MODIPI, LR - 214562235 by jacques_23

DIALECTICS OF FORGOTTEN INFRASTRUCTURE: THE REDEVELOPMENT OF THE EKANDUSTRIA

▲ (2021) EKANDUSTRIA INDUSTRIAL PARK BUILDING 73/1 25° 42’ 38” S 28° 42’ 16” E EKANDUSTRIA

DIALECTICS OF FORGOTTEN INFRASTRUCTURE:

THE REDEVELOPMENT OF THE EKANDUSTRIA INDUSTRIAL PARK Submitted by: Lucia Retseletsi Modipi Master of Architecture Department of Architecture and Industrial Design Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment

Tshwane University of Technology

Pretoria 2021

3 DIALECTICS OF FORGOTTEN INFRASTRUCTURE: THE REDEVELOPMENT OF THE EKANDUSTRIA INDUSTRIAL PARK.

Supervisor: Dr. MEN Nkambule Co-supervisor: Mr. TE Ramatlo

“This work is formulated on the research supported entirely by the National Research Foundation of South Africa.”

Figure 1: The National Research Foundation of South Africa logo [Image], Available from: https://www.nrf.ac.za/

DIALECTICS OF FORGOTTEN INFRASTRUCTURE: THE REDEVELOPMENT OF THE EKANDUSTRIA INDUSTRIAL PARK.

I (full names & surname): Lucia Retseletsi Modipi, Student number: 214562235 Declare the following: 6 I am aware of the Tshwane University of Technology policy regarding plagiarism. Therefore, this dissertation is my original work. I further declare the dissertation is substantially my work. However, it does refer to the works of others an extent to which that work used is indicated and fully acknowledged in the text and list of references.

Signature

Date

DECLARATION OF PLAGIARISM.

“I think anybody who knows anything about South Africa and the South African economy would know that one of the big constraints to growth and development is skills shortages. So, all of us need to come at this thing as vigorously as is possible and, of course, the private sector can take it on board.” (Mbeki, 2003)

“The principal investors in the South African economy are South Africans. However, this is something, I think, we should pay attention to.” (Mbeki, 2004) Thabo Mbeki

Note: Only content derived from other sources will be cited in-text, all information created by the author of this dissertation will not have an in-text figure reference. Any image or sketch that lacks a reference should be presumed to have been created by the author.

DIALECTICS OF FORGOTTEN INFRASTRUCTURE: THE REDEVELOPMENT OF THE EKANDUSTRIA INDUSTRIAL PARK.

ABSTRACT 8

By following dialectical means of including various opinions, the intervention introduces the combination of architectural and communal input for a better-informed intervention. For example, an intervention could introduce communal regeneration by utilising generational knowledge, locally sourced materials, and existing methods for better architectural interventions. Knowing how Ekandustria can potentially create multiple jobs in various sectors (City of Tshwane, 2021), the inclusion of informal settlements would decrease unemployment and crime figures. Moreover, the redevelopment of Ekandustria would open opportunities for a town known as having a low-skilled labour force available to equip community members with advanced skill sets. The study concludes with the comprehension of how adaptive reuse methods could be a solution in contributing to the urban regeneration of Ekandustria. Keywords: Adaptive reuse, Industrial Park, Communal

Dialectics, Function, Form, regeneration, Sustainable.

ABSTRACT

9 DIALECTICS OF FORGOTTEN INFRASTRUCTURE: THE REDEVELOPMENT OF THE EKANDUSTRIA INDUSTRIAL PARK.

This dissertation in architectural design investigates the dialectics of form and function in a neglected industrial park in Tshwane, South Africa. The research aims to introduce an architectural intervention to address the current challenges faced on selected sites and communities by considering the potential of deteriorating industrial structures. The dissertation explores sustainable solutions that could improve industrial parks by analysing the building classification primary functions and what leads to the termination of industrial structures. Furthermore, the architectural intervention plans to address the potential economic, social, and environmental contributions, which, when explored, could lead to sustainable developmental opportunities in the Ekandustria industrial park.

A C K N O W L E D G E M E N T S 10

DIALECTICS OF FORGOTTEN INFRASTRUCTURE: THE REDEVELOPMENT OF THE EKANDUSTRIA INDUSTRIAL PARK.

ACRONYMS

•

DTI -

Department of Trade and Industry

•

GCRO -

The Gauteng City-Region Observatory

•

GVA -

Gross Value Added

•

IDZ-

Industrial Development Zones (IDZ)

•

ILO-

International Labour Organization

•

LTM-

Last Trumpet Ministries

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IPAP-

Industrial Policy Action Plan

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IPRP-

Industrial Parks Revitalisation Programme

•

NIPF -

National Industrial Policy Framework

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SABS-

South African Bureau of Standards

•

SEZ-

Special Economic Zone

•

TIPS -

Trade & Industrial Policy Strategies

•

UNIDO-

United Nations Industrial Development Organization

“The art of investigating or discussing the truth of opinions.” (Lexico Dictionaries, 2015) “Dialectic or dialectics, also known as the contentious method, is a debate a multitude of individuals holding different perspectives about a subject but wishing to establish the truth through reasoned argumentation.” (Davis, 2021)

Figure 2: Two opposing opinions that form a new point of view.

With the acknowledgment of the term dialectics, in the dissertation, the term represents two opposite points of view that contrast to achieve a new point of view that incorporates what is true in the original. By investigating the industrial structures in Ekandustria as a focal point, the research aims to investigate the dialectics of form and function in dilapidated structures, where an artistic and aesthetic dimension of architecture can develop.

ACRONYMS AND GLOSSARY OF TERMS

Dialectics:

13 DIALECTICS OF FORGOTTEN INFRASTRUCTURE: THE REDEVELOPMENT OF THE EKANDUSTRIA INDUSTRIAL PARK.

GLOSSARY OF TERMS

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: The National Research Foundation of South Africa logo [Image], Available from: https://www.nrf.ac.za/ Figure 2: Two opposing opinions that form a new point of view. Figure 3: The author’s life narrative is depicted in the sketches. [Image], Available . from https://www.vecteezy.com/vector-art/2216036 Figure 4: The idea of the retrenched communty members of the retrenched . community launching their own initiatives. Figure 5: The scope of a research study showing the three types of approaches . the research includes. Figure 6: Combination of various opinions to form a better-informed intervention.[Image], Available from https://www.vecteezy.com/vector-art/2216036 Figure 7: The consequences of employees’ vulnerability include a lack of housing and a safe working environment. Figure 8: The looted materials or dilapidated materials of the industrial structures that are either regarded as waste, require maintenance, or destroyed. Figure 9: The Ekandustria industrial park might be used to investigate possible . . township commercial initiatives. Figure 10: The current taxi rank with an informal vendor shop for commuters using the public transportation system. Figure 11: A method for dealing with urban deterioration, particularly in industrial-based neighbourhoods, focuses on revitalising the area’s . physical, social, and economic environment. Figure 12: Using the dilapidated structures in Ekandustria as the selected point of urban decay sustainably regenerated. Figure 13: Understanding how a design considers the prior smaller and vast larger context. (Catalanotto, 2015) Figure 14: South Africa with specific reference on Gauteng. Figure 15: Gauteng with specific reference to Tshwane. Figure 17: Identification of industrial growth alongside the population density in . Tshwane, GCRO-2021,https://www.gcro.ac.za/outputs /map-of-the-month/ [Accessed 18 August 2021]. Figure 18: Identification of socioeconomic hubs, surrounding neighbourhoods, and movement routes in Tshwane, GCRO-2021, https://www.gcro.ac.za/outputs/map-of-the-month/ [Accessed 18 August 2021]. Figure 19: Identification of socioeconomic hubs, surrounding neighbourhoods, and movement routes in Tshwane, GCRO-2021,https:// www.gcro.ac.za/outputs/map-of-the-month/ [Accessed 18 August 2021]. Figure 20: Tshwane with specific reference on region seven. Figure 21: Region seven with specific reference to Ekandustria. Figure 22: The analysis of region seven and the challenges faced by the communities close to Ekandustria. Figure 23: The Locality plan showing the communities close to Ekandustria. Figure 24: The initial zoning map of Ekandustria in 1960. 54 Figure 25: The Ekandustria zoning map in 2021 with limited progress.

5 13 . . 17 18 24 33 34 35 . . . 36 37 39

. .

39 41 43 43 45

47 49 49 51 53 55

LIST OF FIGURES

15 DIALECTICS OF FORGOTTEN INFRASTRUCTURE: THE REDEVELOPMENT OF THE EKANDUSTRIA INDUSTRIAL PARK.

Figure 26: The selected area, with the highest number of abandoned buildings. 56 Figure 27: Points of interest within the investigated area with abandoned structures. 57 Figure 28: The rationale following various modes of adaptive reuse, specifically focusing on parasitic and insertion architecture 59 Figure 29: The Planner’s triangle presenting three-pillar for sustainable development (CAMPBELL, 1996, p. 75) 61 Figure 30: Using dialectical means of problem-solving to address the selected site to introduce various types of intervention to solve challenges faced by the industrial parks and surrounding communities. 63 Figure 31: Adaptive reuse sketches showing the building rehabilitation process. 64 Figure 32: Adaptive reuse sketches showing the building repurposing process. 65 Figure 33: Adaptive reuse sketches showing the building recycling process. 65 Figure 34: Sketches of the Plaine des sports, stetched by author but all sourced from https://www.archdaily.com/889004/ plaine-des-sports-olgga-architects-plus-atelier-cambium. 67 Figure 35: Photographs of the structure of the Gabo primary all sourced from https://www.archdaily.com/785955/primary-school-in-gando-kere -architecture . 68 Figure 36: Photograph of the side view of Gabo primary all sourced from . https://www.archdaily.com/785955/primary-schoolin-gando-kere-architecture . 69 Figure 37: Section through the Gabo primary all sourced from https://www.archdaily.com/785955/primary-school-in-gandokere-architecture . 69 Figure 38: Exploded axonometric of the Gabo primary all sourced from https://www.archdaily.com/785955/primary-school-in-gandokere-architecture . 70 Figure 39: Plans of the Gabo primary all sourced from https:// www.archdaily.com/785955/primary-school-in-gando-kerearchitecture. 71 Figure 40: The selection of a site that could fulfil all the requirements. . [Image], Available from https://www.vecteezy.com/ vector-art/2216036 73 Figure 41: The analysis of the existing site, which elements require improvement and additions. 75 Figure 42: Site boundaries and spaces. 76 Figure 43: Site access and mobililty. 76 Figure 44: Existing industrial waste. 76 Figure 45: The selected site. 77 Figure 46: The proposed program based on the requirements of the site. [Images], Available from https://www.vecteezy.com/ vector-art/2216036 79 Figure 47: The proposed program based on the requirements of the site. 80 Figure 48: Photographs of the process model, showing the different masses. 83 Figure 49: The development of the structural massing 01-03, shows the massing. 84 Figure 50: The development of the structural massing 04-06, shows the massing.. 85

Figure 51: Photograph of the phase one of the process model. . Figure 52: Photograph of the phase two of the process model. . Figure 53: The proposed site plan development without the context. Figure 54: The proposed perspective of the conceptual building development. Figure 55: The development of the selected component to be developed. . Figure 56: The theory behind a structural facade development.. Figure 57: The development of the structural massing from the existing. Figure 58: The types of materials of existing buildings and proposed materials. Figure 59: Selected material and the COR-TEN steel aging period Figure 60: The fixing of the selected corten steel panels to existing structures. Figure 61: Building system specifications. Figure 62: Locality plan not to scale. Figure 63: Site plan not to scale. Figure 64: Lower ground floor plan(A) not to scale. Figure 65: Lower ground floor plan(B) not to scale. Figure 66: Ground floor plan(A) not to scale. Figure 67: Ground floor plan(B) not to scale. Figure 68: Section A-A not to scale. Figure 69: Section b-b not to scale.

86 87 88 89 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106

DIALECTICS OF FORGOTTEN INFRASTRUCTURE: THE REDEVELOPMENT OF THE EKANDUSTRIA INDUSTRIAL PARK.

LIST OF FIGURES

PR E F A C E 18

PREFACE Figure 3: The author’s life narrative is depicted in the sketches. [Image], Available . . from https://www.vecteezy.com/vector-art/2216036

Motivated by the difficulties faced by thousands of Bronkhorstspruit residents who lost their jobs at the Ekandustria industrial park between 2009 and 2021. I’ve experienced first-hand the effects of the firms closing by seeing the families of people closest to our family, particularly those with just a single provider, unexpectedly retrenched. Passionate about community service and researching various strategies that Tshwane was planning to handle the difficulties that Ekandustria and the surrounding villages were facing. In 2016, I was involved in the initial stages of the Tshwane food and energy center. The proposed agricultural hub, which was initially funded by the government and located on the outskirts of Ekandustria, was intended to provide employment opportunities and essential agricultural skills to the impacted populations.

19 DIALECTICS OF FORGOTTEN INFRASTRUCTURE: THE REDEVELOPMENT OF THE EKANDUSTRIA INDUSTRIAL PARK.

As the product of a single black parent family, not having a father figure around for most of my life resulted in my mother courageously raising our family alone. However, regardless of the circumstances, we faced together, my mother always strived to provide my sister and me with the best opportunities she could give. As a result, I learned to think outside the box when faced with obstacles by understanding my family dynamic at a young age. For example, I learnt the value of repurposing household items to save money at a young age. As a result, I became interested in learning about the repurposing of materials and building components while pursuing my undergraduate degree in architecture.

Figure 4: The idea of the retrenched communty members of the retrenched community launching their own initiatives.

However due to a lack of funding and community engagement, the center had deteriorated by late 2019. There is a widespread lack of community interest due to the failure. The lack of communication between the Tshwane municipality, community leaders, and members led to a lack of collective community interest, resulting in an intervention that lacked the essential services required by the surrounding communities.

The failure of the industrial park is influenced not just by the government and external funding but also by community participation and the township economy, by studying the impact of townships built near industrial zones (Peberdy, 2017). Understanding how the failure of the Ekandustria industrial park directly affects the town’s economic state (Witwatersrand, 2020) and how the economic decline eventually led to the abandonment of essential structures. Furthermore, the rapid deterioration of structural systems exposed to the elements without maintenance, the looting of building materials by the surrounding communities, and service delivery riots resulted in the permanent destruction of some industrial buildings. Despite restoring certain parts of Ekandustria and the new investments from 2008 to 2014, the damage to certain industrial buildings is irreversible. Although in 2019, the government introduced the ICT to restore failing industrial parks in Tshwane, the sheer number of parks that needed restoration prioritized functional industrial parks over deteriorated ones similar to Ekandustria.

This thesis’s inception began with proposing an architectural an intervention designed for and built by the community. Sustainable long-term solutions could be formed by collaborating with the surrounding communities to accomplish a shared vision built on an interdependent system to address issues and opportunities. The initial ideas question how the proposed design intervention could restore the park to better suit the surrounding communities. Instead of improving the park’s failing economic state, the intervention could introduce new skills sets for community members, advanced building systems and newly assigned functions in Ekandustria. Potentially leading to the communal urban regeneration of Bronkhorstspruit that could encourage external investment for the declining industrial park and surrounding neighbourhoods.

PREFACE

21 DIALECTICS OF FORGOTTEN INFRASTRUCTURE: THE REDEVELOPMENT OF THE EKANDUSTRIA INDUSTRIAL PARK.

Furthermore, even with the limited allocated funding in 2021, the restorations are still insufficient to turn around the industrial decline or failing industrial buildings in Ekandustria.

TABLE OF CONTENT

ABSTRACT ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ACRONYMS GLOSSARY OF TERMS PREFACE

8 10 12 13 18

1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 DELIMITATIONS 1.1.1 COMMUNAL AND CULTURAL APPROACH 1.1.2 TECHNICAL APPROACH 1.1.3 ECONOMIC APPROACH 1.2. METHODOLOGY 1.2.1 INTUITIVE THINKING 1.2.2. EPISTEMOLOGICAL PARADIGMS: CONSTRUCTIVISM 1.3. PROJECT BACKGROUND

26 28 29 29 29 30 31

2. THE 2.1 2.2. 2.3.

36 38 40 42

ARGUMENT VULNERABILITY AS A TOOL FOR RESILIENCE REVITALISATION OF THE “TOWNSHIP ECONOMY’’ URBAN DECAY TO URBAN REGENERATION

3. CONTEXT ANALYSIS

31 32

3.1. MACRO ANALYSIS 46 3.1.1. THE INFLUENCE OF MOVEMENT ROUTES IN THE ........... . INDUSTRIAL GROWTH OF TSHWANE. 48 3.1.2. THE INFLUENCE OF POPULATION DENSITY ON ............z INDUSTRIAL GROWTH IN TSHWANE. 49 3.1.3. THE IMPACT OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC HUBS ON . . ....... . MOVEMENT ROUTES AND EXISTING INDUSTRIAL PARK IN TSHWANE REGION SEVEN. 50 3.1.4. THE IMPACT OF ECONOMIC HUBS ON HUMAN . DENSITY AND MOVEMENT ROUTES IN TSHWANE REGION SEVEN. 51 3.2. MIRCO ANALYSIS 3.2.1 CHALLENGES FACED BY COMMUNITIES SURROUNDING EKANDUSTRIA

SITE ANALYSIS

PROJECT APPROACH 5.1 ADAPTIVE SUSTAINABILITY

62 64

60 61

6. DIALECTICS OF FORGOTTEN INFRASTRUCTURE 6.1. REHABILITATION 6.2. REPURPOSING 6.3. RECYCLING

66 68 68 69

8. PRECEDENT STUDIES 8.1. PLAINE DES SPORTS 8.2. GANDO PRIMARY SCHOOL, BURKINA FASO, 2001

70 71 72

9. DESIGN INTERVENTION 9.1.1. THE SITE SELECTION AND IDENTIFICATION OF CURRENT ISSUES OF THE SITE. 9.2 SITE MASSING AND ALLOCATION 9.2.1 THE PROPOSED PARTI DIAGRAM OF THE SELECTED . SITE WITH PROPOSED PROGRAMS.

76 78 82 84

10.1 TECHNICAL RESOLUTIONS: SPECIFICATIONS COMPONENT 10.1 TECHNICAL RESOLUTIONS: CONSTRUCTION DRAWINGS

94 94

11. REFERENCES

111

102

T A BLE O F CO N TEN T

58 59

23 DIALECTICS OF FORGOTTEN INFRASTRUCTURE: THE REDEVELOPMENT OF THE EKANDUSTRIA INDUSTRIAL PARK.

4.1 THE INITIAL PROPOSED ZONING MAP OF 1960 4.2 THE STATE OF THE ZONING PROGRAM IN 2021 4.3 INVESTIGATION ON THE PART OF EKANDUSTRIA WITH THE HIGHEST NUM BER OF ABANDONED STRUCTURES. 4.2 THE SELECTED SITES IN RELATED TO THE RESEARCH . . TOPIC/ AREAS OF INTEREST.

1. I N TR OD UC T IO N 24

1 . IN T R O D UCTION

By investigating the Ekandustria industrial park and the nearby communities established to provide a steady skilled workforce for the industrial park. This dissertation aims to understand how the redevelopment of abandoned industrial spaces could assist in the urban regeneration of abandoned industrial sites. The proposed architectural intervention plans to explore the possibility of new development opportunities in the Ekandustria industrial park. By addressing the physical aspects, social values, and the historical significance of Ekandustria while considering the emotional impacts of the redevelopment on the surrounding neighbourhoods.

Therefore the research questions how: 1. The existing strategies set by the government be revised to address dilapidated industrial parks such as Ekandustria? 2. Could the redeveloped building components produce energyefficient structures through the technological advancement of existing materials? 3. The proposed architectural intervention could include the communal contribution of surrounding communities to redevelop industrial parks like Ekandustria using locally sourced materials and methods?

25 DIALECTICS OF FORGOTTEN INFRASTRUCTURE: THE REDEVELOPMENT OF THE EKANDUSTRIA INDUSTRIAL PARK.

By selecting the planner’s triangle (Campbell, 1996) to understand the link between social welfare, environmental protection, and resource economics, the research investigates the interdependence of the preservation of derelict buildings. Existing industrial buildings redesigned using adaptive reuse strategies could contribute to urban sustainability and communal regeneration by better understanding their functions in social environments.

1.1 DELIMITATIONS Researching the vast amount of academic material on sustainability in architecture and adaptive reuse and working within the allocated time restrictions. This dissertation highlights the importance of cultural preservation, environmental benefits, and innovation when dealing with deteriorating structures. Although there are factors believed to influence the redevelopment of industrial parks, the scope of this dissertation looks at three distinct aspects. Leading to the potential development of a framework for the National Industrial Policy Framework for a sustainable approach for the redevelopment of industrial parks, with no potential shortcomings caused by targeting only a single approach.

Figure 5: The scope of a research study showing the three types of approaches the . research includes.

The importance of statistical data about the educational levels and types of skill sets found in the informal settlements surrounding Ekandustria. The data could highlight the specific needs of the communities and which approach would benefit the development of the communities and the cultural preservation surrounding Ekandustria.

1.1 DELIMITATIONS

1.1.1 COMMUNAL AND CULTURAL APPROACH

1.1.2 TECHNICAL APPROACH The importance of statistical data about the educational levels and types of skill sets found in the informal settlements surrounding Ekandustria. The data could highlight the specific needs of the communities and which approach would benefit the development of the communities and the cultural preservation surrounding Ekandustria.

The economic approach is one of the most dominant implementations regarding sustainable redevelopment within the built environment concerning governmental parks such as Ekandustria. This mini-dissertation plans to provide the benefits of each corresponding technical solution with justifiable costs by balancing the economic benefits of using these sustainable materials, which would require less long-term maintenance from the government, communities, or shareholders.

27 DIALECTICS OF FORGOTTEN INFRASTRUCTURE: THE REDEVELOPMENT OF THE EKANDUSTRIA INDUSTRIAL PARK.

1.1.3 ECONOMIC APPROACH

1.2 . M ETHOD O L O G Y 28

This research introduces the approach to design strategies in architecture regulated by systematic and intuitive techniques. Similar to dialectics, intuitive thinking assists in perceiving reality at a particular moment where the truth is subjected to bias and prejudices and when facing multifaceted challenges restricted by time constraints and resource availability. Using intuitive thinking allows me to make decisions in complex and unfamiliar situations efficiently by identifying a purpose, finding logical patterns, and recognising new opportunities and ideas. When looking at Ekandustria industrial parks, the intuitive approach means seeing the deteriorating buildings beyond their occupied proportions. By reimaging the old, misused, and neglected spaces as sustainable spaces with defined functions that would benefit from new economic, social, and environmental values. 1.2.2. EPISTEMOLOGICAL PARADIGMS: CONSTRUCTIVISM Constructivist epistemology is a philosophical view (Bunge, 2019). People actively construct or create their knowledge against discovered self-evident knowledge and in a small town such as Bronkhorstspruit, where reality is positioned on the experiences of investigating the creation of systems that result in cultural understanding through various types of experiences. Based on the understanding of the current problems faced in the location and the combination of native knowledge and the introduction of recent data in an industrial park such as Ekandustria, the study will focus on the importance of the surrounding community’s knowledge, beliefs, materials, methods, and skills through the expertise of the analytic research process.

1.2. METHODOLOGY

INTUITIVE THINKING

29 DIALECTICS OF FORGOTTEN INFRASTRUCTURE: THE REDEVELOPMENT OF THE EKANDUSTRIA INDUSTRIAL PARK.

1.2.1

1.3. PR OJ E C T B A C KG R O U N D 30

In an ever-growing market with various technological advancements and sustainable solutions shaping the growth of industrial parks, the increase in the number of industrial parks across the globe has significantly risen since the 1990s. According to the (ILO) database, industrial parks worldwide increased from 29 in 1975 to 3,500 in 2006. The increase in industrial parks among countries led to three out of four countries having at least one industrial park, increasing economic competition between countries with similar industrial arrangements. Moreover, international competitiveness brings forth critical issues faced by industrial parks, developers, and operators (Organization, 2019). The South African government developed the Industrial Development Zones programme (dti, 2021) to a ttract Foreign Direct Investments and export value-added commodities in the worldwide competitive market. In the early stages, the programme introduced by IDZs resulted in significant achievements. However, the recession faced by South Africa in the early 2000s resulted in existing policies having to be reviewed and reinstated in 2007. After revising the policies, the Special Economic Zone (SEZ) Programme introduced developments in national economic policies and strategies.

1.3 PROJECT BACKGROUND

31 DIALECTICS OF FORGOTTEN INFRASTRUCTURE: THE REDEVELOPMENT OF THE EKANDUSTRIA INDUSTRIAL PARK.

According to the international guidelines for industrial parks, published by the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), established specific industrial policies that focused on improving industrial parks. Furthermore, the industrial policies and strategies sought the transformation and diversification of international, national, and local governments. As a result, the policies and strategies resulted in a competitive, sustainable, and inclusive economy. In addition, it led to an international goal to restructure existing sectors into more efficient programs and new industrial sectors with a diverse economy.

The National Industrial Policy Framework, a new growth plan for South African industrial parks in the global economic environment. By providing a framework for developing Special Economic Zones (SEZs), the SEZ policy aimed to address challenges the current IDZ programme faces. The SEZ Policy provides frameworks for the development, activities, and management, including addressing the challenges of the current IDZ Programme. Therefore, by identifying the SEZs, the Industrial Policy Action Plan – IPAP aims to research which SEZs are vital contributors to the economic development of South Africa.

In 2016 the government launched an Industrial Parks Revitalisation Programme (IPRP) to upgrade the infrastructure of all the country state-owned industrial parks. This programme focused on physical infrastructure and management support issues, with the key objective of enhancing regional industrialisation. The program would strengthen their occupancy rates, drive retention and expansion of firms, contribute to economic growth, attract investments, create jobs, and address inequality. The IPRP allocated funds to reinstate security measures in Ekandustria as a preventable measure to prevent further destruction of the abandoned buildings as the first step in the IPRP. By using the research gathered by the Industrial Policy Action Plan – IPAP to determine if, when restored, Ekandustria would be considered a vital contributor to the economic development of South Africa. Here the research began to question how the revitalisation of industrial structures would pivot the critical needs of the facilities and surrounding communities? How would upgraded infrastructure improve the overall economic value of industrial parks such as Ekandustria? How would designers innovate ways outside the building lines to derive value from the existing properties?

1. Based on the current state of the industrial infrastructure and whether it complies with the current SABS minimum requirements.

1.3 PROJECT BACKGROUND

In Ekandustria industrial park, most industrial structures are either foreclosed, half-finished or in desperate need of maintenance. Therefore, applying the policies mentioned above into the programme objectives introduces a directive response to the proposed architectural intervention:

2. It is investigating the various methods of sustainable restoration that qualify for external funding and comply with the SABS minimum requirements in the redevelopment of Ekandustria. 3. Using the SEZ current framework and the IPRP strategy, architects could develop the proposed intervention based on an informed guideline, which addresses the redevelopments of industrial parks and cities. DIALECTICS OF FORGOTTEN INFRASTRUCTURE: THE REDEVELOPMENT OF THE EKANDUSTRIA INDUSTRIAL PARK.

2 . THE A R GUM E N T 34

2. THE ARGUMENT Figure 6: Combination of various opinions to form a better-informed intervention. . [Image], Available from https://www.vecteezy.com/vector-art/2216036

DIALECTICS OF FORGOTTEN INFRASTRUCTURE: THE REDEVELOPMENT OF THE EKANDUSTRIA INDUSTRIAL PARK.

2.1

VULNERABILITY AS A TOOL FOR RESILIENCE

Vulnerability of the workers The high unemployment rates in Bronkhorstspruit, especially in the informal settlements surrounding Ekandustria (Ekangala and Rethabiseng) and the overpopulation of informal settlements (STATS SA, 2011), leads to the availability of thousands of desperate community members. Furthermore, the availability of a workforce that lacks the proper knowledge or skill set (City of Tshwane, 2012) results in certain firms in Ekandustria using poverty to take advantage of the surrounding communities. In addition, certain firms subject workers to horrendous working conditions with no added benefits and few workers’ rights.

The community’s vulnerability is used as a tool for resilience that observes the need for communal upliftment through the provision of skill developments centres to increase new industrial opportunities in Ekandustria. An architectural intervention could introduce community-based programmes within multifunctional spaces to develop community members’ new skill sets.

Figure 7: The consequences of employees’ vulnerability include a lack of housing and a safe working environment.

By investigating which of the stolen materials can be technologically advanced to improve building systems of industrial parks, the possible architectural intervention could introduce test labs to address the problems faced by industrial parks due to failing structural components. In addition, the test labs could also educate the surrounding communities on affordable, locally sourced materials to improve housing units.

Figure 8: The looted materials or dilapidated materials of the industrial structures that are either regarded as waste, require maintenance, or destroyed.

2.1 VULNERABILITY AS A TOOL FOR RESILIENCE

Because the structures were viewed as waste, certain community members began to scavenge the structures with no function for materials to repurpose in constructing informal housing units in the surrounding neighbourhoods.

Due to buildings losing function due to the closure of specific industrial firms, the community began to identify the abandoned buildings as waste. Furthermore, the further deterioration of structures with no purpose caused structures to lose building components due to looting.

37 DIALECTICS OF FORGOTTEN INFRASTRUCTURE: THE REDEVELOPMENT OF THE EKANDUSTRIA INDUSTRIAL PARK.

Vulnerability of abandoned industrial structures

2.2.

REVITALISATION OF THE “TOWNSHIP ECONOMY”

The different stages of service delivery within the same communities surrounding Ekandustria. Where areas closer to the industrial park have access to public transportation and government housing, areas developed after the decline of Ekandustria, such as Phumekhaya, barely receive service. However, the government and private investors’ pulled funding led to Ekandustria and surrounding communities lacking essential services such as clean water, electricity, and transportation.

For environmental reasons, the zoning of industrial parks is to the outskirts of town/cities. Thus, Ekandustria was formed in the outskirts of Bronkhorstspruit, giving rise to the nearby townships (Ekangala, Rethabiseng and Zithobeni). The townships are far from essential services and with the need for goods and services within townships, local entrepreneurs saw a gap between persuading informal business opportunities in two places. The reintroduction of the same options in Ekandustria would give rise to the possibility of an informal market that gives informal vendors space to grow their business. .

Figure 9: The Ekandustria industrial park might be used to investigate possible . . . . township commercial initiatives.

The abandonment of Ekandustria led to existing transportation hubs getting abandoned due to the decrease in the workforce. Currently, the public transportation nodes located in the outskirts of Ekandustria lack the proper infrastructure (shading and general seating) or services (shared bathrooms). The materials of the existing taxi rank within Ekandustria could be recycled/reused for an intervention to improve the facilities of the new informal taxi rank.

2.2 REVITALISATION OF THE “TOWNSHIP ECONOMY”

Even with the availability of public transportation, certain taxi ranks or bus routes located far from specific areas result in community members walking long distances.

Figure 10: The current taxi rank with an informal vendor shop for commuters using the . public transportation system.

DIALECTICS OF FORGOTTEN INFRASTRUCTURE: THE REDEVELOPMENT OF THE EKANDUSTRIA INDUSTRIAL PARK.

2.3.

URBAN DECAY TO URBAN REGENERATION

Observing how new ideas implemented through the decaying structures can potentially reshape the future of industrial parks, such as Ekandustria. In Bronkhorstspruit, the closure of essential manufacturing and commercial firms in Ekandustria led to a rapid economic decline. Certain firms closed permanently, and other firms retrenched thousands of community members. The permanent abandonment of the specific industrial structures in Ekandustria made certain buildings worthless due to the deterioration caused by the exposure to elements without proper maintenance.

In an industrial town (Walker, 1951) such as Bronkhorstspruit, the economic system of informal settlements established around Ekandustria relied on the industrial park. The industrial park’s failure directly influenced the surrounding communities by decreasing their quality of life due to the abandoned industrial structures becoming hotspots for criminal activities (Beck, 2016). To prevent the future deterioration of industrial parks in South Africa, existing strategies and policies should be revised better to accommodate the requirements of the existing industrial parks. By introducing various architectural interventions (including adaptive reuse methods) to combat site-specific challenges faced in industrial parks and surrounding communities.

2.3. URBAN DECAY TO URBAN REGENERATION

Figure 11: A method for dealing with urban deterioration, particularly in industrial-based neighbourhoods, focuses on revitalising the area’s . . physical, social, and economic environment.

Figure 12: Using the dilapidated structures in Ekandustria as the selected point of . urban decay sustainably regenerated.

DIALECTICS OF FORGOTTEN INFRASTRUCTURE: THE REDEVELOPMENT OF THE EKANDUSTRIA INDUSTRIAL PARK.

3. C ON T EXT A NA L YS IS 42

3. CONTEXT ANALYSIS Figure 13: Understanding how a design considers the prior smaller and vast larger . context. (Catalanotto, 2015)

“ Always design a thing by considering it in its next larger context - a chair in a room, a room in a house, a house in an environment, an environment in a city plan.” Eliel Saarinen (Saarinen, 1943).

DIALECTICS OF FORGOTTEN INFRASTRUCTURE: THE REDEVELOPMENT OF THE EKANDUSTRIA INDUSTRIAL PARK.

3.1. M A C R O A NA L YS IS 44

Figure 14: South Africa with specific ...... . reference on Gauteng.

When looking at South Africa as a whole, it is clear that building abandonment is connected to more than simply industrial parks; it is also linked to inner-city decay. For example, in Gauteng, building dilapidation is frequent in Pretoria and Johannesburg. Moreover, the repercussions of urban degeneration can be observed throughout these metropolitan centres, as abandoned structures attract rats and are unfit for human occupancy, becoming a hub for prostitution, narcotics, and urban decay. CITY OF TSHWANE METROPOLITAN MUNICIPALITY

Figure 15: Gauteng with specific reference to Tshwane.

45 DIALECTICS OF FORGOTTEN INFRASTRUCTURE: THE REDEVELOPMENT OF THE EKANDUSTRIA INDUSTRIAL PARK.

GAUTENG PROVINCE

3. 1 MARCO ANALYSIS

Understanding how the abandonment of buildings in industrial parks impacts Ekandustria or industrial parks in Tshwane is a global crisis brought on by the competitive market of the commercial and manufacturing industry. However, in a developing country like South Africa, constant economic growth necessitates the creation of industrial parks that can produce a large volume of required materials. When an industrial park, such as Ekandustria, fails to meet the minimum requirement, several industrial buildings become vacant property due to foreclosure, bankruptcy, and other financial or legal issues. With other buildings becoming permanently abandoned for financial reasons. However, they are usually run down and need restorations and maintenance.

3.1.1. THE INFLUENCE OF MOVEMENT ROUTES IN THE ...........INDUSTRIAL GROWTH OF TSHWANE.

The identification of the existing industrial parks in Tshwane, then analysing the existing movement routes of various transportation modes to identify a pattern. The pattern shows how the proximity to transition nodes and various transportation nodes influences the location of the existing industrial parks.

Figure 16: Identification of industrial parks and movement routes in Tshwane, GCRO-2021,https://www.gcro.ac.za/outputs/map-of-the-month/ [Accessed 18 August 2021].

Identifying and analysing the current industrial parks in Tshwane and the formation order of industrial parks and towns. As a result, establishing an industrial park is strongly reliant on the availability of a skilled workforce; thus, it’s important to understand how expected industrial growth influences the population density of the areas around industrial parks.

3. 1 MARCO ANALYSIS

3.1.2. THE INFLUENCE OF POPULATION DENSITY ON ............z INDUSTRIAL GROWTH IN TSHWANE.

Figure 17: Identification of industrial growth alongside the population density in Tshwane, GCRO-2021,https://www.gcro.ac.za/outputs/map-of-the-month/ [Accessed 18 August 2021].

DIALECTICS OF FORGOTTEN INFRASTRUCTURE: THE REDEVELOPMENT OF THE EKANDUSTRIA INDUSTRIAL PARK.

3.1.3. THE IMPACT OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC HUBS ON . . ....... MOVEMENT ROUTES AND EXISTING INDUSTRIAL . . ........PARK IN TSHWANE REGION SEVEN.

Looking at Tshwane region seven and its surrounding suburbs, socioeconomic centres, such as the Ekandustria industrial park and the town of Bronkhorstspruit, are situated where transportation routes intersect. As a result, better services (housing) and enterprises are situated within proximity of the socioeconomic hubs. In contrast, communities outside the hubs lack essential services and governmental housing.

Figure 18: Identification of socioeconomic hubs, surrounding neighbourhoods, and movement routes in Tshwane, GCRO2021,https://www.gcro.ac.za/outputs/map-of-the-month/

Looking at Tshwane region seven and its surrounding suburbs, socioeconomic centres, such as the Ekandustria industrial park and the town of Bronkhorstspruit, influence population density and unemployment rates. The closer to the hubs, the higher the possibilities of job employment and overall better housing and government funding; the proximity also gives way to various modes of Transportation.

3. 1 MARCO ANALYSIS

3.1.4. THE IMPACT OF ECONOMIC HUBS ON HUMAN DENSITY AND MOVEMENT ROUTES IN TSHWANE REGION SEVEN.

Figure 19: Identification of socioeconomic hubs, surrounding neighbourhoods, and movement routes in Tshwane, GCRO-2021,https://www.gcro.ac.za/outputs/ map-of-the-month/

DIALECTICS OF FORGOTTEN INFRASTRUCTURE: THE REDEVELOPMENT OF THE EKANDUSTRIA INDUSTRIAL PARK.

3.2. M I R C O A N A L YS IS 50

3. 2 MIRCO ANALYSIS

Tshwane, Region 7, is a broad rural region with a low population density, significant unemployment, and a quarter of informal housing units, low-income residential areas, and rural regions. Despite having two socioeconomic hubs, Bronkhorstspruit and Ekandustria, the region has a low GVA and many youths without skills or further education. Probing into Tshwane’s region seven, analysing how the region functions, what industries play a role in the economy, and how the decline in economic activity in Ekandustria industrial park affects the surrounding communities. Figure 20: Tshwane with specific reference on region seven.

The research suggests particular strategies that might aid the communal regeneration of Bronkhorstspruit as a whole by further analyzing the Ekandustria and looking at the sorts of issues experienced by communities in close proximity to the industrial park. Figure 21: Region seven with specific reference to Ekandustria.

51 DIALECTICS OF FORGOTTEN INFRASTRUCTURE: THE REDEVELOPMENT OF THE EKANDUSTRIA INDUSTRIAL PARK.

Looking at Tshwane and understanding how how the consequences of the failing industrial park on the quality of life in Region Seven, as well as the overall deterioration of the entire region, affects an already suffering community.

3.2.1

CHALLENGES FACED BY SURROUNDING EKANDUSTRIA

COMMUNITIES

1. SERVICES AND GOVERNMENT ASSISTANCE Even with the future development of the industrial park, the lack of infrastructural services to both the rural and informal areas surrounding ekandustria, unemployment, and the sustainability of life is becoming an increasing concern to the more impoverished communities.

3. 2 MIRCO ANALYSIS

Figure 22: The analysis of region seven and the challenges faced by the communities close to Ekandustria.

2. INFORMAL NEIGHBOURHOODS Townships such as ekandustria and Rethabiseng that originally developed close to ekandustria industrial park to provide the workers with affordable low-income. Housing, where despite the availability of structures, the closure of ekandustria lead to high levels of unemployment.

The only industrial park in region seven, though it lacks the necessary resources and maintained infrastructure, this region can create large amounts of job opportunities. However, the lack of a skilled workforce and the constant migration of Educated and experienced younger people moving to the metropolitan areas create a continuous degeneration of the community. 4. RESULTS OF FAILURE OF EKANDUSTRIA The high unemployment rates in the informal settlements lead to a general lack of socioeconomic activities. This lack of income in the area increases the crime rates and affects industrial growth. Moreover, the decline in social activities for the youth results in a majority of young adults turning to substance abuse.

53 DIALECTICS OF FORGOTTEN INFRASTRUCTURE: THE REDEVELOPMENT OF THE EKANDUSTRIA INDUSTRIAL PARK.

3. EKANDUSTRIA INDUSTRIAL PARK

4. S I TE A N A L Y S IS 54

Figure 23: The Locality plan showing the communities close to Ekandustria.

DIALECTICS OF FORGOTTEN INFRASTRUCTURE: THE REDEVELOPMENT OF THE EKANDUSTRIA INDUSTRIAL PARK.

4. SITE ANALYSIS

4.1 THE INITIAL PROPOSED ZONING MAP OF 1960

Figure 24: The initial zoning map of Ekandustria in 1960.

THE STATE OF THE ZONING PROGRAM IN 2021

4. SITE ANALYSIS

4.2

Figure 25: The Ekandustria zoning map in 2021 with limited progress.

DIALECTICS OF FORGOTTEN INFRASTRUCTURE: THE REDEVELOPMENT OF THE EKANDUSTRIA INDUSTRIAL PARK.

4.3 INVESTIGATION ON THE PART OF EKANDUSTRIA WITH THE HIGHEST NUMBER OF ABANDONED STRUCTURES.

Figure 26: The selected area, with the highest number of abandoned buildings.

THE SELECTED SITES IN RELATED TO THE RESEARCH . TOPIC/ AREAS OF INTEREST.

4. SITE ANALYSIS

4.2 .

Figure 27: Points of interest within the investigated area with abandoned structures.

DIALECTICS OF FORGOTTEN INFRASTRUCTURE: THE REDEVELOPMENT OF THE EKANDUSTRIA INDUSTRIAL PARK.

5. P R OJ EC T A PPRO A CH 60

5. PROJECT APPROACH 28: The specifically

rationale focusing

following various on parasitic and

modes of adaptive insertion architecture.

61 DIALECTICS OF FORGOTTEN INFRASTRUCTURE: THE REDEVELOPMENT OF THE EKANDUSTRIA INDUSTRIAL PARK.

Figure reuse,

At the beginning of 2020, commercial and manufacturing industries faced challenges due to downward pressure on the demand and production of existing products versus the needs of society as the Covid-19 pandemic intensified. These industries had to face a new reality of uncertainty and complex opportunities. Many businesses had to adapt to thrive. The more the manufacturing industry declined, certain industrial parks such as Ekandustria could have benefited from its strategic location to supply potential opportunities and new spaces for the surrounding neighbourhoods. In the book, Principles of Sustainable Development, Douglas (2006, p. 69) emphasises the sustainability of the adaptive reuse method “Adaptive reuse of existing buildings is environmentally friendly than renovation or demolitions. The latter involves demolition moreover as new-build activities, each of that expends additional energy and waste than adaptation.” (DOUGLAS & RUMBACH, 2016) 62

5.1 Adaptive sustainability. Adaptive reuse is a sustainable strategy for reusing sites or buildings that become unsuitable for their original function due to technological advancements, newly drafted policies, or economic development. Although adaptive reuse defines historic preservation and a new life, the rehabilitation of industrial buildings reduces the amount of energy and material consumption needed to demolish and reconstruct structures. As designers, how we deal with restoring sites connected to communities and cultures is fundamental to maintaining a balance between historic preservation and sustainability. This research contends a specific concept of urban resilience. The approach to sites like Ekandustria, moulded by the misconception surrounding adaptive reuse in rural communities, illustrates the relationship between adaptive reuse, repurposing and sustainability. The conception of urban resilience with a bouncing forward perspective, particularly within the designed setting, were previously successful redevelopment projects based on social, environmental, and economic improvement.

Figure 29: The Planner’s triangle presenting three-pillar for sustainable development (CAMPBELL, 1996, p. 75)

However, as mentioned above, the relationship between the redevelopment, preservation, and energy performance of industrial parks is significantly influenced by the materials used and manufacturing industries such as Ekandustria. Would it be possible to innovate new materials using these structures’ industrial waste and existing materials? Types of adaptive reuse methods. By researching different adaptive reuse strategies and understanding which would be advantageous in the redevelopment of industrial parks such as Ekandustria, emphasis on three different redevelopment methods (repurposing, retrofitting, revitalisation, or rehabilitation) further articulated. (LATHAM, 2013).

5. PROJECT APPROACH

In Figure 39, the corners represent three priorities, and the three axes between each point mean conflicts that are always in between two factors. Campbell (1996, p. 75) emphasises sustainable development that harmonises the three factors, reaching the elusive centre of the triangle. Adaptive reuse strategies should evaluate against these elements, defined further in the research with green building ideas and sustainable development strategies, adaptive reuse can promote the energy performance of Ekandustria.

63 DIALECTICS OF FORGOTTEN INFRASTRUCTURE: THE REDEVELOPMENT OF THE EKANDUSTRIA INDUSTRIAL PARK.

Campbell’s (1996, p. 77) adaptive reuse strategy evaluation further shows the approaches to industrial buildings and sites that illustrate relationships between the methods mentioned below.

6. D IA L EC T I C S OF F O R G O T T E N I N F R A S T R UC T U R E 64

6. DIALECTICS OF FORGOTTRN INFRASTRUCTURE.

65 DIALECTICS OF FORGOTTEN INFRASTRUCTURE: THE REDEVELOPMENT OF THE EKANDUSTRIA INDUSTRIAL PARK.

Figure 30: Using dialectical means of problem-solving to address the selected site to introduce various types of intervention to solve challenges faced by the industrial parks and surrounding communities.

6.1. Rehabilitation The process of creating potential through finding compatibility in functions for a property through renovations, alteration, and additions, whereas conserving structural components convey branches of historical and cultural knowledge values. However, how would rehabilitation fulfil the needs of the community and the requirements of Ekandustria? Would reinvestments and restorations increase the economic revenue and social aspects? Would rehabilitation of Ekandustria improve GVA or the unemployment crisis faced by surrounding communities?

66 Figure 31: Adaptive reuse sketches showing the building rehabilitation process.

The maintenance of the current infrastructure and the neglected industrial buildings, rehabilitating the building structure and exterior materials to maintain the existing exterior industrial facade. However, the surrounding communities require interior redesign to create multi-functional spaces. The newly designed spaces could accommodate various functions at different times. such as adult development centre(night) and recreational hall/ extra classes (day). 6.2. Repurposing How would the change of function of an industrial par influence the surrounding communities and the South African economy? How would the advancement of materials lead to a sustainable outcome? Furthermore, how would the newly developed buildings solve current problems the surrounding communities face?

The creation of livable spaces not previously habitable to human beings uses indigenous materials/ methods to technologically advance materials previously lotted or destroyed. Using the requirements of the selected site, proposed affordable housing could be introduced for the surrounding neighbourhoods. The intervention could lead to advanced redevelopment of the structure to be converted to sustainable housing developments.

6. DIALECTICS OF FORGOTTRN INFRASTRUCTURE.

Figure 32: Adaptive reuse sketches showing the building repurposing process.

6.3. Recycling

Figure 33: Adaptive reuse sketches showing the building recycling process.

Using the investment funds from the DTI to revitalise the park to the original structures or to create a new industrial ecology, where materials could be recycled in endless ways.

67 DIALECTICS OF FORGOTTEN INFRASTRUCTURE: THE REDEVELOPMENT OF THE EKANDUSTRIA INDUSTRIAL PARK.

The idea of clearing the entire industrial park, then utilising the materials of the demolished building to create a new industrial park with a completely new function better suited for the location and the surrounding communities. The idea could also revolve around recycling buildings by recycling wasted materials(deteriorated) into new concepts.

8. P R EC ED EN T S T U DIE S 68

Year Built: 2017 Location: SaintPaul-lès-Dax, France. Architects : OLGGA Architects + Atelier.

Using the steep levels of the ground floor, the design emerges from the ground to absorb the site’s natural slope. The design proposes a clean rectangle used as a transition space between the interior and exterior sports facilities with two levels.

8. PRECEDENT STUDIES

8.1. PLAINE DES SPORTS

DIALECTICS OF FORGOTTEN INFRASTRUCTURE: THE REDEVELOPMENT OF THE EKANDUSTRIA INDUSTRIAL PARK.

69 Figure 34: Sketches of the Plaine des sports, stetched by author but all sourced from https://www.archdaily.com/889004/plaine-des-sports-olgga-architects-plus-atelier-cambium.

8.2. GANDO PRIMARY SCHOOL, BURKINA FASO, 2001

Figure 35: Photographs of the structure of the Gabo primary all sourced from https://www.archdaily.com/785955/primary-school-in-gando-kere-architecture .

Year Built: 2001

A community based primary school design located in the rural parts of Burkina Faso. Location: Gando The dialectics between the availability of resources against the cost and climate / Burkina Faso restraints resulted in a project that could use minimal and locally sourced materials to create Architects : maximum results. The design consists of locals’ Gando Community/Kéré materials and methods, including straw bale construction, mud bricks, and floor. Architecture

8. PRECEDENT STUDIES Figure 36: Photograph of the side view of Gabo primary all sourced from https://www.archdaily.com/785955/primary-school-in-gando-kere-architecture .

Figure 37: Section through the Gabo primary all sourced from https://www.archdaily.com/785955/primary-school-in-gando-kere-architecture .

71 DIALECTICS OF FORGOTTEN INFRASTRUCTURE: THE REDEVELOPMENT OF THE EKANDUSTRIA INDUSTRIAL PARK.

Like all African cultures, where communities work together to build homes, the school design aligned with the cultural practice of Burkina Faso. By utilising sustainable techniques such as the elevation of the school roof for natural ventilation and perforated clay ceilings to the ecological footprint of the site.

Figure 38: Exploded axonometric of the Gabo primary all sourced from https://www.archdaily.com/785955/primary-school-in-gando-kere-architecture .

8. PRECEDENT STUDIES Figure 39: Plans of the Gabo primary all sourced from https://www. archdaily.com/785955/primary-school-in-gando-kere-architecture.

DIALECTICS OF FORGOTTEN INFRASTRUCTURE: THE REDEVELOPMENT OF THE EKANDUSTRIA INDUSTRIAL PARK.

9. D E S I GN I N T ER V E N T IO N 74

9. DESIGN INTERVENTION

75 DIALECTICS OF FORGOTTEN INFRASTRUCTURE: THE REDEVELOPMENT OF THE EKANDUSTRIA INDUSTRIAL PARK.

Figure 40: The selection of a site that could fulfil all the requirements. [Image], Available from https://www.vecteezy.com/vector-art/2216036

9.1.1. THE SITE SELECTION AND IDENTIFICATION OF CURRENT ISSUES OF THE SITE.

SITE FALL AND HEIGHT The steep fall of the site will result in proposed interventions masses having various ground level entry and interconnecting spaces with various roof levels based on sun study. SELECTED ABANDONED SITE Currently used by the community as for used cars auction space. Existing material on the site to be reused on the proposed centre or recycled as furniture. 1. LINE OF TREES The proposed intervention develops around the site’s existing vegetation, and the existing trees could assist with the natural ventilation and shading for the proposed structures and users. 2. PEDESTRIAN WALKWAY The existing walkways developed into public spaces that the community can utilise as integration hubs and potential informal vendors markets. 3. INTERCONNECTED DIRT ROADS Utilise the existing transportation hubs as points of connection to currently inaccessible areas of the surrounding communities.

9.1 DESIGN INTERVENTION AND SITE SELECTION

A site within walking distance from the entrance of the industrial park and also near the main transportation node, by using existing vehicular and pedestrian routes to decide the best location of the site as investigated from the influence of movement on the economic growth of the park.

77 DIALECTICS OF FORGOTTEN INFRASTRUCTURE: THE REDEVELOPMENT OF THE EKANDUSTRIA INDUSTRIAL PARK.

Figure 41: The analysis of the existing site, which elements require improvement and additions.

Figure 42: Site boundaries and spaces.

Figure 43: Site access and mobililty.

Figure 44:

Existing industrial waste.

Figure 45: The selected site.

DIALECTICS OF FORGOTTEN INFRASTRUCTURE: THE REDEVELOPMENT OF THE EKANDUSTRIA INDUSTRIAL PARK.

9.1 DESIGN INTERVENTION AND SITE SELECTION

9.2 S I TE M A SS I NG A N D A L L OC A T I O N 80

9.2 SITE MASSING AND ALLOCATION

81 DIALECTICS OF FORGOTTEN INFRASTRUCTURE: THE REDEVELOPMENT OF THE EKANDUSTRIA INDUSTRIAL PARK.

Figure 46: The proposed program based on the requirements of the site. [Images], Available from https://www.vecteezy.com/vector-art/2216036

9.2.1 THE PROPOSED PARTI DIAGRAM OF THE SELECTED SITE WITH PROPOSED PROGRAMS.

Figure 47: The

proposed program based on the requirements of the site.

3. CONNECTIONS Proposed walkways that interconnect the site on various levels to promote the concept of unity and show how the combination of ideas could create better solutions. The intervention on a small village’s principles and how elders communicate. The main components are situated around the central space, which functions as a village square. The space where the different users and visitors of the building meet each other. 4. PLACEMAKING A place to be heard, perform, read, socialise, debate, and feel taller, an open area where the community can unite (Community meetings) and a space for functions or recreational events. The intervention of a proposed multi-functional community hall. 5. EDUCATION Introduction of a muti-purpose school meant to serve all community members regardless of age. The design of the space could serve as an information centre, a primary school and a night school for the elderly and working community members. The step floor variation further contributes to the learning zone, allowing for different activities simultaneously.

9.2 SITE MASSING AND ALLOCATION

2. INNOVATION Community innovation hubs offer farming courses, feeding schemes, and computer classes to bring innovation to the deteriorating industrial park. In addition, the introduction of material research and advanced methods could teach the locals new skill sets and farming techniques.

83 DIALECTICS OF FORGOTTEN INFRASTRUCTURE: THE REDEVELOPMENT OF THE EKANDUSTRIA INDUSTRIAL PARK.

1. INDUSTRIAL EVOLUTION Spaces modulated to create interactive spaces with more considerable opportunities for the community. An intervention about widening the variety of experiences while encouraging physical activity & interaction. By introducing new types of interest for the township’s community such as open restaurants, public playgrounds, market spaces & communal clinic space.

The introduction of user-friendly access modes makes it easier for the community to access the various parts of the site while promoting public transportation modes. For example, the introduction of the pedestriancrossing to prevent motor vehicularly/ pedestrian accidents and the new proposed bus stop enable all community members to access the site or surrounding areas.

The creation of interactive spaces will provide the community with new opportunities and awareness. These spaces or programs are to include administration offices and open restaurant spaces(public interaction), innovation farming hubs(Where locals can exchange and develop agricultural methods further) and, a multifunctional community Centre (Used as a clinic or sports hall). The proposed educational hubs challenge the existing informal teaching/ learning norms, which are meant to be a school and a community-led project. Meant for the empowerment of community members, a centre that equips the locals with the proper skill sets.

Figure 48: Photographs of the process model, showing the different masses. .

DIALECTICS OF FORGOTTEN INFRASTRUCTURE: THE REDEVELOPMENT OF THE EKANDUSTRIA INDUSTRIAL PARK.

9.2 SITE MASSING AND ALLOCATION

Figure 49: The development of the structural massing 01-03, shows the massing..

Figure 50: The development of the structural massing 04-06, shows the massing..

DIALECTICS OF FORGOTTEN INFRASTRUCTURE: THE REDEVELOPMENT OF THE EKANDUSTRIA INDUSTRIAL PARK.

9.2 SITE MASSING AND ALLOCATION

Figure

51:

Photograph

the

phase

one

the

process

model.

Figure

52:

Photograph

the

phase

two

the

process

model.

DIALECTICS OF FORGOTTEN INFRASTRUCTURE: THE REDEVELOPMENT OF THE EKANDUSTRIA INDUSTRIAL PARK.

9.2 SITE MASSING AND ALLOCATION

Figure

53:

The

proposed

site

plan

development

without

the

context.

Figure 54: The proposed perspective of the conceptual building development.

DIALECTICS OF FORGOTTEN INFRASTRUCTURE: THE REDEVELOPMENT OF THE EKANDUSTRIA INDUSTRIAL PARK.

9.2 SITE MASSING AND ALLOCATION

10.1 TEC HN I C A L R ES O L U T IO N S : S PEC IFI C A T I ON S C O M P O N E N T 92

Figure 55: The development of the selected component to be developed. .

DIALECTICS OF FORGOTTEN INFRASTRUCTURE: THE REDEVELOPMENT OF THE EKANDUSTRIA INDUSTRIAL PARK.

10. TECHNICAL RESOLUTION OF THE COMPONENT.

Figure

56:

The

theory

behind

structural

facade

development..

Figure 57: The development of the structural massing from the existing.

DIALECTICS OF FORGOTTEN INFRASTRUCTURE: THE REDEVELOPMENT OF THE EKANDUSTRIA INDUSTRIAL PARK.

10. TECHNICAL RESOLUTION OF THE COMPONENT.

Figure 58: The types of materials of existing buildings and proposed materials.

Figure

59:

Selected

material

and

the

COR-TEN

steel

aging

period

DIALECTICS OF FORGOTTEN INFRASTRUCTURE: THE REDEVELOPMENT OF THE EKANDUSTRIA INDUSTRIAL PARK.

10. TECHNICAL RESOLUTION OF THE COMPONENT.

Figure 60: The fixing of the selected corten steel panels to existing structures.

Figure 61: Building system specifications.

DIALECTICS OF FORGOTTEN INFRASTRUCTURE: THE REDEVELOPMENT OF THE EKANDUSTRIA INDUSTRIAL PARK.

10. TECHNICAL RESOLUTION OF THE COMPONENT.

10.1 TEC HN I C A L R ES O L U T IO N S : C ON S T R UC TI ON D R A W IN G S 100

1420

1420 1420

408

1420

657

387

386

357

362

647

658

356

362

366

365

364

626

648

657

628 629 630

1460

748

146 0

751

642 637

640 639

641 638

651 652

749

747

746

ISITJIBA ROAD

148 0

711

712

713

714

710

725

726

231

230

233

232

234 235

5/311

246

682

681

679

678

677

SITE 676

675

727

728

229

228

227

226

225

R/311

236

701

MAGNATE STREET

244

IUM

699

700

243 242 241

249

248

247

3/311

240 239 1/311

260

2/311

STR

704 703 702

705

706

707

708

709

735 736 737 738 739

759

741

740

750

193

734

733

732

731

730

756

715

669 670 671 672 673 674 668 ARGENTUM STREET 657 683 663 684 685 687 697696 698 664 695 686 IRIDIUM STREET 694 688 0 721 723 76 690 2 720 689 72 8 717 724 71 680 716

729

MPUMALANGA GAUTENG BORDER

627

631

653

650

334 335

333

655

336

343

340

341

337

350

338

339

342

332

649

656

354

355

353

351

352

742 743 755

757

192 191 190 189 188

187

259

258

257

224

306

388

40 15

177

752

745

744

753

178

179

185

389 349

349

176

180

184

225

222 221

ROAD 513

1540

STR

407

367 349

349

476

175

174

173

375

172

181

226

223

305

IUM

14 80

406

625

ISITJIBA ROAD

646

634 633 632 IRIDIUM STREET

622 623 624

659

645

636 635

660

620

644

621

643 1440

661

358

CADMIUM STREET

405

390 368 369 370 371

377

374

373

372

1/766

1520

171

184

272

IRID

360

404

391

361 JADE STREET 409 384 385

413

403

392

378

396

395

384

393

402

400

401

399 398

379

2/766

3/766

277

1460

422

412

411

413

380

145

432 431 397 AMETIS STREET

433 430

434 429

435 428

436 427

424 423 425 438 437 425

417 415 416 473

418 414

420

421

419 439 451 440

445

444

443

450 441 442

453 454 455

143

146

4/766

147

148

381

449 448 447 448

142

149

1420

382

457 456

452

1460

14 20

1440

130

383

131

141

140

139 150

264

151

182

276

278

1460

1/132

138

263

183

ROAD 513

275

279

267 268 269 270 271

280

TOTAL GARAGE STATION

EKANGALA

1480

1460

RUSTFONTEIN 616-JR ERF 7

1500

1520

40 15

1460

ISITJIBA ROAD

RUSTFONTEIN 616-JR ERF 8

RUSTFONTEIN 616-JR ERF 13

1480

101 RUSTFONTEIN 616-JR ERF 13

1500

1520

EKANGALA TOWNSHIP

RETHABISENG TOWNSHIP

RUSTFONTEIN 616-JR ERF 12

1460

10. TECHNICAL RESOLUTION: CONTRACT DOCUMENTATION. 20 14

137

133

MPUMALANGA GAUTENG BORDER ISITJIBA ROAD

1440

134

262

274

265

273

281

T EE TR

CH RO ME S

14 60

282

1500

1480

1500

152 0

ENKANGALA 610-JR

ENKANGALA 616-JR

1480

1500

CONTRACT DOCUMENTATION

Location: ERF 674 Ekandustria Bronkhorstspruit, 1028 Tshwane, South Africa.

Department of Architecture and Industrial design

(March) MPAR18

Lucia Modipi

Name

214562235

Student number

Sheet No./No.

Dialectics of forgotten infrastructure: The Redevelopment of the Ekandustria Industrial park.

Project description

27/09/2021

Date IN

1. Locality plan

Drawing description

1: 2000

Scale:

29/07/2021

Date OUT

Figure 62: Locality plan not to scale.

1420

SASOL NITRO EKANDUSTRIA

135

136

261 PALLADIUM STREET

EXISTING RAILROAD TRACKS

STREET TUNGSTEN

STRE CADI UM

MPUMALANGA GAUTENG BORDER TUNGSTEN STREET

JADE STREET

KWAMHL ANGA 15 40

1420

1480

1520

ROAD 513

TSHWANE FOOD AND ENERGY CENTER

LOCALITY PLAN SCALE 1: 2 000

ROAD 568 ROAD 568 BRONKHORSTSPRUIT

REET GALE NA ST

1440

60 14

EET GALENA STR

ET STRE TITAN IUM

TITANIUM STREET ET STRE OON ANTM

DIALECTICS OF FORGOTTEN INFRASTRUCTURE: THE REDEVELOPMENT OF THE EKANDUSTRIA INDUSTRIAL PARK.

GSEducationalVersion

TITANIUM STREET

ROAD 568

0 154

40 15

0 154

GSEducationalVersion

Sewer Municipal -1.2m deep. connection 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9

ERF 677

89 14

89 14 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

datum point 100 000 iron peg @ with marked cover manhole Existing

PROPOSED TAXI RANK

Landscaping to specification.

93 14

95 14

ROAD 568

ROAD 568 93 14

1490

NOT TO SCALE

NORTH ENTRANCE PERSPECTIVE

NOT TO SCALE

EAST ENTRANCE PERSPECTIVE

NOT TO SCALE

SOUTH WALKWAY PERSPECTIVE

NOT TO SCALE

Landscaping.

PHASE 2

PARKING

1493

WEST ENTRANCE PERSPECTIVE

Landscaping.

Landscaping to specification.

SCALE 1: 500

5 4

SITE PLAN

DISABLED RAMP (1:12) Profiled concrete

1493

PUBLIC SEATING14 AND COMMUNAL GATHERING SPACES 13

TIMBER DECKING

PEDESTRIAN WALKWAY

PHASE 1

ERF 676 EXISTING REDEVELOPED BUILDING

PHASE 2

1492

NEW PROPOSED BUILDING

1 500

SERVITUDES AND DELIVERIES

1488

1490

PROPOSED TAXI RANK

COMMUNITY GARDEN AND GREEN SPACE

RS VE PA S Y ES C CLA AC AY R N EW LA O IV ICU CTI DR VEH TRU D SE 1:20 OBS OPO P NO PR RAM

PROPOSED TAXI RANK

PHASE 2

PARKING

RS VE PA S Y ES C CLA AC AY R N EW LA O IV ICU CTI DR VEH TRU D SE 1:20 OBS OPO P NO PR RAM

Landscaping to specification.

PUBLIC SEATING AND COMMUNAL GATHERING SPACES

1493

COMMUNITY GARDEN AND GREEN SPACE

1489

14 90

22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10

ERF 675

1493

ERF 674

0 149

1491

51 86

63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73

50 60

RS VE S PA S Y CE C CLA A R N AY LA IO EW U CT IV HIC RU DR VE T D 20 BS E S 1: O O PO P N O AM PR R 1493

RS VE S PA S Y CE C CLA A N

1493

1495

Figure 63: Site plan not to scale. 1493

CLAY PAVERS PROPOSED DRIVEWAY ACCESS RAMP 1:20 VEHICULAR ION NO OBSTRUCT

R AY LA IO EW U CT IV HIC RU DR VE ST D B SE 1:20O O PO P N O AM PR R

3 149

102 1495

1:500

Scale:

29/07/2021

Date OUT

27/09/2021

Date IN

1. Site plan 2. Perspectives

Drawing description

Sheet No./No.

Dialectics of forgotten infrastructure: The Redevelopment of the Ekandustria Industrial park.

Project description

214562235

Student number

Lucia Modipi

Name

CONTRACT DOCUMENTATION

(March) MPAR18

Department of Architecture and Industrial design

Distance A-B = 73.00m Distance B-C = 24.75m Distance C-D = 86.45m Distance D-E = 159.17m Distance E-F = 41.85m Distance F-H = 117.60m

New tree to landscape detail

Existing tree found on site

2. No existing vegitation to be removed unless indicated otherwise. 3.All new landscaping to be done landscape detail 4. Trees

LANDSCAPING NOTES:

NOTE: 1. Datum point = contour level Contour 101 304 = 100 000

540

460 460

540

5 460

12 13 14 15 16 17 18

POLISHED SCREED

ENTRANCE FOYER

Line of drop down bulkhead ceiling above

340 x 540mm off shutter Rienforced concrete beam above.

POLISHED SCREED 100 170

ENTRANCE FOYER

Open riser Mild Steel staircase 2 Tread : 270 x 18 = 4860mm Riser : 170 x 18 = 3060mm

DOUBLE VOLUME

460 455

6 000

460 460

SCALE 1: 100

wc wc

SERVICE ALLEY

shw

460

2x9kg DCP

600

460

SERVICE ALLEY

5 540

2 100

FEMALE BATHROOM AND CHANGEROOMS whb

shw

3 800

460 790

460 CW 7

5 4 3 2 1

5 540 6 455

WALL NOTE : 200mm Thick rienforced concrete firewall min 2 Hour rating

6 000

10mm Expansion joint

Open riser Mild Steel staircase 1 Tread : 270 x 18 = 4860mm Riser : 170 x 18 = 3060mm

6 000

460

18 460 5 540

460

Column note: 460mm x 540mm off shutter Rienforced concrete.

340 x 540mm off shutter Rienforced concrete beam above.

POLISHED SCREED 100 170

STORAGE

5 540

DISABLED RAMP (1:12) Profiled concrete

6 000

460

0 460

Department of Architecture and Industrial design

1:100

Scale:

29/07/2021

Date OUT

27/09/2021

Date IN

Lower ground floor plan (Part 1)

Drawing description

3/8

Sheet No./No.

Dialectics of forgotten infrastructure: The Redevelopment of the Ekandustria Industrial park.

Project description

214562235

Student number

Lucia Modipi

Name

CONTRACT DOCUMENTATION

(March) MPAR18

10. TECHNICAL RESOLUTION: CONTRACT DOCUMENTATION.

WALKWAY NORAPLAN SENTICA FLOOR COVERING TO SPECS. 100 170

Column note: 460mm x 540mm off shutter Rienforced concrete.

5 080

10mm Expansion joint

6 000

WALKWAY

460

12 13 14 15 16 46017 18

NORAPLAN SENTICA FLOOR COVERING TO SPECS. 100 170

Line of concrete slab floor above

CW3

POLISHED SCREED 100 170

LOBBY

CW2

5 540 5 550

WALKWAY

Column note: 460mm x 540mm off shutter Rienforced concrete.

340 x 540mm off shutter Rienforced concrete beam above.

305 x 305mm Galvanished mild steel H section column

6 000

17 080

NORAPLAN SENTICA FLOOR COVERING TO SPECS. 100 170

CW3

30m FHR

Wheel chair turning space 1.5m x 1.5m

SERVICE ALLEY

5 540 4 000

400mm x 400mm uPVC mechanical sump with Mild steel mentis grid cover

POLISHED SCREED 100 170

600

6 000

600 x 900mm Concrete column footing

600 x 400mm Precast concrete stormwater channel.

6 000

POLISHED SCREED 100 170

Curtain wall note : Powder-coated aluminium frames with a laminated glass curtain wall system with glass sliding doors, to manufacturers specification and installation.

3 700

FEMALE BATHROOM AND CHANGEROOMS whb

43 505 5 540 330 2 100

WALKWAY

460 460

6 000

WALKWAY

CERAMIC TILES 100 170

OFFICE 2

CW2

5 540 5 540

305 x 305mm Galvanished mild steel H section column

Line of concrete slab floor above

Column note: 460mm x 540mm off shutter Rienforced concrete.

CERAMIC TILES 100 170

OFFICE 1

CW2

5 540 5 545

CLAY PAVERS 100 085

SERVICES

600 x 900mm Concrete column footing

600 x 400mm Precast concrete stormwater channel.

6 000

LOWER GROUND FLOOR PLAN (PORTION A)

5 4 3 2 1

CW2

7 040 7 040

7 500

whb

CLAY PAVERS 100 000

urinals

whb

DIALECTICS OF FORGOTTEN INFRASTRUCTURE: THE REDEVELOPMENT OF THE EKANDUSTRIA INDUSTRIAL PARK.

GSEducationalVersion

LOWER GROUND ENTRANCE

6 000

4 500

5 460

540

5 460

540

5 460

540

CW1

CW5

CW6

3 960

540

3 960

540

3 960

270 6 000

230 5 730

LIFT 1 FIREMAN'S LIFT 2

460 5 540 270 6 000 230 5 600

Figure 64: Lower ground floor plan(A) not to scale. 244

1 000mm Landing

6 000 6 000 6 000

11 10 9 8 7 6

460

9 270

540

4 500

3 960

540

4 500

COMMUNAL SPACE

3 960

11 10 9 8 7 6

103

CW5

5 460

540

5 460

540

8 7 6 5 4 3

100mm Plinth

7 500L - Low profile storage tank 1

COLD STORAGE

300 X 500mm Rienforced concrete foundation

Line of treated rimber carrier beam above Threaded rod with nuts

10mm Expansion joint

GRANOLITHIC SCREED 100 170

GENERATOR

Water filtration system installed and mainted by the Royal Haskoning DHV

GRANOLITHIC SCREED 100 170

PLANT ROOM

1 000mm Landing

5 770

6 000

SCALE 1: 100

6 000

Side guard panels

DRIVE MECHANISM

10 000

6 000

300 X 500mm Rienforced concrete foundation

5 730

2 000

COURT 4

1 000mm Landing

Recess wheel channel tracks

6 000

10 000

NORAPLAN SENTICA FLOOR COVERING TO SPECS. 100 170

DRIVE MECHANISM

6 000

Power supply and Control box fixed to wall with anchor bolts

DRIVE MECHANISM

6 000

WALL ATTACHED ELECTRONIC RETRACTABLE SEATING

Side guard panels

10 000

Wall Note : 300mm rienforced Concrete retaining wall with one layer Derbigum CG3 "torch on" Waterproofing membrane with 110mm thick brick protective layer.

6 000

68 450

Concrete staircase 2 Tread : 250 x 9 = 2 250 Riser : 175 x 9 = 1 575

1 000mm Landing

Concrete staircase 1 Tread : 275 x 8 = 2 220 Riser : 180 x 8 = 1 440

4 500

TRIPLE VOLUME

NORAPLAN SENTICA FLOOR COVERING TO SPECS. 100 170

6 000

460

POLISHED SCREED 100 170

STORAGE

Column note: 460mm x 540mm off shutter Rienforced concrete.

340 x 540mm off shutter Rienforced concrete beam above.

POLISHED SCREED 100 170

STORAGE

305 x 305mm Galvanished mild steel H section column for additional support.

POLISHED SCREED 100 170

STORAGE

POLISHED SCREED 100 170

STORAGE

Column note: 460mm x 540mm off shutter Rienforced concrete.

340 x 540mm off shutter Rienforced concrete beam above.

POLISHED SCREED 100 170

STORAGE

5 540

6 000

10mm Expansion joint 600 x 400mm Precast concrete stormwater channel.

1000mm Inspections access walkway for maintenance.

Concrete staircase 2 Tread : 250 x 9 = 2 250 Riser : 175 x 9 = 1 575

Concrete staircase 1 Tread : 275 x 8 = 2 220 Riser : 180 x 8 = 1 440

460

1 000mm Landing

18 460 5 540

NORAPLAN SENTICA FLOOR COVERING TO SPECS. 100 170

COURT 3

460

Column note: 460mm x 540mm off shutter Rienforced concrete.

5 080

NORAPLAN SENTICA FLOOR COVERING TO SPECS. 100 170

460

WALKWAY

Line of concrete slab floor above

CW3

5 600 244

WALKWAY

Column note: 460mm x 540mm off shutter Rienforced concrete.

340 x 540mm off shutter Rienforced concrete beam above.

Recess wheel channel tracks

Line of treated rimber carrier beam above Threaded rod with nuts

Power supply and Control box fixed to wall with anchor bolts

DRIVE MECHANISM

600 x 400mm Precast concrete stormwater channel.

1000mm Inspections access walkway for maintenance.

WALL ATTACHED ELECTRONIC RETRACTABLE SEATING

200mm Thick off shutterconcrete cast-in-situ wall to underside of ramp

500 x 250mm Rienforced concrete beam for ramp support

10 000

COURT 2

CW3

NORAPLAN SENTICA FLOOR COVERING TO SPECS. 100 170

2 000

Curtain wall note : Powder-coated aluminium frames with a laminated glass curtain wall system with glass sliding doors, to manufacturers specification and installation.

COURT 1

CW3

NORAPLAN SENTICA FLOOR COVERING TO SPECS. 100 170

WALKWAY

Line of concrete slab floor above

1 000mm Landing

DISABLED RAMP (1:12) Profiled concrete

LOWER GROUND FLOOR PLAN (PORTION B)

17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9

GSEducationalVersion

KITCHEN

POLISHED SCREED 100 170

WASH ROOM

Line of drop down bulkhead ceiling above

POLISHED SCREED 100 170

ENTRANCE FOYER

Line of drop down bulkhead ceiling above

340 x 540mm off shutter Rienforced concrete beam above. 460

6 000

4 500

3 960

540

3 960

540

3 960

540

3 960

540

3 960

540

3 960

540

CW6

CW5

CW6

LOWER GROUND ENTRANCE

450mm High concrete flower box to landscape detail

4 500

2 250

4 500

60mm Thick granite counter @ 915mm above FFL

3 960 58 000 3 960

540

3 960

540

3 960

540

3 960

540

3 960

540

3 960

540

3 960

540

3 960

540

3 960

540

8 460

540

8 460

540

DISABLED RAMP (1:12) Profiled concrete

460 0 460

540 3 960

20 0

6 000 4 500 4 500 4 500

540 3 960 540 3 960 540 3 960 540 3 960

4 500 4 500 2 250 2 250

540 46 460 3 960 540 3 960 540 3 960

9 270 27 000 4 230

230

4 500 4 500 4 500 4 500

540 3 960 540 3 960

Figure 65: Lower ground floor plan(B) not to scale. 540

104 1

Department of Architecture and Industrial design

1:100

Scale:

29/07/2021

Date OUT

27/09/2021

Date IN

Lower ground floor plan (Part 2)

Drawing description

4/8

Sheet No./No.

Dialectics of forgotten infrastructure: The Redevelopment of the Ekandustria Industrial park.

Project description

214562235

Student number

Lucia Modipi

Name

CONTRACT DOCUMENTATION

(March) MPAR18

540

25mm Cement screed to (fall 1°) discharge to 100 dia Mild steel full bore

SCALE 1: 100

460 460 792

SERVICE

shw

30m FHR

104 230

460

SERVICE ALLEY

5 540

2 100

FEMALE BATHROOM AND CHANGEROOMS whb

shw

3 820

WALKWAY

NORAPLAN SENTICA FLOOR COVERING TO SPECS. 100 170

POLISHED SCREED 104 060

460 800

WALKWAY

POLISHED SCREED 104 060

WALKWAY

2x9kg DCP

Wheel chair turning space 1.5m x 1.5m

SERVICE ALLEY

600

POLISHED SCREED 104 230

5 540 3 950

6 000 305 x 305mm Galvanished mild steel H section column

WALKWAY

FEMALE BATHROOM AND CHANGEROOMS whb

shw ALLEY wc 315 x 315mm Mild steel HEB H section second skin shw wc

WALKWAY

460

CLAY PAVERS 100 085 460 3 560 137 600

SERVICES

6 000

POLISHED SCREED 104 230

CW2

5 540 5 540

whb NORAPLAN SENTICA FLOOR COVERING TO SPECS. 100 170

Column note: 460mm x 540mm off shutter Rienforced concrete.

Open riser Mild Steel staircase 2 Tread : 270 x 18 = 4860mm Riser : 170 x 18 = 3060mm

CW2

5 540 5 540

GROUND FLOOR PLAN (PORTION A)

100Ø Fullbore Horizontal Outlet with weep hole let to stormwater channels below.

Mild steel Pergola beams

CW4

340 x 540mm off shutter Rienforced concrete beam above.

POLISHED SCREED 104 230

ENTRANCE FOYER

1000mm High Mild steel balustrade according to sans 10400 Part M

DOUBLE VOLUME

CW2

7 040 7 500

43 500 5 540 2 100

6 000

POLISHED SCREED 104 230

LOBBY

CW2

5 540 5 540 CW 7

460

Open riser Mild Steel staircase 1 Tread : 270 x 18 = 4860mm Riser : 170 x 18 = 3060mm

6 000

5 4 3 2 1

A F3

6 460 5 540

LIFT 1 FIREMAN'S

12 13 14 15 16 18

46017

6 000

WALKWAY

RAMP (1:20) Polished concrete

POLISHED SCREED 104 000

PUBLIC SEATING

NORAPLAN SENTICA FLOOR COVERING TO SPECS. 100 170

POLISHED SCREED 104 060

WALKWAY

6 000

85mm Step up

POLISHED SCREED

WALKWAY

PREFABRICATED CONCRETE SLABS 104 000

WALKWAY

6 000

1:100

Scale:

29/07/2021

Date OUT

27/09/2021

Date IN

Ground floor plan (Part 1)

Drawing description

5/8

Sheet No./No.

Dialectics of forgotten infrastructure: The Redevelopment of the Ekandustria Industrial park.

Project description

214562235

Student number

Lucia Modipi

Name

CONTRACT DOCUMENTATION

(March) MPAR18

Department of Architecture and Industrial design

ERF 67

COMMUNITY GARDEN AND GREEN SPACE

10. TECHNICAL RESOLUTION: CONTRACT DOCUMENTATION.

WALL NOTE : 200mm Thick rienforced concrete firewall min 2 Hour rating

6 000

Mild steel Pergola beams

6 000 305 x 305mm Galvanished mild steel H section column

85mm Step up

DIALECTICS OF FORGOTTEN INFRASTRUCTURE: THE REDEVELOPMENT OF THE EKANDUSTRIA INDUSTRIAL PARK.

GSEducationalVersion

460 460

CLAY PAVERS 100 085 460

SERVICES

6 000

whb

7 500

urinals

6 000

4 500

5 460

540

85mm Step up

4 500

CW1

5 460

D3 D3

540

85mm Step up

CW4

4 500

Figure 66: Ground floor plan(A) not to scale. D3

LIFT 2

11 10 9 8 7 6 CW4

105

5 460

100Ø Fullbore Horizontal Outlet with weep hole let to stormwater channels below.

8 7 6 5 4 3

7 500

Mild steel Pergola beams

25mm Cement screed to (fall 1°) discharge to 100 dia Mild steel full bore

300

5 000

CW5

6 000

5 700

1 000mm Landing

DISABLED RAMP (1:12) Profiled concrete

WALKWAY

SCALE 1: 100

300

6 000

CW6

200mm Thick off shutterconcrete cast-in-situ wall to underside of ramp

11 700

6 000

CW5

POLISHED SCREED 104 060

WALKWAY

300

WALL ATTACHED ELECTRONIC RETRACTABLE SEATING

6 000

5 700

CW6

COURT 2

10 441

NORAPLAN SENTICA FLOOR COVERING TO SPECS. 100 170

502

COURT 1

7 943

WALKWAY POLISHED SCREED 104 060

NORAPLAN SENTICA FLOOR COVERING TO SPECS. 100 170

GROUND FLOOR PLAN (PORTION A)

17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9

GSEducationalVersion

6 000

4 500

540

100Ø Fullbore Horizontal Outlet with weep hole let to stormwater channels below.

CW4

DISABLED RAMP (1:12) Profiled concrete

4 500

2 250

4 500

300

WALKWAY

CW5

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

1 000mm Landing

6 000

5 700

POLISHED SCREED 104 000

WALKWAY

1 000mm Landing

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

TRIPLE VOLUME

5 000

300 60 300

NORAPLAN SENTICA FLOOR COVERING TO SPECS. 100 170

WALKWAY

POLISHED SCREED 104 060

6 000

5 700

CW6

1 998

WALKWAY

300

6 000

5 700

CW5

POLISHED SCREED 104 060

WALKWAY

300

6 000

5 700

CW6

NORAPLAN SENTICA FLOOR COVERING TO SPECS. 100 170

COURT 4

10 000

WALKWAY

RAMP (1:20) Polished concrete

300

6 000

5 700

CW5

Concrete staircase 2 Tread : 250 x 9 = 2 250 Riser : 175 x 9 = 1 575

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

5 000

Concrete staircase 1 Tread : 275 x 8 = 2 220 Riser : 180 x 8 = 1 440

NORAPLAN SENTICA FLOOR COVERING TO SPECS. 100 170

POLISHED SCREED 104 060

WALL ATTACHED ELECTRONIC RETRACTABLE SEATING

NORAPLAN SENTICA FLOOR COVERING TO SPECS. 100 170

COURT 3

10 000

4 500 27 000 4 500 22

1 000mm Landing

300

WALKWAY

6 000

5 700

CW6

POLISHED SCREED 104 060

WALKWAY

POLISHED SCREED 104 060

WALKWAY

POLISHED SCREED 104 060

300

6 000

4 500

2 250

2 250 4 500 4 500 4 500

CW4

9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

Figure 67: Ground floor plan(B) not to scale. 1

Department of Architecture and Industrial design

ERF 67

COMMUNITY GARDEN AND GREEN SPACE

CONTRACT DOCUMENTATION

(March) MPAR18

1:100

Scale:

29/07/2021

Date OUT

27/09/2021

Date IN

Ground floor plan (Part 2)

Drawing description

6/8

Sheet No./No.

Dialectics of forgotten infrastructure: The Redevelopment of the Ekandustria Industrial park.

Project description

214562235

Student number

Lucia Modipi

Name

Mild steel Pergola beams

4 500

106

Mild steel Pergola beams

9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

340 x 540mm off shutter Rienforced concrete beam above.

9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

CW4

Detail 1 Page 7

GSEducationalVersion

SCALE 1: 10

DETAIL 1

EXTERIOR

Weephole

12mm Thick Precast concrete tile

100 x 125mm Saint Gobain iron two way roof outlet - center bolt with 100mm dia uPVC stormwater downpipe , to the water storage tanks below cast in 230 x 460mm Rienforced concrete columns

One layer of bitumen waterproofing membrane , with 75mm side laps and 100mm end laps sealed to primed surface to fall and cross falls by "torch fusion" including protection of 150mm thick layer clean topsoil on thick drainage core and horizontally on waterproofing covered with geomesh pvc coated multifilament wwoven polyster biaxial rienforcing mesh installed above screed to fall to fulbore as per detail

SCALE 1: 100

6 000

500mm Ø Reinforced concrete structural Piles

600mm Thickened reinforced concrete surface bed

Detail 3 Page 8

Curtain wall note: 6mm Thick laminated safety glass safety glass panels fixed with manufacturer specification and installed and mantained by specialist to floor and celing slab.

INTERIOR

Plaster and paint to spec

12 4 500

CW4

255mm Thick rienforced concrete roof slab to structural engineers specification

Expandable polystrene (eps) insulation board 100mm Thick with a density of 16kg/m3 faced on both sides with bitupaper , laid with edges on butt jointed on concrete slab

One layer of bitumen waterproofing membrane , with 75mm side laps and 100mm end laps sealed to primed surface to fall and cross falls by "torch fusion"

one layer bitumen counter flashing

PLASTER AND PAINT

500mm Ø Reinforced concrete structural Piles

6 000

LOBBY

600mm Thickened reinforced concrete surface bed

CONCRETE ROOF SLAB: 170mm Concrete slab to engineers detail with 30mm screed with fall of 1:80 to 100mm dia fullbore outlet with approved waterproofing membrane applied by specialist

Open riser Mild Steel staircase 1 Tread : 270 x 18 = 4860mm Riser : 170 x 18 = 3060mm

6 000

PLASTER AND PAINT

WALKWAY

4 500

DIALECTICS OF FORGOTTEN INFRASTRUCTURE: THE REDEVELOPMENT OF THE EKANDUSTRIA INDUSTRIAL PARK.

Figure 68: Section A-A not to scale.

SECTION A-A

300x600mm Thickened reinforced concrete surface bed on 25mm sand blinding and 250micron Gundle U.S.B green DPM on 150mm thick compacted soil graded layers.

UFFL

96 940

Wall note: 300mm rienforced Concrete retaining wall with one layer Derbigum CG3 "torch on" Waterproofing membrane with 110mm thick brick protective layer.

UFFL

103 060

UFFL

103 060

UFFL

103 060

Ventilator note : H ARV – Helm Automatic Release Ventilator (Fire & Smoke) installed and maintained by Global roofing solutions

PLASTER AND PAINT

WALKWAY

CW4

9 4 500

4 500

CW4

7 2 250

2 250

SCALE 1: 10

DETAIL 2

cement fill to slope of 1:100 for rainwater diversion. cement fill to slope of 1:100 for rainwaconcrete sloped to 1:40 fall towards concrete channel diversion.

85mm Brick paving to be laid onto roof slab.

400x250 prefabricated concrete stormwater channel with galvanised steel mentis grid cover to be layed onto 170mm roof slab with torch-on waterproofing sytem inbetween.

MORELOCK 44.5 X 50 galvanised steel mentis grid with tested 665kg load over 1250mm span layed atopeqaul angles cast into concrete stormwater. 4.5mm Galvanised steel transverse bars @ 50mm cc spacing and 25mm glavanised steel bearer bar @ 44.5mm cc spacing

0.7mm Mild steel flashing fixed by clip to Mild steel HEB column to effectively seal water.

CW4

OUTSIDE

4 500

3 4 500

1100mm High Mild steel balustrade to NBR standard

CW4

2 4 500

500mm Ø Reinforced concrete structural Piles

300mm x 800mm Concrete Thickened slab pad foundation

Roof note: Roof sheeting to be concealed fix Klip-Tite 0.5mm thick light industrial Z300 Galvanished steel sheeting and accessories fixed to steel purlins at 2000mm centers

4 500

165mm x 85mm Spray painted mild steel N bracing truss to engineer's specifications.

INSIDE

27/09/2021

Date IN

1:100 and 1:10

Scale:

29/07/2021

Date OUT

Section A-A Details

Drawing description

7/8

Sheet No./No.

Dialectics of forgotten infrastructure: The Redevelopment of the Ekandustria Industrial park.

Project description

214562235

Student number

Lucia Modipi

Name

CONTRACT DOCUMENTATION

(March) MPAR18

Department of Architecture and Industrial design

305 x 305mm Galvanished mild steel HEB beam

Curtain wall note: 6mm Thick laminated safety glass safety glass panels fixed with manufacturer specification and installed and mantained by specialist to floor and celing slab.

350 x 500mm Rienforced concrete foundation

600 X 400mm precast concrete storm water channel

125mm S.A pine threaded rod

Taylor made adjustable louvre sunscreen & security system

Mild steel gutters and downpipes to comply with sans 3575

646mm x 646mm galvanized mild steel stormwater gutter

Edge detail Page 9

150mm x 65 x 20x x 2.5mm CFLC Purlins to engineers detail

305 x 305mm Galvanished mild steel H section column

10. TECHNICAL RESOLUTION: CONTRACT DOCUMENTATION.

fall

25mm Sand Cement screed on 150mm thick concrete surface bed on 250micron GUNPLAS USB green dpm to engineers specification

4 500

107

Figure 69: Section b-b not to scale.

GSEducationalVersion

CW4

6 000

K 6 000

1100mm High Mild steel balustrade to NBR standard

6 000

305 x 305mm Galvished H section hot rolled steel H-Column

10mm Thick mild steel flat section plate shaped to fit profile show and fixed to lip H section column and N braced roof truss with m15 galv. mild steel bolt

EXTERIOR

75x75x6mm Mild steel angle iron tie beam fixed with m15 galv. steel bolts to 4mm mild steel flat section gusset plate with 50x50x5mm mild steel angle iron struts fixed with m15 galv. steel bolts

0,8mm Galvanished barge flashing prorivited to s10 bracket (also in matching color)

S10 Bracket pop riveted to flashing and roof sheeting

25mm Sand Cement screed on 150mm thick concrete surface bed on 250micron GUNPLAS USB green dpm to engineers specification

CW4

0.5mm Klip- tite concealed fix system roof covering

6 000

170mm reinforced concrete surface bed on 250 micron USB Green damp proof membrane

Standard shopfront glazing

10mm Galvished mild steel base plate

INTERIOR

F 6 000

CW09

1:3 sand/cement screed to protect membrane on 100mm mass concrete base

170mm Reinforced Concrete slab

300mm rienforced Concrete retaining wall with one layer Derbigum CG3 "torch on" Waterproofing membrane

CW4

6 000

DETAIL 4

INTERIOR

KLIP-TITE ROOFING SHEET

165mm x 85mm Spray painted mild steel N bracing truss to engineer's specifications.

SCALE 1: 10

PLASTER AND PAINT

STORAGE

DETAIL 3

6 000

SCALE 1: 10

75x75x6mm Mild steel angle iron tie beam fixed with m15 galv. steel bolts to 4mm mild steel flat section gusset plate with 50x50x5mm mild steel angle iron struts fixed with m15 galv. steel bolts.

150mm x 65 x 20x x 2.5mm Galvanished mild steel Purlins to engineers detail

SCALE 1: 100

SECTION B-B

500mm Ø Reinforced concrete structural Piles

300mm x 800mm Concrete Thickened slab pad foundation

FLO-DRAIN drainage mat pre-manufatured sub-soil drainage system fixed to manufacturers specification

Waterproofing to concrete retainingone layer Derbigum CG3 "torch on" Waterproofing membrane with 100mm side and 150mm end laps sealed as per Eng.spec.

10mm Expansion joint with Ultratech 850020 polyurethane joint sealant

Curtain wall note: 6mm Thick laminated safety glass safety glass panels fixed with manufacturer specification and installed and mantained by specialist to floor and celing slab.

Roof note: Roof sheeting to be concealed fix Klip-Tite 0.5mm thick light industrial Z300 Galvanished steel sheeting and accessories fixed to steel purlins at 2000mm centers

108 E

1100mm High Mild steel balustrade to NBR standard

0.5mm Klip- tite concealed fix system roof covering

HILTI "RE 500" Chemical anchor with threaded rod. to eng spec

305 x 305mm Galvished H section hot rolled steel H-Column

25mm Sand Cement screed on 150mm thick concrete surface bed on 250micron GUNPLAS USB green dpm to engineers specification

CW4

6 000

C 6 000

500mm Ø Reinforced concrete structural Piles

one layer Derbigum CG3 "torch on" Waterproofing membrane with 100mm side and 150mm end laps sealed as per Eng.spec.

LOWER GROUND LEVEL 96 940 UFFL

100mm Perforated GEOPIPE drain pipe

FLO-DRAIN drainage mat pre-manufatured sub-soil drainage system fixed to manufacturers specification

110mm brick wall to protect the waterproofing membrane.

RAMP (1:12) Profiled concrete

600mm Thickened reinforced concrete surface bed

Compacted filling done in layers of max 150mm increments. Filling must be treated with 10yr guaranteed SABS 0400 part J approved oil based termite poison.

10mm Expansion joint with Ultratech 850020 polyurethane joint sealant

UFFL 100 000 GROUND LEVEL

CW4

165mm x 85mm Spray painted mild steel N bracing truss to engineer's specifications.

EXTERIOR

6 000

27/09/2021

Date IN

1:100 and 1:10

Scale:

29/07/2021

Date OUT

Section B-B Details

Drawing description

8/8

Sheet No./No.

Dialectics of forgotten infrastructure: The Redevelopment of the Ekandustria Industrial park.

Project description

214562235

Student number

Lucia Modipi

Name

CONTRACT DOCUMENTATION

(March) MPAR18

Department of Architecture and Industrial design

CONCRETE ROOF SLAB: 170mm Concrete slab to engineers detail with 30mm screed with fall of 1:80 to 100mm dia fullbore outlet with approved waterproofing membrane applied by specialist

Mild steel Pergola beams

305mm x 305mm Galvinished mild steel H column

Detail 2 Page 8

7 500

DIALECTICS OF FORGOTTEN INFRASTRUCTURE: THE REDEVELOPMENT OF THE EKANDUSTRIA INDUSTRIAL PARK.

11. R E F ER E N CE S 109

11. REFERENCES

Anne, P. (2016). The conversation. [Online] Available at: https://theconversation.com/how-europesindustrial-cities-bounced-back-from-the-brink-of-ruin-59776 [Accessed 08 August 2021]. Beck, (2016). History Crunch. [Online] Available at: https://www.historycrunch.com/living-conditions-inindustrial-towns.html#/ [Accessed 16 August 2021]. Bunge, M. (2019). Political Philosophy. In: Political Philosophy Fact, Fiction and Vision. New York: Routledge, p. 449. Campbell, S. (1996). Green Cities, Growing Cities, Just Cities?: Urban Planning and the Contradictions of Sustainable Development. Journal of the American Planning Association ,Vol. 62 No.3, pp. 296-312. 110

City of Tshwane, 2012. City of Tshwane. [Online] Available at: https://www.tshwane.gov.za/sites/regions/Pages/ Region-7.aspx [Accessed 08 September 2021]. City of Tshwane, 2021. Tshwane region seven. [Online] Available at: https://www.citethisforme.com/cite/website/ autocite [Accessed 15 November 2021]. Cote, R. & Hall, J., 2004. Industrial parks as ecosystems. Journal of cleaner production., 3(1-2), pp. 41-46. Davis, B., 2021. MVOrganizing. [Online] Available at: https://www.mvorganizing.org/what-is-adialectical-argument/ [Accessed 25 June 2021].

dti), T. D. o. T. a. i. (., 2021. The dti’s Special Economic Zones Tax Incentive Guide.. [Online] Available at: http://www.thedtic.gov. za/wp-content/uploads/SEZ_Guide.pdf [Accessed 21 August 2021]. Lexico Dictionaries, 2015. [Online] Available at: https://www.citethisforme. com/cite/sources/websiteautaociteeval [Accessed 4 March 2020]. Mbeki, T. 2003. South African Goverment. [Online] Available at: https://www.gov.za/ interview-president-thabo-mbeki-sabc-tv2-16-february-2003 [Accessed 17th April 2021].

Organisation, U. N. I. D., 2019. Unido.org. [Online] Available at: https://www.unido.org/sites/default/files/ files/2019-11/International_Guidelines_for_Industrial_Parks.pdf [Accessed 25 July 2021]. Peberdy, H. a. D., 2017. Gauteng CityRegion Observatory (GCRO). [Online] Available at: https://cdn.gcro.ac.za/media/ documents/Uneven_Spaces_report_2017.pdf [Accessed 25 April 2021]. STATS SA, 2011. Department: Statistics South Africa. [Online] Available at: http://www.statssa. g o v . z a / ? p a g e _ i d = 4 2 8 6 & i d = 1 1 3 8 5 [Accessed 22 August 2021].

111 DIALECTICS OF FORGOTTEN INFRASTRUCTURE: THE REDEVELOPMENT OF THE EKANDUSTRIA INDUSTRIAL PARK.

Mbeki, T. 2004. South African Goverment. [Online] Available at: https://www.gov.za/interviewpresident-south-africa-president-thabo-mbekisabc2-following-his-state-nation-address-2004 [Accessed 7 April 2021].

UNIDO, 2017. Eco-industrial parks. [Online] Available at: https://www.unido.org/our-focus-safeguardingenvironment-resource-efficient-and-low-carbon-industrialproduction/eco-industrial-parks [Accessed 26 08 2021]. Walker, 1951. Brooklyn Daily Eagle. [Online] Available at: https://bklyn.newspapers.com/image/56107858/ [Accessed 09 August 2021]. Witwatersrand, J. T. U. o. t., 2020. Wits.ac.za. [Online] Available at: https://www.wits.ac.za/urbanperiphery/gauteng/ eastern-tshwane-bronkhorstspruit-ekandustria-ekangala-andrethabiseng/ [Accessed 15 February 2021].

112

Lexico Dictionaries, 2015. [Online] Available at: https://www.citethisforme.com/cite/sources/ websiteautaociteeval [Accessed 4 March 2020]. Mbeki, T. 2003. South African Goverment. [Online] Available at: https://www.gov.za/interview-president-thabombeki-sabc-tv2-16-february-2003 [Accessed 17th April 2021]. Mbeki, T. 2004. South African Goverment. [Online] Available at: https://www.gov.za/interview-president-southafrica-president-thabo-mbeki-sabc2-following-his-state-nationaddress-2004 [Accessed 7 April 2021].