Class of 2021_STEINBERG, L by jacques_23

RESTORATION AND INNOVATION THE DESIGN OF AN ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION, WATER HYACINTH PROCESSING FACILITY AT HARTBEESPOORT DAM By LaRouchelle Steinberg

RESTORATION AND INNOVATION THE DESIGN OF AN ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION, WATER HYACINTH PROCESSING FACILITY AT HARTBEESPOORT DAM

“The greatest threat to our planet is the belief that someone else will save it.” - Robert Swan (2013)

by La-Rouchelle Steinberg 215800687

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE

Department of Architecture and Industrial Design FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT

TSHWANE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY Supervisor: Dr MJ Stander Co-Supervisor: Mr L Pienaar PRETORIA Submission: 2021 I

PROJECT SUMMARY Program: Ecological Restoration of the Hartbeespoort Dam. Site Description: Existing processing facility for hyacinth fertilizer. Site Location: Hartbeespoort Dam, North-West, South Africa. Address: 121 De Rust Farm Hartbeespoort, Hartbeespoort, 0216. Coordinates: 25°45’52.8”S 27°49’42.7”E. Potential Clients: Department of Water and Sanitation. Department of Environmental Affairs. HyaMatla Organics. Keywords: Hyacinth Crisis, Recycle, Recover, Remove, Reuse. Theoretical Premise: Restoration and regenerative theory with ways to rehabilitate the dam. Architectural Approach: The exploration of regenerative architecture by means of creating a connection between the site the building and the polluted dam.

DECLARATION

I, La-Rouchelle Steinberg, hereby declare that the dissertation submitted for the M.Arch: Professional, at Tshwane University of Technolgy, in my own original work and has not been submitted to any other institution. All quoted text are indicated and acknowledged by a comprehensive list of refrences. – La-Rouchelle Steinberg

III

ABBREVIATIONS

ARC - Agricultural Research Council CBC - Centre for Biological Control DEA - Department of Environmental Affairs DEFF - Department of Environmental Affairs, Forestry and Fisheries DFFE - Department of Forestry, Fisheries and the Environment DWAF - The Department of Water Affairs and Forestry DWS - Department of Water and Sanitation HDRP - Hartbeespoort Dam Remediation Programme NWDACE - North West Department of Agriculture, Conservation and Environment

GLOSSARY

Evapotranspiration - The sum of water evaporation and transpiration from a surface area into the atmosphere. Eutrophication - Excessive plant and algae growth due to the increased availability of one or more limiting growth factors needed for photosynthesis, such as sunlight, carbon dioxide, and nutrient fertilizers. Jetsam - Unwanted material or goods that have been thrown overboard from a water vessel and washed ashore. Sediment - Natural occurring material that is broken down by processes of weathering and erosion.

AUTHORS NOTE Thank you for taking the time to read this dissertation. I hope this project can make an impact towards awareness of the Hartbeespoort Dam’s current state as many aspects are overlooked and more can be done to restore it. The intent of the dissertation is to showcase the broad spectrum that water hyacinths can be used for. The project has room for development and the building can still function with a different program as the dam starts to restore over time. The building can still be utilised within the field of architecture with alternative programs such as a research facility or information centre in future.

FIGURE 0.1 : Portrait (Author, 2021)

ABSTRACT This dissertation will investigate methods to improve the freshwater and hyacinth crisis in Hartbeespoort Dam. The research will focus on the history of the site and on the crisis. The proposed outcome provides information for the building of a processing facility and production plant that will function as an ecological restoration facility utilising hyacinth to produce a fertiliser as a source of income, therefore using hyacinth in the war against itself. The main problem created by the crisis is water loss through evapotranspiration. The hyacinth forms a barrier to the water flow, which increases sedimentation, and causes flooding and soil erosion. Fishing, as a resource for local communities, is being impacted. There has been a change in the properties of the water in the ecosystem, leading to detrimental effects on plants and animals. Cultivation in the area is also threatened. The expected outcome is to produce a building to remove the hyacinth and create fertiliser and involve the community. Keywords: Hyacinth crisis, recover, rehabilitate, remove, restore, reuse.

FIGURE 0.2: Water Hyacinth (Author, 2021)

VII

CONTENTS Chapter

Chapter

INTRODUCTION

THE WATER HYACINTH

1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9

2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7

Outline of Brief............................... 4 Importance of Study.................... 5 Problem Statement...................... 7 Objectives..................................... 8 Research Questions...................... 9 Hypothesis..................................... 9 Delimitations.................................. 10 Methodology................................ 11 Proposed Clients........................... 11

Chapter

Aspects of Water......................... Origin and Anatomy................... Hyacinths across the World......... Major Impacts.............................. Hyacinth Crisis.............................. Alternative Uses............................ DWARF Program..........................

Chapter

CONTEXT AND SITE ANALYSIS 14 16 20 22 26 32 33

3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9

Ecology of Hartbeespoort Dam. Site Location................................. Site History..................................... History Timeline............................. History of Hyacinth Growth......... Context and Site Analysis............ History of the Site.......................... Existing Site Photos....................... Climate Study...............................

Chapter

DESIGN RESOLUTION

TECHNICAL RESOLUTION

CONCLUSION

7.1 7.2

8.1 8.2 8.3

9.1

Design Resolution.......................... 126 Activity Spine................................. 128

Specifications................................ 158 Materials......................................... 166 Contract Documentation............ 168

36 38 40 44 46 48 55 56 61

Conclusion..................................... 181

CONTENTS Chapter

Chapter

CONCEPT AND PRECEDENTS 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 4.10

Concept........................................ Conceptual Solutions.................. Criteria for Analysing.................... Bigwood Residents....................... Westcliff Pavilion........................... Brown Sugar Factory.................... Oliver’s Ridge................................ Wirra Willa Pavilion........................ Production Plant 4.0..................... Application....................................

Chapter

PROGRAMME AND THEORY 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73

5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7

Current Programme..................... Proposed Programme.................. User Classification......................... Spatial Requirements................... Accomodation List....................... Theoretical Approach................. Sustainability.................................

Chapter

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT 77 80 88 88 88 89 90

6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.9

Zoning............................................ Design Principles........................... Design Generators........................ Massing Models............................. Site Development......................... Model Exploration......................... Design Development................... Circulation..................................... Section Development..................

Chapter

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

APPENDIX A,B&C

BIBLIOGRAPHY

10.1

11.1 11.2 11.3

12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5

Special Thanks............................... 184

Final Exhibition Photographs........ 188 Final Posters.................................... 194 Speech........................................... 202

104 104 105 106 108 112 116 122 123

Editor’s Certificate........................ Plagarism Checker...................... References................................... List of Figures................................. List of Tables..................................

208 208 209 212 218

CHAPTER

ONE

Introduction

Introduction The aim of this chapter is to explain the analytical part of the brief outline, the importance of the study and the research questions which set out the aim of the project and how it will be achieved. This chapter includes the problem statement, hypothesis, delimitations, methodology and proposed clients, which will be discussed in detail.

INTRODUCTION THE DESIGN OF AN ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION, WATER HYACINTH PROCESSING FACILITY AT HARTBEESPOORT DAM

1.1 Outline of Brief

Through observation and documentation of the Hartbeespoort Dam ecology, this study will strive to contribute to the environment by removing the hyacinth. The planned architectural intervention will aim to harness and capture a working building that will interact with the dam to form the processing and production facility, thereby eliminating the negative effects of the hyacinth. According to Frederick (2007:81), mechanical processes have predetermined outcomes, but creative processes strive to produce something that has not existed before. This dissertation aims to present the concept of sustainability and, as a technical application, to intervene in a natural system to replace the conventional water filtration technology. This proposed approach presents biotechnology and the water hyacinth as the basis of a filtration system in the context of Hartbeespoort Dam. FIGURE 1.1: Water Hyacinths in Dam (Infrastructure News, 2019)

This study contributes to finding solutions and increasing knowledge regarding the future growth of the ecosystem related to the area under study. The site is located at Hartbeespoort Dam, situated in the North West Province of South Africa, 35km west of Pretoria. The focus of the study is the restoration of the dam and the rehabilitation of the ecosystem by producing a fertiliser out of the water hyacinth. The site and context form the basis for generating a responsive and sustainable design solution. The context informs and influences the design response by which the proposed facility will connect and benefit the natural environment and communities. The site definition and appraisal describe the history, purpose, natural, and artificial features of Hartbeespoort Dam. The proposed site has direct access through the main gate of the De Rust Angling Resort. Owing to the distinct odour caused by the hyacinth processing facility, the site has been strategically placed so that the surrounding residents will not be affected by the odour.

It is important to note that the proposed site for this building is on a piece of land currently used for hyacinth removal. The site is owned by the Department of Water and Sanitation and The Department of Environmental Affairs. The existing site is using the harvested hyacinth and turning it into fertiliser. The proposed project will collaborate with the existing site programme and investigate ways to incorporate new alternatives into the existing programme to create space for growth and development. This centre will aid in developing an environment in the Hartbeespoort Dam area to become a platform for dialogue and remediation relating to sustainable water and hyacinth management awareness. The proposed facility will assist in the harvesting of hyacinth plants as a resource in the production of hanging transpiration and of dewatering, cutting, pulping, and drying; thereby disposing of the contaminants within the waterscape and shoreline to start the rehabilitation.

This invention and method are suitable for the utilisation of the water hyacinth and can ensure a supply of water hyacinth material all year round. The hyacinth invasion has created an established seed bank within the dam, resulting in a long-term problem which has led to the need for such a project. The long duration of the problem has resulted in a negative impact on the water quality and creates a challenging environment for fish and wildlife to survive. The growth of the plant has alsocreated a problem for those who practice water sport on the dam. The locals, who use the dam daily, are unable to utilise the dam for recreation. The hyacinth blocks canals that are used by farmers to water their crops, making it harder for them to produce a constant food supply and necessitating alternative access to water. The proposed facility will become a point of reference for those striving to establish a healthy environment at the dam. This facility will help Hartbeespoort to regain what it has lost to this invasive plant.

THE DESIGN OF AN ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION, WATER HYACINTH PROCESSING FACILITY AT HARTBEESPOORT DAM

1.2 Importance of Study

THE DESIGN OF AN ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION, WATER HYACINTH PROCESSING FACILITY AT HARTBEESPOORT DAM

INTRODUCTION

1.3 Problem Statement

Due to this problem the ecosystem that the dam provides for local wildlife, fish, and birds is slowly deteriorating. The hyacinth plants create a breeding ground for diseases as they cover large areas of the water surface. This invasive plant removes oxygen from the water, and fish die due to this lack. The hyacinth infestation consumes so much of the dam water that it stunts the water supply to surrounding farmers, who rely on the water for crop irrigation.

As it covers so much of the water surface, it makes it nearly impossible for boat cruises to travel the entire dam.

Environmental problems of the dam:

Apart from that, the hyacinth plants also have a very strong and disturbing odour, which makes it unpleasant for tourists to visit the lakeside restaurants.

• Poor water quality. • Impaired wetlands and shoreline. • Reduction in desirable fish species. • Rise in pollution and litter. • Rise in hyacinth and algae. • Growth in sediments and jetsam.

Another part of the problem is that of the nutrient build-up in the dam. This is caused by the dam wall itself.

Summary of all the solutions carried out to date:

Water nutrients cannot flow past the dam wall, resulting in a nutrient build-up from the rivers flowing into the dam. The nutrient build-up helps the hyacinth to grow and that causes the hyacinth crisis to increase in severity.

• Wetland creation. • Prevention of inflow of sewage and fertiliser at the source. • Filtering out of algae and hyacinth. • Barrier creation at river inflow to stop pollution. • Shoreline rehabilitation. • Restricted fishing zones to increase.

Thus, it has a huge effect on the local economy, making it harder for farmers to produce crops. The hyacinth problem also creates difficulties for the tourism industry surrounding the dam. LEFT - FIGURE 1.2: Hartbeespoort Dam Crisis (SABBEX Boating SA, 2021) TOP - FIGURE 1.3: Hyacinth Infestation (Author, 2021)

THE DESIGN OF AN ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION, WATER HYACINTH PROCESSING FACILITY AT HARTBEESPOORT DAM

Currently, the situation at Hartbeespoort Dam is dire and needs to be addressed. The problem is that the mineral build-up and hyacinth infestation causes massive problems for the environment surrounding the dam as well as to the dam itself.

INTRODUCTION THE DESIGN OF AN ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION, WATER HYACINTH PROCESSING FACILITY AT HARTBEESPOORT DAM

1.4 Objectives

The objective of this research is to achieve a responsive and eco-sustainable environment by creating a centre that will educate, process, and create community involvement. The project will explore architecture and design as a transformative agent for the geological and biological environments of the area. The relation between aquatic and terrestrial environments will be explored through architecture that will link the marginal territory between land and water. The architectural goals and constraints will shape the architecture and design process and provide the scope for the exercise. The implementation of architecture will act as a mediator for the remediation of the ecological and biological environments through exploring a synergistic public and technology interface. FIGURE 1.4: Water Hyacinth Sketch (Author, 2021)

•

THE MAIN/CENTRAL QUESTION

How can the design of an ecological restoration water hyacinth processing facility contribute to the removal and lessening of water hyacinth plants? •

THE SUB-QUESTIONS

How will processing the water hyacinth into a fertiliser contribute to the treatment of the contaminated water? How does the hyacinth crisis affect the local community? How relevant is the facility in the lives of people who use the dam or live around it? How will this facility negate the problem in the future and what are the benefits that it will bring to the community?

1.6 Hypothesis By exploring the effects that the water hyacinth has on the dam and extracting the invasive plant, the facility that will be implemented will reduce the hyacinth levels as well as lead to the restoration of the dam over time. The processing aspect of the building will contribute to environmental repair and reduce the hyacinth seed bank over time, while there will be further research on the hyacinth.

THE DESIGN OF AN ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION, WATER HYACINTH PROCESSING FACILITY AT HARTBEESPOORT DAM

1.5 Research Questions

THE DESIGN OF AN ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION, WATER HYACINTH PROCESSING FACILITY AT HARTBEESPOORT DAM

INTRODUCTION

1.7 Deliminations • Owing to the noise and harsh odours from the hyacinth production, this facility will be structured in a less-populated area around Hartbeespoort Dam. • The focus of this facility will be to deal with the processing of the water hyacinth plants into usable fertiliser as well as removing the water hyacinth from the dam. • Research will be done on the effect the hyacinth has on the environment, community, and use of the dam, to prove the eligibility of the thesis.

FIGURE 1.5: Water Hyacinth (Dustin’s Fishtanks, 2021)

The methodology for this study will be qualitative and will stem from literature and precedent studies as well as from an observation of the site. The study will be based on the premise of a post-positivism philosophy as the information derived will be from sensory experience that interprets reason and logic. Historical patterns will be investigated, and a comparative analysis conducted through which the data will be interpreted to draw conclusions.

1.9 Proposed Clients The proposed clients for the project will be the following: • The Department of Environmental Affairs, Forestry and Fisheries (DEFF) since it is mandated to protect the environment for the benefit of future generations. The Department will benefit from this facility because it will help to rehabilitate the environment.

FIGURE 1.6: DEFF Logo (Environment, 2021)

• The Department of Water and Sanitation (DWS) will benefit from this facility as it seeks to improve the water quality of the environment and surroundings.

The secondary research approach is the process for the collection of data. This will be carried out through a literary review of books, journals, site visits, and electronic resources. This dissertation aims to obtain an understanding of the implications that the dam has on the environment and on ecology.

FIGURE 1.7: DWS Logo (DWS, 2021)

• Hya Matla Organics is a proposed client since it runs the current programme on the proposed site. This facility will benefit the company for future developments and provide a space where visitors can be involved in the processing of hyacinth.

FIGURE 1.8: HyaMatla Logo (Hyamatla Organics, 2021)

THE DESIGN OF AN ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION, WATER HYACINTH PROCESSING FACILITY AT HARTBEESPOORT DAM

1.8 Methodology

THE DESIGN OF AN ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION, WATER HYACINTH PROCESSING FACILITY AT HARTBEESPOORT DAM

TWO

The Water Hyacinth

Introduction In this chapter the aim is to explain the aspects of water, the origin and anatomy of the water hyacinth, the major impact of the water hyacinth across the world and in South Africa. Furthermore, this chapter will present research with regards to the water hyacinth crisis and why it is an ongoing problem to further justify the motive for the project.

THE DESIGN OF AN ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION, WATER HYACINTH PROCESSING FACILITY AT HARTBEESPOORT DAM

CHAPTER

THE WATER HYACINTH THE DESIGN OF AN ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION, WATER HYACINTH PROCESSING FACILITY AT HARTBEESPOORT DAM

2.1 Aspects of Water

The nature and quality of water constitute a major design generator in the formation and functioning of the proposed research, ecological restoration, and the hyacinth processing facility. It is therefore imperative that the phenomenon of water be considered and studied as a reference for the design of this facility. Rainwater feeds both above-groundand below-ground sources. Water is essential to sustain life. From drinking fountains to bespoke toilets and aqueducts, water is continuously used in our built environment. To understand water in architecture, we need to understand the architecture of water. Water possesses no distinct design properties; instead, its visual characteristics are directly dependent on external factors. FIGURE 2.1: Importance of Water (Author. 2021)

The environmental context and forces directly bear on and affect the visual and practical qualities of water. Water is literally and figuratively reflective of its surroundings (Booth, 1990:254). Understanding the influences that cause water to achieve the desired visual effect represents a major challenge for designers.

The original source of drinking water is rainwater. Rainwater falls on the earth where part of it drains off the surface into streams and rivers while the rest penetrates the ground to feed the underground supplies.

2.1.2 Water Cycle A portion of the world’s natural water is in a continual cycle of evaporation and rainfall. This cycle encompasses an ongoing exchange between the atmosphere, surface water, soil water, groundwater, and plants, referred to as the hydrological cycle.

2.1.3 Fauna and Flora Water is essential for the proliferation of life. Water is transparent, allowing sunlight to penetrate deeply, creating a habitable environment for aquatic fauna and flora. Plants, algae and other species of bacteria make use of photosynthesis to create their food.

2.1.4 Hydrodynamics Hydrodynamics refers to the study of fluids in motion. Water has formed the foundation of the earth and sculpted the landscapes around it. Water in motion can erode some of the hardest materials on earth, producing magnificent natural sculptures and phenomena.

THE DESIGN OF AN ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION, WATER HYACINTH PROCESSING FACILITY AT HARTBEESPOORT DAM

2.1.1 Sources of Water

THE DESIGN OF AN ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION, WATER HYACINTH PROCESSING FACILITY AT HARTBEESPOORT DAM

THE WATER HYACINTH

2.2 Origin and Anatomy of the Water Hyacinth The water hyacinth is a type of floating aquatic weed native to South America in the Amazon basin in Brazil and Peru. Humans have been the main propagators of its spreading to more subtropical and tropical parts of the world since the 1800s. The main reasons for the expansion of the water hyacinth are water conditions and climate. The hyacinth weed has a substantially negative impact on the aquatic ecosystem, on hydrology, and on socioeconomics. The hyacinth plant is variable in size and consists of a shape that has six to 10 leaves attached to a stem and a well-developed fibrous root system. When the plants are in an uncrowded space, they have stems that are usually shorter than 30cm, and when in dense spaces the plants are longer, can stand taller and can have petioles that are up to 1,5m in length.

FIGURE 2.2: Anatomy of the Water Hyacinth (Author, 2021)

THE DESIGN OF AN ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION, WATER HYACINTH PROCESSING FACILITY AT HARTBEESPOORT DAM

LEFT- FIGURE 2.3: Water Hyacinth Flower (Unsplash, 2021) MIDDLE - FIGURE 2.4: Anatomy of the Water Hyacinth (Author, 2021) RIGHT - FIGURE 2.5: Anatomy of the Water Hyacinth (Author, 2021)

THE DESIGN OF AN ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION, WATER HYACINTH PROCESSING FACILITY AT HARTBEESPOORT DAM

THE WATER HYACINTH

The plant itself is up to 50cm high and can have up to 23 flowers. Each water hyacinth blossom consists of six lavendercoloured petals. The flowers open together, starting at night and completing the process in the morning. Each pod of the flower contains up to 450 seeds and each is about 1mm x 4mm in size. The optimum temperature for growth is 25°Celsius to 30°Celsius, and it ceases to grow when the water temperature is above 40°Celsius or below 10°Celsius. The water hyacinth can endure brief periods of freezing, and it triumphs in supplemented rich waters, especially if the water is rich in nitrogen and potassium. It grows in shallow transitory lakes, wetlands and bogs, slow-streaming waters, reservoirs, lakes, and waterways.

THE DESIGN OF AN ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION, WATER HYACINTH PROCESSING FACILITY AT HARTBEESPOORT DAM

LEFT- FIGURE 2.6: Water Hyacinth Flower (GoodFon, 2021) TOP - FIGURE 2.7: Water Hyacinth Flower (Author, 2021) BOTTOM - FIGURE 2.8: Water Hyacinth Flower (Author, 2021)

THE WATER HYACINTH THE DESIGN OF AN ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION, WATER HYACINTH PROCESSING FACILITY AT HARTBEESPOORT DAM

2.3 Hyacinths Across the World

Owing to the striking flowers of the water hyacinth, it was deliberately introduced into botanical gardens of various countries, and then was found scattered in most of the Caribbean islands and South America. It was first recorded in 1884 in New Orleans, in the United States and this spread continued to Florida, and to North Carolina and South Carolina. The plant was thereafter spotted in Egypt, Java, India, and Australia at the end of the 19th century. The water hyacinth is currently present on five continents and in more than 50 countries around the world. It is generally found in subtropical and tropical regions between 39° North and 39° South. Without natural enemies, the water hyacinth forms thick, impervious mats across water surfaces, which limits their utilisation and degrades the aquatic system.

Water Hyacinth Population

FIGURE 2.9: Water Hyacinth Population Across the World (Research Gate, 2021)

THE DESIGN OF AN ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION, WATER HYACINTH PROCESSING FACILITY AT HARTBEESPOORT DAM

FIGURE 2.10: Water Hyacinth Population Across South Africa (Research Gate, 2021)

THE WATER HYACINTH THE DESIGN OF AN ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION, WATER HYACINTH PROCESSING FACILITY AT HARTBEESPOORT DAM

2.4 Major Impacts of the Water Hyacinth

Economic: • Interferes with water transport, and access, being expensive to remove. • Interferes with navigation. • Interferes with uses of aquatic systems. • Decreases valuable water surface regions for fishing. • Clogs irrigation canals and pumps. FIGURE 2.11: Water hyacinth obstructing boat access (Author, 2021)

Environmental: • It reduces light penetration, causing chemical changes in the water pH, temperature, natural oxygen, and supplement levels. The fish die from a decline in oxygen. • It outcompetes indigenous aquatic macrophytes and is liable for radical changes in the plant community, which implies negative impacts in native species of invertebrates, fish, and birds. • When mats decompose, dissolved oxygen levels are reduced and the sedimentation of rivers, lakes, and impoundments increases.

Social and Health: • A decrease in quality and the amount of drinking water is created by strong odours, colour, and taste. • With water quality reduction, snails, mosquitoes, and different life forms related to human diseases (jungle fever, schistosomiasis, encephalitis, filariasis, and cholera) are encouraged. • The water hyacinth disturbs water transport by different vessels, hindering the access of individuals to fishing grounds and water sport activities.

THE DESIGN OF AN ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION, WATER HYACINTH PROCESSING FACILITY AT HARTBEESPOORT DAM

FIGURE 2.12: Methods of controlling the Water Hyacinth (Author, 2021)

THE DESIGN OF AN ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION, WATER HYACINTH PROCESSING FACILITY AT HARTBEESPOORT DAM

THE WATER HYACINTH

THE DESIGN OF AN ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION, WATER HYACINTH PROCESSING FACILITY AT HARTBEESPOORT DAM

LEFT - FIGURE 2.13: Removal of Water Hyacinth (Global Times, 2021) RIGHT - FIGURE 2.14: 7 Harmful Effects of the Water Hyacinth (Author, 2021)

THE WATER HYACINTH

2.5 Hyacinth Crisis

THE DESIGN OF AN ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION, WATER HYACINTH PROCESSING FACILITY AT HARTBEESPOORT DAM

2.5.1 The Hyacinth Crisis at Present

The hyacinth has acquired its standing in terms of ‘invasive potential, negative impact on aquatic ecosystems, and the cost it necessitates to control it’, as indicated by the Agricultural Research Council (ARC). Water hyacinth plants are described as unconfined buoyant aquatic plants that can produce lilac blossoms that duplicate each 11 to 18 days (Brakpan Herald, 2021). When the water hyacinth has developed sufficiently, it entangles its underlying roots with other water hyacinth plants around it, creating a thick layer that can cover the entire surface of the dam. The temperature and environment make an ideal climate for the aquatic weed to spread and flourish (Brakpan Herald, 2021). In 2017, more than 30 percent of Hartbeespoort Dam’s entire surface was infested by the plant. The hyacinth is ecologically dominant in most environments, with a negative ecological and financial outcome. Water hyacinth infestations lead to decay and degradation of nearby aquatic biomes, limiting water flow as well as jeopardising the community’s access to daily water (Brakpan Herald, 2021). Water sport and activities have had to be suspended at Hartbeespoort Dam because of the existing invasive water hyacinth. With regard to removal techniques and strategies, numerous methods are accessible including removing the aquatic weed, the release of biological agents, and herbicides. Most of the above-mentioned methods are ineffective when they are used in isolation. That said, the most potentially successful technique for suppressing and eradicating the plant is by implementing organic agents, which includes the utilisation of insects (Brakpan Herald, 2021). The Hartbeespoort water hyacinth crisis is a continuous environmental issue and is additionally demonstrative of the conflict between the Department of Water and Sanitation and the Department of Environmental Affairs, in terms of how the Hartbeespoort community and the crisis have been overseen to this point (Brakpan Herald, 2021). FIGURE 2.15: Water Hyacinth Flower (Author, 2021)

An investigation by Rhodes University’s Centre for Biological Control (CBC) has indicated that the probability of completely ridding Hartbeespoort Dam of the water hyacinth plague is becoming progressively unlikely (Richards, 2020). The weed causes rivers and canals to block, which leads to flooding, an absence of water for communities that are reliant on the water sources along the rivers and dams, and harm to boating and fishing. It creates a breeding ground for mosquitoes and other undesirable pests: for example, the bilharzia-carrying snail rots hyacinths which can reduce the quality of the water (Richards, 2020). Rhodes CBC indicates, ‘There is no quick way to reduce [the] water hyacinth at present and until the seed banks are depleted, which will take years, we will still face regrowth from the seedlings every year’ (Richards, 2020). In 1910 the water hyacinth first presented itself in South Africa and spread essentially due to the activities of farmers, aquarium owners, and boaters. The Rhodes study explained that an enormous seed bank already exists inside the dam’s sediment and that the hyacinth blossom can deliver more than a thousand seeds that can lurk in the waters for years (Richards, 2020). According to the CBC, ‘Eradicating the plant is also highly unlikely due to the size of the dam and the extensive seed bank in the sediment, so we have to learn to live with water hyacinth.’ However, the CBC is hopeful that we can discover how to live side by side with the water hyacinth and keep the weed below levels that will not cause further harm to the dam and its encompassing environment (Richards, 2020). FIGURE 2.16: Water Hyacinth (University of Minnesota Extension, 2021)

THE DESIGN OF AN ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION, WATER HYACINTH PROCESSING FACILITY AT HARTBEESPOORT DAM

2.5.2 The Chances of Hyacinth Reduction

THE WATER HYACINTH THE DESIGN OF AN ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION, WATER HYACINTH PROCESSING FACILITY AT HARTBEESPOORT DAM

2.5.3 Future Expectations for the Water Hyacinth Project

The goal is to deal with the infestation of the invasive plant known as the water hyacinth, which is covering enormous zones of Hartbeespoort Dam, without using any form of chemical control. The dam water has a high nutrient level owing to wastewater and pollution. Between January and March of 2020, there was a remarkable decrease in water hyacinth owing to the biological changes that occurs in the water (CBC releases status, 2020). In winter the surface area of water covered by water hyacinth can plummet to as low as two percent. As spring arrives, the water hyacinth starts to regrow, as they have established seed banks that lie within the dam sediment. Every water hyacinth blossom holds hundreds of seeds that stay fertile for long periods. For almost five decades, water hyacinths have infested the dam, which means there is a well-established seed bank. Younger plants are not exposed to insects; this means they develop quickly once summer brings a warmer climate (CBC releases status, 2020). The most inexpensive and effective way of lessening and exterminating the water weed infestations, while being completely environmentally friendly and easy to sustain, is biological control (Rhodes University, 2020). Hence, the Centre for Biological Control (CBC) is carrying out a strategy to continue the release of insects that will immerse the hyacinths. The strategy will be implemented when the insect numbers have increased to a point where they can be released from the breeding facilities (CBC releases status, 2020). It will take years to reduce the hyacinth growth, since there is new growth of young plants each year owing to the endless number of seeds in the dam. This proves that there will never be a quick solution (CBC releases status, 2020).

Of late, there have been reports regarding the hyacinth’s natural agents of control, also known as the hyacinth insects, leaving the water hyacinth on the dam’s surface, and gathering at the light sources of residents’ houses (Kormorant, 2021). While they are a nuisance, this is a positive sign, because the movement of the insects has been confirmed as being connected to a critical decline in water hyacinth biomass because of biological control (Kormorant, 2021). Benjamin Miller of the CBC reports, ‘Around the dam, both the weevils (Neochetina bruchi and Neochetina eichhornia) and the planthopper (Megamelus scutellaris) are recorded as moving off the water.’ Although they are an annoyance, the bugs represent no danger to the well-being of people (Kormorant, 2021). FIGURE 2.17: Water Hyacinth (Southern Living, 2021)

THE DESIGN OF AN ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION, WATER HYACINTH PROCESSING FACILITY AT HARTBEESPOORT DAM

2.5.4 Recent Attempts to Resolve the Crisis

THE WATER HYACINTH THE DESIGN OF AN ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION, WATER HYACINTH PROCESSING FACILITY AT HARTBEESPOORT DAM

The Water Hyacinth Crisis at Present

FIGURE 2.18 - 2.35: Water Hyacinth Crisis at Present (Author, 2021)

THE DESIGN OF AN ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION, WATER HYACINTH PROCESSING FACILITY AT HARTBEESPOORT DAM

THE WATER HYACINTH THE DESIGN OF AN ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION, WATER HYACINTH PROCESSING FACILITY AT HARTBEESPOORT DAM

2.5.5 Conclusion to the Literature

The conclusion from the literature survey indicates that the hyacinth plant is an ongoing problem with no immediate end in sight, mainly owing to the established seedbanks in the sediment. Research on this topic needs to continue because no method works to completely eliminate the species from the dam. By implementing the ideas in this thesis, new methods can be investigated to test for the removal of this invasive plant.

2.6 Alternative Uses for the Water Hyacinth Reviewing the Processes that are possible with Water Hyacinth: • Reviewing the processes that are possible with water hyacinth. • Agricultural feed. • Fertiliser. • Composting material. • Compressed pulp products. • Cultural crafts. • Making textiles. Value added products that can be derived from the water hyacinth. • Paper. • Biofuels. FIGURE 2.36: Value added products (Author, 2021) • Cooking fuels. • Camouflaging fish traps. • Furniture. • Cement aggregate.

DWARF (The Department of Water Affairs and Forestry) has introduced the development of a biological method to remediate the prevailing imbalances in the Hartbeespoort Dam area. The proposed research and ecological restoration hyacinth processing facility form part of this remediation project; hence it is essential to understand the scope and structure of this programme and the role that the proposed facility will play within this framework. Since the early 1970s, Hartbeespoort Dam has been in a state of eutrophication, exerting a negative effect on primary and secondary water uses in the dam. Several projects have been undertaken in the past to address the problem. The Johannesburg, Ekurhuleni, and Tshwane metropolitan areas constitute the upper catchment area and discharge waste into Hartbeespoort Dam through the Crocodile River system. The economic growth in the catchment area has hampered efforts to reduce effluent discharge and improve effluent standards. Accelerated urbanisation, mining, agricultural, and industrial activities in the upper catchment area of the Crocodile River have negatively influenced the quality of the dam’s water. A resource management plan will be developed through the input of local stakeholders concerning features such as integrated planning and sustainable development, recreational activity, and safety surrounding the dam. A water management Institute is to be established in the area and will eventually be responsible for the management of Hartbeespoort Dam and the surrounding environment. The wetlands project will focus on enhancing the functioning of natural wetlands within the catchment area of Hartbeespoort Dam. Artificial wetlands will be introduced and will incorporate identification and mapping, assessing, monitoring, remediation, and management strategies.

FIGURE 2.37: Water Hyacinth Sketch (Author, 2021)

THE DESIGN OF AN ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION, WATER HYACINTH PROCESSING FACILITY AT HARTBEESPOORT DAM

2.7 DWARF programme

THE DESIGN OF AN ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION, WATER HYACINTH PROCESSING FACILITY AT HARTBEESPOORT DAM

THREE

Context / Site Analysis

Introduction The aim of this chapter is to explain the analytical part of the design process. It involves the reasoning and understanding of site location, context, history, and site selection. The site and the analysis provide a platform for site specific design development. This chapter explains the ecology of the dam and provides a climate study that will have an effect on the design process.

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CHAPTER

CONTEXT AND SITE ANALYSIS THE DESIGN OF AN ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION, WATER HYACINTH PROCESSING FACILITY AT HARTBEESPOORT DAM

3.1 Ecology of Hartbeespoort Dam

Dams across the world cause many environmental effects. The Hartbeespoort Dam wall and the reservoir have altered the landscape topography and reduced the biodiversity in the area. The reduction is caused by the movement of organisms in the water. The Hartbeespoort Dam is in a hypertrophic state, which means the water is exceptionally fruitful and supersaturated in phosphorus and nitrogen.

Four methods of controlling vegetation sprawl: • • • •

Physical Control Chemical Control Biological Control Mechanical Control

The eutrophication problem means that there are two main issues: first, the nutrient build-up within the dam, and second, the unbalanced ecology within the dam. The hypertrophic state of the dam is an overall problem. Then again, it can also be used to humankind’s advantage. The effect of this degree of contamination will destroy the entire food chain, making the stream sterile over time, or until such time that adequate rainfalls in the upper catchment are flushes the system. It will require some effort to recover. This dissertation aims to discuss the creation of a facility that will, over time, improve the quality of the water and involve the community to educate and spread the word of the possibilities and importance of rehabilitating the dam.

FIGURE 3.1: State of the dam (Author, 2021)

THE DESIGN OF AN ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION, WATER HYACINTH PROCESSING FACILITY AT HARTBEESPOORT DAM

FIGURE 3.2: Ecological and socio-economic impacts of the invasive water hyacinth (Wiley Online Library, 2021)

CONTEXT AND SITE ANALYSIS THE DESIGN OF AN ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION, WATER HYACINTH PROCESSING FACILITY AT HARTBEESPOORT DAM

3.2 Site Location

The site location for the project will be at Hartbeespoort Dam, North West Province in South Africa. The dam is situated on the eastern perimeter of the province, with Gauteng to the east. Cities around Hartbeespoort are Brits, located 20km to the north; Rustenburg, located 60km to the west; Johannesburg, 40km south; and Pretoria, approximately 35km to the east.

FIGURE 3.3: Site Location (Author, 2021)

The dam lies in a valley north of the Witwaterberg mountain range towards the south of the Magaliesberg mountain range on the farm Hartbeespoort, also known as Schoemansrust.

THE DESIGN OF AN ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION, WATER HYACINTH PROCESSING FACILITY AT HARTBEESPOORT DAM

FIGURE 3.4: Residential areas and site location around the Hartbeespoort Dam (Author, 2021)

CONTEXT AND SITE ANALYSIS THE DESIGN OF AN ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION, WATER HYACINTH PROCESSING FACILITY AT HARTBEESPOORT DAM

3.3 Site History

The farm belonged to General Hendrik Jacobus Schoeman, who played a prominent role in the Boer War and as a mediator in conflicts with indigenous inhabitants. He settled on the farm in 1881 on the eastern bank of the Crocodile River, west of current-day Ifafi. He was born in Pietermaritzburg on 11 July 1840 and died in Pretoria on the evening of 26 May 1901. All the farmstead ruins are currently underwater and were last seen in the mid-1960s, at which time the structures were visible during a drought when the water level was at an all-time low (Mulder, 1980:04). Although unskilled, General Schoeman was intuitive and enthusiastic, establishing a farm school on Schoemansrust in the 1880s for his children and those of the community. He was a successful farmer in the area, who attended to the construction of a dam wall in the Witwaterberg gorge in 1896, situated in present-day Meerhof. The dam was named Sophia dam after his wife and was briefly the largest dam in the southern hemisphere, providing water for 8 000 hectares of agricultural development.

The dam unfortunately washed away with the first flood owing to an engineering miscalculation. Before the construction of the Hartbeespoort Dam, approximately 2 000 hectares of riparian land was irrigated by a system of furrows, which resulted from the innovative thinking of General Schoeman. These furrows were maintained and managed by the farmers for the irrigation of tobacco, corn, lucerne and potatoes. The name Hartbeespoort originated from the regular passing of hartebeest antelope through the gorges (Mulder, 1980:02). The dam was built essentially for water irrigation purposes. Generally, 80 percent of water is utilised for water systems with lesser uses for home-grown consumption. Today water system trenches are provided with 110–150 million m3 of water per annum relying on climate conditions. The dam supplies water to one of the most established water systems in the country, it is a well-known dam in the North West Province and Gauteng. The canal system stretches 64km alongside the Crocodile River and provides water for irrigation to the northern agricultural area.

The system delivers 8,5m3 of water per second. The east canal extends into the north canal, which is 30km long, and the total length of canals is 532km. The canal system played a major part in the topography of the agricultural area, ordering and augmenting the landscape (Mulder, 1975; DWARF, 2009). The topography consists of prevailing grasslands with scattered arrangements of trees in the wetter regions. The summers are warm to hot with dry air, while winters are sunny and pleasant during the daytime, with cold to very cold nights. Hail is not uncommon, while thunderstorms are regular during the summer months, although they do differ in frequency from region to region. The mean annual rainfall for Hartbeespoort is approximately 690mm, with the mean annual runoff in the Crocodile River being 205 million m³ (Bezuidenhout, 2006:67). FIGURE 3.5: Hartbeespoort Dam Wall (Flickr, 2021)

THE DESIGN OF AN ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION, WATER HYACINTH PROCESSING FACILITY AT HARTBEESPOORT DAM

The canal system comprises two main canals, one on each bank, the western being 56km long and the eastern canal 48km.

THE DESIGN OF AN ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION, WATER HYACINTH PROCESSING FACILITY AT HARTBEESPOORT DAM

CONTEXT AND SITE ANALYSIS

The Crocodile River provides the dam with approximately 90 percent of its inflow and flows out of the dam in a north-westerlydirection past the town of Brits.

LEFT - FIGURE 3.6: Dam sluice photograph (Author, 2021) TOP - FIGURE 3.7: Dam wall sketch (Author, 2021)

The waterscape and mountain ranges create specific climatic conditions and wind directions, which are affected due to their proximity to the body of water and to whether they are located on the northern or the southern slope (Mulder, 1975; DWARF, 2009).

The towns of Schoemansville, Meerhof, and Kosmos on the shore of the Hartbeespoort The other 10 percent comprises Swartspruit, Dam were laid out by Johan Schoeman, the son of General Hendrik Schoeman, in 1923. Jonkmanspruit, Sesmylspruit and Skeerpoortspruit. Many tourists and visitors came to these small towns for weekend retreats to enjoy The dam receives its water supply from a the recreational activities on the dam. The 4,100 km² catchment area in the Johannesburg area via the Jukskei and Hennops towns of Schoemansville and Kosmos were ideally located to ensure the permanency Rivers that flow into the Crocodile River. of water supply, even in times of drought, owing to their proximity to the dam wall An important feature of the region is that where the water is at its deepest. the catchment area is traversed by three mountain ranges: the Witwatersrand, After the dam water level was increased Witwaterberg, and the Magaliesberg with the addition of the steel crest gates in mountain ranges, with the dam being situated in the Hartbeespoort valley where 1970, the development of other towns and residences occurred along the shoreline. the Crocodile River cuts through the Restrictions imposed on buildings Magaliesberg. constructed were either to build 1,5m above the high-water level or 45m from the shoreline.

THE DESIGN OF AN ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION, WATER HYACINTH PROCESSING FACILITY AT HARTBEESPOORT DAM

The rivers that feed into the Hartbeespoort Dam are the Crocodile River (south inflow), the Magalies River (west inflow) and the Swartspruit (east inflow).

CONTEXT AND SITE ANALYSIS THE DESIGN OF AN ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION, WATER HYACINTH PROCESSING FACILITY AT HARTBEESPOORT DAM

3.4 History Timeline

FIGURE 3.8: Iron Age (Iron Age History, 2021)

FIGURE 3.9: 1836 (Travel FIGURE 3.10: 1896 (Hartbeespoort History, 2021) with Pierneef, 2021)

FIGURE 3.24: Hartbeespoort Dam Wall (Daddy’s Deals, 2021)

FIGURE 3.11: 1902 (The Coves, 2021)

FIGURE 3.12: 1905 (My Heritage, 2021)

FIGURE 3.13: 1914 (Hartbeespoort History, 2021)

FIGURE 3.14: 1918 (Hartbeespoort History, 2021)

FIGURE 3.25: Hartbeespoort Dam Wall (Harties Cruise Boat, 2021)

FIGURE 3.26: Arc De

FIGURE 3.16: 1923 (Dinge en Goete, 2021)

Triomphe (SA Venues, 2021)

FIGURE 3.17: 1925 (Kormorant, 2021)

FIGURE 3.18: 1926 (The Coves, 2021)

FIGURE 3.19: 1970 (Google, 2021)

FIGURE 3.27: Hartbeespoort Dam Wall (Dronestagram, 2021)

FIGURE 3.20: 1980 (Google, 2021)

FIGURE 3.21: 1990 – FIGURE 3.22: 2007 1995 (Google, 2021) (Google, 2021)

FIGURE 3.23: 2020 (Google, 2021)

FIGURE 3.28: Hartbeespoort Dam Wall (SA Venues, 2021)

THE DESIGN OF AN ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION, WATER HYACINTH PROCESSING FACILITY AT HARTBEESPOORT DAM

FIGURE 3.15: 1921 (Hartbeespoort History, 2021)

CONTEXT AND SITE ANALYSIS THE DESIGN OF AN ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION, WATER HYACINTH PROCESSING FACILITY AT HARTBEESPOORT DAM

3.5 History of Water Hyacinth Growth

July 2002

April 2004

September 2008

February 2010

March 2011

May 2013

April 2014

May 2015

March 2016

August 2017

March 2018

September 2018

March 2019

November 2019

February 2021

May 2021

June 2021

FIGURES 3.29 – 3.46: History of Water Hyacinth growth in Hartbeespoort Dam (Google Earth, 2021)

THE DESIGN OF AN ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION, WATER HYACINTH PROCESSING FACILITY AT HARTBEESPOORT DAM

May 2017

CONTEXT AND SITE ANALYSIS THE DESIGN OF AN ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION, WATER HYACINTH PROCESSING FACILITY AT HARTBEESPOORT DAM

3.6 Context and Site Analysis

Today, approximately 22,000 people live permanently around the dam in Schoemansville, Ifafi, Kosmos, Hartbeespoort, Melodie, and Meerhof, with the numbers increasing due to residential development. It is still a very popular recreational destination with a huge influx of visitors over weekends owing to the proximity of the dam to Pretoria and Johannesburg (Census, 2011). Recreational activities, apart from boating and fishing, include a cableway, a bird sanctuary, a snake park, an aquarium, a zoo, a game reserve, and many holiday resorts. The towns are also home to numerous galleries and restaurants with many upmarket bed-and-breakfast accommodation facilities. However, the poor water quality and algae bloom in Hartbeespoort Dam pose a recreational problem because of the foul smell and unsightliness. This has hampered recreational activities on the waterscape; however, DWARF has taken measures to achieve public health and safety until the remediation programme is in full swing. Although the waterscape does have an unsightly appearance as one drives through the towns, the visual experience and atmosphere are those of a coastal holiday village with lovely vistas and meandering roads (Mulder, 1975). FIGURE 3.47: Algae Build-Up in the dam (Author, 2021)

THE DESIGN OF AN ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION, WATER HYACINTH PROCESSING FACILITY AT HARTBEESPOORT DAM

FIGURE 3.48: Site Location and Context (Author,2021)

THE DESIGN OF AN ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION, WATER HYACINTH PROCESSING FACILITY AT HARTBEESPOORT DAM

CONTEXT AND SITE ANALYSIS

FIGURE 3.49: Site Context and Problems (Author,2021)

THE DESIGN OF AN ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION, WATER HYACINTH PROCESSING FACILITY AT HARTBEESPOORT DAM

CONTEXT AND SITE ANALYSIS

52 FIGURE 3.50: Site Location and Context (Author,2021)

THE DESIGN OF AN ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION, WATER HYACINTH PROCESSING FACILITY AT HARTBEESPOORT DAM

FIGURE 3.51: Site Access (Author,2021)

THE DESIGN OF AN ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION, WATER HYACINTH PROCESSING FACILITY AT HARTBEESPOORT DAM

CONTEXT AND SITE ANALYSIS

54 FIGURE 3.52: Site Routes

(Author,2021)

April 2004

March 2016

August 2017

March 2018

May 2018

September 2018

March 2019

July 2019

February 2021 FIGURES 3.54 - 3.62: History of the site (Google Earth, 2021)

THE DESIGN OF AN ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION, WATER HYACINTH PROCESSING FACILITY AT HARTBEESPOORT DAM

3.7 History of the Site

CONTEXT AND SITE ANALYSIS 3.8 Existing Site Photos THE DESIGN OF AN ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION, WATER HYACINTH PROCESSING FACILITY AT HARTBEESPOORT DAM

Photos of the existing site with the boundaries and equipment.

TOP - FIGURE 3.63: Hartbeespoort Dam Site Photos (Author, 2021) BOTTOM - FIGURE 3.64: Hartbeespoort Dam Site Photos (Author, 2021)

TOP - FIGURE 3.65: Hartbeespoort Dam Site Photos (Author, 2021) BOTTOM - FIGURE 3.66: Hartbeespoort Dam Site Photos (Author, 2021)

TOP - FIGURE 3.69: Hartbeespoort Dam Site Photos (Author, 2021) BOTTOM - FIGURE 3.70: Hartbeespoort Dam Site Photos (Author, 2021)

THE DESIGN OF AN ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION, WATER HYACINTH PROCESSING FACILITY AT HARTBEESPOORT DAM

TOP - FIGURE 3.67: Hartbeespoort Dam Site Photos (Author, 2021) BOTTOM - FIGURE 3.68: Hartbeespoort Dam Site Photos (Author, 2021)

THE DESIGN OF AN ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION, WATER HYACINTH PROCESSING FACILITY AT HARTBEESPOORT DAM

CONTEXT AND SITE ANALYSIS

RIGHT - FIGURE 3.71: Hartbeespoort Dam Drone Photos (Author, 2021) TOP - FIGURE 3.72: Hartbeespoort Dam Drone Photos (Author, 2021) BOTTOM - FIGURE 3.73: Hartbeespoort Dam Drone Photos (Author, 2021)

TOP - FIGURE 3.74: Hartbeespoort Dam Drone Photos (Author, 2021) BOTTOM - FIGURE 3.75: Hartbeespoort Dam Drone Photos (Author, 2021)

THE DESIGN OF AN ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION, WATER HYACINTH PROCESSING FACILITY AT HARTBEESPOORT DAM

Aerial footage of the existing site.

CONTEXT AND SITE ANALYSIS THE DESIGN OF AN ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION, WATER HYACINTH PROCESSING FACILITY AT HARTBEESPOORT DAM

Panorama view of the existing site.

TOP - FIGURE 3.76: Hartbeespoort Dam Panorama Photos (Author, 2021) BOTTOM - FIGURE 3.77: Hartbeespoort Dam Panorama Photos (Author, 2021)

Hartbeespoort has summer temperatures which range, on average, between 18 and 32 degrees Celsius with afternoon thunderstorms from August to March. During winter, nights are cold although the temperature may drop below freezing. The average daytime temperature from May to July is 19 degrees Celsius. The climate in the area is moderate with hot summers and mild winters typical of highveld weather conditions. Summer rain varies between 600mm and 650mm per year because list average temperatures vary between three degrees Celsius and 34 degrees Celsius. The prevailing wind direction in the months between September and March is north to east. In the winter months it blows much slower from the south-easternly direction predominantly.

• • • • • •

Solar principles. Water harvesting and collection. Double glazed windows. Minimize Eastern and Western windows. Maximise North facing windows for light to enter the building. Implement adjustable louvre shading.

FIGURE 3.78: Sunshine Percent (Weather and Climate, 2021)

FIGURE 3.79: Precipitation (Weather and Climate, 2021)

The average wind speed is 8km per hour with a maximum of 28km per hour about 70 hours of the year. Average temperatures in summer are from 18 degrees Celsius to 32 degrees Celsius with a minimum and maximum of 13 degrees Celsius and 36 degrees Celsius. The average temperature in winter is from three degrees Celsius to 21 degrees Celsius with a minimum and maximum of minus four degrees Celsius and 25 degrees Celsius.

FIGURE 3.80: Temperature (Weather and Climate, 2021)

FIGURE 3.81: Relative Humidity (Weather and Climate, 2021)

THE DESIGN OF AN ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION, WATER HYACINTH PROCESSING FACILITY AT HARTBEESPOORT DAM

3.9 Climate Study

Design responses to consider in the construction for the climatic zone:

THE DESIGN OF AN ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION, WATER HYACINTH PROCESSING FACILITY AT HARTBEESPOORT DAM

FOUR

Concept and Precedents

Introduction The purpose of this chapter is to explore precedent studies that will form part of the overall design of the building. Analysing the precedents provides inspiration and ideas for the building and the design process

THE DESIGN OF AN ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION, WATER HYACINTH PROCESSING FACILITY AT HARTBEESPOORT DAM

CHAPTER

CONCEPT AND PRECEDENTS THE DESIGN OF AN ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION, WATER HYACINTH PROCESSING FACILITY AT HARTBEESPOORT DAM

4.1 Concept

RESTORATION AND INNOVATION The primary concept and architectural intervention will respond to the dynamic and fluxing territories associated with the waterscape and natural context. As the primary structuring device, the circulation of the facility will be adapted as a process of autonomous movement between destination cells. The traditional boundaries of exhibition spaces are blurred, and have evolved into a formation of routes and goals, rather than hermetic museum compositions.

FIGURE 4.1: Conceptual Line Sketches (Author, 2021)

To achieve the final proposal, the process of developing the design from concept to design synthesis was initiated as a series of sketches and models that aided in establishing a formal, functional, and spatial order to work from. The design process comprised a dynamic expression of point-to-line-to-volume that narrates the formulation of a relevant solution to the project design objectives that have been described. The proposed building was developed in reference to the conceptual grain of the project, which is referred to as the kinetic architectural system. The system encompasses circulation, structure, form, and function, as well as the relevant design principles and generators.

FIGURE 4.2: Linear Concept Section (Author, 2021)

Parti Diagrams

FIGURE 4.3: Linear Concept Sketches (Author, 2021)

THE DESIGN OF AN ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION, WATER HYACINTH PROCESSING FACILITY AT HARTBEESPOORT DAM

4.2 Conceptual Solutions

CONCEPT AND PRECEDENTS THE DESIGN OF AN ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION, WATER HYACINTH PROCESSING FACILITY AT HARTBEESPOORT DAM

4.3 Criteria for Analysing the Precedents

Analysing precedents aids us in developing a sustainable design response. This chapter focuses on four precedent studies from several locations all over the world. These precedent studies aim to serve and provide inspiration to help with the justification of the project. The precedent studies are selected based on the following criteria: • A secluded building that is placed within a serene space or nature • Principle: merging industrial with nature • Modern/industrial design inspirations and concepts • Programme and function as a factory or production plant • The building forms a connection between the indoor and outdoor spaces.

4.2 Ketchum, United States

4.7 Dresden, Germany

4.4 Lishui, China

4.3 Johannesburg, South Africa FIGURE 4.4: Precedents Location Map (Author,

4.6 Somersby, Australia 4.5 Queenstown, New Zealand

Architects: Olson Kundig Location: Ketchum, United States Year: 2015 Area: 6500m² Background and Analysis The idea for this construction was that it should appear as if emerging from the landscape itself. The eastern elevation of the house is covered, while the two-projecting west-bound wings have unobstructed 270-degree points of view of Uncovered Mountain, Griffin Butte, and Adams Gorge. The house takes advantage of all that the site offers with the setting of its scene, offset by a sensation of being inside. Additionally, two essential fragments have windows facing onto a central yard. The idea was to make a comfortable space that would form a different view of the immense vistas. The clients required a distinguished house that was integral with the desert mountain scene. In achieving this, its lines are harsh; the client calls the style ‘mountain industrial’. There are decks under the cantilevered fragments; it is a two-for-one course of action where there is some covered space in the pre-summer climate while the design allows the house to remain above and beyond the snowline in the colder seasons. LEFT FROM TOP TO BOTTOM FIGURE 4.5: Gallery of Bigwood (ArchDaily, 2021) FIGURE 4.6: Gallery of Bigwood (ArchDaily, 2021) FIGURE 4.7: Gallery of Bigwood (ArchDaily, 2021)

MIDDLE - FIGURE 4.8: Section Sketch (Author, 2021) RIGHT - FIGURE 4.9: Perspective Sketch (Author, 2021)

THE DESIGN OF AN ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION, WATER HYACINTH PROCESSING FACILITY AT HARTBEESPOORT DAM

4.4 Bigwood

CONCEPT AND PRECEDENTS THE DESIGN OF AN ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION, WATER HYACINTH PROCESSING FACILITY AT HARTBEESPOORT DAM

4.5 Westcliff-Pavilion

Architects: GASS Architects Location: Johannesburg, South Africa Year: 2012 Background and Analysis The choice to use steel profiles was trilateral. First, the brief from the customer, and the need to utilise whatever amount of glass on the view side of the property that could sensibly be anticipated. This was effortlessly integrated by putting the aluminium- and steel-illustrated glass windows and doorways between basic steel parts, rather than relying on enormous, heavier parts like the concrete. As shown from an ecological viewpoint, designers Georg van Gass and Clare Eisenstein expected to treat the organic arrangement of the Westcliff Edge carefully, with a low effect on its facade. The objective was to permit the plan to drift over the ground plane, and the only disturbance to the ground was the footings made up of steel sections. The third explanation as to why a steel graph structure was picked was for visual purposes. Fundamentally they required a lovely, elegant building that would allow the use of steel. In addition, this permitted the construction of strong timber floors that mixed flawlessly with the external, durable decking, yet holding the straight, perfect steel edge detailing.

LEFT - FIGURE 4.10: Perspective Sketch (Author, 2021) MIDDLE - FIGURE 4.11: Perspective Sketch (Author, 2021)

LEFT FROM TOP TO BOTTOM FIGURE 4.12: Westcliff-Pavilion (ArchDaily, 2021) FIGURE 4.13: Westcliff-Pavilion (ArchDaily, 2021) FIGURE 4.14: Westcliff-Pavilion (ArchDaily, 2021)

Architects: DnA Location: Lishui, China Year: 2016 Area: 1230m² Background and Analysis This new facility is arranged on the edge of town where the fields are used for agriculture, and replaces private workrooms, which at this point are not providing any specific requirements. The factory includes a couple of design parts, which accommodate different parameters and are related to each other by foyer spaces. The clear glass ground floor connects with the work zones and further to the fields and the abutting town structure. The openness between the construction parts and the unhindered view portrayed in the formation contributes to making the design interesting for visitors.

LEFT FROM TOP TO BOTTOM FIGURE 4.15: Brown Sugar Factory (ArchDaily, 2021) FIGURE 4.16: Brown Sugar Factory (ArchDaily, 2021) FIGURE 4.17: Brown Sugar Factory (ArchDaily, 2021)

MIDDLE - FIGURE 4.18: Perspective Sketch (Author, 2021) RIGHT - FIGURE 4.19: Perspective Sketch (Author, 2021)

THE DESIGN OF AN ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION, WATER HYACINTH PROCESSING FACILITY AT HARTBEESPOORT DAM

4.6 Sugar Factory

CONCEPT AND PRECEDENTS THE DESIGN OF AN ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION, WATER HYACINTH PROCESSING FACILITY AT HARTBEESPOORT DAM

4.7 Oliver’s Ridge

Architects: Team Green Architects Location: Queenstown, New Zealand Year: 2017 Background and Analysis ‘Modern informality; comfortable rustic elegance; sustainable, sense of permanence, textural warmth and richness, low maintenance; bespoke’. – Team Green Architects. This was the brief for this site in Dalefield. This was an immense design exploration which included supporting a stone-covered housetop with precast slabs, considerable railings which conceal the encased construction beneath, while supporting an external facade. This modern design creates an ageless house that will not become dated.

LEFT - FIGURE 4.20: Perspective Sketch (Author, 2021)

LEFT FROM TOP TO BOTTOM FIGURE 4.21: Oliver’s Ridge (Architecture AU, 2021) FIGURE 4.22: Oliver’s Ridge (Architecture AU, 2021) FIGURE 4.23: Oliver’s Ridge (Architecture AU, 2021)

Architects: Matthew Woodward Architecture Location: Somersby, Australia Year: 2013 Background and Analysis The brief was to create a multifunctional space that offered opportunities for visitors to become aware of the scenery. The land is arranged on 80 portions of private property and was settled as a natural product plantation. The design cantilevers over a spring, exposing the occupant to the surrounding environment. It is primarily used as a private, distant spa and guest retreat that supplements the property’s present residence. The use of the structure is multifunctional, and the arrangement of space is versatile and flexible to accommodate various uses during the changing of the seasons.

RIGHT FROM TOP TO BOTTOM FIGURE 4.24: Wirra Willa Pavilion (ArchDaily, 2021) FIGURE 4.25: Wirra Willa Pavilion (ArchDaily, 2021) FIGURE 4.26: Wirra Willa Pavilion (ArchDaily, 2021) MIDDLE - FIGURE 4.27: Perspective Sketch (Author, 2021) TOP - FIGURE 4.28: Section Sketch (Author, 2021)

THE DESIGN OF AN ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION, WATER HYACINTH PROCESSING FACILITY AT HARTBEESPOORT DAM

4.8 Wirra Willa Pavilion

CONCEPT AND PRECEDENTS THE DESIGN OF AN ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION, WATER HYACINTH PROCESSING FACILITY AT HARTBEESPOORT DAM

4.9 Production Plant

Architects: Neugebauer + Roesch Architekten Location: Dresden, Germany Year: 2019 Area: 20000m² Background and Analysis The designated specialists applauded the ‘fitting blend of representative appearance and handiness’ in the suggestion of the organising practice. The obvious, application of thought applied to the structure by the Stuttgart engineers is visible throughout the structure. An enormous, covered façade enables the collecting plant to open out onto the forecourt, where visitors and staff cross while proceeding towards the structure. The glass forecourt has been set back making a visually captivating, covered space. The posts highlight the direct style of the mechanical design. The full height covering offers views into the hall and the cafeteria.

LEFT - FIGURE 4.29: Elevation Sketches (Author, 2021)

RIGHT FROM TOP TO BOTTOM FIGURE 4.30: Production Plant 4.0 (ArchDaily, 2021) FIGURE 4.31: Production Plant 4.0 (ArchDaily, 2021) FIGURE 4.32: Production Plant 4.0 (ArchDaily, 2021)

4.5

4.9

4.7 4.6

4.8

4.5

FIGURE 4.33: Application of Precedents (Author, 2021)

THE DESIGN OF AN ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION, WATER HYACINTH PROCESSING FACILITY AT HARTBEESPOORT DAM

4.10 Application of the Precedents

THE DESIGN OF AN ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION, WATER HYACINTH PROCESSING FACILITY AT HARTBEESPOORT DAM

FIVE

Programme and Theory

Introduction Chapter 5 explains the current programme of the existing site. It further explains the proposed programmes as well as the spatial requirements that are needed, together with an accommodation list and theoretical approach. This chapter will conclude with a sustainability programme for the building with associated calculations.

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CHAPTER

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PROGRAMME AND THEORY

FIGURE 5.1: Site Photo (Author, 2021)

FIGURE 5.2: Site Photo (Author, 2021)

FIGURE 5.3: Site Photo (Author, 2021)

Hya Matla Organics is the company currently active on the site. This company specialises in the harvesting of water hyacinth and the production of organic fertiliser from the process. They have recently refined the intellectual property (IP) of harvesting and converting the hyacinth into world-class organic fertiliser, which requires an extremely precise process to achieve the product. The fertiliser contains 16 nutrients as required by all plants within one product, making it unique. The harvesting of the hyacinth solves a major environmental problem for the 258 communities living around affected dams as well as for government departments that are the custodians of these water bodies. The programme is currently effective there is potential for more and, if managed correctly with community involvement, it can increase the success rate. The architectural intervention will provide a building on site where the fertiliser can be distributed, apart from Hya Matla Organics’s offices in Moreleta Park, Pretoria East, which is currently its only point of sale. RIGHT FROM TOP TO BOTTOM FIGURE 5.4: Site Photo (Author, 2021) FIGURE 5.5: Site Photo (Author, 2021) FIGURE 5.6: Site Photo (Author, 2021)

THE DESIGN OF AN ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION, WATER HYACINTH PROCESSING FACILITY AT HARTBEESPOORT DAM

5.1 Current Programme

THE DESIGN OF AN ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION, WATER HYACINTH PROCESSING FACILITY AT HARTBEESPOORT DAM

PROGRAMME AND THEORY

The current site is an open lot with machinery and containers. There are no buildings or ablutions on the site for staff or future visitors. The programme currently employs about 10 permanent staff and 30 extra staff members in peak seasons. The staff run the programme and remove the hyacinth, dry them, and process them. There is little exposure to the public of the process since the site is hidden from the road. There are also few public awareness spaces regarding rehabilitation of the dam, but by implementing this facility it will remedy this situation.

Harvesting machine.

LEFT FROM TOP TO BOTTOM FIGURE 5.7: Site Photo (HyaMatla, 2021) FIGURE 5.8: Site Photo (HyaMatla, 2021) FIGURE 5.9: Site Photo (HyaMatla, 2021)

FIGURES 5.13: Products (HyaMatla, 2021)

Harvesting machine. RIGHT FROM TOP TO BOTTOM FIGURE 5.10: Site Photo (HyaMatla, 2021) FIGURE 5.11: Site Photo (HyaMatla, 2021) FIGURE 5.12: Site Photo (HyaMatla, 2021)

THE DESIGN OF AN ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION, WATER HYACINTH PROCESSING FACILITY AT HARTBEESPOORT DAM

The product they currently produce and sell.

PROGRAMME AND THEORY THE DESIGN OF AN ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION, WATER HYACINTH PROCESSING FACILITY AT HARTBEESPOORT DAM

5.2 Proposed Programme

5.2.1 Primary Programme The primary aim is to create a public interface along the Hartbeespoort Dam edge that will create a closed-loop system to rehabilitate the dam. The aim of the programme is to introduce the community to natural processes and to foster education about the crisis at hand thereby integrating humans and natural production systems within the immediate context of the dam. The new programme will involve the public and communities by way of a building interface with the existing programme in order to showcase the process and the exhibition. This will help educate the community and provide a space where it can continually remind the population of the history of the water hyacinth, and the associated problems.

Architectural intervention and loop system. FIGURES 5.14: Regeneration (Author, 2021)

FIGURES 5.15: Linear System (Author, 2021)

THE DESIGN OF AN ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION, WATER HYACINTH PROCESSING FACILITY AT HARTBEESPOORT DAM

Architectural intervention linear system.

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PROGRAMME AND THEORY

5.2.2 Secondary Programme The secondary programme will create an interface between the ‘polluted water’ and the population of users, who will be in constant contact with it. This approach will hopefully foster an approach of custodianship for the affected area. The exhibition space will bring awareness of its detrimental. The facility will provide work for 30 staff members in the building and on site. The new programme will facilitate rehabilitation of the site through exchanges between the building, dam, and site programme. As the site and hyacinths are being regenerated, programmes will reflect this by accommodating these changes. The processing facility will not have as many hyacinths in the off-season and will therefore not produce as much fertiliser either.

5.2.3 Future Programme The future programme’s aim is to continue the purpose the building while updating the programme as needed. As the water hyacinth and established seedbank diminishes, and the dam starts to recover, the building can adapt to its new programme for instance creating a research facility, information centre, or venue for future investigations on algae, water hyacinth, and the rehabilitation of infected dams to name a few.

THE DESIGN OF AN ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION, WATER HYACINTH PROCESSING FACILITY AT HARTBEESPOORT DAM

FIGURE 5.16: Communities and Industries Interact with the programme (Author, 2021)

PROGRAMME AND THEORY THE DESIGN OF AN ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION, WATER HYACINTH PROCESSING FACILITY AT HARTBEESPOORT DAM

5.2.4 Fertiliser Programme

The fertiliser will be sold from the facility directly to the public, which will attract people to the facility as well as create movement on the site. The new programme will introduce a liquid fertiliser process in the processing section of the building as well. The benefits of fertiliser in liquid and granular form: Liquid • Ease of handling and application • Ease of blending • Uniformity of application • Starter and in-season application • Blend with crop protection products. Granular • Cheaper in bulk • Easier to store (does not ‘settle out’ over time or ‘salt out’ in cold weather) • More efficient for heavy pre-plant applications • Slow-release options (polymer-coated urea).

FIGURE 5.17: Granular Fertiliser Process (Author, 2021)

1. •

Financial Improved crop response and can be used for aquaponics and larger variety of growing.

2. •

Agronomic You can ensure the crop receives exactly what it needs.

3. •

Convenience No heavy bag handling, easy to use.

4. •

Support Complete support in caring for the crop.

5. •

Uniform application Unlike the granular application, liquid is applied evenly and accurately up to the field edge.

6. •

Fast acting The plant is immediately able to uptake the nutrients provided.

7. •

Variety Creates a bigger client base by adding a new product.

FIGURE 5.18: Liquid Fertiliser Process (Author, 2021)

THE DESIGN OF AN ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION, WATER HYACINTH PROCESSING FACILITY AT HARTBEESPOORT DAM

Benefits of implementing fluid fertiliser into the programme:

THE DESIGN OF AN ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION, WATER HYACINTH PROCESSING FACILITY AT HARTBEESPOORT DAM

PROGRAMME AND THEORY

FIGURE 5.19: Value added of implementing the water hyacinth into the programme (Author, 2021)

THE DESIGN OF AN ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION, WATER HYACINTH PROCESSING FACILITY AT HARTBEESPOORT DAM

FIGURE 5.20: Community involvement and future products that can work with the programme (Author, 2021)

PROGRAMME AND THEORY THE DESIGN OF AN ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION, WATER HYACINTH PROCESSING FACILITY AT HARTBEESPOORT DAM

5.3 User Classification

• Differently abled These are individuals with temporary or permanent physical impairments resulting from injury or disease. • General public The facility comprises various spaces, such as the reception, exhibition space and process facility for the public to engage with. • General staff Consists of several individuals who ensure that the building functions daily. The staff members play a crucial role in the success and flow of the building. These staff members include the following individuals: - Administration staff - Security staff - Cleaning staff - Maintenance staff • Specialised staff These members undertake the rehabilitation process and ensures its success. These individuals play a pivotal role in ensuring that the hyacinth is removed and turned into the fertiliser.

5.4 Spatial Requirements The existing programme removes 120 tons of water hyacinth every year from Hartbeespoort Dam. The proposed building on the site does not require a very large space, as the existing programme will still be present. The existing site is used to dry the hyacinth on the earth and to process the hyacinth into fertiliser. This process is sufficient and does not require change; therefore, the building will take up a small portion of the site to showcase the hyacinth in the new process as well as in the existing process.

5.5 Accommodation List The private spaces of the building: • Storage Facility • Workshop Facility • Offices • Boardroom • Kitchenette • Staff Bathrooms • Server Room The public spaces of the building: • Reception • Waiting Area • Exhibition Space • Public Bathrooms • Production Line • Disabled Bathrooms • Social Interaction Spaces

5.6 Theoretical Approach Regenerative as well as resilient theory will be used in this mini dissertation. The regenerative approach is an interactive way to deal with the term of cycles that re-establish, recharge, or renew the well-being of energy, materials, and natural recourses. The regenerative plan serves to acknowledge the individuals present of the spirit of the place, and they should be encouraged by it. The building not only needs to provide exhibition space and a processing facility for the client, but also needs to restore the dam, which is its focus. Rather, it implies that a regenerative building is a catalyst for positive change within a unique place in the environment. Utilising regenerative architecture will serve to investigate how eco-systemic sources in Hartbeespoort Dam could be used through a public interface with the dam. This dissertation will use regenerative theory as a departure point for the design. The aim is for the design to have a transformative effect on the scarred landscape. Many individuals are currently unaware of the issues and are consequently uninformed about the changes that need to take place. A thorough understanding of this site and its distinctive attributes are pivotal to regenerative thinking.

FIGURE 5.21: Window of opportunity (Author, 2021)

FIGURE 5.22: Degenerative and Regenerative (Author, 2021)

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Resilient and Regenerative Theories

PROGRAMME AND THEORY THE DESIGN OF AN ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION, WATER HYACINTH PROCESSING FACILITY AT HARTBEESPOORT DAM

5.7 Sustainability

The process facility is a platform for water conservation and remediation and should therefore be regarded as part of advocacy for sustainable water management. Although the facility is located near a large volume of water, water harvesting and recycling of water forms part of the awareness campaign and the operation of the complex. All the rainwater discharged from the roofs is collected and stored within water harvesting tanks and used as irrigation in the cultivation component or purified for human consumption within the facility. The facility incorporates not only sustainable water management principles but also energy-saving and climate control principles. The introduction of a semi-solar chimney system will aid in removing heat while cross-ventilation will assist in cooling down the interior spaces. The exhibition cells will also aid in removing excess heat by means of the stack effect, promoting ventilation patterns through the exhibition spaces. The void within the roof structure will be insulated, using recycled materials which will ultimately prevent heat gain in summer months and heat loss in winter months. The orientation of the facility was also considered during the design stage to prevent excessive solar heat gain and is positioned to face north and east with as little western window exposure as possible. The incorporation of courtyard spaces and linear articulation allows for natural cross ventilation and microclimate control. The introduction of louvre systems on the facade treatment also buffers against heat and cold and provides shaded areas while allowing air to flow through.

FIGURE 5.23: Sustainability (Author, 2021)

The Sustainable Building Assessment Tool (SBAT) model for sustainable design, was created by the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) (Gibberd, 2002) will be utilised in the assessment and appraisal of sustainable design choices. This device considers sustainable design by way of the climate, financial and social aspects as portrayed below:

TABLE 1: SBAT Categories (Researchspace, 2021)

The Tool recommends that a structure can positively affect the neighbourhood economy by utilising nearby contract workers and building materials. The degree to which private ventures like construction workers, manufacturers or retailers are considered throughout the development cycle or when the building is complete. Clarke et al. (2019) suggests that when planning together with a local community, trust and investment are fundamental to foster a feeling of responsibility for the design. The community can be utilised to assist with the building of the proposed construction, in areas where specialists are not required. Be that as it may, where master workmanship is required, these specialists can be utilised to show individuals in the local area how to do advanced construction methods. Tables 3-5 outlines the results of contaminated ecosystems on these three classes and how the planned office can assist with recovering these classifications. Tables 3-5 can be connected to Figure 3.18 to assist with clarifying the positive results of a healthy ecological system.

THE DESIGN OF AN ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION, WATER HYACINTH PROCESSING FACILITY AT HARTBEESPOORT DAM

5.7.1 Sustainable Building Assessment Tool

THE DESIGN OF AN ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION, WATER HYACINTH PROCESSING FACILITY AT HARTBEESPOORT DAM

PROGRAMME AND THEORY

TABLE 2: Environment (Pollution vs Intervention Outcomes)

TABLE 3: Economic (Pollution vs Intervention Outcomes)

TABLE 4: Social (Pollution vs Intervention Outcomes)

The proposed facility has a large, sloped roof and is designed for rainwater harvesting. The rainwater will be collected by roof gutters and collected and stored in large water harvesting tanks. The placement of the tanks will be placed according to optimal use. The following elements will be considered for the design of the rainwater harvesting system: • • •

Hartbeespoort Dam annual rainfall The area of the roof The gutter calculations

FIGURE 5.24: Precipitation (Weather and Climate, 2021)

THE DESIGN OF AN ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION, WATER HYACINTH PROCESSING FACILITY AT HARTBEESPOORT DAM

5.7.2 Rainwater Harvesting

THE DESIGN OF AN ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION, WATER HYACINTH PROCESSING FACILITY AT HARTBEESPOORT DAM

PROGRAMME AND THEORY

Gutter Calculations and Roof Area:

Rainwater Harvest Summary:

Roof 1: 21.1m x 9.6m = 203.52m²

Roof 1: 203.52m² Roof 2: 561.61m² Combined Roof Area: 765.13m²

203.52m² x 140mm rainfall = 28 492.80 = √28 492.80 = 168.80 Min Gutter Size = 168.80mm x 168.80mm Roof 2: 49.7m x 11.3m = 561.61m² 561.61m² x 140mm rainfall = 78 625.40 = √78 625.40 = 280.40 Min Gutter Size = 280.40mm x 280.40mm

Formula for calculating the rainwater harvesting: average rainfall x area of the roof x runoff coefficient = rainwater harvesting Rainwater harvesting during June: 10mm x 765.13 m² x 0.90 = 6 886.17 litres Rainwater harvesting during January: 140mm x 765.13m² x 0.90 = 96 406.38 litres

FIGURE 5.25: Calculate Rainwater Savings (Wetec, 2021)

South Africa and photovoltaic panels The possibility for South Africa to increase its solar technology was then created. There was an increase in modular suppliers in South Africa during the price decrease and solar applications were added to the building regulations by South African Council for The Architectural Profession (SACAP). This illustrates that South Africa is growing toward solar technology acceptance, while some regions have no choice but to use photovoltaic panels for electricity, due to remoteness. The photovoltaic systems can be used anywhere due to its low maintenance. The mechanics and usage of photovoltaic systems Photovoltaic panels can be used for aesthetic purposes by using it as cladding and is a form of sustainable design. When it is used as an aesthetic element no further additions will be needed to make it a ‘greener’ design. There are no emissions when using photovoltaic panels as no fuel is used. With no moving parts in the photovoltaic panel, it is a low maintenance product. There is a growing demand for solar panels due to their easy usage and quick installation. They are reliable for about 30 years. The only drawback is their cost. The sunlight can be reflected onto the photovoltaic panels by using mirrors. Throughout the day the mirrors are adjusted to catch the most sunlight. The photovoltaic panels themselves can be moved to maximise additional light reflected by the panels, but this requires more infrastructure. To increase the output of the photovoltaic panels the intensity of the sunlight must be increased. The mirroring system does not need to be adjusted as frequently but it does consume more space. In an integration of solar technologies, such as with photovoltaic systems becoming an integral part of the design process, not only as creates electricity, but also, enhances the appearance of the building envelope. This may lead to obvious savings in terms of building materials and, consequently, the building cost. These technologies and principles may find a place in any area of the building that is exposed to direct sunlight.

THE DESIGN OF AN ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION, WATER HYACINTH PROCESSING FACILITY AT HARTBEESPOORT DAM

5.7.3 Solar Panel Energy

THE DESIGN OF AN ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION, WATER HYACINTH PROCESSING FACILITY AT HARTBEESPOORT DAM

PROGRAMME AND THEORY

Solar integration of a building is influenced by the following: The external envelope, that shapes the building such as facades, windows, external screens, roofs, and canopies. Windows - Semi-transparent infill windows systems External screens - PV-integrated louvers - External sun shading devices Facades - Outer layer of double-leaf facades Roofs - Pitched roofs - Sawtooth roofs - Flat roofs Canopies - Horizontal and vertical external dividers These features can be accentuated in the building’s shape, generating a form on elevation and the building’s roof, accentuating efficiency, and motivating the building’s plan layout. This dissertation aims to amalgamate the abovementioned elements and integrate them into the design of the proposed facility. The design explores a rational form using linear, angular, and jagged lines, placing emphasis on efficient use of space and energy generation relating to the theme and proposed architecture.

Grid-tied systems comprise of just two key parts – sunlight powered chargers and a network tied inverter. All the electric power created by the sunlight-based panels Is directly fed into the national grid.

Fundamental advantages of Grid Tied Solar PV Systems: • • • • • • •

Energy is provided by the sun No costly batteries are required Daylight is changed straight into usable power At flow power costs, framework compensation is between four to six years Cost of energy yield fixed for no less than 25 years The main home improvement that will get a good deal consistently No upkeep required.

Principle weaknesses of Grid Tied Solar PV Systems: • • •

Without any batteries, there is no autonomous energy stockpiling During load shedding or a blackout energy is not accessible Current legitimate issues in South Africa can restrict the full advantages in specific applications.

FIGURE 5.26: Grid-Tied System (GrapeSolar, 2021)

THE DESIGN OF AN ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION, WATER HYACINTH PROCESSING FACILITY AT HARTBEESPOORT DAM

Grid Tied Solar System

THE DESIGN OF AN ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION, WATER HYACINTH PROCESSING FACILITY AT HARTBEESPOORT DAM

PROGRAMME AND THEORY

Off-Grid Solar System Having an off-grid solar system means that the system is not connected to the municipality grid’s power system or utility company. This system is appealing due to the fact that it is 100% self-sustaining the energy use. Off-grid solar system works with a battery bank to store all the electricity that has been generated and supplies electricity when needed to the entire building. Fundamental advantages of Off-Grid Solar PV Systems: • • • •

Independent energy source. Power to remote locations. Most energy-conscious choice. No blackouts.

Principle weaknesses of Off-Grid Solar PV Systems: • • • •

Higher initial investment. Limited energy storage. Additional equipment requirements. Batteries require maintenance.

FIGURE 5.27: Off Grid Solar System (Solar Chart, 2021)

A hybrid solar system is grid-tied with battery storage. They come with a special ‘smart’ inverter that can transmit direct current (DC) power to and from your batteries, and channel alternating current (AC) power between the grid and your home when necessary. (World Solar, 2021) Hybrid systems allow for full control over your power, while keeping you grid-connected in case of emergency. (World Solar, 2021)

FIGURE 5.28: Hybrid Solar System (Solar Chart, 2021)

THE DESIGN OF AN ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION, WATER HYACINTH PROCESSING FACILITY AT HARTBEESPOORT DAM

Hybrid Solar System

PROGRAMME AND THEORY Fundamental advantages of Hybrid Solar PV Systems:

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•

100

•

You’ll use less grid electricity than you would with a traditional grid-tied system. While hybrid setups are grid-tied, they come with solar battery storage, which means you can maximise consumption of the power generated from the panels. (World Solar, 2021) A hybrid system is possibly the most expandable, future-ready home solar setup. With some customisable hybrid systems, you can expand capacity by buying more panels or batteries. Hybrid systems may also be compatible with newer solar technologies — for example, an electric vehicle (EV) might function as one of the ‘batteries’ in a hybrid setup. (World Solar, 2021) For even lower costs, you can use a power management system. These technologies can automatically optimise your power usage. (For example, larger appliances like dishwashers can be switched on during peak daylight hours.) The result: bigger utility savings and a quicker ROI. (World Solar, 2021)

Principle weaknesses of Hybrid Solar PV Systems: • •

There’s a lot to install upfront, making the initial investment bigger. While you can budget for a smaller battery bank than with an off-grid setup, the cost still needs some thought. Specialised equipment, such as a smart hybrid inverter, adds to the price tag. (World Solar, 2021) Lots of space might be necessary for the required parts. With grid access, you’re likely not in an isolated rural area - even so, you’ll need space for hybrid solar equipment, including the battery bank and inverters. (World Solar, 2021)

Reason for choosing the Hybrid Solar System The hybrid solar system provides a balance between sustainable, self-generated energy as well as energy that can be consumed from Eskom. This balance creates electricity for the entire building, it can sustain lighting, plugs and additional machinery. The off-grid solar system provides energy for the building to function when there is loadshedding or other external forces that can occur. The grid-tied solar system provides energy for the building as well as energy for the 3-phase machines being utilised within the building. The solar panel that is selected can generate 15kW 48V 3-Phase electricity. On page 99 the kit is explained. There is space for future solar panel placement on the parking area roofs as well as ground mounted solar panels can be added in future.

SunSynk 15kW 48V 3-Phase Self Consumption Kit PV Performance Estimation

• • • • • • •

Installed capacity of PV system - kWP (stc):19,710 KWp. Orientation of the PV system - degrees from South: 0°. Inclination of system - degrees from horizontal: 35°. Calculation kWh/kWp (KK) from table: 5,001 kWh/kWp. Shade factor (SF): 1.00. Estimated annual output (kWp x KK xSF): 32,865 kWh.

This kit is made up of the following items • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

54 x Canadian Solar KuMax CS3U-365P 365W Solar Panel. 3 x Sunsynk Sun 5K Hybrid Inverter. 3 x Freedom Won Lite Home 10/8 LiFePO4 Battery. 3 x K&N Single Phase AC Switch Disconnector 40A. 3 x KETO Battery Disconnector with 125A Fuses. 3 x 600V Protection Box 2 Inputs 2 Outputs 16A Isolator Type II SPD. 3 x MC4 Pre terminated cable 2m (Pack of 2). 6 x Multi Contact Cable Coupler Pack - MC4. 60m x Sustainable 6mm² Black Panelflex. 60m x Sustainable 6mm² Red Panelflex. 75m x Sustainable 6mm² Black Double Insulated Halogen Free Solar Cable. 75m x Sustainable 6mm² Red Double Insulated Halogen Free Solar Cable. 3 x Battery Hazard Label Pack. 3 x PV on Roof and Hazard Labels Pack.

Panel Specifications • • • • • • • • •

Panel: Canadian Solar 365W Poly KuMax Half-Cell 35mm Frame, 5 BusBar with MC4 Number required: 18 x 3. Rating: 365 Wp. Dimensions (LxWxD): 2,000 mm x 992 mm x 35mm. Voc at STC: 47.2 V. Vmpp at STC: 39.8 V. Impp at STC: 9.18 A. Isc at STC: 9.75 A. Array Power: 6,570 Wp.

Inverter - Sunsynk Sun 5K Hybrid Inverter • • • • • •

Phases: 1. No. of MPPT: 2. Rated AC Power: 5,000 W / 15,000 W Max DC Current: 28.60 A. Voltage: 500 V. PP Voltage: 125 V - 425 V Max.

FIGURE 5.29: Self Consumption Kit (Sustainable.co.za, 2021)

Electrical - Sunsynk Sun 5K Hybrid Inverter • • • • • • • • • •

Quantity: 1. String Quantity: 2. Strings: (1x9 / 1x9). String Voc at 0 °C: 454.54 / 454.54 V. String Vmpp at 80 °: C287.28 / 287.28 V. String Vmpp at 0 °C:390.44 / 390.44 V. Input Isc at 80 °C: 10.02 A. Distance to Array: 12 m. Cable Area: 6 mm2. Voltage Drop: 0.51 %.

Storage - Freedom Won Lite Home 10/8 LiFePO4 Battery • • • • • •

System Type: Full Hybrid. Type of Battery: Lithium Ion. Usable Battery Capacity: 10000 Wh. Voltage: 48 V. Max Charge Rate (5 Minutes): 10000 W. Max Discharge Rate (5 Minutes): 15000 W.

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Installation Data - New MCS Calculation

101

102

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SIX

Design Development

Introduction The purpose of this chapter is to explore the design development, zoning, design generators, and design principles. The chapter provides space where massing models are explored and generated to develop and improve the design concept. This chapter the building formation and the design development process to the final design.

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CHAPTER

103

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT THE DESIGN OF AN ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION, WATER HYACINTH PROCESSING FACILITY AT HARTBEESPOORT DAM

6.1 Zoning

104

Primary spatial order will be achieved through the transition of private entities into public spaces. Zoning will vary as it is merged with circulation patterns. The sequential primary spatial order will proceed from exhibition spaces to processing facilities.

6.2 Design Principles

FIGURE 6.1: Private Spaces (Author, 2021)

The design principles that will be incorporated in the formation of a spatially and functionally sound environment may be described as an active system of patterns, which are based on patterns and principles (Alexander, 1977). The patterns employed in the design will aid in creating a responsive and logical design solution. The context and programme of the proposed facility arise from a conflict of different interests; therefore, the system of patterns provide a quantitative balance. The patterns to be utilised are underpinned by a functional reference to the dynamics of water and relate to activities and needs of the project. FIGURE 6.2: Public Spaces (Author, 2021)

Mature design exhibits a dynamic quality that influences and informs social and cultural expression. The natural and artificial contextual features of the site generate references that are utilised in the design process. Design generators that will influence the design: • Orientation • Ventilation • Views • Climate • Topology • Materials • Light • Texture The landscape is a dynamic entity shaped by the processes of both nature and culture. It must therefore be interpreted as a dynamic system of integrating forces and visual phenomena. Three emerging trends in dealing with this issue of the relationship between people, architecture and nature are: • Architecture intended to dominate the natural world which, in doing so, glorifies both itself and its environment. • Architecture designed to dislocate itself from the natural world, which preserves the environment and glorifies the activities which it contains. • Architecture which wishes to become part of the natural environment and is a situation in which human activities and the environment co-exist in a symbolic relationship. Human intervention directly affects the dynamic equilibrium that exists in nature. An understanding of the natural processes is essential in the creation of a building that is in harmony with its surroundings.

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6.3 Design Generators

105

THE DESIGN OF AN ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION, WATER HYACINTH PROCESSING FACILITY AT HARTBEESPOORT DAM

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT 6.4 Massing Models

106 FIGURE 6.3: Massing Models (Author, 2021)

FIGURE 6.4: Massing Models Exploration (Author, 2021)

107

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DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

108

linear boundary

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6.5 Site Development

linear boundary

The existing boundary of the site is linear, therefor the inspiration used for the building is linear to mimic the existing boundary line. Linear concept is referenced on page 64 - 65. FIGURE 6.5: Linear Site Boundaries (Author, 2021)

existing structures

existing entrance

The placement of the new building, the boundaries, the existing structures, and the existing entrance to the site.

FIGURE 6.6: Boundaries and Existing Structures (Author, 2021)

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proposed building

109

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110

proposed building

new proposed entrance

The proposed position of new proposed building and the sites new entrance to the new facility.

FIGURE 6.7: Position of new facility (Author, 2021)

linking the building to land

view to dam wall

view to process of site

The building is placed in a way to form a connection to the land and water and the connection points form emphasis on the views.

FIGURE 6.8: Forming connection with the site (Author, 2021)

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linking the building to water

111

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DESIGN DEVELOPMENT 6.6 Model Exploration

112 FIGURE 6.9: Model Exploration (Author, 2021)

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FIGURE 6.10: Model Exploration (Author, 2021)

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114 FIGURE 6.11: Model Exploration (Author, 2021)

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FIGURE 6.12: Model Exploration (Author, 2021)

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116

linear concept

anchor

Linear concept implementation. The linear concept is inspired by the boundaries of the site.

Creating anchor points and access points for the proposed building.

FIGURE 6.13: Linear Concept Implementation (Author, 2021)

FIGURE 6.14: Anchor Points of Access (Author, 2021)

view to dam view to dam wall

public courtyard

view to dam staff entrance

view to site process

services

view to site entrance

view to site process louvre system and deck blurring the lines between indoor and outdoor

Placing the building to take advantage of the scenery and views. Placing the service area and staff entrance to not obstruct the views.

Accentuating the views by placing a wrap around deck and utilizing the space as a public viewing deck.

FIGURE 6.15: Placement of the Building (Author, 2021)

FIGURE 6.16: Accentuating the views (Author, 2021)

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view to dam

117

118

bath room workshop

production process

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offices/ workshop

exhibition space

space for boats and storage

offices

bathrooms/ kitchen etc.

reception/ shop

storage

Zoning areas in the proposed building and split levels. FIGURE 6.17: Zoning Areas (Author, 2021)

workshop

offices/ workshop

space for boats and storage

offices reception/ shop

bathrooms

boardroom kitchen

storage

server room

Building layouts and activity nodes. FIGURE 6.18: Building Layouts (Author, 2021)

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bath room

119

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Exhibition space design and movement patterns.

FIGURE 6.19: Exhibition Space (Author, 2021)

Exhibition space design and movement patterns.

FIGURE 6.20: Exhibition Space (Author, 2021)

private

space for boats and storage

public

private

private semi-private

public

offices

private private

storage

Public and private spaces. FIGURE 6.21: Public and Private Spaces (Author, 2021)

public

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public

121

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6.8 Circulation

122

Blurred traditional boundaries The circulation patterns and structural expression of the complex was influenced by the circulation patterns and conveyed a dynamic interaction between people, information, and architecture. The initial circulation patterns were adapted parallel movements following the water of the spillway, which translated as a transition from a tranquil to a dynamic state. The circulation patterns subsequently evolved, in conjunction with the structural components, into a series of platforms which facilitate the system of routes and goals.

semi public public

Circulation and movement routes for the visitors. FIGURE 6.22: Circulation and Movement (Author, 2021)

Different levels between public and private spaces. FIGURE 6.23: Public and Private Section (Author, 2021)

semi-solar chimney created by cross ventilation

sunlight

views FIGURE 6.25: Section Views (Author, 2021)

ventilation ventilation sunlight

perspective massing FIGURE 6.26: Perspective Massing (Author, 2021)

ventilation

perspective FIGURE 6.24: Section Development (Author, 2021)

FIGURE 6.27: Perspective (Author, 2021)

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SEVEN

Design Resolution

Introduction The aim of this chapter is to showcase the final design resolution that developed from the previous chapter. The final design includes a full set of drawings and details to further explain the construction and materiality that was chosen for this project. The final design serves to explain the activity spine and how that is utilised within this building.

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The resulting composition and function of the facility has been formed and influenced by environments of flux and motion, places of exchange, transformation, transition, and reference. The contextual kinetic quality that connects nature, people and events is the primary entity inspiring the architectural language and meaning. The intervention was generated as a system of architecture and design, context, programme, and environmental remediation. Rivers are veins for moving water while dams collect and contain, forming a common point of reference and destination. This analogy formed the basis for the circulation patterns. The physicality of water, its ability to transform, move and manipulate its surroundings, manifested into an architectural form of juxtaposed platforms that emerge from the landscape. The movement of the visitor is manipulated by the boundaries. The service spaces are kept behind the cut landscape and submerged below the exhibition spaces, which are suspended over the landscape. The architecture becomes part of the natural environment in which human activities co-exist in a symbiotic relationship with the environment. The roof structure is pitched conceptually away from the water to let light penetrate the building façade. It provides spatial definition and narrates the topology and undulating landscape. The roof structure also performs the functional application of harvesting water and for the placement of solar panels. The combination of water and land creates a specific context and environment. The common relation between aquatic and terrestrial environments is the threshold (the liquid edge). The threshold describes the moment of transition from uninhabitable to habitable, memory to forgiveness, separation to congregation, past to future. Architecture is the physical threshold between ourselves and the natural environment. It marks the beginning of space and experience. The journey from outside to inside, open to enclosed, and porous to solid, is the conceptual expression of the transition between aquatic and terrestrial environments. FIGURE 7.1: Site Plan (Author, 2021)

127

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7.2 Activity Spine

128

The programme of the building consists of a processing facility, exhibition space, and workshop area with offices. These components are independent but each require unique and specific environments. The proposed intervention was formed through the incorporation of these components into each level within the facility. Each level conveys information and communicates the related data, while promoting participation and the process of cultivation. The exhibition space becomes an integrated component of the site through its comparison with linear wings that extend over the entire landscape. The building adapts to the topology of the site through levels that cut into the landscape and the higher terrace level that articulates the composition of the building mass and creates a strong spatial relationship to the site, allowing the external process to mould the facility. The division of site and building is blurred through the interconnection of inside and outside spaces creating architecture that is part of the natural environment. The exposed deck creates the transition between indoor and outdoor with the use of timber slats. This creates a space where the exterior spaces can be viewed between the system of louvres. The louvre system and enclosed decking creates a space that is still exposed to the outdoor environment and elements but creates the feeling of being indoors while being outdoor. The narrow timber slats create brief moments of viewing the outdoor process and dam. The proposed facility has a horizontal composition to minimise the contrast between the landscape and existing environment by not adding an extreme vertical composition to the site. The unique placement, form and meaning of the building have significant value within the context, and form a linear quality in relation to the site. FIGURE 7.2: Ground Floor Plan (Author, 2021)

129

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130 FIGURE 7.3: Lower Ground Floor Plan (Author, 2021)

FIGURE 7.4: Upper Ground Floor Plan (Author, 2021)

131

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132 FIGURE 7.5: Render (Author, 2021)

FIGURE 7.6: Render (Author, 2021)

133

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134

FIGURE 7.7: North Elevation (Author, 2021)

FIGURE 7.8: East Elevation (Author, 2021)

FIGURE 7.10: West Elevation (Author, 2021) THE DESIGN OF AN ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION, WATER HYACINTH PROCESSING FACILITY AT HARTBEESPOORT DAM

FIGURE 7.9: South Elevation (Author, 2021)

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136 FIGURE 7.11: Render (Author, 2021)

FIGURE 7.12: Render (Author, 2021)

137

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138 FIGURE 7.13: Section A-A (Author, 2021)

139

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140 FIGURE 7.14: Section B-B (Author, 2021)

141

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142 FIGURE 7.15: Section C-C (Author, 2021)

143

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144 FIGURE 7.16: Render (Author, 2021)

FIGURE 7.17: Render (Author, 2021)

145

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146

FIGURE 7.18: Roof Gutter Axo Detail (Author, 2021)

FIGURE 7.19: Roof Detail (Author, 2021)

FIGURE 7.20: Roof Detail (Author, 2021) THE DESIGN OF AN ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION, WATER HYACINTH PROCESSING FACILITY AT HARTBEESPOORT DAM

FIGURE 7.21: Deck Detail (Author, 2021)

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148 FIGURE 7.22: Render (Author, 2021)

FIGURE 7.23: Render (Author, 2021)

149

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150 FIGURE 7.24: Pulley Axo Detail (Author, 2021)

FIGURE 7.25: Louvre Axo Detail (Author, 2021)

151

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152 FIGURE 7.26: Exploded Axo Detail (Author, 2021)

FIGURE 7.27: Edge Detail (Author, 2021)

153

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154 FIGURE 7.28: Render (Author, 2021)

FIGURE 7.29: Render (Author, 2021)

155

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EIGHT

Technical Resolution

Introduction In this chapter the final technical resolutions are showcased with the material choices and the specifications for the new sun-shading louvre system. The specifications show the progress of the component and the final exhibition exam photographs. The chapter explains the details, fixing, and construction process.

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8.1 Specifications

158

FIGURE 8.1: Louvre Focus Sketches (Author, 2021)

FIGURE 8.3: Photovoltaic Panel Sketches (Author, 2021)

FIGURE 8.4: Aluminium Sketches (Author, 2021)

FIGURE 8.2: Optimise Sun Sketches (Author, 2021)

FIGURE 8.5: Laminated Timber Sketches (Author, 2021)

FIGURE 8.7: Laminated Timber Louvres (Author, 2021)

FIGURE 8.8: Aluminium Panel Louvres (Author, 2021) FIGURE 8.9: Model Photos (Author, 2021)

FIGURES 8.10: Fixing and Material Exploration (Author, 2021)

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FIGURE 8.6: Photovoltaic Panel Louvres (Author, 2021)

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160

FIGURE 8.11: Louvre Angle Exploration (Author, 2021)

FIGURE 8.12: Louvre Exploration (Author, 2021)

FIGURE 8.13: Louvre Photos (Author, 2021)

FIGURE 8.15: Model Photos (Author, 2021)

FIGURE 8.16: Louvre Details (Author, 2021)

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FIGURE 8.14: Model Photos (Author, 2021)

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162 FIGURE 8.17: Louvre Detail (Author, 2021)

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FIGURE 8.18: Louvre Detail (Author, 2021)

163

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164

FIGURE 8.19: Model and Examination Photos (Author, 2021)

FIGURE 8.20: Model and Examination Photos (Author, 2021)

FIGURE 8.21: Model Photos (Author, 2021) FIGURE 8.22: Model Photos (Author, 2021)

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1. Plaster: The plaster to be applied to surfaces of the walls that needs to be covered and painted.

166

2. Concrete: Mass concrete makes a distinct reference to the civil works of monumentality and may be perceived as a harsh and overwhelming material when applied in a natural environment. The concrete is used as the main surface slabs to carry the extreme weight of the machinery in the building. 3. Timber: Saligna timber slats will be used for the ballustrades, decking and louvre system to make the building envelope appear softer from the dam view set in the natural landscape. The timber adds an element of texture and is a more sustainable material to use in building construction. 4. Steel: Steel elements will be applied as structural members and will be seen at all times to create the character of an industrial building. 5. Bricks: The bricks to create the wall infill between the steel structure. Bricks create a beautiful texture on the walls, therefor feature walls to remain unplastered. 6. Glass: The application of non-loadbearing glass curtain walls within the facility offers an uninterrupted view of the dam. The transparency and assembly of glass curtain walls are perceived as light in weight and are in contrast with the mass concrete and steel structure framing of the building. 1 2 3 4 5 6

FIGURE 8.23: Plaster Texture (Good Textures, 2021) FIGURE 8.24: Concrete Texture (Jamel Felder, 2021) FIGURE 8.25: Timber Texture (Rare Woods, 2021) FIGURE 8.26: Steel Texture (Deviant Art, 2021) FIGURE 8.27: Brick Texture (Wallpaper Safari, 2021) FIGURE 8.28: Glass Texture (Deviant Art, 2021)

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8.3 Contract Documentation

168

FIGURE 8.29: Contract Documentation (Author, 2021)

FIGURE 8.30: Contract Documentation (Author, 2021)

169

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170 FIGURE 8.31: Contract Documentation (Author, 2021)

FIGURE 8.32: Contract Documentation (Author, 2021)

171

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172 FIGURE 8.33: Contract Documentation (Author, 2021)

FIGURE 8.34: Contract Documentation (Author, 2021)

173

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174 FIGURE 8.35: Contract Documentation (Author, 2021)

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FIGURE 8.36: Contract Documentation (Author, 2021)

175

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176 FIGURE 8.37: Contract Documentation (Author, 2021)

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FIGURE 8.38: Contract Documentation (Author, 2021)

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NINE

Conclusion

Introduction This chapter concludes the project and closes with ideas on how products can be made from the water hyacinth to involve community participation. This conclusion explains how the application of architectural design is a generator for involvement and what the initial intension was for the project.

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The landscape we occupy is diverse, beautiful and sensitive. It is assembled with many intricate parts and elements. The entire landscape is greater than the sum of its parts and the integrity of each part contributes to a balanced environment. The remediation refers to parts of the whole with respect to the eco-remediation of Hartbeespoort Dam in creating a sustainable environment. The facility is an intervention, expressing a response to the visible contamination and impairment of a natural resource, which results from our lifestyle. The need for a facility like the ecological restoration and water hyacinth processing facility signifies a society with little respect or regard for the natural environment. The intention of the proposed intervention is not only to restore, inform, process, and cultivate but also to mark the threshold of change and responsibility. The best way to predict the future is to invent it. The manuscript for the future is what we inscribe today through our actions with respect to conservation and remediation. The legacy of our generation should be our ability to tread lightly on the earth. The research and studies about the water hyacinth, and the methods that can be used to process the hyacinth make for a very versatile product. The products produced from the harvested hyacinth will serve as an income to sustain the project and to inspire the community about their local ecology. The proposed project will connect people to nature through the application of an architectural design. This intervention acts as a device for alternative outlook on natural occurences and how they can be applied to serve a greater purpose in developing both the local communties and the environment. In essence, the project displays the conceptual development of a process facility. Although there is a lot more to be explored and discovered, this dissertation has proposed principles that might alter the lens through which we view ecology.

LEFT - FIGURE 9.1: Water Hyacinth Blossoms (Pixabay, 2021)

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9.1 Conclusion

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182

TEN

Acknowledgements

Introduction This chapter showcases the people that assisted me get to this point in time. It explains the struggles and sacrifices it took to get here and gives special thanks to the people I couldn’t have done it without.

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10.1 Acknowledgements

184

With this dissertation a big chapter of my life comes to an end and new doors are opened to a new future, I would like to take this opportunity and thank all the people that helped me to become the person I am today and helped me finish this final chapter. “I can do all things through Christ who strengthens me.” - Philippians 4:13 First and foremost, I would like to give all the glory to my Lord and Savior, Almighty God for giving me strength in undertaking and finishing this dissertation. I would like to express my utmost gratitude for the Tshwane University of Technology and TUT Full-time Masters Scholarship for their financial support over this year and allowing me the opportunity to finish my Master of Architecture degree in 2021. A heartfelt thank you goes out to my friends who understood the sacrifices that I had to make to complete the study of Architecture.

Thank you to my design mentor and co-supervisor, Mr. Leon Pienaar. Thank you for your support, weekly crit sessions, motivation, and guidance throughout this year. I have learned so much from you and thank you for the encouragement to guide me to produce this project.

To Heinie van der Watt, thank you for your support and all the late-night crit sessions throughout my 6 years of studies at TUT. You have been my life-long friend and thank you for your constant motivation and pushing me to strive for better.

My family, I am eternally grateful for all your support and patience during these last 6 years of studies. Thank you for the financial support, emotional support, motivation, and the sacrifices made to ensure that my dreams become a reality. Without your support, none of this would have been possible.

Albert van Niekerk for your constant support and motivation. Thank you for your admiration and for believing in me throughout the last few years of my studies. Thank you for being my pillar to lean on and for being my model building buddy. I couldn’t have done this without you.

To all my friends – thank you for all the support, motivation, studio support, crits, and for the times we spent together. They will never be forgotten. It has been an incredible journey with you guys, and I wouldn’t have done it with anyone else.

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To my supervisor, Dr. Melchior Jacobus Stander. For your guidance and inspiration, you have broadened my knowledge and lead me to develop a greater appreciation in architecture and writing. Thank you for the time spent to guide me through this process.

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Appendix

ELEVEN A, B & C

Introduction This chapter showcases the final exhibition photographs, final posters, speech, as well as comments from the lecturers and amendments.

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APPENDIX A,B&C 11.1 Appendix A: Final Exhibition Photographs

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APPENDIX A,B&C

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191

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11.2 Appendix B: Final Posters

194

“The design of an ecological restoration, water hyacinth processing facility at Hartbeespoort Dam.”

Introduction poster explains the problem statement, the hyacinth and the architectural intervention.

These two posters explain the water hyacinth anatomy and photos of the water hyacinth crisis at present.

The locality poster explains the location of the site, site analysis and the residential areas around the dam.

This poster explains the site analysis, site access routes, site access and the dirt roads surrounding the site.

This poster explains the dam analysis, the sediment build-up, wetland and shoreline damage and undesirable fish areas.

The history timeline of the dam and dam wall.

The poster explains the programme with tables and the resilient and regenerative theories used.

The zoning of public and private spaces, and the linear concept.

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Site photos of the existing site and context.

195

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196

The design development poster describes the thought process and development of the building through site development, model exploration and the building development through sketches and illustrations.

The site plan shows the existing programme as well as the new proposed building and where it will fit in with the site. It also shows the existing program and the hyacinth drying spaces. The purpose of the building is to create community involvement and the new proposed gate will give the visitors safe access to the building. The north elevation is showcasing the wrap around deck and louvre component.

The south elevation is showcasing the entrance to the building, the parking area and entrance to the workshop.

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The east elevation is showcasing the ramp and the louvre component. The lower floor plan is designed so that the building is lifted off the ground for when the water level rises. The space underneath the building will be paved as no vegetation will grow under the building. The paved area will be used for the storage of boats, ropes, and the nets that the boats will use to collect the hyacinth.

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The ground floor plan shows the entrance to the building via a staircase or disabled friendly ramp. There are 8 parking spaces available for visitors and staff, with the site open for other parking when there are events that need larger parking area. The western elevation of the building showcases the louvre system for shading as well as the staff courters and entrance nook that is tucked away.

Section A-A of the building is the long section that cuts through the exhibition area and the production area that overhangs the dam.

Section B-B of the building cuts through the split levels to showcase how the staircase and the circulation will function.

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Section C-C of the building cuts through the reception, waiting area and the shop/ kiosk. It showcases the deck and louvre system on the eastern façade. The upper floor plan has a storeroom for the liquid fertiliser and space for other storage. On the split level there is a main office, secondary office, and a battery room for the solar panels

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The edge detail showcases the detail and materiality of the materials used in the building. The louvre detail explains the louvres and materiality of the component. The component was chosen due to the fact that it has a major effect on how the sun is controlled. The sun is a problem because of the glare that it has on the dam and the sun rays that enters the building directly. The component controls the sun due to the louvres begin versatile and moveable. The renders showcase the exterior of the building. The detail model is focused on the edge and louvre system. The model shows the pulley system and how it will turn and the balustrades which is implemented for safety. The roof details and decking details is shown in scale 1:20 and the details shows the connections and materiality sizes of the materials chosen. The exploded axo show how the materials fit and is fixed into one another. The pulley axo detail is inspired by Tom Kundig, California Museum. The pulley system is created to open the top windows up and create cross ventilation through the building.

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For the examination, I prepared the following speech to present the project to the panel of examiners: Good day everyone, as introduced my name is La-Rouchelle Steinberg and the title of the project is “The design of an ecological restoration, water hyacinth processing facility at Hartbeespoort Dam.” The focus of the project is the restoration of the dam and the rehabilitation of the ecosystem by producing water hyacinth fertiliser to create community involvement. Introduction The problem is that the mineral build-up and hyacinth infestation causes massive problems for the environment surrounding the dam as well as to the dam itself. This invasive plant removes oxygen from the water, and fish die due to this lack. The hyacinth infestation consumes so much of the dam water that it stunts the water supply to surrounding farmers, who rely on the water for crop irrigation. The water hyacinth is currently present in more than 50 countries and on 5 different continents. The architectural intervention will be regeneration, and the exchanges between the site, building, user, water, and infrastructure. The Water Hyacinth There are seven harmful effects that the water hyacinth has on the environment like the increase of diseases, hinders water transport and decreases the quality of water. The anatomy of the water hyacinth showcases the air chambers which is where they store to water to survive. Hyacinth Crisis at Present These photographs showcase the state of the dam at present and the deferential effect the water hyacinth has on the dam. Locality The site is located at Hartbeespoort Dam, situated in the North-West Province of South Africa, 35km west of Pretoria. The dam has 3 inflow rivers, the Crocodile River inflow, Swartspruit River, Magalies River and 1 outflowing river where the dam wall is located also called the Crocodile River. The site is ideally located between West-Lake and Pecanwood Estate as it is where the residents are furthest away from the site to prevent foul odours to disrupt the residents. Site Photos The photographs here showcase the existing site at present and the context. Site Analysis The site location and context describe the surrounding restaurants and residential areas. This site access routes showcases the routes surrounding the site and the entrance route to the site through Lake Land Estate. All the routes surrounding the site are dirt roads.

History of Hartbeespoort Dam The history of the Hartbeespoort Dam has a major impact on how the water hyacinths has progressed over the years. The dam wall created a barrier where the algae and sediment build-up could form and create a breeding spot for the hyacinth. The dam has an established seedbank of water hyacinth seeds, which makes it difficult to get rid of the hyacinths as it is going to be an ongoing problem in the future. Programme and Theory Resilient and regenerative theories is used in this project. The building not only needs to provide exhibition space and a processing facility, but it needs to rehabilitate, regenerate, and restore the dam. The diagram explains the linear process of creating fertiliser and the future products that can be created from water hyacinths. This diagram showcases the value of water hyacinths and the job opportunities it can create. The final diagram shows how communities, and industries will interact with one another. Zoning Primary spatial order will be achieved through the transition of private entities to public spaces. The zoning will vary as it is merged with the circulation patterns. Concept The linear concept is inspired by the existing linear boundaries of the site. The linear formation is derived from Ching’s, Form, Space and Order. The linear organisations consist of a series of spaces. Linear organisations can be terminated by a dominant space or form, or by merging with the topography of the site. Design Development The site development is done through 4 different stages of where the placement should be. Through the model explorations a lot was achieved to formation and shape of the building. The building development is based off the concept, the inspiration started with the linear boundaries and developed with anchor points, the views and scenery and then emphasising the views and scenery with a wraparound deck. The design interior then developed with creating zoning areas of where the spaces should be and different circulation patterns for the visitors to experience the exhibition space. Site Plan The site plan shows the existing programme as well as the new proposed building and where it will fit in with the site. The existing programme consist of an outdoor space that harvest the hyacinth and dry them in rows on the soil, the process and space of the site is currently successful and the space that is available will be for the proposed building. The purpose of the building is to create community involvement and the new proposed gate will give the visitors safe access to the building.

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Dam Analysis The analysis of the dam shows the wetland and shoreline damage, the sediment build-up as well as the algae concentration areas.

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Site Model The site model showcases the contours and waterline of the dam and how the building will sit in this context.

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North Elevation The north elevation is showcasing the wrap around deck and louvre component.

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West Elevation The western elevation of the building showcases the louvre system for shading as well as the staff courters and entrance nook that is tucked away. Lower Floor Plan The lower floor plan is designed so that the building is lifted off the ground for when the water level rises. The space underneath the building will be paved as no vegetation will grow under the building. The paved area will be used for the storage of boats, ropes, and the nets that the boats will use to collect the hyacinth. The plan has an entrance nook for staff members to enter as well as bathroom facilities and a workshop to fix machinery. Section B-B Section B-B of the building cuts through the split levels to showcase how the staircase and the circulation will function. Ground Floor Plan The ground floor plan shows the entrance to the building via a staircase or disabled friendly ramp. There are 8 parking spaces available for visitors and staff, with the site open for other parking when there are events that need larger parking area. Upon entrance the visitor will walk directly to the reception for assistance, on the left is a shop and kiosk and, on the right, and back of the reception is waiting areas. The exhibition is designed in a way that the circulation pattern creates a maze to feel confined, just like the boats with hyacinths surrounding them. The visitors can then experience an open process facility that processes the water hyacinth into a liquid fertiliser and then end the tour on the viewing deck. The viewing deck showcases the hyacinth process of the fertiliser production as well as view of the dam and the dam wall. The staff and bathrooms are tucked away on the southern façade to not obstruct the view and circulation pattern for the visitors. Building Model The building model showcases the building in scale 1:100 with the waterline and contours. South Elevation The south elevation is showcasing the entrance to the building, the parking area and entrance to the workshop. Section A-A Section A-A of the building is the long section that cuts through the exhibition area and the production area that overhangs the dam.

Upper Floor Plan The upper floor plan has a storeroom for the liquid fertiliser and space for other storage. On the split level there is a main office, secondary office, and a battery room for the solar panels. East Elevation The east elevation is showcasing the ramp and the louvre component. Renders The renders showcase what the spatial layout of the interior is in the building. Louvre Axo Detail The louvre detail explains the louvres and materiality of the component. The component was chosen due to the fact that it has a major effect on how the sun is controlled. The sun is a problem because of the glare that it has on the dam and the sun rays that enters the building directly. The component controls the sun due to the louvres begin versatile and moveable. Renders The renders showcase the exterior of the building. Detail Model The detail model is focused on the edge and louvre system. The model shows the pulley system and how it will turn and the balustrades which is implemented for safety. Details The roof details and decking details is shown in scale 1:20 and the details shows the connections and materiality sizes of the materials chosen. Exploded Axo Detail The exploded axo show how the materials fit and is fixed into one another. Pulley Axo Detail The pulley axo detail is inspired by Tom Kundig, California Museum. The pulley system is created to open the top windows up and create cross ventilation through the building. Thank you for your time and attention.

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Section C-C Section C-C of the building cuts through the reception, waiting area and the shop/kiosk. It showcases the deck and louvre system on the eastern façade.

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Bibliography

Introduction This chapter concludes with an editor’s certificate and a plagiarism checker certificate. It showcases the references used in the document as well as a list of figures and tables.

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12.2 Plagiarism Checker

ALEXANDER, C., ISHIKAWA,S., SILVERSTEIN,M., JACOBSON,M., FIKSDAHL-KING, I. & SHLOMO, A. 1977. A pattern language: Towns, buildings, construction. ALLSOLAR 2021. Grid Tied Solar Systems | AllSolar. [online] Available at: <https://www.allsolar.co.za/site/solutions/gridtied-solar-systems/> [Accessed 8 November 2021]. CBC releases status and future expectations for its Hartbeespoort Dam water hyacinth project 2021. Ru.ac.za. [online] Available at: https://www.ru.ac.za/latestnews/cbcreleasesstatusandfutureexpectationsforitshartbeespoortdamwaterhyac.html CENSUS 2011.adrianfrith.com. 2021. Census 2011: Main Place: Hartebeespoort. [online] Available at: https://census2011. adrianfrith.com/place/661047 CHING, F. D. 2015. Form space and order. 4th ed. John Wiley & Sons. CLEANING Hartbeespoort Dam by turning invasive hyacinth into commercial products. 2021 [online] Mybroadband. co.za. Available at: https://mybroadband.co.za/news/business/303308-cleaning-hartbeespoort-dam-by-turning-invasive-hyacinth-into-commercial-products.html CRISIS: Hartbeespoort Dam needs you. 2021. Randburg Sun. [online] Available at: https://randburgsun.co.za/330403/ crisis-hartbeespoort-dam-needs/ DUARTE, Liliana. 2021. Water hyacinth – An invasive beauty all over the world. Water hyacinth [online] Steemit.com. Available at: https://steemit.com/biology/@liliana.duarte/water-hyacinth-an-invasive-beauty-all-over-the-world-photos-from-portugal DWARF, 2007. Harties, Metsi a Me – My water. Hartbeespoort Dam Integrated Biological Remediation Program. November 2007. DWARF, 2009. Hartbeespoort Dam Integrated Bioloigical Remediation Program. Communication Strategy. January 2009.

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GIBBERD, J., 2021. Sustainable building assessment tool: integrating sustainability into current design and building processes. [online] Researchspace.csir.co.za. Available at: <https://researchspace.csir.co.za/dspace/handle/10204/2882>

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GOOGLE EARTH. 2021. Hartbeespoort Dam – Google Earth. [online] Available at: https://www.google.com/earth/ GOOGLE MAPS. 2020. Google Maps: Africa. [online] Available at: https://www.google.co.za/maps/place/Africa/@-28. 5907761,21.6128786,1908573m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m5!3m4!1s0x10a06c0a948cf5d5:0x108270c99e90f0b3!8m2!3d-8.783195! 4d34.508523 HARTBEESPOORT DAM HYACINTH REMOVAL. 2021. [online] Available at: https://tonepublications.com/y1fhi/hartbeespoort-dam-hyacinth-removal-adc85e HISTORY of The Coves – The land battle. 2021 The Coves. [online] Available at: https://thecoves.co.za/history/ HYACINTH CRISIS CONTINUES. 2021. Brakpan Herald. [online] Available at: https://brakpanherald.co.za/168657/hyacinth-crisis-continues/ KORMORANT. 2021. [online] Available at: https://kormorant.co.za/2021/02/18/dont-be-concerned-by-hyacinth-bugs-atyour-front-door/ LOURENS, P., 2021. The design of an aquacultural research facility and information centre in Hartbeespoort, North-West province.. [online] Tutvital.tut.ac.za. Available at: <http://tutvital.tut.ac.za:8080/vital/access/manager/Repository/ tut:1858?site_name=TUTDoR&query=architecture&sort=ss_dateNormalized+desc%2Csort_ss_title+asc&queryType=vitalDismax> MULDER, G.R. 1975. Hartbeespoort se Damwal Koepel. Hartbeespoort: Ken U Omgewing. (Digitized by the University of Pretoria, Library Services) MULDER, G.R. 1980. Generaal Hendrik Schoemen. Hartbeespoort: Ken U Omgewing. (Digitized by the University of Pretoria, Library Services) REPOSITORY 2021. [online] Available at: <https://repository.up.ac.za/bitstream/handle/2263/60209/Taylor_Chapter1_2016. pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y>

SOLARADVICE. 2021. Grid-Tied Solar System Calculator | Size Your System Correctly. [online] Available at: <https://solaradvice.co.za/grid-tied-solar-system-calculator/>. THE HISTORY OF HARTBEESPOORT DAM. 2021 Hartiesonline.com.. [online] Available at: http://www.hartiesonline.com/history.php WATER AFFAIRS AND FORESTRY. 2021. Water Affairs and Forestry on Resources Management Plan for Hartbeespoort Dam | South African Government. [online] Available at: https://www.gov.za/water-affairs-and-forestry-resources-management-plan-hartebeesport-dam WATER HYACINTH (EICHHORNIA CRASSIPES) (PONTEDERIACEAE). 2021. [online] Available at: https://www.arc.agric. za/arc-ppri/Pages/Water-hyacinth.aspx#:~:text=Water%20hyacinth%20is%20typified%20as,float%20on%20the%20water’s%20surface. WATER Hyacinth Crisis on Hartebeespoort Harties Dam – Magaliesberg Biosphere. 2021. [online] Available at: https:// magaliesbergbiosphere.org.za/water-hyacinth-crisis-on-hartebeespoort-harties-dam/ WETEC. 2021. Rain Harvesting by Blue Mountain Co.. [online] Available at: <https://www.wetec.co.za/smart-irrigation/ rain-harvesting/>

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RIDDING Hartbeespoort Dam of hyacinths ‘highly unlikely’, new study reveals. 2021. The Citizen. [online] Available at: https://citizen.co.za/news/south-africa/environment/2374382/ridding-hartbeespoort-dam-of-hyacinths-highly-unlikelynew-study-reveals/

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BIBLIOGRAPHY 12.4 List of Figures THE DESIGN OF AN ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION, WATER HYACINTH PROCESSING FACILITY AT HARTBEESPOORT DAM

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COVER SKETCH: (Author, 2021) Figure 0.1: Portrait (Author, 2021) Figure 0.2: Water Hyacinth (Author, 2021) CHAPTER 1 Figure 1.1: Water Hyacinths in Dam (Infrastructure News, 2019) Available at: https://infrastructurenews.co.za/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2019/04/Pic-3.jpg Figure 1.2: Hartbeespoort Dam Crisis (SABBEX Boating SA, 2020) Available at: https://boatingsouthafrica.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Harties1-feat.jpg Figure 1.3: Hyacinth Infestation (Author, 2021) Figure 1.4: Water Hyacinth Sketch (Author, 2021) Figure 1.5: Water Hyacinth (Dustin’s Fishtanks, 2021) Available at: https://dustinsfishtanks.com/products/water-hyacinth?variant=37096465933 Figure 1.6: DEFF Logo (Environment, 2021) Available at: https://www.environment.gov.za/ Figure 1.7: DWS Logo (DWS, 2021) Available at: https://www.dws.gov.za/ Figure 1.8: HyaMatla Logo (Hyamatla Organics, 2021) Available at: https://www.hyamatlaorganics.co.za/ CHAPTER 2 Figure 2.1: Importance of Water (Author. 2021) Figure 2.2: Anatomy of the Water Hyacinth (Author, 2021) Figure 2.3: Water Hyacinth Flower (Unsplash, 2021) Available at: https://unsplash.com/photos/g_3aATP6deg Figure 2.4: Anatomy of the Water Hyacinth (Author, 2021) Figure 2.5: Anatomy of the Water Hyacinth (Author, 2021) Figure 2.6: Water Hyacinth Flower (GoodFon, 2021) Available at: https://www.goodfon.com/wallpaper/eikhorniia-otlichnaia-vodianoi-giatsint-list-makro-boke.html Figure 2.7: Water Hyacinth Flower (Author, 2021) Figure 2.8: Water Hyacinth Flower (Author, 2021) Figure 2.9: Water Hyacinth Population Across the World (Research Gate, 2021) Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Darren-Kriticos/publication/306075827/ figure/fig1/AS:395125042761729@1471216559280/The-global-distribution-of-Eichhornia-crassipes-including-established-and-casual.png Figure 2.10: Water Hyacinth Population Across South Africa (Research Gate, 2021) Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Trinidad-Ruiz-Tellez/publication/236261339/figure/fig1/AS:299411352637443@1448396637754/Distribution-of-water-hyacinth-in-South-Africa-red-points-with-black-points-indicating.png Figure 2.11: Water hyacinth obstructing boat access (Author, 2021) Figure 2.12: Methods of controlling the Water Hyacinth (Author, 2021) Figure 2.13: Removal of Water Hyacinth (Global Times, 2021) Available at: https://www.globaltimes.cn/Portals/0/attachment/2020/2020-06-22/d676f820-40a7-492f-946f24a6c11f6856.jpeg Figure 2.14: 7 Harmful Effects of the Water Hyacinth (Author, 2021) Figure 2.15: Water Hyacinth Flower (Author, 2021) Figure 2.16: Water Hyacinth (University of Minnesota Extension, 2021) Available at: https://extension.umn.edu/identify-invasive-species/water-hyacinth Figure 2.17: Water Hyacinth (Southern Living, 2021) Available at: https://www.southernliving.com/plants/water-hyacinth Figure 2.18 – 2.35: Water Hyacinth Crisis at Present (Author, 2021) Figure 2.36: Value added products (Author, 2021) Figure 2.37: Water Hyacinth Sketch (Author, 2021)

Figure 3.1: State of the dam (Author, 2021) Figure 3.2: Ecological and socio-economic impacts of the invasive water hyacinth (Wiley Online Library, 2021) Available at: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/cms/asset/ b347b191-e158-43bb-971c-b789372e7736/fwb_2294_f1.gif Figure 3.3: Site Location (Author, 2021) Figure 3.4: Residential areas and site location around the Hartbeespoort Dam (Author, 2021) Figure 3.5: Hartbeespoort Dam Wall (Flickr, 2021) Available at: https://www.flickr.com/photos/picturesofthingsilike/32728015625 Figure 3.6: Dam sluice photograph (Author, 2021) Figure 3.7: Dam wall sketch (Author, 2021) Figure 3.8: Iron Age (Iron Age History, 2021) Available at: https://www.history.com/.image/t_share/MTY3MjE1ODkwMzMxMzQ2ODI4/iron-age-gettyimages-639159958.jpg Figure 3.9: 1836 (Travel with Pierneef, 2021) https://carlbecker.files.wordpress.com/2010/12/scan000211.jpg?w=150&h=140 Figure 3.10: 1896 (Hartbeespoort History, 2021) Available at: https://hartbeespoort.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/GenlSchoeman.jpg Figure 3.11: 1902 (The Coves, 2021) Available at: https://thecoves.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/110-1.jpg Figure 3.12: 1905 (My Heritage, 2021) Available at: data: image/jpeg; base64, /9j/4AAQSkZJRgABAQAAAQABAAD/2wCEAAkGBwsKCxAJCgsIEBAICRYJCQkJCRsUFQcWIB0iIiAdHxJx8fLT0tMTUzOi46Iys7RDosNygtOisBCgoKDg0NDg4/ Figure 3.13: 1914 (Hartbeespoort History, 2021) Available at: https://hartbeespoort.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/5.jpg Figure 3.14: 1918 (Hartbeespoort History, 2021) Available at: https://hartbeespoort.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/1-1.jpg Figure 3.15: 1921 (Hartbeespoort History, 2021) Available at: https://hartbeespoort.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/2.jpg Figure 3.16: 1923 (Dinge en Goete, 2021) Available at: https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-wt1M9NH2JzM/Vs1CmwgQjxI/AAAAAAAAWSE/Yjae-W0mS3g/s1600/0013214.jpg Figure 3.17: 1925 (Kormorant, 2021) Available at: https://kormorant.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/history-1.jpg Figure 3.18: 1926 (The Coves, 2021) Available at: https://thecoves.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/11.jpg Figure 3.19: 1970 (Google, 2021) Available at: https://google.comsearchq=hartbeespoort+dam+wall&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwi118iCoMbwAhWn8IUKHaFTAvcQ2cCegQIABAA&oq=hartbeespoort+dam+wall&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQAzIECCMQJzICCAAyAggAMgIIADICCAAyBAgAEBgyBAgAEBgyBAgAEBg6BggAEAgQHl Figure 3.20: 1980 (Google, 2021) Available at: https://google.comsearchq=hartbeespoort+dam+1980&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwi87da8osbwAhUZcxoKHTetCw4Q2-cCegQIABAA&oq=hartbeespoort+dam+1980&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQDFAAWABgrpoHaABwAHgAgAEAiAEAkgEAmAEAqgELZ3dzLXdpei1pbWc&sclient=im Figure 3.21: 1990 – 1995 (Google, 2021) https://google.comsearchq=hartbeespoort+dam+hyacinth+crisis+start&tbm=isch&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj5rLuupMbwAhU0gXMKHbkPBNMQBXoECAEQLw&biw=1903&bih=880#imgrc=mnL7suEbe7_6ZM Figure 3.22: 2007 (Google, 2021) Available at: https://google.comsearchq=hartbeespoort+dam+hyacinth+crisis+start&tbm=isch&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj5rLuupMbwAhU0gXMKHbkPBNMQBXoECAEQLw&biw=1903&bih=880#imgrc=gVflyt-3GGCiSM Figure 3.23: 2020 (Google, 2021) Available at: https://google.comsearchq=hartbeespoort+dam+wall+completed&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwiMgYmwncbwAhUPohoKHYsfB0gQ2-cCegQIABAA&oq=hartbeespoort+dam+wall+completed&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQA1CA1AhY4tsIYJ3dCGgAcAB4AIABsQWIAbgKkgEJMi0xLj Figure 3.24: Hartbeespoort Dam Wall (Daddy’s Deals, 2021) Available at: https://daddysdeals.co.za/sites/default/files/hartbeespoort_dam_good_time_accommodation_0.jpg Figure 3.25: Hartbeespoort Dam Wall (Harties Cruise Boat, 2021) Available at: https://hartiescruiseboat.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Hartbeespoort-Dam-Wall-2.jpg Figure 3.26: Arc De Triomphe (SA Venues, 2021) Available at: https://www.sa-venues.com/attractionsnwp/gallery/hartbeespoortdam/4b.jpg Figure 3.27: Hartbeespoort Dam Wall (Dronestagram, 2021) Available at: https://www.dronestagr.am/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/20170109-DJI_0521-scaled.jpg Figure 3.28: Hartbeespoort Dam Wall (SA Venues, 2021) Available at: https://www.sa-venues.com/attractionsnwp/gallery/hartbeespoortdam/7b.jpg Figure 3.29 – 3.46: History of Water Hyacinth growth in Hartbeespoort Dam (Google Earth, 2021) Figure 3.47: Algae Build-Up in the dam (Author, 2021) Figure 3.48: Site Location and Context (Author,2021) Figure 3.49: Site Context and Problems (Author,2021) Figure 3.50: Site Location and Context (Author,2021) Figure 3.51: Site Access (Author,2021) Figure 3.52: Site Routes (Author,2021) Figure 3.53: Site Location and Context (Author,2021)

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Figure 3.54 - 3.62: History of the site (Google Earth, 2021) Figure 3.63: Hartbeespoort Dam Site Photos (Author, 2021) Figure 3.64: Hartbeespoort Dam Site Photos (Author, 2021) Figure 3.65: Hartbeespoort Dam Site Photos (Author, 2021) Figure 3.66: Hartbeespoort Dam Site Photos (Author, 2021) Figure 3.67: Hartbeespoort Dam Site Photos (Author, 2021) Figure 3.68: Hartbeespoort Dam Site Photos (Author, 2021) Figure 3.69: Hartbeespoort Dam Site Photos (Author, 2021) Figure 3.70: Hartbeespoort Dam Site Photos (Author, 2021) Figure 3.71: Hartbeespoort Dam Drone Photos (Author, 2021) Figure 3.72: Hartbeespoort Dam Drone Photos (Author, 2021) Figure 3.73: Hartbeespoort Dam Drone Photos (Author, 2021) Figure 3.74: Hartbeespoort Dam Drone Photos (Author, 2021) Figure 3.75: Hartbeespoort Dam Drone Photos (Author, 2021) Figure 3.76: Hartbeespoort Dam Panorama Photos (Author, 2021) Figure 3.77: Hartbeespoort Dam Panorama Photos (Author, 2021) Figure 3.78: Sunshine Percent (Weather and Climate, 2021) Available at: https://weather-and-climate.com/uploads/average-sun-percent-south-africa-hartbeespoortnorth-west-za.png Figure 3.79: Precipitation (Weather and Climate, 2021) Available at: https://weather-and-climate.com/uploads/average-rainfall-south-africa-hartbeespoort-north-west-za. png Figure 3.80: Temperature (Weather and Climate, 2021) Available at: https://weather-and-climate.com/uploads/average-temperature-south-africa-hartbeespoort-north-west-za.png Figure 3.81: Relative Humidity (Weather and Climate, 2021) Available at: https://weather-and-climate.com/uploads/average-relative-humidity-south-africa-hartbeespoort-north-west-za.png CHAPTER 4 Figure 4.1: Conceptual Line Sketches (Author, 2021) Figure 4.2: Linear Concept Section (Author, 2021) Figure 4.3: Linear Concept Sketches (Author, 2021) Figure 4.4: Precedents Location Map (Author, 2021) Figure 4.5: Gallery of Bigwood (ArchDaily, 2021) Available at: https://www.archdaily.com/805075/bigwood-olson-kundig/589d143de58ece84e90000cd-bigwood-olson-kundig-photo Figure 4.6: Gallery of Bigwood (ArchDaily, 2021) Available at: https://images.adsttc.com/media/images/589d/141a/e58e/cea9/f900/0081/slideshow/10049_00_Bigwood_ N54_high.jpg?1486689299 Figure 4.7: Gallery of Bigwood (ArchDaily, 2021) Available at: https://images.adsttc.com/media/images/589d/1430/e58e/cea9/f900/0082/slideshow/10049_00_Bigwood_ N60_high.jpg?1486689321 Figure 4.8: Section Sketch (Author, 2021) Figure 4.9: Perspective Sketch (Author, 2021) Figure 4.10: Perspective Sketch (Author, 2021) Figure 4.11: Perspective Sketch (Author, 2021) Figure 4.12: Westcliff-Pavilion (ArchDaily, 2021) Available at: https://images.adsttc.com/media/images/5080/b816/28ba/0d08/9000/0065/large_jpg/Westcliff_Pavilion_06. jpg?1375454008 Figure 4.13: Westcliff-Pavilion (ArchDaily, 2021) Available at: https://images.adsttc.com/media/images/5080/b82b/28ba/0d08/9900/0062/large_jpg/Westcliff_Pavilion_08. jpg?1375454030 Figure 4.14: Westcliff-Pavilion (ArchDaily, 2021) Available at: https://images.adsttc.com/media/images/5080/b83b/28ba/0d08/8d00/0042/large_jpg/Westcliff_Pavilion_16. jpg?1375454053

CHAPTER 5 Figure 5.1: Site Photo (Author, 2021) Figure 5.2: Site Photo (Author, 2021) Figure 5.3: Site Photo (Author, 2021) Figure 5.4: Site Photo (Author, 2021) Figure 5.4: Site Photo (Author, 2021) Figure 5.5: Site Photo (Author, 2021) Figure 5.6: Site Photo (Author, 2021) Figure 5.7: Site Photo (HyaMatla, 2021) Figure 5.8: Site Photo (HyaMatla, 2021) Figure 5.9: Site Photo (HyaMatla, 2021) Figure 5.10: Site Photo (HyaMatla, 2021) Figure 5.11: Site Photo (HyaMatla, 2021) Figure 5.12: Site Photo (HyaMatla, 2021) Figure 5.13: Products (HyaMatla, 2021) Figure 5.14: Regeneration (Author, 2021) Figure 5.15: Linear System (Author, 2021) Figure 5.16: Communities and Industries Interact with the programme (Author, 2021)

THE DESIGN OF AN ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION, WATER HYACINTH PROCESSING FACILITY AT HARTBEESPOORT DAM

Figure 4.15: Brown Sugar Factory (ArchDaily, 2021) Available at: https://images.adsttc.com/media/images/5ade/e76a/f197/ccdb/4900/0695/slideshow/573A0589. jpg?1524557663 Figure 4.16: Brown Sugar Factory (ArchDaily, 2021) Available at: https://images.adsttc.com/media/images/5ade/e601/f197/ccd9/a300/0ea4/slideshow/%E7%BA%A2%E7 %B3%96%E5%B7%A5%E5%9D%8A_%E7%8E%8B%E5%AD%90%E5%87%8C%E6%91%84_jpg%E5%A4%A7%E5%9B%BE%E5%AE%8C%E7%A8%BF_573A1466.jpg?1524557296 Figure 4.17: Brown Sugar Factory (ArchDaily, 2021) Available at: https://images.adsttc.com/media/images/5ade/e7ad/f197/ccdb/4900/0697/slideshow/573A0952. jpg?1524557729 Figure 4.18: Perspective Sketch (Author, 2021) Figure 4.19: Perspective Sketch (Author, 2021) Figure 4.20: Perspective Sketch (Author, 2021) Figure 4.21: Oliver’s Ridge (Architecture AU, 2021) Available at: https://i.pinimg.com/originals/bf/2b/bc/bf2bbceccd89c89735db7223bc1f8c1a.jpg Figure 4.22: Oliver’s Ridge (Architecture AU, 2021) Available at: https://architectureau.com/articles/well-grounded-olivers-ridge/# Figure 4.23: Oliver’s Ridge (Architecture AU, 2021) Available at: https://nz.rs-cdn.com/site_files/cache/18758/images/page/3337c4233bd96ebbc941d1e1c275eafb_938893bc3c6be77ddb05aaf49a1ff025.jpg Figure 4.24: Wirra Willa Pavilion (ArchDaily, 2021) Figure 4.25: Wirra Willa Pavilion (ArchDaily, 2021) Figure 4.26: Wirra Willa Pavilion (ArchDaily, 2021) Figure 4.27: Perspective Sketch (Author, 2021) Figure 4.28: Section Sketch (Author, 2021) Figure 4.29: Elevation Sketches (Author, 2021) Figure 4.30: Production Plant 4.0 (ArchDaily, 2021) Available at: https://images.adsttc.com/media/images/5db6/f7d6/3312/fd22/3f00/0b01/slideshow/BBraun-2018-05_ TS_0866-B_M_FotoTillSchuster_3000.jpg?1572272064 Figure 4.31: Production Plant 4.0 (ArchDaily, 2021) Available at: https://images.adsttc.com/media/images/5db6/f895/3312/fd22/3f00/0b05/slideshow/BBraun-2018-06_ TS_2294-H_M_FotoTillSchuster_3000.jpg?1572272256 Figure 4.32: Production Plant 4.0 (ArchDaily, 2021) Available at: https://images.adsttc.com/media/images/5db6/f903/3312/fdea/7a00/0447/slideshow/BBraun-2018-07_ TS_3046-H-B_M_FotoTillSchuster_3000.jpg?1572272366 Figure 4.33: Application of Precedents (Author, 2021)

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Figure 5.17: Granular Fertiliser Process (Author, 2021) Figure 5.18: Liquid Fertiliser Process (Author, 2021) Figure 5.19: Value added of implementing the water hyacinth into the programme (Author, 2021) Figure 5.20: Community involvement and future products that can work with the programme (Author, 2021) Figure 5.21: Window of opportunity (Author, 2021) Figure 5.22: Degenerative and Regenerative (Author, 2021) Figure 5.23: Sustainability (Author, 2021) Figure 5.24: Precipitation (Weather and Climate, 2021) Available at: https://weather-and-climate.com/uploads/average-rainfall-south-africa-hartbeespoort-north-west-za. png Figure 5.25: Calculate Rainwater Savings (Wetec, 2021) Wetec. 2021. Calculate How Much Rainwater You Can Harvest | Wetec. [online] Available at: <https://www. wetec.co.za/rainwater-calculator Figure 5.26: Grid-Tied System (GrapeSolar, 2021) Available at: https://grapesolar.com/wp-content/uploads/gsi-diagram-grid-tied-system.png Figure 5.27: Grid Tied Solar System (Solar Chart, 2021) Solar panel system with diagram Available at: https://5.imimg.com/data5/QS/XU/YT/ANDROID-90588839/productjpeg-500x500.jpg Figure 5.28: Hybrid Solar System (Solar Chart, 2021) Available at: https://5.imimg.com/data5/QS/XU/YT/ANDROID-90588839/product-jpeg-500x500.jpg Figure 5.29: Self Consumption Kit (Sustainable.co.za, 2021) Available at: https://www.sustainable.co.za/products/sunsynk-15kw-48v-3-phase-self-consumptionkit?variant=40899338961089&currency=ZAR&utm_medium=product_sync&utm_source=google&utm_content=sag_organic&utm_campaign=sag_organic&gclid=CjwKCAiA78aNBhAlEiwA7B76pzqwpAUNyFpbiftYwubzyaWKAzC6XN73UeuXcDwkMA96WE3ZGA8jeBoC92gQAvD_BwE CHAPTER 6 Figure 6.1: Private Spaces (Author, 2021) Figure 6.2: Public Spaces (Author, 2021) Figure 6.3: Massing Models (Author, 2021) Figure 6.4: Massing Model Exploration (Author, 2021) Figure 6.5: Linear Site Boundaries (Author, 2021) Figure 6.6: Boundaries and Existing Structures (Author, 2021) Figure 6.7: Position of new facility (Author, 2021) Figure 6.8: Forming connection with the site (Author, 2021) Figure 6.9: Model Exploration (Author, 2021) Figure 6.10: Model Exploration (Author, 2021) Figure 6.11: Model Exploration (Author, 2021) Figure 6.12: Model Exploration (Author, 2021) Figure 6.13: Linear Concept Implementation (Author, 2021) Figure 6.14: Anchor Points of Access (Author, 2021) Figure 6.15: Placement of the Building (Author, 2021) Figure 6.16: Accentuating the views (Author, 2021) Figure 6.17: Zoning Areas (Author, 2021) Figure 6.18: Building Layouts (Author, 2021) Figure 6.19: Exhibition Space (Author, 2021) Figure 6.20: Exhibition Space (Author, 2021) Figure 6.21: Public and Private Spaces (Author, 2021) Figure 6.22: Circulation and Movement (Author, 2021) Figure 6.23: Public and Private Section (Author, 2021) Figure 6.24: Section Development (Author, 2021) Figure 6.25: Section Views (Author, 2021) Figure 6.26: Perspective Massing (Author, 2021) Figure 6.27: Perspective (Author, 2021)

Figure 7.1: Site Plan (Author, 2021) Figure 7.2: Ground Floor Plan (Author, 2021) Figure 7.3: Lower Ground Floor Plan (Author, 2021) Figure 7.4: Upper Ground Floor Plan (Author, 2021) Figure 7.5: Render (Author, 2021) Figure 7.6: Render (Author, 2021) Figure 7.7: North Elevation (Author, 2021) Figure 7.8: East Elevation (Author, 2021) Figure 7.9: South Elevation (Author, 2021) Figure 7.10: West Elevation (Author, 2021) Figure 7.11: Render (Author, 2021) Figure 7.12: Render (Author, 2021) Figure 7.13: Section A-A (Author, 2021) Figure 7.14: Section B-B (Author, 2021) Figure 7.15: Section C-C (Author, 2021) Figure 7.16: Render (Author, 2021) Figure 7.17: Render (Author, 2021) Figure 7.18: Roof Gutter Axo Detail (Author, 2021) Figure 7.19: Roof Detail (Author, 2021) Figure 7.20: Roof Detail (Author, 2021) Figure 7.21: Deck Detail (Author, 2021) Figure 7.22: Render (Author, 2021) Figure 7.23: Render (Author, 2021) Figure 7.24: Pulley Axo Detail (Author, 2021) Figure 7.25: Louvre Axo Detail (Author, 2021) Figure 7.26: Exploded Axo Detail (Author, 2021) Figure 7.27: Edge Detail (Author, 2021) Figure 7.28: Render (Author, 2021) Figure 7.29: Render (Author, 2021) CHAPTER 8 Figure 8.1: Louvre Focus Sketches (Author, 2021) Figure 8.2: Optimise Sun Sketches (Author, 2021) Figure 8.3: Photovoltaic Panel Sketches (Author, 2021) Figure 8.4: Aluminium Sketches (Author, 2021) Figure 8.5: Laminated Timber Sketches (Author, 2021) Figure 8.6: Photovoltaic Panel Louvres (Author, 2021) Figure 8.7: Laminated Timber Louvres (Author, 2021) Figure 8.8: Aluminium Panel Louvres (Author, 2021) Figure 8.9: Model Photos (Author, 2021) Figure 8.10: Fixing and Material Exploration (Author, 2021)

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CHAPTER 7

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Figure 8.11: Louvre Angle Exploration (Author, 2021) Figure 8.12: Louvre Exploration (Author, 2021) Figure 8.13: Louvre Photos (Author, 2021) Figure 8.14: Model Photos (Author, 2021) Figure 8.15: Model Photos (Author, 2021) Figure 8.16: Louvre Details (Author, 2021) Figure 8.17: Louvre Detail (Author, 2021 Figure 8.18: Louvre Detail (Author, 2021) Figure 8.19: Model and Examination Photos (Author, 2021) Figure 8.20: Model and Examination Photos (Author, 2021) Figure 8.21: Model Photos (Author, 2021) Figure 8.22: Model Photos (Author, 2021) Figure 8.23: Plaster Texture (Good Textures, 2021) Available at: https://www.goodtextures.com/cache/6a59e6dd/avd28bb7e7d926d729654.jpg Figure 8.24: Concrete Texture (Jamel Felder, 2021) Available at: https://jamelfelder.com/wpcontent/uploads/2017/05/43f08805db943b3147e9589c26d29ea5.jpg Figure 8.25: Timber Texture (Rare Woods, 2021) Available at: https://www.rarewoods.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/melunak-e1561032167716.jpg Figure 8.26: Steel Texture (Deviant Art, 2021) Available at: https://images-wixmp-ed30a86b8c4ca887773594c2.wixmp.com/f/78a3d686-9a91-4e32-b8df-18741496d532/ d4koavb44008033dba7410b8bc094726506c8f.jpg Figure 8.27: Brick Texture (Wallpaper Safari, 2021) Available at: https://cdn.wallpapersafari.com/28/8/QAXBS4.jpg Figure 8.28: Glass Texture (Deviant Art, 2021) Available at: https://images-wixmp-ed30a8683c76f787602/d67w5d8-21cb6b4b-d85d-482a-9c14-35c5924fb17b.jpg Figure 8.29: Contract Documentation (Author, 2021) Figure 8.30: Contract Documentation (Author, 2021) Figure 8.31: Contract Documentation (Author, 2021) Figure 8.32: Contract Documentation (Author, 2021) Figure 8.33: Contract Documentation (Author, 2021) Figure 8.34: Contract Documentation (Author, 2021) Figure 8.35: Contract Documentation (Author, 2021) Figure 8.36: Contract Documentation (Author, 2021) Figure 8.37: Contract Documentation (Author, 2021) Figure 8.38: Contract Documentation (Author, 2021) CHAPTER 9 Figure 9.1: Water Hyacinth Blossoms (Pixabay, 2021) Available at: https://cdn.pixabay.com/photo/2016/07/28/12/10/water-hyacinth-1547726_1280.jpg

12.5 List of Tables Table 1: SBAT categories Table 2: Environment (pollution vs intervention outcomes) Table 3: Economic (pollution vs intervention outcomes) Table 4: Social (pollution vs intervention outcomes)

THANK YOU - Jim Rohn

THE DESIGN OF AN ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION, WATER HYACINTH PROCESSING FACILITY AT HARTBEESPOORT DAM

“Whatever good things we build, end up building us”

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