STRUTHERS, M - 212259829 by jacques_23

Post-pandemic Architecture: Reshaping the TUT Kollegehof student residence in Pretoria

M. Struthers 2021

Post-Pandemic Architecture: Reshaping the TUT Kollegehof Student Residence in Pretoria

by Michelle Struthers Supervisor: Prof. J. Laubscher Submitted in partial fulfilment for the requirements for the degree MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE: PROFESSIONAL (STRUCTURED) Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment Tshwane University of Technology: Department of Architecture and Industrial Design

D E CLA R A TIO N

I, Michelle Struthers, hereby declare that the dissertation submitted for M.Arch: Professional at Tshwane University of Technology is my own original work and was not submitted to any other institution. All quoted text is indicated and acknowledged by a comprehensive list of references.

A CKN O W LE D G E M E N TS First and foremost, I would like to thank the Lord, who gave me strength and courage during every part of this academic journey. I would also like to thank the following people for their motivation and support throughout my studies: My family, who supported me with words of encouragement and never-ending love Friends who stood by me, even though I seldom saw them. The friends I made during these past two years of studying, on whom I could rely. To the following lecturers for their support, guidance and patience: Professor Jacques Laubscher (Supervisor) Ms Francine van Tonder Ms Marinda Bolt Thank you TUT for granting me a TUT Bursary. Last, but not least, thanks go to my fiancé Stevan Pelcher, who supported me all the way, who sat through the highs and the lows, and kept me sane.

Figure 1: New proposal

A B S TR A CT

The Covid-19 pandemic and its effects on humankind are far-reaching. Covid-19 research initiatives are primarily focusing on the medical and its associated fields to address the immediate crisis. However, there is a dearth of knowledge on how the built environment field is responding to Covid-19. Architects should question the future of buildings and cities in a post-pandemic era. This mini-dissertation reviews the available built environment research in the post-pandemic era, focusing on university campus design. The literature study serves as background information, while the study itself focuses on the design and role of university residences. The design exploration investigates how the pandemic impacted university students’ psyche and the resultant sociological ‘shift of quarantine’. The resilient student responded by adapting to emergency remote learning while losing personal interaction usually associated with asking questions. The longevity of this situation and its future societal impact is explored. Design principles regarding how to re-use a vacant university residence to adapt to the ‘new normal’ are tested throughout this research project. Reshaping the existing built infrastructure to respond to a pandemic is a universal challenge for architecture. As humankind adapts to the post-Covid-19 era, architecture should not follow, but lead. Keywords: post-pandemic, new normal, resilient, reshape, adapt, design principles

TA B LE O F CO N TE N T

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PANDEMIC ANALYSIS PROJECT CONTEXT 3 PANDEMIC HISTORY 5 PANDEMIC STUDENT RESIDENTIAL 7 PANDEMIC STUDENT LIFE 9 PANDEMIC OPPORTUNITIES 11 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND DELIMITATION PROBLEM STATEMENT 15

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SITE AND CONTEXTUAL ANALYSIS CLIENT PROFILE 20 SITE ANALYSIS 21 EXISTING STRUCTURE 33

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CONCEPTUAL DEVELOPMENT PRECEDENT STUDY 69 DESIGN DEVELOPMENT 75

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DESIGN AND TECHNICAL RESOLUTION DESIGN RESOLUTION 103 CONCLUSION 108

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06 07

CONSTRUCTION DOCUMENTATION CONCONSTRUCTION DRAWINGS 111

PROGRAM PROJECT BRIEF 40 THEORETICAL APPROACH 41 SPECIFICATION 53 PANDEMIC INSPIRED DESIGN PRINCIPLES

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REFERENCES LIST OF FIGURES 121 REFERENCES 127

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PANDEMIC ANALYSIS PROJECT CONTEXT PANDEMIC HISTORY PANDEMIC STUDENT RESIDENTIAL PANDEMIC STUDENT LIFE PANDEMIC OPPORTUNITIES RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND DELIMITATIOIN PROBLEM STATEMENT

Exploring how the Covid-19 pandemic affects the student environment and society as a whole. The history of pandemics indicates how buildings and cities were reshaped. The outline of the problem is stated in this chapter.

P R O JE CT CO N TE X T

In recent months, we have arrived at a new juncture of disease and architecture, where fear of contamination again controls what kinds of spaces we want to be in. As tuberculosis shaped modernism, so COVID-19 and our collective experience of staying inside for months on end will influence architecture’s near future. (Chayka, 2020)

South Africa entered a nationwide lockdown for 21 days at midnight on 26 March 2020. In President Cyril Ramaphosa’s Nationwide Address delivered on 23 March 2020, he stated, “This is a decisive measure to save millions of South Africans from infection and save the lives of hundreds of thousands of people” (SA News, 2020). The pandemic affected and continues to have a global effect. Society moved to a ‘new normal’ without fully understanding its implications. Wearing masks became second nature, sanitising became a habit and social distancing created a sense of safety. An accentuated social ‘bubble’ is one of the results emanating from these preventive measures. The implementation of Lockdown Level 5 regulations rendered all South African university residences empty. Students at the Tshwane University of Technology were only allowed to return to their residences nearly five months later at the end of August 2020. During these five months, students continued with their studies via emergency remote teaching and learning. Hence, students’ homes became their study areas, restaurants, gyms, and

relaxation areas. Students who previously lived in residences balanced their academic activities with their homes’ daily routines and chores. This adjustment changed the way intended spaces are used by assigning new purposes to accommodate the needs created by the pandemic. With the advent of digital teaching-and-learning platforms and the resultant adjustment to remote learning, this change is not a viable long-term solution. Some students are at a technological disadvantage and thus fall behind in their progress in their academic studies. Pre-pandemic university residences need to adapt to house the needs necessary that are created by the pandemic. Pandemic architecture will consider the needs and improve functionality in a space by reshaping an existing university residence using the ‘new normal’ guidelines, which will normalise how spaces and people function. We are already in the ‘new normal’ and as spaces and habits change, architecture should not follow but lead. This minidissertation examines related research with the ‘new’ guidelines implemented as pandemic-inspired design principles for reshaping a vacant university residential building.

P A N D E M IC H IS TO R Y Past-pandemics influences the subsequent design of spaces and the use of building materials.

Pandemics

Bubonic Plague 14th Century

Planning outcomes

- -

Clearing of cramped living Larger public spaces with less clutter

Spatial design implications

- -

Radical urban improvements of Renaissance Expanding city borders

While pandemics have always been part of history, they are now part of the present. Architecture needs to adapt during periods of pandemics to improve resilience and create healthier cities (Anderton, 2020; Chang, 2020).

Yellow Fever 18th Century Cholera & Smallpox 19th Century

Tuberculosis, Polio, Spanish Flu 20th Century

- Broad boulevards (Paris) - Improvement on water and sewerage systems (London)

- Better waste management - Single-use zoning - Cleaner surfaces - Buildings with ample exposure to sunlight and air - Terraces and balconies

- New water and sewerage systems below ground - Implementation of indoor plumbing

- - - -

Prompted urban planning Tenement reform Separation of residential and industrial areas Open-plan building

P A N D E M IC S TUD E N T R E S ID E N T I A L

Figure 2: Kollegehof student residence

Building owners implemented new guidelines prescribed by the South African Property Owners Association (SAPOA). The guidelines that impact buildings and the functioning of spaces are good ventilation, social distancing by removing some furniture, safeguards such as plexiglass, clear communication signs, sanitation stations, automated doors, and tracking the number of people occupying the building (SAPOA. s.a). These guidelines add to the implication of the ‘new normal’ in buildings.

Short term

Guidelines such as social distancing, good ventilation, safeguards, clear communication signs, and sanitation stations are implemented by university staff on campus.

Infrastructure development is the strategic basis for the postpandemic era outlined in the Economic Reconstruction and Recovery Plan. A top priority of this plan is to increase or expand student accommodation. (Cresco, 2020)

South Africa entered a nationwide lockdown level 5 for 21 days at midnight on 26 March 2020. The implication for universities and university residences were evacuation and emergency remote learning and teaching. Only at the end of August 2020 were students allowed to return to university residences. Students’ parents have a lower spending amount due to Covid-19 restrictions. Consequently, the university residences did not receive their normal funding via students’ residence fees as students shifted to remote learning. This significant loss of revenue initiated a need for more accessible and affordable student housing. (Cresco, 2020)

As Lockdown Level 5 restrictions were implemented, students were sent home with the plan of emergency remote learning. Hence, residences became vacant, resulting in a considerable loss in revenue. (Cresco, 2020) Medium and long term

Challenges that student accommodation developers face are (Cresco, 2020): - Looking past current global circumstances - Envisioning a forward-thinking reality in which student accommodation is safe, affordable, and readily available across the country. With the National Student Financial Aid Scheme (NSFAS), students funded by the state will be able to afford to live at university residences. With the NSFAS funding, tertiary education will become more accessible to those in the lower-income brackets. Furthermore, the student accommodation developments will help kick-start the economy and lay the foundation for longterm economic growth (Cresco, 2020).

P A N D E M IC S TUD E N T LIF E

Society has adapted to the practices required in the ‘new-normal’. As stated by the World Health Organization, these practises include wearing a mask, physical distancing, remote working, and hand hygiene that became part of daily lives (World Health Organization [WHO], 2020). As people embark on this Covid-19 pandemic journey, the outcome is unclear. As the lockdown progresses and the psychological effects of the ‘new normal’ are being studied, research on the psychological impact of people during lockdown and quarantine reveals that they suffer from acute stress disorder symptoms, exhaustion, detachment from others, anxiety, irritability, insomnia, poor concentration, indecisiveness, anger and depression. Factors that cause stress include duration of quarantine, infection fears, frustration, boredom, inadequate supplies, and inadequate information (Brooks, 2020: 913, 916). These outcomes depend on the quarantine duration: the longer the period, the more psychological symptoms are seen (Psych scene hub, 2020). As current research is merely a guide to expected outcomes, new research is necessary, as a level of lockdown is still being implemented.

The Covid-19 pandemic caused a shift at universities as students, staff, and lecturers switched to remote learning, teaching, and presenting. Although this was a sudden and unprepared-for shift, people are adapting to remote working. However with universities now gradually opening, a combination of face-toface and remote teaching is being implemented (Ojo,E, 2021). University campuses are places to learn and simultaneously provide spaces to build relationships for meaningful networking and alliances. Initially, research revealed that students found it difficult to manage remote learning, and that undergraduate, full-time, and female students were most vulnerable during remote learning. Many young women are more exposed to dangerous situations regarding the gender-based violence crises. Hence, student welfare should be prioritised (Ojo, 2021). Factors identified by Ojo (2021) that hinder a student’s ability to study online: - Internet connection - Mental health - Personal challenges of ability - Time management - Being distracted easily - Family members make studying difficult - Interaction between students and lecturers. The research study also indicates that undergraduate and fulltime students are more susceptible to mental health problems

than postgraduate and part-time students. Students aged 1824 are approximately 1.75 times more prone to mental health problems than students 24 and older. Female students are 1.83 times more inclined to have mental health problems (stress, anxiety, and depression) than male students (Ojo, 2021). Self-directed learning and self-management requires discipline, personal commitment, self-motivation and more. Research indicates that this notion is important for success. However, students struggle with self-directed learning and selfmanagement, due to a lack of physical support from peers and lecturers. Students are thus unable to stay motivated and focused (Ojo, 2021). Furthermore, a digital divide is seen between students in urban and rural areas. Older students also experience more challenges with connectivity issues than younger students, as the latter are more likely to be digital natives (Ojo, 2021). International students from the African continent returned to their countries of origin and often experienced connectivity problems, as most South African universities provided data bundles for use in South Arica only (Ojo, 2021). The impact of the pandemic on higher education cannot be ignored, especially the impact on health and the overall wellbeing of students. A long-term strategy should be implemented to support all students during this transition during the Covid-19 pandemic (Ojo, 2021).

P A N D E M IC O P P O R TUN IT I ES

Figure 3: Brain map

During the Covid-19 pandemic, many opportunities in the architectural field remerged and more opportunities will emerge post-pandemic. Lokerse (2020) states, “If you want to change those habits of being close to people, we need to have very clear guidelines”. Lokerse (2020) also states that the only way to do so is by visualisation. Chayka, (2020) suggests that if everyday spaces adapt to the necessary guidelines, habits can change. In a recent seminar, Walter Sisulu University student Siphesihle Msomi, suggested that campuses prepare student accommodation and disadvantaged students should return under strict regulations (Anstey, 2020). Studies have shown that some students are vulnerable, and some are disadvantaged when studying from home, creating a need among students who rely on university residences and the resources these residences offer. Research director at the Human Sience Research Council (HSRC), Professor Luescher, said, “What one can do so long is to prioritise the reopening of residences for the student groups most difficult to reach and those who are the most disadvantaged by remote online learning” (Anstey, 2020).

RESEA R CH M E TH O D O LO G Y A N D D EL I M I T A T I ON

The research employed a mixed method approach. The Covid-19 pandemic affected the urban environment and how people adjusted to the ‘new normal’. The social constructivist theory and the pragmatic worldview guided this research.

SOCIAL CONSTRUCTIVISM Social constructivism is based on the assumption that people seek to understand the world in which they live and work. They develop subjective meanings of their experiences, which in turn are directed towards objects or things (Creswell, 2008). The secondary research approach used existing literature and publications. The desktop study focussed on how people have dealt with the ‘new normal’, and how the pandemic has affected and reshaped spaces and individuals.

PRAGMATISM The pragmatism approach originates from actions, situations and consequences, and uses different approaches to understand a problem. Pragmatism is not committed to a single philosophy or reality, so it allows the researcher freedom to choose the method, technique and procedures required to meet the needs and purpose of the research. Both quantitative and qualitative data were used in this study (Creswell, 2008). The secondary research focused on the effect of the pandemic on the urban environment and the human psyche.

DELIMITATION This project focused on the needs of university students who previously stayed at university residences and who then studied from home after the Covid-19 pandemic. This project excluded other university students and staff members, and their everyday risks during the pandemic. 14

P R O B LE M S TA TE M E N T

Figure 4: Pandemic spreading

During the first lockdown period, residences were evacuated and students were required to return to their homes. Remote learning was put in place to prevent students from falling behind and ensure that the year’s curriculum was completed. Some universities supplied students with data bundles to allow them to connect to online classes. However, some students experienced a negative psychological impact from remote learning as some students experienced connectivity problems. As time passed, universities implemented both mask-to-mask classes and remote learning. This allowed students to return to the residences. The residence focused on in this project is TUT’s Kollegehof student residence, which requires maintenance and renovations before students can re-enter the residences again. This provides an opportunity to reshape the university residence allowing students to work and convene in a healthy building and further their studies.

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SITE AND CONTEXTUAL ANALYSIS CLIENT PROFILE SITE ANALYSIS EXISTING STRUCTURE

The proposed site is one location of many student residences, owned by Tshwane University of Technology (TUT), that is analysed in terms of location, context, and the buildings itself.

http://www.fsati.org/images/TUT_color_logo_lanscpe.jpg

Figure 5: Project client

Figure 6: Project location

CLIE N T P R O FILE Tshwane University of Technology (TUT)

TUT was established on 1 January 2004. It has grown to be the largest residential higher education institution in South Africa. TUT is also one of the most demographically diverse universities in the country in terms of race and gender (Times Higher Education. s.a.) TUT has nine learning sites and six campuses situated in Tshwane (Gauteng), Mbombela and eMalahleni (Mpumalanga), and Polokwane (Limpopo) (Times Higher Education. s.a.)

Students of Tshwane University of Technology (TUT)

Many students attending the nearest TUT campus are from the surrounding area, however some students are from other provinces as well as from other African countries, such as: Botswana, Zimbabwe, Namibia, Swaziland, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), and more (Times Higher Education. s.a.)

S ITE S E LE CTIO N

South Africa 21

Gauteng

City of Tshwane

Ward 3 - Kollegehof Student Residence Figure 7-10: Site location

SI TE AN A LYS IS - UR B A N S CA LE

The Kollegehof Residence is the selected site. It is located on the corner of Johan Heyns Drive and Malan Street, Pretoria, across from Steve Biko Hospital. The TUT owned site is one of six offcampus TUT student residences in Pretoria. Figure 11 indicates the three TUT campuses in Pretoria, namely the Pretoria (or main) Campus, the Arts Campus and the Arcadia Campus. Students residing at Kollegehof are mainly students studying at the Arcadia Campus. TUT Pretoria Campus has seven on-campus student residences and six off-campus residences located between the city centre and Capital Park. A shuttle is provided for the off-campus students to selected TUT campuses.

Figure 11: Urban scale

SI TE AN A LYS IS - M E D IUM S CA LE

The Kollegehof Residence consists of two residential buildings, one cafeteria, and one study centre. The proposed site became vacant in 2020 as one of the residences was declared structurally unsafe and students had to evacuate due to the Covid-19 pandemic. Within the surrounding context (Figure 12), are a super market, restaurant, bar, petrol garage, hospital, and fast-food franchises that can be accessed within walking distance from the residence.

Figure 12: Medium scale

S ITE A N A LYS IS - S M A LL S C A L E

The focus of this mini-dissertation will be on Buildings A, C and D. Building A is a residential building that is currently deemed structurally unsafe for students. Building C is the cafeteria and the connection point for students of both residential buildings. Building D is the study area for students.

Building D

Building

Buil

ding A

Building B

20m 10m

50m 30m

100m

Figure 13: Small scale

20m 10m

50m 30m

The wind direction is usually north to south, allowing for cross ventilation in the existing buildings as the existing structures are north facing. The buildings also allow for maximum sun exposure. The bathroom building in block A, is the only east facing building with minimal glazing on the western facade.

100m

Figure 14: Wind and sun angles

20m 10m

50m 30m

The boundaries indicated are subject to high levels of noise from traffic and pedestrian movement. The existing trees on the boundaries create a noise buffer for the existing buildings. Building A is the most exposed to the high noise levels, where-as Building B and C have noise levels from the school across the road. However, these noise levels only tend to rise in the morning and afternoon when children are dropped off and collected. Building D is situated in a corner within the site and is surrounded by vegetation that keeps the noise levels at a minimum.

100m

Figure 15: Noise factor

The following photos are taken by the author of: Building A

Building B

Building C

Building D

Figure 16-27: Photos of the existing structures

E X IS TIN G S TR UCTUR E The site consists of two residential buildings, the cafeteria, the study building, a paved route to the pool, volleyball court, braai areas, and a basketball quart that is also used as parking.

Basketball Quart / Parking

Volleyball Quart Pool

10m

Figure 28: Existing site

The residential units consist of two-person bedrooms, kitchen facilities, and bathroom facilities. The horizontal circulation links these facilities, while the vertical circulation links the floors and serves as escape routes.

Storage Study

Kitchen

Bedroo

oms

ria Cafete

Bathro

Bedrooms Bathrooms

Kitchen

Bedroo

10m

Figure 29: Existing Ground Floor plan

Horizontal circulation Vertical circulation Residential buildings

Bedroo

oms

Bedrooms

Bathro

Bedrooms

Bathrooms

Bathrooms ms

Bedroo

10m

Figure 30: Existing First and Second Floor plan

Horizontal circulation Vertical circulation Residential buildings

Bedrooms Bathrooms

10m

Figure 31: Existing Third Floor plan

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PROGRAM PROJECT BRIEF THEORETICAL APPROACH SPECIFICATION PANDEMIC INSPIRED DESIGN PRINCIPLES

As the pandemic continues, many theories and possible solutions are being tested. This chapter looks at healthy buildings as a theoretical approach with a system that can be applied to most existing structures and pandemic-inspired design principles based on guidelines stated by the WHO as well as observations of the changes in the urban environment.

Figure 32:

P R O JE CT B R IE F

As the pandemic progresses, measurements are instituted to help prevent the spread of Covid-19. The proposal analysed the guidelines put in place by the WHO and how buildings were adapted to implement the guidelines. Furthermore, the impact on students during the pandemic was also analysed to identify the needs created by remote learning. This mini-dissertation proposes to reshape existing structures to adapt to the impact and guidelines of the Covid-19 pandemic. Students’ needs are considered to help further their studies during the pandemic and future pandemic waves. The proposed reshaping of the existing structures should take into account situations in which students may rely on remote learning, by providing the necessary facilities.

TH E O R E TICA L A P P R O A C H

Figure 33: Healthy building

Healthy Buildings

Buildings were designed around airy courtyards. However, after the mid-twentieth century, buildings became enclosed and unventilated. The introduction of the air-conditioning unit encouraged buildings to remain enclosed and become habitable ‘boxes’. This lack of ventilation in a building is known as ‘sick building syndrome’ (SBS) (Somvanshi, 2021). People spend around 90% indoors and air conditioning can increase the spread of any infections within buildings (Megahed, 2020). The deadly air borne Covid-19 virus was introduced into the sick buildings that had to adapt to ensure a healthy building in which people could work and live (Megahed, 2020). The theoretical approach of healthy buildings is used to analyse what is needed for a building to become healthy, and in this case to adapt the university student residence to ensure a safe return for students in a healthy environment. “We need our buildings to breathe naturally if we want to continue breathing naturally” (Somvanshi, 2021).

Nine Foundations

The Harvard School of Public Health (Allen, 2017) highlights nine foundations for a healthy building.

- Ventilation - Air quality - Water quality - Thermal health - Dust and pests - Lighting and views - Noise - Moisture - Safety and security

Ventilation Outdoor air should be filtered before entering a building, especially at street level, to avoid outdoor pollutants. How is health affected? Low-ventilation rates in spaces lead to stuffiness and unpleasantness. It can also lead to increased pollutants in a building, causing ailments such as: - Headache - Fatigue - Shortness of breath - Sinus congestion - Cough - Sneezing - Eye, nose, throat, and skin irritation - Dizziness - Nausea. These symptoms are the result of when health is affected in a particular building, which is also referred to as SBS by the WHO. Students in a well-ventilated area are more productive and healthy with a longer attention span. Students in a poorly ventilated area experience a decrease in productivity and an increase in absences.

Air Quality Materials used in a building have to be selected to ensure low chemical emissions. How is health affected? Being exposed to indoor air pollutants can be linked to: - Asthma - Allergies - Bronchitis - Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Poor air quality can impact productivity and cognitive function. Three chemical of concerns are: - - -

Flame-retardant chemical: Migrates out of the product into the air and dust. Stain-repellent chemicals: Usually found in furniture, carpets, and paints, among others, with exposure usually through air, dust, and drinking water. Plasticiser chemical: Usually found in vinyl tiles, PVC, and artificial leather, among others. The chemicals migrate out of the product and can be found in air and dust.

Water Quality A water-purification system can be installed to remove contaminants. How is health affected? Water quality can be affected by: -

Inorganic chemicals: This is dependent on the water pipe material, and all lead pipes should be replaced. Lead pipes can lead to cardiovascular disease, hypertension, nerve disorders, decreased kidney function, and reproductive problems. Organic chemicals: Fluorinated chemicals are used as stain-resistant and non-stick products and has been associated with elevated cholesterol, cancer, obesity, and immune suppression. Microorganisms: Legionella bacteria thrives in plumbing systems and causes pontiac fever (a self-resolving flu-like illness) and Legionnaire’s disease (pneumonia).

Thermal Health An ambient temperature throughout the day improves thermal comfort for the occupant. How is health affected? Unfavourable ventilation, humidity, and heat, may cause people to experience: - Itchiness - Watery eyes - Headaches - Throat irritation. SBS can be increased in a too-warm environment causing symptoms such as: - - - -

Negative moods Increase in heart rates Respiratory symptoms Increased fatigue.

Too cold and dry environments promote the spread of the influenza virus.

Dust and Pests To minimise the risk of dust and pests, clean regularly, seal off entry points, prevent moisture build-up, and remove trash regularly. How is health affected? Dust exposure happens in three ways: - Inhalation - Direct dermal absorption - Ingestion via hand-to-mouth contact Even when the origin of a chemical is removed, particles still remain within the dust, allowing longer exposure. Pest exposure is mainly through dust mites, cockroaches, mice, rats, cats, and dogs. Dust mites can cause symptoms such as: - Asthma - Hay fever - Runny nose - Watery eyes. Cockroach exposure can also lead to asthma.

Lighting and Views Visual comfort can be achieved by avoiding glare, allowing as much daylight as possible to enter the building and implementing high-intensity blue-enriched lighting. Providing a direct line of sight to the outdoors from all workstations is also recommended. How is health affected? Good health is promoted by maintaining a stable 24-hour light-dark cycle with electric lighting to regulate hormones, alertness, mood, performance patterns, and immune function. By reducing light intensity during the evening, alertness is reduced, sleep improves, and therefore cognitive functioning improves. High levels of indoor daylight: - - - -

Improves vision Reduces headaches Reduces depression Reduces eye-stain.

Low levels of indoor daylight: - - -

Increased risk of near sidedness Developing symptoms of depression Reduces quality of sleep.

A view of the natural environment can promote recovery from stress and mental fatigue, improving the attention span. 49

Noise Protection is required against outdoor noises such as traffic, construction, and aircrafts. How is health affected? Increased noise levels can alter the function of the body’s internal system and organs. Such alterations are systolic and diastolic blood pressure, hypertension, and heart rate changes. Prolonged exposure to transportation noise can also lead to lower levels of physical activity. Work satisfaction and productivity can be affected by ambient noise.

Moisture Regular inspections are needed of roofing, plumbing, and ceilings to ensure no mould buildup. How is health affected? Dampness and mould build-up, contributes to 21% of cases of asthma reported each year. Exposure can lead to the following symptoms in people without pre-existing allergies or respiratory conditions: - Sneezing - Runny nose - Eye irritation - Coughing - Congestion - Skin rash. Productivity can be interrupted in the workplace, and job performance can be decreased, thus creating an unpleasant work environment.

Safety and Security Fire safety standards must be met. Adequate lighting is necessary inside buildings, in circulation areas and around the site. Points of entry and exit and the property perimeter also must be managed. How is health affected? A ‘fight or flight’ response can be triggered when a person’s sense of safety is threatened. Stress induced hormones, such as adrenaline and cortisol, elevate heart rate and increases blood pressure. Additionally the negative psychological effects from fear include: - Anxiety and stress - Difficulty sleeping - Depression - Panic attacks. Factors that reduce the fear of safety include the presence of: - Uniformed security guards - Fences - Locks - Secure entry and exit systems

SPECIFICATION Green Facade System

Healthy Buildings Reshaping existing buildings in healthy buildings for: - Better Air Quality - Reduced Noise Pollution

- Improved Thermal Health - Fresh Produce

Figure 34: Layers of a mask

Breathability The system is based on the layers of a mask to create a facade as a filter between the exterior and the interior.

Plants A i r c le a n in g plan ts:

V egatabl es:

- Aloe Vera, North & West - Spekboom, North & West - Fern, South & East - Snake Plant, South & East - Ive, North, East, South, West -

B roccol i Sp i na ch Ca b b a ge Lettuce O ni ons Tom atoes

Figure 35: Planter model

Figure 36: Facade concept sketch

Precedent Kolhapur Municipal Corporation, India RMA Architects

The green facade was implemented to reduce energy consumption and to reduce the building impact on human health and the environment (RMA Architects, 2012). The facade also humidifies the air entering the building, creating evaporative cooling for the interior (RMA Architects, 2012).

Figure 37: Access to maintain green facade

Figure 38: Green facade

Process Development Summer Sun Angle

Winter Sun Angle

Self-Watering Planter box

Self-Watering Planter box fixing

Winter Sun Angle

Figure 39-53: Process sketches and models

Roof Level 108 925 50mm Galvanized mild steel mentis grid welded to IPE section

5mm Galvanized mild steel post cap

100 x 100mm Galvanized mild steel angle section mechanically fixed to laminated timber post with bolts

Custom aluminium louvres as per architect's schedule to manufacturer's specification

55 x 100mm Galvanized mild steel IPE section mechanically fixed to laminated timber post and concrete floor slab with end plates and bolts

D3 8/8

Construction Drawings

255 x 300mm Reinforced concrete ring beam to engineer specification

ED 1 8/8

Axo Detail Sheet no. :

Description:

1/8 2/8 3/8 4/8 5/8 6/8 7/8 8/8

Locality Plan, Site Plan Ground Floor Plan First Floor Plan Second Floor Plan Roof Plan Elevations, Section A-A Section B-B Edge Detail, Axo Detail, Detail

Scale 1:20

Custom aluminium window as per architect's schedule to manufacturer's specification

0.58mm Galvanized mild steel Klip-lok 700 roof sheeting powder coated dark dolphin fixed onto 38 x 76mm SA Pine purlin at max 1200mm c/c with 38 x 38mm SA Pine brandering at max 600mm c/c fixed onto purlins and 100mm ISO BOARD insulation fixed onto brandering dia Galvanized mild balustrade 5550mm x 100mm Galvanized mildsteel steel IPE section

255

to comply with SANS 10400 Part D post and mechanically fixed to laminated timber steelplates flashing and bolts concrete540mm floor Galvanized slab withmild end powder coated dark dolphin

70 x 363mm SA Pine laminated beam

Facebrick

10.00°

econd Floor UFFL

at max 1200mm c/c 140 x 140mm SA Pine laminated post

Roof Level

300mm Cavity titanium satin FBS with brickfill

20mm dia Aluminium section welded to 50mm dia aluminium Custom aluminium frame louvres as per

Social Hall

25mm min Power floated cement screed on 170mm reinforced concrete floor as per engineer specification

Plaster & Paint

2720

Facebrick

85 170

25mm min Power floated cement screed on 170mm reinforced concrete floor as per engineer specification

First Floor UFFL

Plaster & Paint

W1 2720

Social Hall Facebrick

255 x 300mm Reinforced concrete ring beam as per engineer's specification

50mm dia Aluminium frame Custom aluminium section window as per architect's schedule to manufacturer's mechanically fixed to laminated timber post specification with end plate and bolts

Second Floor UFFL

300 x 350mm Custom stone powder and recycled plastic planter box

105 950

300 x 350mm Custom stone powder and recycled plastic self watering planter box 50mm20mm dia Aluminium section frame with dia Aluminium section 20mm dia Aluminium section 140 x 140mm SA Pine laminated post 50mm dia Galvanized mild steel balustrade to comply with SANS 10400 Part D

140 x 140mm SA Pine laminated post

First Floor UFFL 102 975

50mm Galvanized mild steel mentis grid welded to IPE section 300 x 350mm Custom stone powder and recycled plastic planter box 100 x 100mm Galvanized mild steel angle section mechanically fixed to laminated timber post with bolts 100 x 100mm Galvanized mild steel angle section 250micron DPM

25mm min Power floated cement screed on 85mm surface bed as per engineer specification 85

102 975

55 x 100mm Galvanized mild steel IPE section 50mm Galvanized steel mentis mechanically fixed to mild laminated timber grid post and x 450mm concrete 150 floor slab Aluminium with endstormwater plates drain and bolts

Ground Floor UFFL

N.G.L.

230mm NFX Brick foundation wall

Scale 1:20

140 x 140mm SA Pine laminated post

100 000

55 x 100mm Galvanized mild steel IPE section

Axo Detail

5mm Galvanized mild steel post cap mechanically fixed with a bolt and washer to laminated timber post

50mm dia Aluminium section frame with

Social Hall

Locality Plan, Site Plan Ground Floor Plan First Floor Plan Second Floor Plan Roof Plan Elevations, Section A-A Section B-B Edge Detail, Axo Detail, Detail

255 x 300mm Reinforced concrete ring beam to engineer specification

architect's schedule to manufacturer's specification

85 170

Facebrick

Plaster & Paint

2720

Description:

1/8 2/8 3/8 4/8 5/8 6/8 7/8 8/8

55 x 100mm Galvanized mild steel IPE section mechanically fixed to laminated timber post and concrete ring beam with end plates and bolts

108 925

255

105 950

945

Sheet no. :

340 x 650mm Reinforced concrete strip foundation to engineer specification

Figure 54: Axo detail

Compacted filling in max 150mm layers

20mm dia Aluminium section welded to 50mm dia aluminium frame 170 Reinforced concrete floor slab 300 to x 350mm Custom stone powder and recycled plastic planter box engineer specification 5mm Galvanized mild steel post cap mechanically fixed 25mm Cement screed on with a bolt and washer to laminated timber post 85mm Reinforced concrete surface bed to engineer specification

25mm Cement screed on 140 x 140mm SA Pine55 laminated post x 100mm Galvanized mild steel IPE section 85mm Reinforced concrete surface bed mechanically fixed to laminated timber post and to engineer specification concrete ring beam with end plates and bolts

50mm dia Aluminium section frame mechanically fixed to laminated timber post with end plate and bolts

100 x 100mm Galvanized mild steel angle section 50mm Galvanized mild steel mentis grid

25mm min Cement screed 1:80 fall

255 x 300mm Reinforced concrete ring beam to engineer specification

55 x 100mm Galvanized mild steel IPE section

140 x 140 Galvanized mild steel fixing post

250micron DPM

ound Floor UFFL

300 x 350mm Custom stone powder and recycled plastic self watering planter box

25mm min Cement screed 1:80 fall 250micron DPM

100 000

N.G.L.

20mm Drip

150 x 450mm Aluminium stormwater drain

25mm Galvanized aluminium mentis grid

Department of Architecture 230mm NFX Brick foundation wall

D2 7/8

340 x 650mm Reinforced concrete strip foundation to engineer specificationCompacted filling in max 150mm layers

C D

100 x 100mm Galvanized mild steel angle section mechanically fixed to laminated timber post with bolts

150 x 450mm Aluminium stormwater drain

230mm NFX Brick foundation wall

M.Arch. Architecture

CONTRACT DOCUMENTATION

50mm Galvanized mild steel mentis grid welded to IPE section

Name:

Michelle Struthers

Student number:

340 x 650mm Reinforced concrete strip foundation to engineer specification

Detail 1

Compacted filling in max 150mm layers

Detail 2 Scale 1:10

212259829

Project Description:

Detail 3 Kollegehof TUT

Student Residence Scale 1:10

55 x 100mm Galvanized mild steel IPE section mechanically fixed to laminated timber post and concrete floor slab with end plates and bolts

Figure 55: Footing detail

Section B-B, Details 11/08/2021 Scale:

1:50, 1:10

Date IN:

27/09/2021

Sheet No./No.

7/8

140 x 140mm SA Pine laminated post Drawing number & description: Date OUT:

Figure 56: Planter detail

Component Specification 1. Supporting Structure a) Insitu concrete structure: To Engineer’s Document. b) Reinforced concrete footing: To Engineer’s Document. 2. Green Facade system a) Laminated timber post structure to comply with SANS 1460: i. Material: S.A. Pine timber. ii. Profile: Square section. iii. Size: 140 x 140mm, to Engineer’s Document. iv. Configuration: As per Architect’s Design Drawings. v. Finish: Three coats marine clear timber varnish. vi. Fixing: Mechanically fixed onto galvanised mild steel parametric timber connection mechanically fixed onto concrete footing. b) Floor Sub-Structure: i. Material: Galvanised Mild steel ii. Profile: IPE section iii. Size: 55 x 100mm, to Engineer’s Document. iv. Finish as delivered: Primed for site painting, one coat red oxide, two coats enamel, colour as per Architect’s finishing schedule. v. Fixing: Welded onto baseplate mechanically fixed onto laminated column and concrete supporting structure.

c) Creeper Supporting Structure Frame: i. Material: Aluminium. ii. Profile: Round section. iii. Size: 50 x 50 x 3mm, to Engineer’s Document. iv. Configuration: As per Architect’s Design Drawings. v. Finish as delivered: Naturally Anodised. vi. Fixing: Welded onto baseplate mechanically fixed onto laminated column. d) Creeper Supporting Structure: i. Material: Aluminium. ii. Profile: Round section. iii. Size: 20 x 20 x 2mm, to Engineer’s Document. iv. Configuration: As per Architect’s Design Drawings. v. Finish as delivered: Naturally Anodised. vi. Fixing: Welded onto aluminium structure. e) Planter box i. Material: 80% recycled plastic and 20% stone powder. ii. Profile: Custom. iii. Size: 300 x 350, to manufacturer’s specification. iv. Configuration: As per Architect’s Design Drawings. v. Fixing: Placed onto mild steel angle and mild steel IPE.

Figure 57:

PA N D E M IC IN S P IR E D D E S IG N P R I N C I PL ES

Covid-19 has changed the way people perceive ‘normal’, how spaces are used, and everyday routines, among other things. The pandemic has also changed the way architects see the world. Experiments are underway in the architectural field by looking for a solution to minimise the spread of Covid-19 and implement the new guidelines. These pandemic inspired design principles are based on the stipulated guidelines and personal observation on how spaces have changed and how people started to adapt during the pandemic. These design principles are intended to improve resilience and to protect against the spread of the pandemic. People have no other choice but to adapt. However, some guidelines take time to become second nature. By implementing the ‘new’ to become normal, the guidelines can become a habit.

Ventilation Good ventilation is considered a priority guideline to curb the spread of Covid-19. Natural ventilation has the capability to supply high air-change levels at a low cost. It also allows ventilation without being dependent on electricity. The following design techniques need to be taken into consideration to promote good ventilation (Linquip team, 2020): - - - - - -

External components Window types Building appearance and dimensions Ridge vents Building orientation and position Air inlets and outlets

There are two types of natural ventilation methods (Linquip team, 2020): •

•

The stack effect, also known as buoyancy-driven ventilation. This method works like a fireplace where warm air rises and cold air remains low. This method builds on this notion by ventilating at the highest point and cool air is drawn in at the bottom.

Proper ventilation is also an aspect of a healthy building and one element of Covid-19 prevention in buildings. Proper ventilation is stated in the SANS 10400 part O regulation for dormitory bedrooms and a study area as two air changes per hour and 7.5 L/s per person (SANS, 2011).

Air cleaning & Disinfection

Cross-ventilation, also known as wind-based ventilation, depends on high and low pressure to force air flow. This is achieved by placing windows at different heights to allow for cross ventilation. Figure 58: Natural and mechanical ventilation

Social Distancing Society has become familiar with the practice of social distancing, whether standing in line or sitting in public spaces. A regulatory distance of 1, 5 metres was implemented in our daily lives. This is also a guideline in the prevention strategy against the spread of Covid-19.

•

From social distancing stickers to creative spatial design is an idea that can be achieved by the following:

Social distancing is a guideline that is not always easy to implement. However, it can become second nature with correct spatial design.

• Furniture:

Public spaces:

Walls built to enclose plant beddings are used as seating. Social distancing on these seating walls can be implemented with the use of plants.

By placing fixed furniture 1, 5 metres apart ensures social distancing in public spaces. Moveable furniture generally creates a situation where people ignore the appropriate layout. Using single seating also removes the seat-sharing problem. •

Standing in line:

External social distancing can be achieved by placing stepping stones in external areas at the desired one-meter intervals. Internal social distancing can be achieved by implementing tactile flooring, which is also used at road crossings and on railway platforms, to indicate when to stop. Figure 59: 1,5m Social distancing diameters

Infrustructure and Materials A new concept now seen in buildings is an isolation room for use by anyone feeling unwell. The person must isolate themselves to prevent spreading Covid-19. These isolation rooms also allow for testing by an on-site nurse. If the isolation room is implemented in student residences, the room could also be used to monitor people infected with the virus, as the room will be equipped with an oxygen tank for use when struggling to breathe. As people isolated at home, it is only necessary to go to the hospital if the individual’s oxygen level drops below 90, indicating they need oxygen.

Anti-bacterial fabrics include bamboo viscose fabrics and wool, which can be applied on the surfaces of readymade textiles during the manufacturing process (Tyagi, 2020). Anti-bacterial surfaces include: •Kitchen countertops - engineered quartz •Cabinets and furniture – antimicrobial laminates •Kitchen fixtures, door-knobs, handles – copper •Walls and flooring – antimicrobial ceramics and porcelain •Antifungal agents – bamboo and cork •Wall paint – antimicrobial additives are available.

According to Krstic (2020), the Covid-19 virus has a different lifespan on different materials: • Paper 3 hours • Copper 4 hours • Cardboard 24 hours • Money, Glass, Wood 4 days • Plastic, metals 3-7 days • Cloth 14 days As Covid-19 has a long lifespan on materials, cleaning and disinfecting surfaces is a top priority to stop the spread of the virus. Material selection is important to minimise the lifespan of Covid-19 on surfaces, and studies are underway for solutions to aid in cleaner surfaces and product materials.

Figure 60: Isolation room and necessary oxygen tank

Circulation The ideal circulation route will comply with the 1, 5 metre social distancing guideline, increasing the width of circulation routes immensely. The guidance provided in Figure 61 should be applied to ramps, staircases, and walkways. However, this ideal notion does not apply to existing structures. On an ordinary staircase, a rubber strip can be implemented down the middle without being a trip hazard to separate people going up and people going down (see Figure 63). This will also guide people to walk behind one another rather than next to one another. Ventilation on staircases should also be implemented to help prevent the spread of Covid-19. With external walkways, one of two widths can be applied. Firstly, people tend to walk behind one another on a one-meter wide walkway, implementing social distancing. Secondly, people pass by or walk next to each other if the width is two meters wide, thus requiring a barrier in the middle to guide the one meter external social-distancing compliance.

Figure 61: Ideal circulation width

Figure 62: Existing circulation width

Figure 63: Possible solution for existing circulation

Hands-free Technology Throughout the Covid-19 pandemic, people relied on their feet, elbows, and arms. When sanitising, people step on the designed foot pedal to apply sanitiser and when pushing to open doors, they tend to use their arms or elbows. This indicates the need for hands-free technology. •

Hand wash basins:

Basins have been designed with taps as foot-pedals, which means that hand wash basins are used hands-free. However, sensor taps can be unreliable because of the regular power outages in South Africa. Soap dispensers and sanitiser were developed with footoperated stands and can be implemented at entrances and in bathrooms.

Not everything can be hands-free. Although many solutions are available for bathrooms and doors, kitchens are a place that cannot be hands-free. As many appliances rely on the use of hands, regular cleaning and disinfecting should be implemented. Hands-free technology is developing every day, especially due to the Covid-19 pandemic, and thus touching infected surfaces can be minimised.

• Doors: Automated doors were common before the pandemic; however, the system is not always practical. A new solution was designed for office and bathroom doors, where only an arm or foot is required to open the door. • Locks: Figure 64: Hands-free systems

Card readers are a way of implementing a keyless environment; other ways include foot-operated locks on doors.

Thresholds Thresholds are experienced differently post-pandemic, as thresholds have transformed into cleaning thresholds. As per guidelines, every entrance into a building must have a sanitation station, and some buildings have signing sheets and a thermometer. This guideline is transforming how people enter buildings. Thresholds must allow for social distancing when sanitising. In buildings with high foot traffic, more sanitation stations must be implemented to avoid people gathering or people walking past the sanitation waiting line. Figure 65: Internal cleaning threshold

Also, the inclusion of hand wash basins in thresholds can be implemented. For example, hand wash basins were implemented in Le Corbusier’s Villa Savoye, where the boundary of public and private was challenged (Philcox, 2020). As the pandemic encouraged people to stay in their private realm, thresholds connect both the private and public realms and must meet sanitation requirements to minimise the spread of Covid-19.

Figure 66: External cleaning threshold

WAVE

CONCEPTUAL DEVELOPMENT PRECEDENT STUDY DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

Precedent studies were done to inform the conceptual development of the proposed site. The conceptual development is based on the theoretical approach and the pandemic inspired design principles.

P R E CE D E N TS S TUD Y Future Africa Architect: Earthworld - 2017

https://www.ewarch.co.za/media/ae57072a/8e6679fab4632ba55ab0eac8adc5a60e.jpg

Figure 67: Future Africa analysis

Future Africa is a new post-graduate student residence of the University of Pretoria. The residence is located on the Southern edge of the University’s experimental farm. The required program is: - - - -

dining hall, conference centre, research commons, 300 living units, ranging from single bedrooms to family units.

The focus of the research commons is interconnectedness of space and knowledge, allowing a flow between informal discussion pits, meeting rooms, and study tables. The conference centre is the point where a collective of knowledge is shared and thus the focal point of the campus. “Once complete, the University of Pretoria’s Future Africa Campus should inform the studies of the scholars it houses as much as the research they do can. The architecture of the campus should play an active role in shaping minds, as much as it does in shaping environments.” (Earthworld, 2017).

Liliesleaf Architect: Mashabane Rose and Associates - 2009

https://www.artefacts.co.za/imgcat/Liliesleaf22.jpg

Figure 69: Main building

https://www.artefacts.co.za/imgcat/LiliesleafF45.jpg

https://www.artefacts.co.za/imgcat/LiliesleafO02.jpg

Figure 70: Outbuildings

https://www.artefacts.co.za/imgcat/LiliesleafU81.jpg

Figure 68: Liliesleaf analysis

Figure 71: Visitors’ centre

Future Africa is a new post-graduate student residence of the University of Pretoria. The residence is located on the southern edge of the university’s experimental farm. The required programme is: - - - -

Dining hall, Conference centre, Research commons, Living units (300) ranging from single bedrooms to family units.

The focus of the research commons the is interconnectedness of space and knowledge, allowing a flow between informal discussion pits, meeting rooms, and study tables. The conference centre is the point where a collective of knowledge is shared and thus the focal point of the campus. “Once complete, the University of Pretoria’s Future Africa Campus should inform the studies of the scholars it houses as much as the research they do can. The architecture of the campus should play an active role in shaping minds, as much as it does in shaping environments.” (Earthworld, 2017).

La Trobe University Student Accommodation Architect: Jackson Clements Burrows Architects

https://images.adsttc.com/media/images/6062/c9ed/ f91c/8162/e000/0b64/slideshow/143803.jpg?1617086942

Figure 72: Courtyard

https://images.adsttc.com/media/images/6062/c9bb/ f91c/8171/5b00/0a90/slideshow/143810.jpg?1617086875 https://images.adsttc.com/media/images/6062/c9b5/ f91c/8162/e000/0b60/slideshow/143799.jpg?1617086883

Figure 73: Street edge

Figure 74: La Trobe student accommodation Floor plan analysis

This project is located in Melbourne, Australia. This student residence provides 624 beds in two buildings. A connection is created between the new residential buildings and the adjacent precincts. The buildings are planned around a courtyard to provide private space in a public realm (Abdel, 2021). The building has strong edges towards the street to provide a large ‘private’ courtyard. The orientation allows for a balance of sun exposure. Pedestrian scale is created with seating along the perimeter, which encourages students to gather, sit, and engage (Abdel, H. 2021). Each building consists of single occupancy studios and four, five, and six-bedroom units with study areas, kitchens, and communal space (Abdel, H. 2021).

D E S IG N D E V E LO P M E N T

CO N CE P T _From “new” to normal Analysing and implementing the new to reshape normal

Figure 75: New Normal

Connect - Community - Converse

PARTI DIAGRAM Connect - Community

Figure 76-78: Creating connection between existing

P a r ti D i a g r a m

Figure 79-80: Parti diagrams

Figure 81-82: Development sketches

S i te The site’s focal point is the cafeteria, which is the gathering point of both residential buildings. The two residential buildings create two communities, reducing the contact between students if a student tests positive for Covid-19, then contact reduction reduces the spread. These residential units can be separated by floor if a virus wave should strike.

Figure 83: Existing site indicating focal point and the two communities

N ew P r op osed Cour ty a r d As Building D is the only study area apart from the students’ rooms, a new study is needed for students to further their studies when virtual classes commence. A new study building is proposed, thus enclosing the courtyard of Building A.

Figure 84: Proposed study building position

The first position of the proposed study building did not allow for an entrance into the community. The building was shifted north allowing a direct access from the cafeteria focal point to the community entrance. New proposed site intervention: -Outdoor seating areas -Outdoor gym

Figure 85: Proposed study building final position

The entrance orientates students as the designed courtyard directly leads to the existing buildings’ entrances. Open seating is situated under the existing tree and a gym is provided for physical and mental health in the courtyard. Terrace seating allows for small gatherings and an outdoor study area.

Figure 86: Proposed courtyard

N ew P r op osed B ui l d i n g

The new proposed study’s building programme: - o o

Study rooms: Individual pods for remote class sessions Communal study areas

- Kitchenette: o Sink o Microwave o Coffee station

- o o

Bathrooms for the study rooms: Water closet Hand wash basin

- o

Dining area: Seating for 2 – 4 people per table

- Isolation rooms: o Bed o Medicine cupboards o Hand wash basin o Bathroom.

The proposed study building’s entrance is off from the courtyard entrance. The building design focuses on the noise factor by flowing from a social area to a small group discussion space to individual pods. These pods allow for virtual classes without surrounding disruptions. An isolation room is provided for each floor to avoid exposure in the remaining two floors of the building community. An on-site nurse can use these isolation rooms to handle necessary situations that may occur. The facade of the building is the ‘filter’ system for a healthier building and contributes to better mental health. Ventilation is achieved through louvres in the top and bottom of the fenestration and with louvred doors at the pods and bathrooms.

Bubble diagram of the new building position and how spaces will function within the building.

Figure 87-91: New study building process sketches

The ventilation needed and how it will be achieved and the implementation of the green facade system..

Figure 92: New study building ventilation systems

Exploring the new building in terms of the proposed courtyard and the internal layout of the new building.

Figure 93-94: New study building final process

E x i sti ng B ui l d i ng A

Existing structure intervention: - - - -

Sanitation stations Wider external walkways Ventilation improvements Hands-free systems

As mentioned previously, Building A is declared unsafe for students when they return. An external mild steel structure is proposed to support the existing concrete structure for the building to function again. This external structure allows for wider walkways and can carry the healthy building (filter) system. Other interventions include improvements of ventilation in the rooms by using louvres and existing breeze blocks. Sanitation station will be placed at vertical circulation routes.

Study

Storag

Bedrooms

Kitchen

Bedrooms

Bathrooms

Kitchen Cafeteria

Bedrooms Bedroom s

Bathroom

Figure 95: Building A Existing Ground Floor plan

Figure 96: Building A Existing First and Second Floor plan

Analysing needed ventilation within the existing building and the movement routes in terms of disability.

Figure 97: Needed ventilation

Figure 98: Process sketch

Analysing wider movement routes horizontally and vertically, and adding a kitchen on the first and second floor.

Figure 99: Building A Ground floor plan

Figure 100: Building A First and second floor plan

E x i sti ng B ui l d i ng C

The cafeteria provides meals, snacks, and cold drinks, among other things for the on-site students and staff. The intervention required is tactile flooring and fixed furniture to maintain social distancing. Outdoor seating allows more students to interact at the site’s focal point. The reshaping of the roof allows for the stack effect in the building to improve air flow.

Study

Storag

Kitchen Cafeteria

Figure 101: Building C existing

Figure 102: Building C demolition

Implementing the principles of ventilation and the tactile flooring in front of the cafeteria counter where students wait in line.

Figure 103: Building C Needed ventilation

Figure 104: Building C process sketch

The development of the connection between the focal point and Building A, implementing a disability entrance, and allocating seating for students in terms of the social distancing principle.

Figure 105-106: Building C development

E x i sti ng B ui l d i ng D

This building was previously the study. However with the new proposed study, this building can accommodate a needed laundry room as there are currently no provisions for laundry on site. The building also provides bathroom amenities and storage.

Storage Study

Figure 107: Building D Existing

Figure 108: Building D demolition

By removing the internal walls, the space can be utilised to the fullest for the laundry room and bathroom to be provided.

Figure 109: Building D Needed ventilation

Figure 110-111: Building D process sketches

100

WAVE

DESIGN AND TECHNICAL RESOLUTION DESIGN RESOLUTION CONCLUSION

D E S IG N R E S O LUTIO N

103

UP UP

N Ground Floor Plan Scale 1:200

104

Ground Floor Plan Scale 1:200

N First Floor Plan Scale 1:200

105

0.58mm Galvanized mild steel Klip-lok 700 roof sheeting powder coated dark dolphin

55 x 100mm Galvanized mild steel IPE section mechanically fixed to laminated timber post and concrete floor slab with end plates and bolts

0.58mm Galvanized mild steel Klip-lok 700 roof sheeting powder coated dark dolphin

38 x 76mm SA Pine purlin at max 1200mm c/c

140 x 140mm SA Pine laminated post

38 x 76mm SA Pine purlin at max 1200mm c/c

38 x 38mm SA Pine brandering at max 600mm c/c D1 540mm Galvanized mild steel flashing powder coated dark dolphin

100mm ISO BOARD insulation

70 x 363mm SA Pine laminated beam at max 1200mm c/c

140 x 140mm SA Pine laminated post

38 x 38mm SA Pine brandering at max 600mm c/c

20mm dia Aluminium section welded to 50mm dia aluminium frame

540mm Galvanized mild steel flashing powder coated dark dolphin 100mm ISO BOARD insulation

300mm Cavity titanium satin FBS with brickfill

70 x 363mm SA Pine laminated beam at max 1200mm c/c

55 x 100mm Galvanized mild steel IPE section mechanically fixed to laminated timber post and concrete floor slab with end plates and bolts

20mm dia Aluminium section welded to 50mm dia aluminium frame 50mm dia Aluminium section frame mechanically fixed to laminated timber post with end plate and bolts

0.58mm Galvanized mild steel Klip-lok 700 roof sheeting powder coated dark dolphin 38 x 76mm SA Pine purlin at max 1200mm c/c

300 x 350mm Custom stone powder and recycled plastic self watering planter box

38 x 38mm SA Pine brandering at max 600mm c/c

55 x 100mm Galvanized mild steel IPE section mechanically fixed to laminated timber post and concrete floor slab with end plates and bolts

50mm dia Aluminium section frame mechanically fixed to laminated timber post 140 xend 140mm SA Pine with plate andlaminated bolts post

Roof Level

300mm Cavity titanium satin FBS with brickfill

108 925

540mm Galvanized mild steel flashing powder coated dark dolphin

20mm dia Aluminium section welded to

300 350mm Custom 50mmx dia aluminium frame stone powder and recycled plastic self watering planter box

100mm ISO BOARD insulation

Roof Level

50mm Galvanized mild steel mentis grid welded to IPE section

70 x 363mm SA Pine laminated beam at max 1200mm c/c

5mm Galvanized mild steel post cap

108 925

300mm Cavity titanium satin FBS with brickfill

Roof Level

255 x 300mm Reinforced concrete ring beam to engineer specification

Axo Detail

Custom aluminium louvres as per architect's schedule to manufacturer's specification

55 x 100mm Galvanized mild steel IPE section mechanically fixed to laminated timber post and concrete floor slab with end plates and bolts

5mm Galvanized mild steel post cap

108 925 D3

100 x 100mm Galvanized mild steel angle section mechanically fixed to laminated timber post with bolts

Custom aluminium louvres as per architect's schedule to manufacturer's specification

Custom aluminium window as per architect's schedule to manufacturer's specification

Scale 1:20

to engineer specification

100 x 100mm Galvanized mild steel angle section 50mm Galvanized mild steel mentis grid mechanically fixed to laminated timber post with bolts welded to IPE section

Axo Detail

255 x 300mm Reinforced concrete ring beam to engineer specification

Custom aluminium window as per architect's schedule to manufacturer's specification

Second Floor UFFL 105 950

50mm dia Galvanized mild steel balustrade to comply with SANS 10400 Part D

300 x 350mm Custom stone powder and recycled plastic self watering planter box

50mm Galvanized mild steel mentis grid welded to IPE section

5mm Galvanized mild steel post cap

55 Galvanized mild steel IPE section 100xx 100mm 100mm Galvanized mild steel angle section mechanically fixedfixed to laminated timber posttimber with bolts mechanically to laminated post and concrete floor slab with end plates and bolts

Custom aluminium louvres as per architect's schedule to manufacturer's specification

50mm dia Galvanized mild steel balustrade 255 x 300mm Reinforced concrete ring beam to comply with SANS 10400 Part D

50mm dia Aluminium section frame mechanically fixed to laminated timber post with end plate and bolts

Scale 1:20

Custom aluminium window as per architect's schedule to manufacturer's specification

Axo Detail Scale 1:20

5mm Galvanized mild steel post cap mechanically fixed with a bolt and washer to laminated timber post

55 x 100mm Galvanized mild steel IPE section mechanically fixed to laminated timber post and concrete floor slab with end plates and bolts

55 x 100mm Galvanized mild steel IPE section mechanically fixed to laminated timber post and concrete ring beam with end plates and bolts 255 x 300mm Reinforced concrete ring beam to engineer specification

50mm dia Galvanized mild steel balustrade to comply with SANS 10400 Part D

5mm Galvanized mild steel post cap mechanically fixed Galvanized mild steel post with5mm a bolt and washer to laminated timber postcap mechanically

with a bolt and washer to laminated timber post

Second Floor UFFL

fixed

55 x 100mm Galvanized mild steel IPE section mechanically fixed to laminated timber post and concrete beam with end plates and bolts 55 x ring 100mm Galvanized mild steel

IPE section mechanically fixed to laminated timber post and ring beam with ring endbeam plates and bolts 255concrete x 300mm Reinforced concrete

105 950

to engineer specification

255 x 300mm Reinforced concrete ring beam to engineer specification

50mm dia Aluminium section frame with 20mm dia Aluminium section

140 x 140mm SA Pine laminated post

50mm dia Aluminium section frame with 20mm dia Aluminium section

300 x 350mm Custom stone powder and recycled plastic planter box

140 x 140mm SA Pine laminated post

100 x 100mm Galvanized mild steel angle section

50mm dia Aluminium section frame with

First Floor UFFL

50mm Galvanized mild steel mentis grid 20mm dia Aluminium section

102 975

55 x 100mm Galvanized mild steel IPE section

140 x 140mm SA Pine laminated post

First Floor UFFL

300 x 350mm Custom stone powder and recycled plastic planter box

140 x 140mm SA Pine laminated post

100 x 100mm Galvanized mild steel angle section

50mm Galvanized mild steel mentis grid

102 975 300 x 350mm Custom stone powder and recycled plastic planter box

140 x 140mm SA Pine laminated post

55 x 100mm Galvanized mild steel IPE section

20mm dia Aluminium section welded to 50mm dia aluminium frame 170 Reinforced concrete floor slab to engineer specification

First Floor UFFL

100 x 100mm Galvanized mild steel angle section

50mm Galvanized mild steel mentis grid

102 975

25mm Cement screed on 85mm Reinforced concrete surface bed to engineer specification

20mm dia Aluminium section welded to 50mm dia aluminium frame

140 x 140mm SA Pine laminated post

170 Reinforced concrete floor slab to engineer specification

50mm dia Aluminium section frame mechanically fixed to laminated timber post with end plate and bolts

55 x 100mm Galvanized mild steel IPE section 25mm Cement screed on 85mm Reinforced concrete surface bed to engineer specification

25mm min Cement screed 1:80 fall

50mm dia Aluminium section frame mechanically fixed to laminated timber post with end plate and bolts

25mm min Cement screed 1:80 fall

250micron DPM

300 x 350mm Custom stone powder and recycled plastic self watering planter box

Ground Floor UFFL

dia Aluminium section 30020mm x 350mm Custom stone powder and 50mm diaself aluminium frame recycled plastic watering planter box

250micron DPM

100 000

Ground Floor UFFL

150 x 450mm Aluminium stormwater drain

170 Reinforced concrete floor slab to engineer specification

100 000

N.G.L.

100 x 100mm Galvanized mild steel angle section mechanically fixed to laminated timber post with bolts

150 x 450mm Aluminium stormwater drain

100 x 100mm Galvanized mild steel angle section mechanically fixed to laminated timber post with bolts

230mm NFX Brick foundation wall

N.G.L. D2 D2

340 x 650mm Reinforced concrete strip foundation to engineer specification

25mm Cement screed on 85mm Reinforced concrete surface bed to engineer specification

230mm NFX Brick foundation wall

50mm Galvanized mild steel mentis grid welded to IPE section 340 x 650mm Reinforced concrete strip foundation to engineer specification

25mm min Cement screed 1:80 fall Compacted filling in max 150mm layers

Edge DetailGround Floor UFFL Scale 1:25

100 000

55 x 100mm Galvanized mild steel IPE section mechanically fixed to laminated timber post and concrete floor slab with end plates and bolts

Compacted filling in max 150mm layers

250micron DPM

Edge Detail Scale 1:25

welded to

Detail 3 Scale 1:10

150 x 450mm Aluminium stormwater drain

230mm NFX Brick foundation wall

55 x 100mm Galvanized mild steel IPE section mechanically fixed to laminated timber post and concrete floor slab with end plates and bolts

300 x 350mm Custom stone powder and recycled plastic self watering planter box

Detail 3 Scale 1:10

300 x 350mm Custom stone powder and recycled plastic planter box

N.G.L.

50mm dia Aluminium section frame mechanically fixed to laminated timber post

with end plate 50mm Galvanized mildand steelbolts mentis grid welded to IPE section

25mm Cement screed on 85mm Reinforced concrete surface bed to engineer specification

300 x 350mm Custom stone powder and recycled plastic planter box

100 x 100mm Galvanized mild steel angle section mechanically 25mm Cementfixed screedto onlaminated timber post with bolts 85mm Reinforced concrete surface bed to engineer specification

106

107

CO N CLUS IO N

As the Covid-19 pandemic hit, the outcome was unclear of the effects on the architectural field. This mini-dissertation explores possible solutions and principles of a route in how postpandemic architecture can be approached and executed. The green facade system is the contribution to architecture this project offers. The pandemic highlighted an existing problem, where some existing buildings suffered from SBS. By keeping healthy buildings a priority, healthy lives will follow. Many pandemics have gone, yet more pandemics can arise. Architecture should not follow, but lead.

108

WAVE

CONSTRUCTION DOCUMENTATION CONCONSTRUCTION DRAWINGS

1330

1320

1330

1320

1340

1300

1310

1320 1330 1340

1300 1320 1310

Proposed Site

Steve Biko Hospital

1350

1320 1330 1340

1300 1310

1350 1340 1330

1340

1310

Sheet no. :

Description:

1/8 2/8 3/8 4/8 5/8 6/8 7/8 8/8

Locality Plan, Site Plan Ground Floor Plan First Floor Plan Second Floor Plan Roof Plan Elevations, Section A-A Section B-B Edge Detail, Axo Detail, Detail

1330

1300

1320

Paul Kruger

Street

1290

1300

National Zoological Gardens of South Africa

Soutpansberg Street

1310

Boom Street

1330 1340 1350 1360 1370 1380 1390 1400 1410 1420

Bloed Street 1310

1430 1420 1410

Hamilton Stre

Steve Biko

1400

1390 1380 1370

Nelson Mande

Thabo Sehum

Church Square

la Street

e Street

okhoase Street

Road

Struben Street Johannes Ram

1320

Proposed new building

1320

1360

Stanza Bopape

1310

Pretorius Street

Street

(N4)

1330

et 1320

1330

1320

Street (N4)

1350

1330

1340

Locality Plan

Isometric

Scale: Not to scale Erf 627 Gezina

Lin

100mm dia. uPVC sewer pipe (fall 1:40) to municipal connection

Proposed New Building

ie Existing Building

9088 9090

1317

1315 6 131

1312

1314

1311

1313

1310

1308

1306

1307

130 5

Existing Building

03 13

3555 3556

ie re

9900 9897

Erf 29/R Prinshof 349-JR 17 679m2

100mm dia. uPVC stormwater pipe (fall 1:40) to municipal connection

ie re

Existing paving

Bou

ild

11720 11717 3735 3733

Lin

E Boundary Line 48.6m 2m Building Line

Erf 82/R Prinshof 349-JR

.4m 30 e e1 Lin g Lin ry da uildin un B Bo 2m

02 13

8 5.

Boundary Line 79.9m 2m Building Line

nda ry L ine 1m 10.9 Bu m ildin gL ine

Bo D

02 13

4179 4180

MH Depth 1,2m

Bo und ary Lin 2m e2 Bu ildin 4.2m gL ine Existing Building

Erf 28 Prinshof 349-JR

130 4

Erf 626 Gezina

1318 9 131 20 13 1 1322 2 3 1 3 132 4 132

Scale 1:10 000

Existing Building

1m Buildi

Boundary

Existing paving

13 03

Line 40. 5m ng Line

Existing Building

Existing Building Existing Building

22 13

6.6

Scale 1:500

Bu ild un in da g ry Lin Lin e e 10 18 3 .2 1 9 m 1 13

16 13

15 13

13 13

1311

0 131

1312

Site Plan

Name:

Michelle Struthers

Student number:

212259829

Project Description:

Union Street

2m Building Line Boundary Line 224.5m

Vehicle Entrance No Obstructions

130 9

1308

1307

1306

Existing Pool

Malan Street

Vehicle Entrance No Obstructions

13 14

130 4

Lin

L ry

ing

Kollegehof TUT Student Residence Drawing number & description:

Locality Plan, Site Plan Date OUT:

11/08/2021 Scale:

1:10 000, 1:500

111

CONTRACT DOCUMENTATION

Existing Volleyball court

M.Arch. Architecture

Department of Architecture

13 21

ild Bu

Johan Heyns Drive

Datum point = 100 000

13 23

Steve Biko Road

Nana Sita Stre

13 2

Francis Baard

Date IN:

27/09/2021

Sheet No./No.

1/8

4.2 m

C 12115

1685

4000

1570

230

1830

110

9095

4000 1830

230

1830

4060

110

1830

230

1830

3395

110

1890

230

3395

3165

230

Bo und ary

1570

Lin e2

22780

2245

3165

265

2095

Boundary Line 48.6m

Stormwater chanel

D1 whb wc

B.I.C.

Stormwater chanel 50mm dia. uPVC grey water pipe

230

New proposed tree trunk

Social Hall

230 2770

Planter

230

3770

115

4000

100mm Paved curb

150 1385 230 1500

Grass 99 915

230

3770

230

4000

UP W5

SF1

Stormwater chanel

1500

100mm Paved curb

3000

Paving 100 000

3150

Planter

100 000

230 1385 150

3150

8495

230 15000

Sec B 7/8

3000

Paving

Planter

Existing tree trunk

100 000

2770

Grass

Stair note: Power Floated Screed Riser = max 170mm Thread = min 250mm 100 340 Handrail min 1m high to comply with SANS 10400

230

Paving 100 000

99 915

fridge

Stair note: Riser = max 170mm Thread = min 250mm Handrail min 1m high to comply with SANS 10400

99 490

Grass

100 170

Kitchen

99 915

sink

1950

2770 2770

98 810

3000

100mm dia. uPVC sewer pipe (fall 1:40) to municipal connection

15265

3000

24500

23500

Access Panel

3000

Planter

100mm Paved curb

Paving

2770

Planter

100 000

100mm dia. 2wvv substack

98 470 99 490

Paving

100 000

Existing Walkway

230

Sec B 7/8

Planter

Existing Building

3000

Paving

230 x 300mm Reinforced concrete column to engineer specification

D1 Female Bathroom

2770

Planter

6595

230

Paving 100 000

230

Grass

Paving

2 Planter

ie ie 100mm dia. uPVC sewer pipe (fall 1:40) to municipal connection

99 490

1700

Stormwater chanel

6595

whb

Male Bathroom

100 000 230

110

Existing Walkway

230 1000 230

whb

Power Floated Screed

1700

190

1600

Study Hall

110mm D3 Brick wall

230 1000 230

110

1623

3050

250 406 1003 813 300 730

300 2735

3000

230 900 110 1440 110

6900

8500 3600

0.9 m e1

ine

Lin

gL ildin

nda ry

Sick Bay

99 575

230 870110

Disable Bathrm whb wc

Existing Building

1860

230

2580

3000

Bou

230

D3 230

2770

2160

D3 1860

230mm Brick wall

9235

1500 110

D5 Study

230

D3 110 1100 230

D5 Study

3600

99 490

D3 2560

D5 Study

3370

5 Existing Walkway

Study

230

6 D

230

Study

3600

Polished Screed 99 915

Study

2795

Entrance

Stormwater chanel

1150

99 150

Lin

300 1000

2075

din

110 1250 300 1000

300 1000

3370

3600

Lin

265

y ar

2150

Stormwater chanel 2000

u Bo

3555 3556

3735 3733

100mm dia. uPVC stormwater pipe (fall 1:40) to municipal connection

100mm dia. uPVC sewer pipe (fall 1:40) to municipal connection

100mm dia. uPVC stormwater pipe (fall 1:40) to municipal connection

Scale 1:5000 100mm dia. uPVC stormwater pipe (fall 1:40) to municipal connection

100mm Paved curb

To municipal connection

4179 4180

2m Building Line

Key Plan

9088 9090

9897 9900

11720 11717

Locality Plan, Site Plan Ground Floor Plan First Floor Plan Second Floor Plan Roof Plan Elevations, Section A-A Section B-B Edge Detail, Axo Detail, Detail

uild ing Lin e

Description:

1/8 2/8 3/8 4/8 5/8 6/8 7/8 8/8

2m B

Sec A 6/8

Sheet no. :

Stormwater chanel

3870 4060

11060

150

6640 3395

150 1075 3395

1150

9055 20115

Planter

Paving

100 000

Planter

Existing paving

Sec A 6/8

Paving Planter

100 000

Planter

Entrance Polished Screed

Ramp

Paving

100 510

Planter

100 170

Planter

Existing Walkway 100 595

Planter

Department of Architecture M.Arch. Architecture

CONTRACT DOCUMENTATION Name:

Michelle Struthers

Student number:

212259829

Project Description:

Existing Building

Kollegehof TUT Student Residence

100 680

Ground Floor Plan Scale 1:100

Drawing number & description:

Ground Floor Plan Date OUT:

11/08/2021 Scale:

1:100

Date IN:

27/09/2021

Sheet No./No.

2/8

112

Sec A 6/8

21210 12115 4000 230

1830

110

230

1830

110

Description:

1/8 2/8 3/8 4/8 5/8 6/8 7/8 8/8

Locality Plan, Site Plan Ground Floor Plan First Floor Plan Second Floor Plan Roof Plan Elevations, Section A-A Section B-B Edge Detail, Axo Detail, Detail

9095

4000 1830

Sheet no. :

4060 1830

230

1830

110

3395 1890

230

3395

3165

230

2245

3165

265

2095

Key Plan Scale 1:5000

230 870110

D4 D1 whb wc

B.I.C.

Male Bathroom

50mm dia. uPVC grey water pipe

230 1000 230

6595

1700

230

6595

230 x 300mm Reinforced concrete column to engineer specification

whb D1

D1 Female Bathroom

D1 W2

D1 Access Panel

100mm dia. substack & 2 way vent valve

3000

sink

103 145

Kitchen fridge

110 1895 1500

3000 3000

23500 15000

Sec B 7/8 15265

3000

Power Floated Screed

2770

Social Hall 103 315

1950

3150

230 1385 150

3000

50mm dia Galvanized mild steel balustrade to comply with SANS 10400 Part D

2770

3000

230

5100

SF2

1500

Mild steel grating 103 315

102 635

24500

230

Sec B 7/8

3000

UP Stair note: Riser = max 170mm Thread = min 250mm Handrail min 1m high to comply with SANS 10400

2770

230

102 210

Existing Building

50mm dia Galvanized mild steel balustrade to comply with SANS 10400 Part D

3000

Existing Building

2770

102 125

102 975 230

230

300 730

1600

Power Floated Screed

1700

110

813

Sick Bay

230 1000 230

whb

Disable Bathrm whb wc

Study Hall

110mm D3 Brick wall

190

2580

2795

300 1000

1150 0

110 1433 117 1000

3600

2075 1623 250 406 1003

1860

230mm Brick wall

3600

230 900 160 1390 110

230

D5 Study

3370

3600

230

1860

D5 Study

230

2160

230

Existing Walkway 102 125

110 1100 230

1500 110

Study

9235

3050

2675

Study

3600

D2 115

Study

3370

8500

Study

Mild steel grating 102 975

265

Entrance

2000

50mm dia Galvanized mild steel balustrade to comply with SANS 10400 Part D

2150

50mm dia Galvanized mild steel balustrade to comply with SANS 10400 Part D

Existing Walkway 102 550

230

3770

115

4000

230

3770 4000

230

3870 4060

11060

150

6640 3395

150 1075 3395

1150

9055 20115

Sec A 6/8

Department of Architecture M.Arch. Architecture

Existing Walkway 102 805

103 230

CONTRACT DOCUMENTATION Name:

Michelle Struthers

Student number:

212259829

Project Description:

Existing Building

Kollegehof TUT Student Residence

103 315

First Floor Plan Scale 1:100

Drawing number & description:

First Floor Plan Date OUT:

11/08/2021 Scale:

1:100

113

Date IN:

27/09/2021

Sheet No./No.

3/8

Sec A 6/8

21210 12115 4000 230

1830

110

230

1830

110

Description:

1/8 2/8 3/8 4/8 5/8 6/8 7/8 8/8

Locality Plan, Site Plan Ground Floor Plan First Floor Plan Second Floor Plan Roof Plan Elevations, Section A-A Section B-B Edge Detail, Axo Detail, Detail

9095

4000 1830

Sheet no. :

4060 1830

230

1830

110

3395 1890

230

3395

3165

230

2245

3165

265

2095

Key Plan Scale 1:5000

300 730

D1 whb wc

B.I.C.

50mm dia. uPVC grey water pipe

1700

230

6595

D1 Female Bathroom

D1 W2

100mm dia. substack & 2 way vent valve

D1 Access Panel

106 120

Kitchen

50mm dia Galvanized mild steel balustrade to comply with SANS 10400 Part D

3000

sink

2770

3000

105 950

230 x 300mm Reinforced concrete column to engineer specification

whb

Male Bathroom u

6595

110 190

230 1000 230

230

2795

300 1000 2075

1150 0

1433 117 1000 0

3600 3160

1623 250 406 1003 813

Sick Bay D1

1600

whb

Power Floated Screed

1700

230

230 900 160 1390 110

230 870110

Disable Bathrm whb wc

Study Hall

110mm D3 Brick wall

230 1000 230

3600

1860

2580

9235

230

W1 230mm Brick wall

3370

230

1860

230

Existing Walkway 104 760

2160

D5 Study

110 1100 230

1500 110

D5 Study

230

8500

2675

D5 Study

3600

D2 115

Study

3370

Mild steel grating 105 950

Study

265

Study

2150

Entrance

2000

50mm dia Galvanized mild steel balustrade to comply with SANS 10400 Part D

fridge 110

23500

3000

10595

3000 3000

2770

3000

230 1385 150

3150

50mm dia Galvanized mild steel balustrade to comply with SANS 10400 Part D

SF2

1500

Mild steel grating 106 290

1500

3150

50mm dia Galvanized mild steel balustrade to comply with SANS 10400 Part D

105 270

Existing Walkway

230

3770

115

4000

230

3770 4000

230

3870 4060

150

6640 3395

150 1075 3395

Existing Building

230

Existing Building

Sec B 7/8 15265

3000

106 290

2770

15000

Sec B 7/8

Power Floated Screed

230

Social Hall

3000

Stair note: Riser = max 170mm Thread = min 250mm Handrail min 1m high to comply with SANS 10400

2770

104 845

230

Existing Building

24500

104 760

1150

105 185 11060

9055 20115

Sec A 6/8

Department of Architecture M.Arch. Architecture 105 440

Existing Walkway 105 865

CONTRACT DOCUMENTATION Name:

Michelle Struthers

Student number:

212259829

Existing Building

Project Description:

105 950

Kollegehof TUT Student Residence

Second Floor Plan Scale 1:100

Drawing number & description:

Second Floor Plan Date OUT:

11/08/2021 Scale:

1:100

Date IN:

27/09/2021

Sheet No./No.

4/8

114

B 4000

C 4000

D 4060

3395

Sheet no. :

Description:

1/8 2/8 3/8 4/8 5/8 6/8 7/8 8/8

Locality Plan, Site Plan Ground Floor Plan First Floor Plan Second Floor Plan Roof Plan Elevations, Section A-A Section B-B Edge Detail, Axo Detail, Detail

3395

Key Plan Scale 1:5000

lle

lley Va

Ridge

Ridge Valley FB

Fall 1:50 3600

10mm Fiber cement fascia board 125 x 125mm Gavanized mild steel gutter 100mm dia Galvanized mild steel downpipe

3000

Existing Walkway

y lle

Fall 1:50

y Valle

Fall 1:50

lley

50mm uPVC overvlow outlet

y Va

y Fall 1:50

Fall 1:50

lle

Fall 1:50

y lle Va

Fall at 10deg

3600

Ridge

FB Fall 1:50

0.58mm Galvanized mild steel Klip-lok 700 roof sheeting powder coated dark dolphin

y lle

lle

50mm uPVC overvlow outlet 255mm Reinforced concrete upstand Fall 1:50 Fall 1:50

255mm Reinforced concrete upstand 50mm uPVC overvlow outlet

50mm uPVC overvlow outlet

70 x 363mm SA Pine laminated beam at max 1200mm c/c

38 x 76mm SA Pine purlin at max 1200mm c/c

4 3000

Existing Building 3

3000

38 x 76mm SA Pine purlin at max 1200mm c/c 70 x 363mm SA Pine laminated beam at max 1200mm c/c

3000

Existing Walkway

Existing Building

Fall at 10deg 10mm Fiber cement fascia board 125 x 125mm Gavanized mild steel gutter 100mm dia Galvanized mild steel downpipe 0.58mm Galvanized mild steel Klip-lok 700 roof sheeting powder coated dark dolphin

Department of Architecture M.Arch. Architecture

Existing Walkway

CONTRACT DOCUMENTATION Name:

Michelle Struthers

Student number:

212259829

Project Description:

Existing Building

Kollegehof TUT Student Residence

Roof Plan Scale 1:100

Drawing number & description:

Roof Plan Date OUT:

11/08/2021 Scale:

1:100

115

Date IN:

27/09/2021

Sheet No./No.

5/8

Roof Level 108 925

50mm dia Galvanized mild steel balustrade to comply with SANS 10400 Part D

3395

105 950

100 000

4060

4000

0.58mm Galvanized mild steel Klip-lok 700 roof sheeting powder coated dark dolphin

Facebrick

108 925

3000

3600

Boundary line

3600

Roof Level D7

First Floor UFFL

Ground Floor UFFL

105 950

Existing building

105 950

102 975

100 000

N.G.L.

108 925

Plaster & paint

Sheet no. :

Description:

1/8 2/8 3/8 4/8 5/8 6/8 7/8 8/8

Locality Plan, Site Plan Ground Floor Plan First Floor Plan Second Floor Plan Roof Plan Elevations, Section A-A Section B-B Edge Detail, Axo Detail, Detail

Second Floor UFFL

50mm dia Galvanized mild steel balustrade to comply with SANS 10400 Part D

105 950

First Floor UFFL 102 975

Ground Floor UFFL 100 000

N.G.L.

Scale 1:200 7

3600

First Floor UFFL

Facebrick

Facebrick D2

100 000

3000

125 x 125mm Gavanized mild steel gutter with 100mm dia Galvanized mild steel downpipe

108 925

First Floor UFFL

105 950

Facebrick whb

105 950

Existing building

102 975

First Floor UFFL

Facebrick whb

102 975

Ground Floor UFFL

100 000

Facebrick whb

100 000

N.G.L.

Facebrick

South Elevation

Scale 1:200

D 4060

100mm dia. 2wvv substack whb wc u wc whb wc u whb wc u

E 3395

whb

wc whb wc

F 3395

Facebrick

50mm dia Galvanized mild steel balustrade to comply with SANS 10400 Part D

Roof Level 108 925

SF2

Second Floor UFFL

SF2

First Floor UFFL

SF1

Ground Floor UFFL

ie ie ie 100mm dia. uPVC sewer pipe (fall 1:40) to municipal connection

N.G.L.

West Elevation

C 4000

0.58mm Galvanized mild steel Klip-lok 700 roof sheeting powder coated dark dolphin

Second Floor UFFL

Existing building

B 4000

Roof Level

108 925

125 x 125mm Gavanized mild steel gutter with 100mm dia Galvanized mild steel downpipe

Roof Level

D1 W3

102 975

3000

Second Floor UFFL

105 950

0.58mm Galvanized mild steel Klip-lok 700 roof sheeting powder coated dark dolphin

Facebrick Facebrick

N.G.L.

East Elevation

Second Floor UFFL

Ground Floor UFFL

3000

Scale 1:200

Roof Level

3000

Existing building

North Elevation 50mm dia Galvanized mild steel balustrade to comply with SANS 10400 Part D

3000

Second Floor UFFL

Facebrick

Boundary line

108 925

Second Floor UFFL

Roof Level

108 925

Ground Floor UFFL N.G.L.

3395

Roof Level

First Floor UFFL 102 975

Plaster & paint

Second Floor UFFL Existing building

105 950 102 975 100 000

N.G.L.

Scale 1:200 7

0.58mm Galvanized mild steel Klip-lok 700 roof sheeting powder coated dark dolphin fixed onto 38 x 76mm SA Pine purlin at max 1200mm c/c with 38 x 38mm SA Pine brandering at max 600mm c/c fixed onto purlins and 100mm ISO BOARD insulation fixed onto brandering 540mm Galvanized mild steel flashing powder coated dark dolphin

Custom aluminium louvres as per architect's schedule to manufacturer's specification

300 x 425mm Reinforced concrete beam as per engineer's specification

Second Floor UFFL

255

300 x 350mm Custom stone powder and recycled plastic planter box

Plaster & Paint

25mm min Power floated cement screed on 170mm reinforced concrete floor as per engineer specification

2720

140 x 140mm SA Pine laminated post

Plaster & Paint

85 170

25mm min Power floated cement screed on 170mm reinforced concrete floor as per engineer specification

2720

N.G.L.

340 x 650mm Reinforced concrete strip foundation to engineer specification

102 975

Sick Bay

Facebrick

Plaster & Paint

25mm min Power floated cement screed on 85mm surface bed as per engineer specification 85

150 x 450mm Aluminium stormwater drain

First Floor UFFL

Study

Ground Floor UFFL

230mm NFX Brick foundation wall

105 950

Sick Bay

Facebrick

50mm dia Galvanized mild steel balustrade to comply with SANS 10400 Part D

250micron DPM

Second Floor UFFL

Study

102 975

100 000

108 925

Sick Bay

Facebrick

50mm dia Aluminium section frame with 20mm dia Aluminium section

First Floor UFFL

Roof Level

Study

85 170

105 950

Facebrick

10.00°

300mm Cavity titanium satin FBS with brickfill

1020

108 925

10mm Fiber cement fascia board 125 x 125mm Gavanized mild steel gutter 100mm dia Galvanized mild steel downpipe

425

Roof Level

2550

70 x 363mm SA Pine laminated beam at max 1200mm c/c

Department of Architecture M.Arch. Architecture

Ground Floor UFFL 100 000

N.G.L.

Name:

Michelle Struthers

Student number:

212259829

Project Description:

Kollegehof TUT Student Residence

Compacted filling in max 150mm layers

Section A-A Scale 1:50

CONTRACT DOCUMENTATION

Drawing number & description:

Elevations, Section A-A Date OUT:

11/08/2021 Scale:

1:200, 1:50

Date IN:

27/09/2021

Sheet No./No.

6/8

116

ED 1 8/8

255

Facebrick

10.00°

Roof Level

70 x 363mm SA Pine laminated beam at max 1200mm c/c 300mm Cavity titanium satin FBS with brickfill

Social Hall Facebrick

Second Floor UFFL

25mm min Power floated cement screed on 170mm reinforced concrete floor as per engineer specification

Plaster & Paint

Roof Level 108 925

2720

Facebrick

25mm min Power floated cement screed on 170mm reinforced concrete floor as per engineer specification

First Floor UFFL

Custom aluminium window as per architect's schedule to manufacturer's specification

Second Floor UFFL

300 x 350mm Custom stone powder and recycled plastic planter box

105 950

140 x 140mm SA Pine laminated post 50mm dia Galvanized mild steel balustrade to comply with SANS 10400 Part D

First Floor UFFL 102 975

85 170

102 975

255 x 300mm Reinforced concrete ring beam as per engineer's specification

50mm dia Aluminium section frame with 20mm dia Aluminium section

Social Hall

Plaster & Paint

W1 2720

Social Hall

Ground Floor UFFL

Facebrick

250micron DPM

25mm min Power floated cement screed on 85mm surface bed as per engineer specification 85

100 000

Ground Floor UFFL

150 x 450mm Aluminium stormwater drain

100 000

N.G.L.

230mm NFX Brick foundation wall

N.G.L.

Locality Plan, Site Plan Ground Floor Plan First Floor Plan Second Floor Plan Roof Plan Elevations, Section A-A Section B-B Edge Detail, Axo Detail, Detail

Custom aluminium louvres as per architect's schedule to manufacturer's specification

85 170

105 950

Plaster & Paint

2720

Description:

1/8 2/8 3/8 4/8 5/8 6/8 7/8 8/8

540mm Galvanized mild steel flashing powder coated dark dolphin

255

108 925

945

10mm Fiber cement fascia board 125 x 125mm Gavanized mild steel gutter 100mm dia Galvanized mild steel downpipe

Sheet no. :

340 x 650mm Reinforced concrete strip foundation to engineer specification Compacted filling in max 150mm layers

Section B-B Scale 1:50

300 x 350mm Custom stone powder and recycled plastic planter box 25mm Cement screed on 85mm Reinforced concrete surface bed to engineer specification 140 x 140mm SA Pine laminated post 100 x 100mm Galvanized mild steel angle section

50mm Galvanized mild steel mentis grid 55 x 100mm Galvanized mild steel IPE section 0.58mm Galvanized mild steel Klip-lok 700 roof sheeting powder coated dark dolphin 140 x 140 Galvanized mild steel fixing post 38 x 76mm SA Pine purlin at max 1200mm c/c 25mm min Cement screed 1:80 fall 38 x 38mm SA Pine brandering at max 600mm c/c

250micron DPM

N.G.L.

540mm Galvanized mild steel flashing powder coated dark dolphin

20mm Drip 25mm Galvanized aluminium mentis grid

100mm ISO BOARD insulation

150 x 450mm Aluminium stormwater drain

70 x 363mm SA Pine laminated beam at max 1200mm c/c

Department of Architecture 300mm Cavity titanium satin FBS with brickfill

230mm NFX Brick foundation wall

50 x 70mm Galvanized mild steel bracket Compacted filling in max 150mm layers

255 x 300mm Reinforced concrete beam to engineer specification

M.Arch. Architecture

CONTRACT DOCUMENTATION Name:

Michelle Struthers

Student number:

Custom aluminium louvres as per architect's schedule to manufacturer's specification

340 x 650mm Reinforced concrete strip foundation to engineer specification

212259829

Project Description:

Kollegehof TUT Student Residence

Detail 1 Scale 1:10

Detail 2 Scale 1:10

Drawing number & description:

Section B-B, Details Date OUT:

11/08/2021 Scale:

1:50, 1:10

117

Date IN:

27/09/2021

Sheet No./No.

7/8

55 x 100mm Galvanized mild steel IPE section mechanically fixed to laminated timber post and concrete floor slab with end plates and bolts

0.58mm Galvanized mild steel Klip-lok 700 roof sheeting powder coated dark dolphin

140 x 140mm SA Pine laminated post

38 x 76mm SA Pine purlin at max 1200mm c/c 38 x 38mm SA Pine brandering at max 600mm c/c D1 7/8

Sheet no. :

Description:

1/8 2/8 3/8 4/8 5/8 6/8 7/8 8/8

Locality Plan, Site Plan Ground Floor Plan First Floor Plan Second Floor Plan Roof Plan Elevations, Section A-A Section B-B Edge Detail, Axo Detail, Detail

20mm dia Aluminium section welded to 50mm dia aluminium frame

540mm Galvanized mild steel flashing powder coated dark dolphin 50mm dia Aluminium section frame mechanically fixed to laminated timber post with end plate and bolts

100mm ISO BOARD insulation

70 x 363mm SA Pine laminated beam at max 1200mm c/c

300 x 350mm Custom stone powder and recycled plastic self watering planter box

300mm Cavity titanium satin FBS with brickfill

Roof Level 108 925 50mm Galvanized mild steel mentis grid welded to IPE section

5mm Galvanized mild steel post cap

100 x 100mm Galvanized mild steel angle section mechanically fixed to laminated timber post with bolts

Custom aluminium louvres as per architect's schedule to manufacturer's specification

55 x 100mm Galvanized mild steel IPE section mechanically fixed to laminated timber post and concrete floor slab with end plates and bolts

D3 8/8

255 x 300mm Reinforced concrete ring beam to engineer specification

Custom aluminium window as per architect's schedule to manufacturer's specification

Axo Detail Scale 1:20

50mm dia Galvanized mild steel balustrade to comply with SANS 10400 Part D 5mm Galvanized mild steel post cap mechanically fixed with a bolt and washer to laminated timber post

Second Floor UFFL

55 x 100mm Galvanized mild steel IPE section mechanically fixed to laminated timber post and concrete ring beam with end plates and bolts

105 950

255 x 300mm Reinforced concrete ring beam to engineer specification

50mm dia Aluminium section frame with 20mm dia Aluminium section

140 x 140mm SA Pine laminated post

300 x 350mm Custom stone powder and recycled plastic planter box

100 x 100mm Galvanized mild steel angle section

First Floor UFFL 102 975

50mm Galvanized mild steel mentis grid

140 x 140mm SA Pine laminated post

55 x 100mm Galvanized mild steel IPE section

20mm dia Aluminium section welded to 50mm dia aluminium frame 170 Reinforced concrete floor slab to engineer specification

25mm Cement screed on 85mm Reinforced concrete surface bed to engineer specification

50mm dia Aluminium section frame mechanically fixed to laminated timber post with end plate and bolts

25mm min Cement screed 1:80 fall Department of Architecture 250micron DPM

300 x 350mm Custom stone powder and recycled plastic self watering planter box

Ground Floor UFFL 100 000 150 x 450mm Aluminium stormwater drain

M.Arch. Architecture

CONTRACT DOCUMENTATION Name:

100 x 100mm Galvanized mild steel angle section mechanically fixed to laminated timber post with bolts

N.G.L. 230mm NFX Brick foundation wall

D2 7/8

Edge Detail 1 Scale 1:25

212259829

Project Description:

Kollegehof TUT Student Residence

50mm Galvanized mild steel mentis grid welded to IPE section

340 x 650mm Reinforced concrete strip foundation to engineer specification

Compacted filling in max 150mm layers

Michelle Struthers

Student number:

Detail 3 Scale 1:10

55 x 100mm Galvanized mild steel IPE section mechanically fixed to laminated timber post and concrete floor slab with end plates and bolts

Drawing number & description:

Edge Detail, Axo Detail, Detail Date OUT:

11/08/2021 Scale:

1:25, 1:20, 1:10

Date IN:

27/09/2021

Sheet No./No.

8/8

118

WAVE

REFERENCES LIST OF FIGURES REFERENCES

LIS T O F FIG UR E S Figure 1: New proposal [Author, 2021] Figure 2: Kollegehof student residence [Author, 2021] Figure 3: Brain map [Author, 2021] Figure 4: Pandemic spreading [Author, 2021] Figure 5: Project client. Fsati, s.a. [Online] http://www.fsati.org/images/TUT_color_logo_lanscpe.jpg [Accessed: 26 November 2021] Figure 6: Project location [Author, 2021] Figure 7-10: Site location [Author, 2021] Figure 11: Urban scale. Google Earth Pro, 25 45’06” S, 28 11’11” E. 3D Building data layer. [Online] Available from: https://www.google.com/earth/ [Accessed: 13 May 2021] Figure 12: Medium scale. Google Earth Pro, 25 45’06” S, 28 11’11” E. 3D Building data layer. [Online] Available from: https://www.google.com/earth/ [Accessed: 13 May 2021] Figure 13: Small scale. Google Earth Pro, 25 45’06” S, 28 11’11” E. 3D Building data layer. [Online] Available from: https://www.google.com/earth/ [Accessed: 13 May 2021] Figure 14: Wind and sun angles. Google Earth Pro, 25 45’06” S, 28 11’11” E. 3D Building data layer. [Online] Available from: https://www.google.com/earth/ [Accessed: 13 May 2021] Figure 15: Noise factor. Google Earth Pro, 25 45’06” S, 28 11’11” E. 3D Building data layer. [Online] Available from: https://www.google.com/earth/ [Accessed: 13 May 2021] 121

Figure 16-27: Photos of the existing structures [Author, 2021] Figure 28: Existing site [Author, 2021] Figure 29: Existing ground floor plan [Author, 2021] Figure 30: Existing first and second floor plan [Author, 2021] Figure 31: Existing third floor plan [Author, 2021] Figure 32: [Author, 2021] Figure 33: Healthy building [Author, 2021] Figure 34: Layers of a mask [Author, 2021] Figure 35: Planter model [Author, 2021] Figure 36: Facade concept sketch [Author, 2021] Figure 37: Access to maintain green facade. RMA Architects, 2012 [Online] http:// rmaarchitects.com/website/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/006.jpg [Accessed: 6 September 2021] Figure 38: Green facade. RMA Architects, 2012 [Online] https://images.adsttc.com/media/ images/51b1/605f/b3fc/4b22/5b00/0288/slideshow/05_-_Rahul_Mehrotra.jpg?1370579036 [Accessed: 6 September 2021] Figure 39-53: Process sketches and models [Author, 2021] 122

Figure 54: Axo detail [Author, 2021] Figure 55: Footing detail [Author, 2021] Figure 56: Planter detail [Author, 2021] Figure 57: [Author, 2021] Figure 58: Natural and mechanical ventilation [Author, 2021] Figure 59: 1,5m Social distancing diameters [Author, 2021] Figure 60: Isolation room and necessary oxygen tank [Author, 2021] Figure 61: Ideal circulation width [Author, 2021] Figure 62: Existing circulation width [Author, 2021] Figure 63: Possible solution for existing circulation [Author, 2021] Figure 64: Hands-free systems [Author, 2021] Figure 65: Internal cleaning threshold [Author, 2021] Figure 66: External cleaning threshold [Author, 2021] Figure 67: Future Africa analysis. Earthworld, 2017 [Online] https://www.ewarch.co.za/media/ ae57072a/8e6679fab4632ba55ab0eac8adc5a60e.jpg [Accessed: 20 August 2021] 123

Figure 68: Liliesleaf analysis. Artefacts, s.a. [Online] https://www.artefacts.co.za/imgcat/ Liliesleaf22.jpg [Accessed: 13 August 2021] Figure 69: Main building. Artefacts, s.a. [Online] https://www.artefacts.co.za/imgcat/ LiliesleafF45.jpg [Accessed: 13 August 2021] Figure 70: Outbuildings. Artefacts, s.a. [Online] https://www.artefacts.co.za/imgcat/ LiliesleafO02.jpg [Accessed: 13 August 2021] Figure 71: Visitors’ centre. Artefacts, s.a. [Online] https://www.artefacts.co.za/imgcat/ LiliesleafU81.jpg [Accessed: 13 August 2021] Figure 72: Courtyard. Abdel, 2021 [Online] https://images.adsttc.com/media/images/6062/ c9ed/f91c/8162/e000/0b64/slideshow/143803.jpg?1617086942 [Accessed: 15 August 2021] Figure 73: Street edge. Abdel, 2021 [Online] https://images.adsttc.com/media/images/6062/ c9b5/f91c/8162/e000/0b60/slideshow/143799.jpg?1617086883 [Accessed: 15 August 2021] Figure 74: La Trobe student accommodation Floor plan analysis. Abdel, 2021 [Online] https:// images.adsttc.com/media/images/6062/c9bb/f91c/8171/5b00/0a90/slideshow/143810. jpg?1617086875 [Accessed: 15 August 2021] Figure 75: New Normal [Author, 2021] Figure 76-78: Creating connection between existing [Author, 2021] Figure 79-80: Parti diagrams [Author, 2021] Figure 81-82: Development sketches [Author, 2021] 124

Figure 83: Existing site indicating focal point and the two communities [Author, 2021] Figure 84: Proposed study building position [Author, 2021] Figure 85: Proposed study building final position [Author, 2021] Figure 86: Proposed courtyard [Author, 2021] Figure 87-91: New study building process sketches [Author, 2021] Figure 92: New study building ventilation systems [Author, 2021] Figure 93-94: New study building final process [Author, 2021] Figure 95: Building A Existing Ground Floor plan [Author, 2021] Figure 96: Building A Existing First and Second Floor plan [Author, 2021] Figure 97: Needed ventilation [Author, 2021] Figure 98: Process sketch [Author, 2021] Figure 99: Building A Ground floor plan [Author, 2021] Figure 100: Building A First and second floor plan [Author, 2021] Figure 101: Building C existing [Author, 2021] Figure 102: Building C demolition [Author, 2021] 125

Figure 103: Building C Needed ventilation [Author, 2021] Figure 104: Building C process sketch [Author, 2021] Figure 105-106: Building C development [Author, 2021] Figure 107: Building D Existing [Author, 2021] Figure 108: Building D demolition [Author, 2021] Figure 109: Building D Needed ventilation [Author, 2021] Figure 110-111: Building D process sketches [Author, 2021]

126

R E FE R E N CE S Abdel, H. 2021. La Trobe University Student Accommodation / Jackson Clements Burrows [Online] Available from: https://www.archdaily.com/959330/la-trobe-universitystudent-accomodations-jackson-clements-burrows-architects?ad_source=search&ad_ medium=search_result_all [Accessed: 23 August 2021] Allen, J. G. B. et al. 2017. Building Evidence for Health: The 9 foundations of a healthy building [Online] Available from: http://forhealth.org/9_foundations_of_a_healthy_building. february_2017.pdf [Accessed: 10 June 2021] Anderton, F. 2020. Based on past pandemics, coronavirus will bring changes to buildings and cities. [Online] Available from: https://www.kcrw.com/culture/shows/design-andarchitecture/coronavirus-design-cities-sam-lubell [Accessed: 3 June 2021] Anstey, G. G. 2020. Universities South Africa – Universities are enduring the COVID-19 pain with students; they believe in pulling through, together. [Online] Available from: https://www. usaf.ac.za/universities-are-enduring-the-covid-19-pain-with-students-they-believe-in-pullingthrough-together/ [Accessed 21 June 2021] Artefacts, s.a. Liliesleaf Legacy Project. [Online] Available from: https://www.artefacts.co.za/ main/Buildings/bldgframes.php?bldgid=8621 [Accessed: 31 August 2021] Brooks, S. K. et al. 2020. The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence. Lancet, volume 395 issue 10227: P912-920. [Online] Available from: https://www.thelancet.com/article/S0140-6736(20)30460-8/fulltext#:~:text=Most%20 reviewed%20studies%20reported%20negative,%2C%20financial%20loss%2C%20and%20 stigma. [Accessed: 23 February 2021].

127

Chang, V. 2020. The Post-Pandemic Style. [Online] Available from: https://slate.com/ business/2020/04/coronavirus-architecture-1918-flu-cholera-modernism.html [Accessed: 3 June 2021] Chayka, K. 2020. How the coronavirus will reshape architecture. The New Yorker, [Online] Available from: https://www.newyorker.com/culture/dept-of-design/how-the-coronaviruswill-reshape-architecture [Accessed: 25 January 2021]. City of Tshwane. 2021. Covid-19 in Tshwane: The week at a Glance:20 – 27 May 2021 [Online] Available from: http://www.tshwane.gov.za/sites/Departments/Health-Department/ COVID19/Covid_Region_Week20_27May.jpg [Accessed: 31 May 2021] Cresco, 2020. Untangling the Pandemic’s Impact on South African Student Accommodation. [Online] Available from: https://www.crescogroup.africa/untangling-the-pandemics-impacton-south-african-student-accommodation/ [Accessed 21 June 2021] Creswell, J. W. (2009) ‘The selection of a research design’, in Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches. 5th edn. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications, pp. 3–22. Creswell, J. W. (2008) ‘Three components involved in a design’, in The Selection of a Research Design. 5th edn. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications. Earthworld, 2017. Future Africa innovation campus – 2017. [Online] available from: https:// www.ewarch.co.za/post/3096/futureafrica/ [Accessed 11 August 2021]

128

Krstic, Z. 2020. How long can coronavirus really live on surfaces? Experts weigh in on new evidence. [Online] Available from: https://www.goodhousekeeping.com/health/a34360986/ how-long-does-coronavirus-last-surfaces/ [Accessed 15 June 2021] Linquip team, 2020. Natural ventilation: Types, advantages and disadvantages [Online] Available from: https://www.linquip.com/blog/natural-ventilation/ [Accessed 22 June 2021] Mashabane Rose, s.a. Liliesleaf Legacy Project [Online] Available from: http:// mashabanerose.co.za/liliesleaf [Accessed: 31 August 2021] Megahed, N.A. Ghoneim, E.M. 2020. Indoor Air Quality: Rethinking rules of building design strategies in post-pandemic architecture. [Online] Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih. gov/pmc/articles/PMC7661949/# [Accessed 4 November 2021] News24, s.a. New research shows hoe COVID-19 impacted university students in 2020 [Online] Available from: https://www.news24.com/news24/partnercontent/new-researchshows-how-covid-19-impacted-university-students-in-2020-20210420 [Accessed 16 August 2021] Ojo, E. et al. 2021. The Conversation – How COVID-19 is hurting university students’ mental health [Online] Available from: https://theconversation.com/how-the-pandemic-is-hurtinguniversity-students-mental-health-159643 [Accessed: 21 June 2021] Philcox, T. 2020. Corbusier on my mind: Design thinking and post-covid living. [Online] Available from: http://www.open.ac.uk/blogs/design/corbusier-on-my-mind-design-thinkingand-post-covid-living/ [Accessed 6 June 2021]

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Psych scene hub, 2020. The Mental Health Impact of Quarantine – Psychological Consequences and Management Strategies. [Online] Available from: https:// psychscenehub.com/psychinsights/the-mental-health-impact-of-quarantine/ [Accessed: 23 February 2021]. RMA Architects, 2012. KMC Corporate Office [Online] Available from: http://rmaarchitects. com/architecture/kmc-corporate-office/ [Accessed 6 September 2021] SA News, 2020. President Ramaphosa announces a nationwide lockdown. [Online] Available from: https://www.sanews.gov.za/south-africa/president-ramaphosa-announcesnationwide-lockdown [Accessed 15 July 2021] SANS 2011. Lighting and ventilation: Table 2: Air requirements for different types of occupancies. South African National Standards 10400 Part O:2011. Pretoria. SAPOA. s.a. Restoring retail confidence, South African Property Owners Association. Available at: https://www.sapoa.org.za/media/5778/recovery-readiness-retail-checklist-1. pdf (Accessed: 6 June 2021). Somvanshi, A. 2021. DownToEarth – ‘Sick building syndrome’ fuelling India’s Covid-19 infections. [Online] Available from: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/blog/health/-sickbuilding-syndrome-fuelling-india-s-covid-19-infections-77026 [Accessed 03 November 2021] Times Higher Education. s.a. The World University Rankings [Online] Available from: https:// www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/tshwane-university-technology [Accessed: 14 August 2021]

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Tshwane University of Technology, s.a. Notices [Online] Available from: https://www.tut. ac.za/notices [Accessed 15 August 2021] Tyagi, PK, 2020. World environment day: 5 decor materials that will become essential in a post Covid-19 world. [Online] Available from: https://www.architecturaldigest.in/content/5essential-home-decor-materials-for-a-post-covid-19-home-renovation/ [Accessed 15 June 2021] World Health Organization, 2020. From the “new normal” to a “new future”: A sustainable response to COVID-19. [Online] Available from: https://www.who.int/westernpacific/news/ commentaries/detail-hq/from-the-new-normal-to-a-new-future-a-sustainable-response-tocovid-19 [Accessed: 10 April 2021].

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Articles inside

REFERENCES

PANDEMIC INSPIRED DESIGN PRINCIPLES

CONCLUSION

THEORETICAL APPROACH

PROJECT BRIEF

CLIENT PROFILE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND DELIMITATION

PROBLEM STATEMENT

PANDEMIC OPPORTUNITIES

PANDEMIC STUDENT RESIDENTIAL

PROJECT CONTEXT

PANDEMIC STUDENT LIFE

PANDEMIC HISTORY