Concept development in community cluster and the relationship
Figure 64: Precious Plastic tile press machine (preciousplastic.com, nd)
between units (Author, 2021)
Figure 65: Precious Plastic extrusion machine (preciousplastic.com, nd)
Figure 94: Urban scale design development All images (Author, 2021)
Figure 66: Precious Plastic pressed tiles (preciousplastic.com, nd)
Figure 95: Proposed site block scale (Author, 2021)
Figure 67: Interlocking wall component development
Figure 96: Urban scale design development All images (Author, 2021)
Figure 97: Concept development in community cluster and the relationship
All images (Author, 2021)
Figure 68: Interlocking plastic brick development All images (Author, 2021)
between units (Author, 2021)
Figure 69: K206 Housing in Alexandra Johannesburg (alexnews.co.za, 2016)
Figure 98: Block scale design development All images (Author, 2021)
Figure 70: K206 Housing street view (alexnews.co.za, 2016)
Figure 99: Block scale courtyard to open space relationship (Author, 2021)
Figure 71: K206 Housing design considerations (Osman & Davey, 2021)
Figure 100: Work for community growth and basic help (Author, 2021)
Figure 72: Quinta Monroy Street view (www.dezeen.com, 2016)
Figure101: Birdseye view of alternative framework fabric (Author, 2021)
Figure 73: Quinta Monroy built up unit (www.dezeen.com, 2016)
Figure 102: Ground floor plan northern edge of block (Author, 2021)
Figure 74: Quinta Monroy original structure (dezeen.com, 2016)
Figure 103: Ground floor plan southern edge of block (Author, 2021)
Figure 75: Quinta Monroy plans and layout (dezeen.com, 2016)
Figure 104: Family unit development and perspective (Author, 2021)
Figure 105: Family unit floor plans (Author, 2021)
Edited (Author (2021)
Figure 76: Belapur housing courtyard (re-thinkingthefuture.com, nd)
Figure 106: Workshop unit development and perspective (Author, 2021)
Figure 77: Belapur housing layout (re-thinkingthefuture.com, nd)
Figure 107: Workshop unit floor plans (Author, 2021)
Figure 78: Belapur housing layout (re-thinkingthefuture.com, nd)
Figure 108: Walkup unit development and perspective (Author, 2021)
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Figure 109: Walkup unit floor plans (Author, 2021) Figure 110: Section A-A (Author, 2021) Figure 111: Section B-B (Author, 2021) Figure 112: Perspective render from courtyard looking at walkup unit (Author, 2021) Figure 113: Perspective render of workers yard courtyard and market area (Author, 2021)
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