Class of 2021_VAN DEN BERG, R by jacques_23

EDIBLE HOUSING FEEDING THE GROWING POPULATION OF SOUTH AFRICA A CASE STUDY IN PRETORIA ROALD VAN DEN BERG 216 162 811

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS: I want to take this opportunity to thank all those involved – supporting me, guiding me, and motivating me throughout the year. had our fair share of obstacles to overcome, but luckily, none had to do it alone. To my parents, thank you for allowing me to focus on my academic work in a year where it all seemed near impossible. To my father for his support and practical knowledge of construction and engineering. You shod me how to piece this world together through architecture and engineering. To my mother, who always stayed positive, even when I was not. Thank you for understanding me. Thank you for understanding the nature of people and the part they played in this project. Thank you to my sister for her daily enthusiastic approach to what I do and for being there when needed. To my loving and caring girlfriend. Thank you for your ongoing interest, motivation and unfailing understanding of this year. Thank you for being there every step of the way and helping me see perspective when I struggled. You are the reason for my success and my primary motivation to keep pushing myself daily. I want to thank you for your patience during the year, especially during the times when work and assignments kept us apart. You have taught me to love. Not only one another but also others and life as much as you love me. To my lecturers, always being available when needed them and helping us to cope in times where it seemed dark and impossible. Thank you for sharing your knowledge and teaching us what it truly means to be an architect. Thank you for instilling in us a sense of purpose and always having faith that will produce exceptional work, even during these unprecedented and challenging times. To my supervisors and year coordinators, none of this would be possible without you all guiding us through the year. To Prof. Laubscher for continuously adjusting our schedules, always planning for the next step, and motivating us during our milestone hand-ins. To Ms Patel for her unrelenting passion for architecture and our ekly crit sessions. Without your guidance, I would not be where I am today n my architectural journey. Thank you for not turning your back on us, even though it meant I had to change site several times and stay up during the night to work. To my classmates, I am grateful for every one of you. During our six years of studying, I have made many new friends and learnt from all of you. Thank you for all your great efforts and sacrifices throughout the years. None of us would have come this far without each other. Thank you for all the “golf club” meetings had. I wish you all the best in your lives and careers in the future. I leave you with a quote: “ did not inherit this land from our ancestors but are rather borrowing it from our children.” (van Lill, D. 2005) Remember what these years taught us, and never forget to love one another.

“If your vision is for a year, plant wheat. If your vision is for ten years, plant trees. If your vision is for a lifetime, plant people.” Old Chinese proverb

EDIBLE HOUSING: FEEDING THE GROWING POPULATION OF SOUTH AFRICA A CASE STUDY IN PRETORIA Submitted by Roald van den Berg Submitted in partial full requirements for the degree MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE: (MArch) Department of Architecture and Industrial Design

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT TSHWANE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

Main Supervisor: Dr MEN Nkambule Co-Supervisor: Ms S Patel 2021

DECLARATION: The dissertation is submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree M. Arch. (Prof) at the Tshwane University of Technology. All work contained in this document is my own except where otherwise acknowledged. Department of Architecture, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, Tshwane University of Technology 29 October 2021 The work contained in this thesis has been submitted for proofreading and editing by Elné Potgieter.

Roald van den Berg 216162811 Email: roaldvandenberg@gmail.com Cell No: 0721046623

“Gardeners, they say, are the first sign of commitment to a community.” -Anne Raver

PREAMBLE: This dissertation is vested in the view and context of Pretoria’s more rural suburban areas and how they function, the problems they encounter and the types of solutions that apply to these areas. The thesis will focus on Atteridgeville and its socio-economic circumstances, cultural context, and the site-specific users it serves. The study aims to investigate the past, current and future development of Atteridgeville and its physical and intangible topography. The research situates in the ontological realm of critical realism. The project will observe reality based on and captured by broad critical examination, specifically within the academic field of architecture. The project will have a constructionist epistemological approach to the interplay between the subject (the residents as users) and the object (edible housing). The study uses the subject as its parameters for creating space and supplying food. The object will be used as a generator for guidelines on how food can be produced and how similar these places are to those of the subject. If any similarities present themselves, how can they be used to the advantage of both the subject and the object? Can their spaces be intertwined since they have a similar purpose or function but are separated by space, subject and object?

BRIEF OUTLINE....................................................11 DESIGN PROBLEM STATEMENT................... 13 STUDY AREA...........................................................15 RESEARCH QUESTIONS..................................... 17 DESIGN-LED RESEARCH OBJECTIVES...18 DELIMITATIONS AND LIMITATIONS........... 19 DESIGN METHODOLOGY AND CONCEPTUAL DESIGN.....................................20

HISTORY OF URBAN AGRICULTURE IN AFRICA.......................................................................23 TIMELINE OF HOUSING IN ATTERIDGEVILLE..................................................... 25 JOURNEY OF THE SITE AND EBENEZER CHURCH...................................................................27 SITE CONDITIONS AND ELEMENTS........... 29 THE USER.................................................................33 URBAN INTEGRATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY.......... 34

SUSTAINABLE FOOD AND COMMUNITY GROWTH

THEORETICAL DISCOURSE AND THE SITE

INTRODUCTION

TABLE OF CONTENTS: 1

YIELDS AND GROWING CONDITIONS.....39 VERTICAL FARMING INTEGRATED INTO. HOUSING...................................................................... 41 SUSTAINABLE COMMUNITIES AS AN ECOSYSTEM............................................................42 BACKING “THE SLOW MOVEMENT”.......... 43

CONCLUSION

DESIGN AND TECHNE

CONCEPT AND DESIGN DEVELOMPENT

CONCEPT.................................................................48

SITE PLAN................................................................80

REFLECTION AND EVALUATION................112

SITE ANALYSIS........................................................... 49

FLOOR PLANS........................................................... 81

REFERENCES..................... 116

LITERATURE REVIEW........................................56

SECTIONS.................................................................83

APPENDIX A...........................................................119

PRECEDENT STUDIES.......................................... 57

EDGE DETAILS.......................................................... 85

APPENDIX B............................................................... 120

CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT.............................67

SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT..............................86

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT.................................... 69

3D RENDER VIEWS................................................ 89 TECHNICAL RESOLUTION..............................102

LIST OF FIGURES:

Page Figure 1: Population growth within Africa and food security in relation to African cities [author, 2021].................................................................................................................................. 11 Figure 2: Rapid urbanization of South Africa over a 30-year period [author, 2021]....................................................................................................................................................................... 12 Figure 3a: Current service delivery and industrial landscapes of Pretoria [author, 2021]............................................................................................................................................................. 14 Figure 3b: Newly proposed program for the new urban landscape of Pretoria and its service delivery [author, 2021]........................................................................................................ 14 Figure 4: Focus area of the study and its relation to South Africa as a whole [author, 2021]...................................................................................................................................................... 16 Figure 5: Timeline of urban agriculture in South Africa [author, 2021]............................................................................................................................................................................................. 23 Figure 6a: Image depicting the current state of urban agriculture and faring within South Africa [Zachos, 2012, image enhanced by author, 2021].................................................. 24 Figure 6b: Figure 6b: Social media collective of urban farming within South Africa and the rise in popularity thereof [author, 2021].............................................................................. 24 Figure 7: Timeline of housing in Atteridgeville and its relation to urban farming and the project [author, 2021]................................................................................................................... 25 Figure 8: Relationship between the existing Ebenezer Street church (A) and its relation to the new sister church (B) on Seloho street [author, 2021]........................................................... 27Figure 9a: The Site - Location - Uses.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 29 Figure 9b: The Site - Remaining Elements................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 29 Figure 9c: The Site - The Church................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 30 Figure 9d: The Existing................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 30 Figure 9e: The Residential............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 30 Figure 10a: Larger Atteridgeville - NE51 Housing.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 31 Figure 10b: Larger Atteridgeville - A Typical Street............................................................................................................................................................................................................................ .... 31 Figure 10c: Larger Atteridgeville - More Affluent Areas........................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 31 Figure 10d: Larger Atteridgeville - Access and Roads............................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 32 Figure 10e: Larger Atteridgeville - Public Transport............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 32 Figure 10f: Larger Atteridgeville - Public Areas............................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........... 32 Figure 11: Four different main users of the site in present and future context [author, 2021]................................................................................................................................................... 33 Figure 12: The NE 51/9 standard three-roomed house [Calderwood, 1953, p31]........................................................................................................................................................................ 34 Figure 13: Habraken open building system from district scale to room scale [Habraken, n.d.].................................................................................................................................................... 34 Figure 14: Spatial and growing conditions for a family of four applied to the project user requirements [author, 2021]...................................................................................................... 39 Figure 15: Impact of using three-dimensional space for farming as opposed to horizontal traditional farming methods and yields [author, 2021]...................................................... 39 Figure 16: Transition from traditional to modern farming techniques and how they incorporate into a residential community [author, 2021].............................................................. 41 Figure 17: Artistic representation of the “slow movement” being incorporated into the suburban area of Atteridgeville [author, 2021]......................................................................... 43 Figure 18: Site analysis of the population growth within Pretoria and its relation to smaller suburbs in the area over time [author, 2021].................................................................... 49 Figure 19: The greater metropolitan area of Pretoria and how their sizes in population compare to one another [author, 2021]...................................................................................... 50 Figure 20: Meso scale of Atteridgeville indicating opportunities and growth of different suburban areas [author, 2021].................................................................................................... 51 Figure 21: Relationship of adult income per month and proportion of total income spent on food for households in Atteridgeville [author, 2021]..................................................... 52 Figure 22: Percentages of expenditures per household monthly in Atteridgeville (Based on a general monthly income of R3774,90) [author, 2021]................................................. 52 Figure 23: Aerial view of Atteridgeville showing population and urban growth throughout a 15-year period [author, 2021]............................................................................................. 53 Figure 24: Satellite imaging of Atteridgeville showing local opportunities and services in approximate distances to the site [author, 2021].................................................................. 54 Figure 25: CAD Model perspective of the site in its current condition in February [author, 2021]........................................................................................................................................... 55 Figure 26: Photographs depicting the journey of the site from East to st, showcasing important nodes and materials [author, 2021]............................................................................ 55 Figure 27: Aranya low-cost housing and the relation between streets and entrances [VSC Vastu Shilpa Consultants, 1989]............................................................................................ 57 Figure 28: Perspective of a street as a miniature by B.V. Doshi [VSC Vastu Shilpa Consultants, 1989].................................................................................................................................... 58 Figure 29: Photographs depicting the journey of the site from East to st, showcasing import nodes and materials [author, 2021].................................................................................. 59 Figure 30: Photographs depicting the journey of the site from East to st, showcasing import nodes and materials [author, 2021].................................................................................. 60 Figure 31: Computer render of ReGen Village central courtyard [Effekt, 2016]............................................................................................................................................................................. 61 Figure 32: ReGen Villages program diagram in relation to area used [Effekt Villages, 2016]....................................................................................................................................................... 62 Figure 33: Conceptual diagrams of Regen Villages function and form [Effekt, 2016].................................................................................................................................................................... 62 Figure 34: Cover page image of the Eban Aya e-book on issuu.com [Atelier Koé, 2014]............................................................................................................................................................. 63

LIST OF FIGURES:

Figure

Figure Page

Figure 35: Construction and use diagrams in the Eban Aya e-book on issuu.com [Atelier Koé, 2014]..................................................................................................................................... 64 Figure 36: Cover image of the Urban Village project [Effekt, n.d.]...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 65 Figure 37a: Fostering access over ownership plus programs and public spaces [Effekt, n.d.]...................................................................................................................................................... 66 Figure 37b: The circular resource model [Effekt, n.d.]........................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 66 Figure 38a: Representation of the available opportunities in the area when public transport is easily accessible and available [author, 2021].............................................................. 67 Figure 38b: Image depicting the urban growth of Atteridgeville and the need for housing close to opportunities [author, 2021].................................................................................... 68 Figure 38c: Photograph of a community garden that feeds multiple families in a small residential block [David, 2021]....................................................................................................... 68 Figure 39: Site sun study diagram from summer to winter [author, 2021]....................................................................................................................................................................................... 69 Figure 40: Site heat map showing optimal locations for growing produce [author, 2021]........................................................................................................................................................... 69 Figure 41: Mass model exploration in conjunction with yields, optimal sunlight, and vertical volume [author, 2021]........................................................................................................... 70 Figure 42: Mass model exploration in conjunction with materiality and spatial arrangement [author, 2021].......................................................................................................................... 72 Figure 43: Morphological exploration of the structure and the architectural language in relation to “Edible Housing” [author, 2021]............................................................................. 73 Figure 44: Image exploring the overlap of architecture and agriculture as a product [author, 2021]......................................................................................................................................... 74 Figure 45: Detail section of the vertical farming system and architecture during the first phase as plus a site perspective [author, 2021].................................................................... 74 Figure 46: First proposal of “Edible Housing” and what the combined research and design would produce [author, 2021]................................................................................................ 76 Figure 47: Second iteration of the design - Site Plan [author, 2021]................................................................................................................................................................................................. 80 Figure 48: Second iteration of the design - Ground Floor Plan [author, 2021]............................................................................................................................................................................... 81 Figure 49: Second iteration of the design - Second Floor Plan [author, 2021]................................................................................................................................................................................ 82 Figure 50: Second iteration of the design - Section A and B [author, 2021].................................................................................................................................................................................... 83 Figure 51: Second iteration of the design - Planter Panels Specifications [author, 2021]............................................................................................................................................................. 84 Figure 52: Second iteration of the design - Edge Detail [author, 2021]............................................................................................................................................................................................ 85 Figure 53: Planter development sketches [author, 2021]..................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 86 Figure 54: Planter development models [author, 2021]........................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 86 Figure 55: Planter development models annotated [author, 2021].................................................................................................................................................................................................... 87 Figure 56: Planter variation sketches [author, 2021]............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 87 Figure 57: Different unit variations in first design phase [author, 2021]........................................................................................................................................................................................... 87 Figure 58: Open building system laid out in order and according to project [author, 2021]........................................................................................................................................................ 88 Figure 59: Facade panel variations [author, 2021]............................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ..... 88 Figure 60: Render of the exterior space between the church and residential units [author, 2021] .......................................................................................................................................... 90 Figure 61: Two-bedroom unit [author, 2021]............................................................................................................................................................................................................................ .............. 90 Figure 62: Interior greenhouse render [author, 2021]........................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 90 Figure 63: Alleys of the project with housing and planters on either side [author, 2021]............................................................................................................................................................. 90 Figure 64: Master Plan of Ground Floor [author, 2021]........................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 91 Figure 65: First Floor Plan [author, 2021]............................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ................... 92 Figure 66: Second Floor Plan [author, 2021]............................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ............... 93 Figure 67: Roof Plan [author, 2021]............................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ............................. 94 Figure 68: Section A-A [author, 2021]..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 95 Figure 69: Section B-B [author, 2021]............................................................................................................................................................................................................................ .......................... 95 Figure 70: 3D Perspective of project [author, 2021]............................................................................................................................................................................................................................ . 97 Figure 71: Render of the main entrance to the greenhouse [author, 2021]..................................................................................................................................................................................... 98 Figure 72: Render of exterior seating space on main road [author, 2021]...................................................................................................................................................................................... 99 Figure 73: Render of the exterior space adjacent to open park space [author, 2021]................................................................................................................................................................... 100 Figure 74: Open space vegetation patch with planters between columns [author, 2021]........................................................................................................................................................... 101 Figure 75: Render of the interior greenhouse space [author, 2021] [author, 2021]....................................................................................................................................................................... 102 Figure 76: North-West view of Project [author, 2021]........................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 103 Figure 77: North-East view of Project [author, 2021] .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 104

Figure

Page Figure 78: Technical Documentation Locality and Site Plan [author, 2021]..................................................................................................................................................................................... 108 Figure 79: Technical Documentation Ground Floor Plan [author, 2021]........................................................................................................................................................................................... 109 Figure 80: Technical Documentation First Floor Plan [author, 2021]................................................................................................................................................................................................ 110 Figure 81: Technical Documentation Detail Unit Plans [author, 2021].............................................................................................................................................................................................. 111 Figure 82: Technical Documentation Edge Detail [author, 2021]....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 112 Figure 83: Technical Documentation Detail Church Plans [author, 2021]........................................................................................................................................................................................ 113 Figure 84: Technical Documentation Church Sections A and B [author, 2021]............................................................................................................................................................................... 114 Figure 85: Plant and photosynthesis sketch [author, 2021]................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 116 Figure 86: Render of church exterior and greenhouse [author, 2021].............................................................................................................................................................................................. 118 Figure 87: Exhibition layout diagram [author, 2021]............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. . 126 Figure 88: Exhibition photographs [author, 2021]................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 127 Figure 89: Exhibition models and book [author, 2021]......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 128 Figure 90: Exhibition photographs [author, 2021]................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 129 Figure 91: Exhibition photographs [author, 2021]................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 130 Figure 92: Axonometric Diagram [author, 2021]............................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........ 131 Figure 93: West bus stop diagram [author, 2021]............................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ...... 132 Figure 94: South entrance diagram [author, 2021]................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 132 Figure 95: East social space diagram [author, 2021].............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 132

1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Brief Outline 1.2 Design Problem Statement 1.3 Research Questions 1.4 Study Area 1.5 Design-led Research Objectives 1.6 Delimitations and Limitations 1.7 Design Methodology and Conceptual Design

“Millions of spiritual creatures walk the earth Unseen, when wake and when sleep.” -John Milton, Paradise Lost

ABSTRACT: South Africa is experiencing rapid urbanization and population growth, with more citizens flocking to the outskirts of CBD areas – seeking opportunities. This raises questions as to how South Africa can sustain these new urban dwellers and generations with food and housing in the years to come? Due to this rapid population growth, food will have to be supplied and produced at double the current rate to meet the demand of this new generation of South Africans. The research aims to provide a sustainable solution to the housing crisis whilst integrating food production into our urban framework through vertical and urban farming. The chosen project is a response to these growing concerns. Implementing the principles outlined and aiming to reduce the costs of food and its production within the urban fabric will require a new residential typology. This new residential scheme will employ strategies for future generations to use and benefit from by using the principles of urban farming techniques and integrating them into the architecture. It will empower the residents to control their food supply and inadvertently save costs in purchasing food. Ultimately allowing them to pursue the opportunities they seek.

1.1 BRIEF OUTLINE: As the world moves into a new era of the modern city and how architects spatially plan and construct our environment, special consideration must be given to our food production and its security. Many cities around the world are taking the necessary steps in reaching a carbon-neutral city. The research aims to provide insight into the residential planning and the future of suburban areas in South Africa that still suffer from the disadvantages caused by the Apartheid regime. The research looks at the integration of food production into our suburban lifestyles. As the population is rapidly growing and more people are moving to urban areas, architects need to look at solutions that are viable within the local context, as well as the socioeconomic factors of these areas. “The solution is to re-localize agriculture. We need to rebuild our local food production infrastructure” (Pfeiffer, 2006). The study investigates previously disadvantaged residential areas influenced by the Apartheid regime. These areas looked to more pragmatic and basic solutions to their problems. There is a gap in knowledge and understanding amongst these locals in terms of food production and housing. They lack knowledge of the more technologically advanced solutions to the problems that use biotechnology, vertical indoor farming, simulation environments and automation through machine learning.

Figure 1: Population growth within Africa and food security in relation to African cities [author, 2021]

Figure 2: Rapid urbanization of South Africa over a 30-year period [author, 2021]

1.2 DESIGN PROBLEM STATEMENT: Architects and users can speculate that some regions of South Africa and its cities have not adapted to the times as well as others. This is due to a lack of service delivery, opportunities and tools to adapt. Given the right tools and options needed, these areas could be some of Pretoria’s most thriving suburban regions. How do architects change or influence the already very permanent infrastructure of these areas and create a new typology that sits well in its context, adapts to present situations as well as allow for adaptability in the future? Residents of these areas that have not adapted well lack the knowledge that some of the inner-city residents introduced in terms of modern solutions to the problems faced. This is because of the disadvantages caused by Apartheid and its long-lasting effects. Most notably, the displacement of residents and the implementation of the NE51 housing scheme leaves limited space for future adaptation.

OLD PROGRAM

Figure 3a: Current service delivery and industrial landscapes of Pretoria [author, 2021]

NEW PROPOSED PROGRAM

Figure 3b: Newly proposed program for the new urban landscape of Pretoria and its service delivery [author, 2021]

1.3 STUDY AREA: The chosen area for the case study situates itself within Pretoria st’s suburban area of Atteridgeville. The area’s population has grown more than 200% in the last two decades, whereas the general population of the Pretoria metropolitan area has only grown 15% (Stats SA, 2021). One might conclude that residents are moving closer to city centres in South Africa due to a higher likelihood of employment and job security. A resident of the greater Atteridgeville area spends roughly 49% of their monthly income on food and produce. By incorporating agriculture into the architecture, the design hopes to allow for food production on-site and allow for both employment and accommodation for the residents.

The urban typography of Atteridgeville

Figure 4: Focus area of the study and its relation to South Africa as a whole [author, 2021]

1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS: The research study aims to answer three main questions: 1. How can urban and vertical farming be integrated into a low-cost urban residential system to empower residents in securing work for those who are currently unemployed or seeking accommodation? − Can vertical farming benefit the residential user by creating a more stable environment to live in? − Will the vertical farming element not only be a source of food but a viable financial alternative to buying food and produce? − What available area needs to lend itself to urban farming techniques to ensure residents have enough produce throughout the year. 2. What are the existing examples of literature or precedence on low-income urban housing that benefits from urban farming, and how can they be applied to the housing in Pretoria? − Are there examples of low-income urban housing combined with urban agriculture? − What are the various types of urban farming methods within these housing schemes, how do they compare to one another, and how do they relate to the research project? 3. Are there overlaps in the typology of a vertical farm and a residential scheme, and can these overlaps be used to benefit one another as well as the user? (The re-use of water, for example.) − How can these overlaps in building typologies be combined into one new system or typology?

1.5 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES: This research project aims to design a residential scheme in conjunction with the Ebenezer Church in Atteridgeville to create accommodation for those in need. Furthermore, the project will create a sustainable yet straightforward way of producing food so that it will empower residents to have control over their food production, save them money, and provide them with the opportunity to seek employment or reinvest into their food production. The secondary objectives of the research project are to determine whether urban and vertical farming can be integrated into low-income urban housing schemes to benefit the user seeking financial stability or accommodation. The research sets out to find existing literature and precedence on low-income urban housing and their approaches towards urban farming. It will identify the various examples and use the information concerning the research project and more sites, specifically in Atteridgeville. The goal is to focus on how architects can apply and compare these examples on site. Lastly, the project aims to identify similarities between urban housing and urban farming. By identifying these overlaps, the objective is to understand and apply/overlap these systems in the new architecture to benefit one another and the user.

1.6 DELIMITATIONS AND LIMITATIONS: The research project is limited to physical restrictions on-site and South African building regulations and standards.

1.7 DESIGN METHODOLOGY AND CONCEPTUAL DESIGN: The research conducted will focus on the epistemological relations between agriculture and humans as residents and consumers. Following an interpretive approach, an extensive literature survey will be conducted by using the literature in the discussed topics and the writings and examples of architects as a precedent study for the project. The survey will extensively review the literature concerning the project, systems applied and contextual approach. A case study will be generated to compile all findings and apply them to a new architectural typology within Atteridgeville, Pretoria. The research will be compiled as an inductive document, combining all elements and data gathered into one conclusive case study. The research methods aim to look primarily at the final case study and how the structure will empower its residents to secure employment or those seeking financial stability but seeking accommodation. This can be achieved by calculating how urban farming can impact the total monthly expenditures per household in the area. Hover, the structure will need to be assessed with regards to vertical farming as it has a direct relation to the end-user and how they benefit from the systems implemented. Architecture is based on physical aspects and the spaces created, and the immaterial and sometimes unnoticed elements that architecture can make.

2 THEORETICAL DISCOURSE AND THE SITE 21

2.1 History of Urban Agriculture in Africa 2.2 Timeline of Housing in Atteridgeville 2.3 Journey of the Site and Ebenezer Church 2.4 Site Conditions and Elements 2.5 The User 2.6 Urban Integration and Environmental Sustainability

2.1 HISTORY OF URBAN AGRICULTURE IN AFRICA South Africa itself has a long history within the agricultural sector and the urban farming sector since its declaration as a republic in 1961. South Africa has been known for grains

and cereals within the farming sector, growing these types of produce on over 60% of our available agricultural land. Urban farming became more popular during the Apartheid regime as more people re separated from these agricultural hubs in smaller underlying areas of the country, thus forcing the people who occupy these areas to produce their food. In 1990, after the government abolished the Apartheid regime, many of the effects of the administration re and are still visible. Whether you are wandering the streets of Johannesburg or walking through the suburbs of Mamelodi, the theme of urban agriculture stands out amongst the urban fabric. Wherever go, can see someone growing produce or working with livestock. Today (2021), can see

these urban farming initiatives have spread like wildfire. Following the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2019, many people re left without a steady income and thus not enough financial means to supply food. It left them with no other alternative than to grow their own produce, which has resulted in a sustainable means of income for many of these people or simply a better means of feeding their communities. It will not take more than five minutes of an online search to come across urban farmers in South Africa who have claimed to turn their back yards into a sustainable urban farm that feeds their families and provides them with an additional means of income.

Figure 5: Timeline of urban agriculture in South Africa [author, 2021]

Figure 6a: Image depicting the current state of urban agriculture and faring within South Africa [Zachos, 2012, image enhanced by author, 2021]

2.2 TIMELINE OF HOUSING IN ATTERIDGEVILLE Atteridgeville has been defined as the study area and has been identified as one of the fastest-growing suburbs in the greater Pretoria metropolitan area. Hover, Atteridgeville

has seen many changes and shifts in its housing schemes in general over the last few decades. Atteridgeville started as a settlement for non-Europeans in 1939. This was nine years before the implementation of Apartheid that lasted until 1990. The initial purpose of Atteridgeville was to be a place for the displaced. People re displaced from their housing in Marabastad and other areas of Pretoria to the NE51 housing scheme in Atteridgeville. The scheme proposed that the housing be linked to Pretoria CBD via train for easy access to work. Educational and medical facilities followed

soon after that to accommodate the needs of the residents. Atteridgeville, being a segregated settlement, has evolved into one of the most culturally diverse melting pots of Gauteng and even South Africa. Atteridgeville has not been without struggle, as it has often been in the centre of unrest during Apartheid, especially during the 1980s when multiple bombings and protests took place close to governmental and educational buildings. In recent times Atteridgeville has become a place where many seek refuge and opportunity because of its proximity to Pretoria and the business and

educational opportunities. As more people sought to move to Atteridgeville after Apartheid, the region can see that the NE51 housing has evolved into something more densely populated. People have built extensions onto their existing NE51 homes or created what is called “back-room housing” on their plots of land to accommodate family and friends or to merely serve as an extra income. This, hover, has lowered the living conditions for some of these residents and directly impacts their contribution towards the community and themselves.

GENERAL CONCLUSIONS AND IMPORTANT DATES: − − − − −

Decrease in monthly income for households Need for opportunities and integration into Pretoria Food insecurity and scarcity in the area The need and creation of social spaces and religious activities to further the communities Atteridgeville is classified as a low-income, high crime area with minimal to no service delivery

Figure 7: Timeline of housing in Atteridgeville and its relation to urban farming and the project [author, 2021]

2.3 JOURNEY OF THE SITE AND THE EBENEZER CHURCH

On the corner of Nyusela and Sehloho street, enveloped in the journey some of these residents have gone through and how daily life in Atteridgeville works. Firstly, the site features an extension of the Ebenezer Church that resides further down Sehloho street. The original Ebenezer church had reached total capacity during the recent years when Atteridgeville grew at the pace that it did. This resulted in the church transforming one of the NE51 housing typologies in the area into a secondary venue for churchgoers. On the site, also seen are the remnants of a housing scheme that fell through. Multiple concrete platforms, zinc structures and cinder block walls re torn down, but some of these elements remain on the site in the form of deconstructed homes and broken up concrete slabs. Features on the site in the present day is, a church that will continually grow based on the growth of Atteridgeville as well as a failed housing scheme. A scheme that could have been a big success if it re to be implemented in a time where the needs of the people re taken into consideration and housing was not just built to fulfill a particular need.

Figure 8: Relationship between the existing Ebenezer Street church (A) and its relation to the new sister church (B) on Seloho street [author, 2021]

2.4 SITE CONDITIONS AND ELEMENTS The site features a few key components and features that separate it from most of Atteridgeville while still containing elements that hint at a past dominated by the NE51 housing scheme. The site protrudes from the main suburban block and is situated across from a park split by Nyusela street. Most of Atteridgeville is laid out on a grid system where most of the suburbs are placed in a rectangular fashion, thus having this nook of a site makes it unique in the way that it protrudes from the street edge. The Ebenezer church is a typical NE51 house with a small extension on the North-Eastern side. To an ordinary pedestrian, this might look like another home and not a place of spiritual worship. Other elements on site are the demolition of the housing scheme mentioned above that took place on-site during the late 1990s. Scattered zinc sheets, piles of concrete cinder blocks and the remnants of concrete slab rubble in corners of the site. Minor, more intangible elements of the site are the anchors of what once was a perimeter fence, now demolished with only the dust that gathers around these anchors left behind. The site also falls from East to st slightly but not enough to warrant excavations or earthworks to be performed to create a suitable space for the project. Figure 9a: The Site - Location - Uses

Figure 9b: The Site - Remaining Elements

The site is situated on the corner of Sehloho street and Nyusela The site, as shown above, has ample greenery growing on street. The photograph depicts the remnants of the failed and close to the site. The concrete slabs that serviced the housing scheme that was initially populating the area and the on-site zinc housing as well as some remaining units. Ebenezer church.

Figure 9c: The Site - The Church The image above shows the materiality and condition of the existing Ebenezer church that was reformed in the old NE51 housing scheme.

Figure 9d: The Existing The existing elements on site are the remnants of the housing scheme and their concrete platforms. It opens up the opportunity to reuse these elements in the new architecture and keep the heritage of the site and keep in context with its surroundings.

Figure 9e: The Residential The site photography shows us a need for safety on an individual level, with the previous perimeter fence demolished and security applied to the units themselves. It also shows the readily available materials on site to be used in the new architecture.

Figure 10a: Larger Atteridgeville - NE51 Housing

Figure 10b: Larger Atteridgeville - A Typical Street

Figure 10c: Larger Atteridgeville - More Affluent Areas

In certain parts of Atteridgeville, it is evident that the NE51 housing scheme has not fully dissolved into the urban context as in some of the more densely populated areas of Atteridgeville.

In a typical street of Atteridgeville, residents try to mimic sound design principles and aesthetic ideas into their homes. It is also visible how the houses have adapted from the NE51 scheme into what see today.

Atteridgeville, hover, has its more and less affluent areas that spread over the suburban landscape. More affluent areas lend themselves to being a neater and greener version of those housing typologies and geographies in less affluent areas.

Figure 10d: Larger Atteridgeville - Access and Roads

Figure 10e: Larger Atteridgeville - Public Transport

Figure 10f: Larger Atteridgeville - Public Areas

Atteridgeville is a suburb laid out almost as if it was turning its back on the city and the other adjacent suburbs. Primary access is located alongside WF Nkomo street or the R501 and access to the highway via Transoranje/Quagga street.

Atteridgeville has various public transport opportunities in the immediate vicinity. The two major nodes are the Atteridgeville and Saulsville train stations. These are located alongside the major roads and highways in the area.

Atteridgeville, as a suburb, seems to be struggling from an outsiders perspective. Hover, the area boasts a major central hub with legislative and public services and public spaces that increase the quality of life, such as the community centre and the stadium located in central Atteridgeville.

2.5 THE USER Atteridgeville has a vast array of cultural differences but similarities as well. The user for the project is then not defined by their culture or ethnicity but rather by their occupations and needs. The project aims to focus on users with limited financial capabilities and seek opportunities to improve their situation and the immediate community. The site also features the secondary Ebenezer Church and its users; thus, a focus will be placed on those individuals as well. Having a mixed-use site between residential and religious – a new typology will need to suit both these types of users and everyone who visits or interacts with the site in some manner. The project proposes to create new mixed-use spaces such as community kitchens and markets, for example.

SEEKING RESIDENCE SEEKING EMPLOYMENT

CHURCH ATTENDEES

MARKET GOERS

Figure 11: Four different main users of the site in present and future context [author, 2021]

Figure 12: The NE 51/9 standard three-roomed house [Calderwood, 1953, p31]

2.6 URBAN INTEGRATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY One of the main reasons the previous housing initiative on-site failed to succeed was its residents’ financial sustainability and growth. To ensure good urban integration and environmental sustainability for the project; three key factors will need to be taken into account and applied, where necessary, to ensure the longevity of the housing project and the sustainability of the users in a financial and economic sense. These key factors re identified as providing a sustainable source of food production or growth, creating financial opportunities or expendable income, and lastly, creating a sense of ownership to ensure longevity.

Figure 13: Habraken open building system from district scale to room scale [Habraken, n.d.]

2.6.1 SUSTAINABLE FOOD GROWTH AND SOURCES

2.6.2 FINANCIAL OPPORTUNITIES

2.6.3 A SENSE OF OWNERSHIP

As the world become more centralized over time, it is not unrealistic to assume that most communities will eventually take it upon themselves to ensure better quality service delivery in many sectors in which the government currently oversees progress and upkeep. Whether these actions work in tandem with governmental sectors or are supervised solely by the community is more an issue of socio-political factors than those of the architecture and project itself. Hover, one constant is that the rapid urbanization and population growth in the areas such as Atteridgeville will mean architects will need to look to alternative forms of supplying food to these communities and South Africa as a whole. The project thus aims to find similarities between housing and agriculture and combine these elements into a new food growing residential typology. Aspects of housing could be combined with the principle of vertical farming to ensure each housing unit produces enough food to sustain the inhabitants and possibly overproduce food.

The food production mentioned above could be seen as a solution to the problem. The food production systems are calculated to, in most cases, overproduce food to sell it for an extra income, which could be used to better one’s education or provide more opportunities to travel to job interviews etc. The main problem for areas such as Atteridgeville is that it has not grown with the economy and times of South Africa in general. The project then aims to mitigate their problems by creating a system where they approach their concerns in a way specific to their circumstances. With the so-called “4th industrial revolution” looming, it would be impossible to educate these areas in time for them to implement modern technologies such as machine learning etc., into their daily lives and occupations. Using some of these principles and ideas, can create a community-specific solution to a countrywide problem.

The main reason for the first housing scheme falling through was due to a lack of ownership and a sense of community and belonging. The project aims to divide the residential housing scheme into various parts where owners of residences will need to take ownership of their food production and housing – providing them with the opportunity to work together in growing their food and, in turn, creating a sense of community between residents as well as holding them accountable for the success of their own housing and economic circumstances.

3 SUSTAINABLE FOOD AND COMMUNITY GROWTH 37

3.1 Yields and Growing Conditions 3.2 Vertical Farming Integrated into Housing 3.3 Sustainable Communities as an Ecosystem 3.4 Backing “The Slow Movement”

3.1 YIELDS AND GROWING CONDITIONS Growing your food produce at home can be a daunting task and will require some trial and error to come to a complete conclusion on how, where, and when to plant certain produce. The site offers copious amounts of northern sunlight, thus simplifying the “where” question posed earlier. Looking at when and how to plant, a combination of online resources re compiled into one growing guide for the year to feed the maximum population of the new proposed residential scheme. Amounts of vegetables grown to feed a family of four re used as a baseline to then multiply out to the people of the site. According to (bestpickreports. com, 2021), weather and climate play an intimate role in the cultivation process, and they recommend various solutions to control the climate of your garden to have a more stable yield every harvest, as well as a few ways in which you can preserve harvests. These solutions are stated as having a climate-controlled zone to move produce to if the exterior climate suddenly becomes unsuitable and endangers the crops. The site will feature a greenhouse to combat these unwanted climates. The research consulted other online sources to identify planting and growing times and the space required for each specific food crop. The results of these sources re also compiled into the growing guide table, as seen below.

PLANTS PER m2 *USING GROWING TABLE TO DETERMINE GROWING AREA NEEDED AREA NEEDED: 410,25m2 PLANTS NEEDED: 6 332 Plants PLANTS PER m2: 15,43 (15 Plants per m2)

Figure 14 (top right): Spatial and growing conditions for a family of four applied to the project user requirements [author, 2021] Figure 15 (bottom right): Impact of using three-dimensional space for farming as opposed to horizontal traditional farming methods and yields [author, 2021]

3.2 VERTICAL FARMING INTEGRATED INTO HOUSING When hearing the term vertical farming, immediately the idea of the all-white automated laboratories that have seen become popular over the last decade jumps to mind. Hover, this is not the only way in which people can use the principles of vertical farming. Vertical farming simply implies using an available surface area and using the exponential potential surface area upwards by creating levels on which to grow. Similarities between vertical farming and residential typologies re identified as any unused vertical space on the structure to grow food. As seen later in the design, the project utilises the unused facades of the structures to grow produce and other areas that would only serve a singular purpose in the structure otherwise, such as hand railings, windowsills, etc.

3.3 SUSTAINABLE COMMUNITIES AS AN ECOSYSTEM Cities as sustainable ecosystems play a vital role in the project and how it functions. Communities are not defined by the food that is grown and vice versa. The principles in the book aim to tie these two very different concepts into one, proposing a self-sustained community ecosystem. (Newman and Jennings, 2004) The book delves into various parts of these ecosystems and how they should operate daily. These re used as a guide to formulate the project and integrate all the different elements into one community, as visualised by the graphics shown, with an emphasis on chapters two, six, and nine. Most notably, chapter nine that backs the “slow movement” will be discussed in detail later. (Newman and Jennings, 2004)

Figure 16: Image depicting the transition from traditional farming techniques to more modern vertical farming techniques and how they are incorporated into a sustainable community as an ecosystem [author, 2021]

3.4 BACKING THE “SLOW MOVEMENT” As discussed earlier, city and community planning is a difficult task, as communities are like people in that their wants and needs change from suburb to suburb, house to house. Atteridgeville is in a particular situation where they have the available labour to participate in the economy but not necessarily the education or opportunities they would have hoped to have by now. Backing the slow movement means being respectful towards these communities in the manner and pace they are growing. As the “4th industrial revolution” looms, architects should encourage these communities to develop at their own pace. Trying to teach these communities of machine learning etc., causes them to skip a vital step in the process as these communities are still struggling to catch up to more major metropolitan areas and how they have developed over the past few decades. Hover, these more modern principles could still be applied to their contexts.

The Slow Movement The movement originated in Rome, Italy, in 1986 during a protest of a McDonald’s food chain. Gareth Berthelsen created the World Institute of Slowness in 1999 as a vision for the whole planet to move slower. The slow movement discourages the current world ideology of progressing as much as fast as possible. The movement hopes to slow down our cities and people, promoting more cultural and social growth. “It is a cultural revolution against the notion that faster is always better. The Slow philosophy is not about doing everything at a snail’s pace. It’s about seeking to do everything at the right speed. Savoring the hours and minutes rather than just counting them. Doing everything as well as possible, instead of as fast as possible. It’s about quality over quantity in everything from work to food to parenting.” - Cass Dunn (thriveglobal.com, 2014)

Figure 17: Artistic representation of the “slow movement” being incorporated into the suburban area of Atteridgeville [author, 2021]

THREE MAIN PRINCIPLES OF THE “SLOW MOVEMENT”

SLOW FOOD

SLOW TRAFFIC

SLOW CITIES

Slow food refers to creating produce closer to home as people have all fallen ill under the virus of fast-paced living and the idea of “fast food”. The slow food movement is also what started the slow movement idea initially. The benefits of fast food are minimal beyond time-saving, but the negatives are far worse and more unseen than the benefits. Fast food is slowly killing the food culture people have in so many of our different cultural areas of South Africa. “That is what real culture is all about: developing taste rather than demeaning it… Slow Food guarantees a better future...” (Newman and Jennings, 2009)

Slow traffic is the last of the three main principles and focuses primarily on transport and the speed at which traffic is supposed to flow. The highway lane principle ties into this very well as the theory goes that traffic and transport is a “supply and demand” system. More roads then increase the number of cars on the road, eventually leading to congestion. Studies have shown that cities that promote slower and calmer traffic typically tend to have fer congestion issues and a smaller carbon footprint due to inhabitants preferring other modes of transport over private transport. In turn, this creates more valuable and aesthetically pleasing street edges, favouring the pedestrian and cyclist.

The term slow cities refer to applying the principles of slow food into our city planning and urban areas. The main guiding principle of slow cities is very controversial in that it demands cities not to be bigger than 50 000 people. Hover, the project does not aim to create a smaller city but a city and community where the culture and heritage of a place are considered and not overpowered by the capitalist greed to create structures to make more money and charge more rent. Hover, the 50 000 inhabitant’s criterion has been heavily criticised, as mentioned before, and the user cannot say that smaller cities provide healthier and better living conditions. They can, hover, agree that smaller communities have a lot to learn from bigger cities and vice versa. Thus, the project aims to allow culture to develop at the same pace as infrastructure, even if it must happen at a “slower” pace.

4 CONCEPT AND DESIGN DEVELOPMENT 45

4.1 Concept 4.2 Site Analysis 4.3 Literature Review 4.4 Precedent Studies 4.5 Concept Development 4.6 Design Development

“The discovery of agriculture was the first big step towards a civilized life.” -Arthur Keith

4.1 CONCEPT As discussed earlier, city and community planning is a difficult task, as communities are like people in that their wants and needs change from suburb to suburb, house to house. Atteridgeville is in a particular situation where they have the available labour to participate in the economy but not necessarily the education or opportunities. Backing the slow movement simply means being respectful towards these communities in the manner and pace they are growing. As the “4th industrial revolution” looms, architects should encourage these communities to develop at their own pace. Trying to teach these communities of machine learning and new technologies causes them to skip a vital step in the process; they are still struggling to catch up to the more major metropolitan areas and how they have developed over the past few decades. Hover, these more modern principles could still be applied to their contexts. The first concept is Edible and its relation to food production on-site by the residents and users. Keywords relating to this concept are: − Vertical Farming − Yields − Growing Conditions − Sustainability These keywords relate to creating farming systems that utilise the overlaps in typologies of vertical farming and those of the residents and community farming. And aims to answer the research question: −

Are there overlaps in the typology of a vertical farm and a residential scheme, and can these overlaps be used to benefit one another as well as the user? (The re-use of water etc.)

The second concept is Housing and the relationship between housing typologies and the users. Keywords relating to this concept are: − Financial Opportunities − Low Cost − Suburban − Integration These keywords relate to creating a residential typology that integrates with the concept of “Edible” and aims to answer the research questions: −

How can urban and vertical farming be integrated into a low-cost urban residential system to empower its residents in securing work for those who are currently unemployed or seek accommodation?

−

What are the existing pieces of literature or precedence on low-income urban housing that benefits from urban farming, and how can they be applied to the housing in Pretoria?

4.2 SITE ANALYSIS MACRO CONTEXT

Investigating the macro context, observe the increase in density and population that Atteridgeville has experienced over the last two decades. Atteridgeville is experiencing a growth of 210% instead of the 19% of the greater Pretoria metropolitan area. (Census2011, 2011) Mapping indicates the visual growth of these suburban areas over the past two decades, with Atteridgeville experiencing the most growth due to its proximity to main transportation hubs and distance to the CBD of Pretoria. These suburban areas tend to see the most growth as residents seek financial opportunities and a place of refuge; thus, more rural and distanced housing does not fill these requirements. According to GeoTerra imaging can conclude that 30% of the population will live in Atteridgeville in the coming years from 2017 onwards. This is due to Atteridgeville being in close proximity to Pretoria, where the largest portion of the population lives due to the economic activities and opportunities available in close proximity.

Figure 18 (left): Site analysis of the population growth within the greater metropolitan area of Pretoria and its relation to smaller suburbs in the area over time [GoogleEarth, 2021, image enhanced by author, 2021]

Figure 19 (bottom right): The greater metropolitan area of Pretoria and how their sizes in population compare to one another [author, 2021]

MESO CONTEXT Looking at the meso context of Atteridgeville, a close relationship between the growth of an area and its opportunities available re taken into special consideration. The image (right middle) indicates that the North-Eastern portion of Atteridgeville has experienced the most growth concerning the opportunities available in the area, as the project aims to provide financial opportunities near the site. Thus these areas are more suited to fulfil the brief requirements. The figures (top and bottom left) indicate the financial spread of income across the various household and income types in Atteridgeville. The graph shows farming households tend to spend less of their monthly income on food expenses than non-farming households. The pie chart (bottom left) shows the spread of household expenses in Atteridgeville. From this, can see that most expendable income is spent on supplying food to the respective households. The project then aims to alleviate these costs and, in turn, free these funds up towards better education, exploring employment opportunities, etc.

Figure 20: Meso scale of Atteridgeville indicating opportunities and growth of different suburban areas [GoogleEarth, 2021, image enhanced by author, 2021]

Figure 21: Relationship of adult income per month and the proportion of total income spent on food amongst households in Atteridgeville [author, 2021]

Figure 22: Percentages of expenditures per household monthly Atteridgeville (Based on a general monthly income rate of R3774,90) [author, 2021]

MICRO CONTEXT The micro context site analysis studies highlight the position of the site as well as amenities and notable locations near the site. The site is situated on the corner of Nyusela and Seholo street in the 26th extension of Atteridgeville. The site is located across from a suburban park area. From the images (middle), can see the urban sprawl of Atteridgeville up close as the erfs have become more densely populated over the decades. From 2005 (early post-apartheid), can see the residual NE51 housing scheme applied still. Whereas in 2021, can see the more densely populated suburbs. This is due to an increase in the demand for affordable housing that was in turn supplied by the current residents of Atteridgeville resorting to subletting their homes or constructing what is called “backroom housing” in the back yards of homes. It alleviated the housing problem but violated various parts of the South African building codes and standards as set out by the local municipality. The only part of the suburban block that has not seen many changes during the years is located on the Southern tip of the highlighted block. It is due to the portion of land being government owned and operated. The site is located near various educational facilities, homes and activities for the elderly, major transportation hubs, religious spaces and buildings, and various healthcare facilities. The site thus fulfils the operational requirements for the project and will rely on the architecture to supply the financial opportunities to unlock these areas and their amenities.

Figure 23: Aerial view of Atteridgeville showing population and urban growth throughout a 15-year period [GoogleEarth, 2021, image enhanced by author, 2021]

Figure 24: Satellite imaging of Atteridgeville showing local opportunities and services in approximate distances to the site [GoogleEarth, 2021, image enhanced by author, 2021]

Figure 26: Photographs depicting the journey of the site from East to st, showcasing important nodes and materials [author, 2021]

4.3 LITERATURE REVIEW The literature assessed is the writings of John Turner, Dr Dickson Despommier and the academic papers of Neri Oxman. It will also contain previous architectural buildings and studies as well as online articles and libraries. The research will consult these sources for their relevance to the fields and the design project. The knowledge obtained will then be compared to the current typologies found within the local area of study and assessed how they could be applied between the already existing typologies of Atteridgeville and the remnants of the NE51 housing scheme. In his papers, author and architect Turner (1972) writes about housing for the poor and its inaccessibility due to enforced building codes and standards. Turner also mentions that the material used is separated from human satisfaction and, in many cases, frustrations. If these two re to have some correspondence, the problem of building standards and codes would soon be alleviated. South Africa experiences many of the same issues Turner describes in his writings. What is the correlation then between these problems and the difference in conditions? Turner provides a possible solution by arguing that open building systems be applied to housing. The open building system was first popularised by n. John Habraken in the late 1960s. Open building systems, explained by Ian Killpatrick (2014), is an alternative approach to residential design, financing, construction, fit-out, and management that investigates the potential for modification and adaptability. These systems are contrasting compared to the standardised NE51 housing scheme implemented during Apartheid. How can influence

or adjust these housing typologies to allow for an open building system to take effect and form part of the typology of Atteridgeville? One of the leaders in research and most significant advocates of vertical and urban farming is Dr Dickson Despommier. His writings on vertical farming and validity to the urban food security problem give critical insight into the conceptual possibilities of these urban farms. He also critically analyses the food production industry and proposes a possible solution to mitigate the growing population and its problems.(Despommier, 2010) When looking at food, it is not only production costs that determine price, but also food miles, storage, etc. Dr Despommier highlights the benefits of vertical farming on his website (www.verticalfarm.com, 2015) as being less reliant on fossil fuels and indirectly decreasing the carbon footprint of a “farm”, but also the reduction in storage needed as fresh produce should be available and consumed daily if planned correctly. Looking at literature with regards to architecture and agriculture, literature or precedence combining these typologies re assessed. Most notably, the projects and writings of Oxman (2018), the architect and head of the mediated matter research group at MIT. Her research focuses on the science of synthetic biology and material ecology. She uses material research and digital fabrication to create structural components using natural and organic matter materials. The connection between edible housing and the ability to create an environment that positively influences its surroundings also relates to the materials

use and how their physical characteristics influence the environment. One of the most notable projects of Neri Oxman is her Hybrid Living Materials project, where she looks at how bacteria and cells react to nature as a way to produce colour and materiality in her exhibitions. Materials that are sourced naturally but still offer the aesthetic and safety of industrially produced products. Can incorporate these into our own and urban farming services to benefit the user as well as the urban farm? For example, having our water pipes lined with natural nutrient-rich materials to create a healthier, more potable water source that is not filled with chemicals to “clean” the water drink daily. The most influential writers in the respective sections of architecture and agriculture are Turner (1972) and Despommier (2010), respectively. Their writings focus on the empowerment of the resident within the structure by creating more opportunities and a better living environment through layout design. Despommier highlights the viability of vertical farming within the urban framework from a user standpoint and reinforces his arguments through comparison to rapid urbanisation and how need to find alternative solutions to benefit food security in the future. From these themes, the concepts of edible housing and vertical farming in the urban framework emerge. An edible housing structure can empower its residents in securing employment or increasing financial stability for those currently unemployed but seeking accommodation. These ideas are then used to create a new typology to fulfil the research objectives and answer the research questions posed.

This research study explores the house not as a finished product but as a framework that allows people to shape the space accordingly to their fundamental needs, cultures and lifestyles. The idea also allows the house to grow subjectively, influencing human connectivity and adaptability, private and public buffers, indoor and outdoor relationships, and these spaces’ flow.

ARANYA HOUSING BALKRISHNA DOSHI LOCATION: INDORE, INDIA COMPLETED: 1989

The layout of the residential scheme is planned so that the use of the road and car is separate from the pathway and the person. It highlights how cities today are designed for cars and traffic and not people and their needs. It heavies traffic and instigates informal public activities and interactions.

AREA: 100 000m2 SOURCE: Information and Images. [VSC Vastu Shilpa Consultants, 1989]

Doshi has a relentless vision to have the user be part of the design process; this gives back a sense of belonging and ownership to the residents. The spaces allow the users to grow and move more organically, as opposed to the rigid cities have designed over the last few centuries. By having users decide most of the vital parts of the structures, can identify a very pleasing and aesthetic form. The project promotes flow, movement and hierarchy. This was achieved by connecting all primary nodes with secondary nodes and spaces throughout the area and never breaking that flow of interconnected spaces. Sectors are connected with shared courtyards, green spaces and one more prominent space for the entire community to use and gather in. Figure 27: Aranya low-cost housing and the relation between streets and entrances [VSC Vastu Shilpa Consultants, 1989]

“‘Here, there is the heartbreaking feeling that the architectural profession is deeply irrelevant, incapable of addressing human beings’ basic right to shelter.’”

-Balkrishna Doshi

This precedent study explores the research question posed: What are the existing literature or precedence on lowincome urban housing that benefits from urban farming, and how can they be applied to the housing in Pretoria?

Figure 28: Perspective of a street as a miniature by B.V. Doshi [VSC Vastu Shilpa Consultants, 1989]

“Design is nothing but a humble understanding of materials, an instinct for solutions and respect for nature.” -Balkrishna Doshi

QUINTA MONROY

This precedent study explores how low-income households seek a sense of ownership over the site they have illegally occupied over the years – aiming not to displace its residents while working with a highly tight set-out budget provided through government subsidiaries.

LOCATION: IQUIQUE, CHILE

The project is located within the heart of the Chilean city of Iquique. The main driving force behind the project is housing and rapid urbanisation, not for those who can afford it but for those who can not. As see rapid urbanisation become more and more of a problem, tend to look at the issue very isolated from our own comfortable homes. The harsh reality of the matter is that most people who will first see the effects of these problems are the homeless and underprivileged.

ALEJANDRO ARAVENA, ELEMENTAL

COMPLETED: 2003 AREA: 5 000m2 SOURCE: Information and Images. [ELEMENTAL, 2008]

The typology chosen for the project is row housing, and although having many spatial benefits, the typology does not allow for a large amount of expansion and change. Aravena’s answer to this problem was mere to build half the house. As these families grow more prominent and more financially stable, they can build onto their homes without disrupting the daily flow of family life. This precedent study explores the research question posed: What is the existing literature or precedence on lowincome urban housing that benefits from urban farming, and how can they be applied to the housing in Pretoria?

Figure 29: Photographs depicting the journey of the site from East to st, showcasing import nodes and materials [author, 2021]

“Half A House Builds A Whole Community.” -Elemental

“In the end, when the given money is enough for just half of the house, the key question is, which half do do. choose to make the half that a family individually will never be able to achieve on its own, no matter how much money, energy or time they spend. That is how expect to contribute using architectural tools, to non-architectural questions, in this case, how to overcome poverty.” (ELEMETAL, 2008)

Figure 30: Artistic expression by the architects of how housing could evolve over the years. [ELEMENTAL, 2008]

“ had to build a hundred houses with a subsidy of $7,500 per family, which in the best of the cases allowed for 36m2 of built space. So thought of a typology that allowed for houses to expand.(...) After a year and an average investment of $750, each property value was beyond $20,000. Still, all the families have preferred to stay and keep on improving their homes, instead of selling them.” -Alejandro Aravena

This precedent study explores how a community of buildings can function separately from the main city centre and the services provided in those areas – benefiting from a more decentralised approach to urban planning and architecture.

REGEN VILLAGE EFFEKT ARCHITECTS

ReGen Village is a project by Effekt Architects and is located in Almere, the Netherlands. The project focuses on communities that grow their food in greenhouse inspired homes and structures – aiming to tackle a wide variety of 21st-century problems like climate change, urbanisation and water crises.

LOCATION: ALMERE, THE NETHERLANDS COMPLETED: ON-GOING AREA: 15 500m2 SOURCE: Information and Images. [Effekt, 2016]

Structures comprise housing units with attached greenhouses. These will be used to service the food production portion of the project while being separated enough so that the homes still benefit from cross-ventilation and private social areas. These units will also include sustainable energy technologies to produce their own energy and, in a more meaningful sense, source of income and food. Some of the structures identified are vertical farms placed within the community and utilising the principles of these farming methods to feed the communities and residents. Sinus Lynge (Effekt Partner) stated that the technology already exists; it is just a matter of applying science into the architecture of everyday life. This precedent study explores the research question posed: Are there overlaps in the typology of a vertical farm and a residential scheme, and can these overlaps be used to benefit one another as well as the user? (The re-use of water etc.) Figure 31: Computer render of ReGen Village central courtyard [Effekt, 2016]

“ReGen Villages adds not only environmental and financial value, but also social value, by creating a framework for empowering families and developing a sense of community.”

-EFFEKT Architects

“With ReGen Villages, residents become part of a shared local eco-system, so different families can take on different roles in the community. As well as fostering a sense of camaraderie, this also helps to lift burdens on struggling municipal governments.” (Frearson, 2016)

Figure 32: ReGen Villages program diagram in relation to area used [Effekt, 2016]

Figure 33: Conceptual diagrams of Regen Villages function and form [Effekt, 2016]

This precedent study explores how traditional African architecture influences its surrounding areas, its inhabitants and users. The term Eban Aya is a traditional Ghanaian term that refers to the idea of the immediate users radiating outwards to include the larger community.

EBAN AYA

ATELIER KOE (Richard Rowland) LOCATION: ASHANTI, GHANA

Eban Aya is a competition project by Atelier Koe, placed conceptually in the Ashanti area of Ghana. The project aims to focus on the immediate community and users. The homes invite individual ownership, community participation, collective learning, sharing, and management in creating and realising each building.

COMPLETED: COMPETITION PROJECT AREA: 110m2 SOURCE: Information and Images. [Atelier Koé, 2014]

The project makes use of bamboo as a primary building material and is cultivated close to the site. As bamboo grows very rapidly, the cultivated bamboo will be “paid forward” to the next construction project in the area and thus does not become a problematic plant species as it can be in most areas.

Large masonry walls built by locally trained stonemasons are placed on the northern facades to act as a “heat battery”, absorbing heat during the day and releasing it into the structure at night. The “earth” then act as a natural insulation material for the built structures. Having a structure that consists of these earthly materials reduces CO2 emissions, offers improved air quality and comfort, and is enduring and durable as a building material. This precedent study explores the research question posed: Are there examples of low-income urban housing combined with urban agriculture? Figure 34: Cover page image of the Eban Aya e-book on issuu.com [Atelier Koé, 2014]

“As an entry to a mud house building competition, Senegalese practice atelier Koe has developed the eban aya more as a design/construction strategy rather than a static structure.” (Hudson, 2015)

“Earth architecture can be beautiful.” -NKA Foundation

Figure 35 (right): Construction and use diagrams in the Eban Aya e-book on issuu.com [Atelier Koé, 2014]

URBAN VILLAGE

LOCATION: GLOBAL

Urban Village is a prototype architecture project that aims to be applied globally to communities that envision modular mixed-use residential schemes. The project also aims to combat modern-day city problems, these being rapid urbanisation and climate change.

SPACE 10 & EFFEKT ARCHITECTS

COMPLETED: N/A

The project makes use of wooden modular building materials that can be prefabricated and rapidly assembled on site. It ensures the project keeps a low carbon footprint during its lifetime, envisioning a more circular approach to architecture and construction. As opposed to the traditional “linear” methods know.

AREA: SCALABLE SOURCE: Information and Images. [Effekt, n.d.]

Intergenerational living is a central theme of the project and provides high-quality homes at a more affordable price. This has a knock-on effect of having happier and more connected communities and cities. All are connected with a shared digital interface that accompanies the architecture. This precedent study explores the research question posed: Are there examples of low-income urban housing combined with urban agriculture? “It is clear that unless rethink our built environment, our cities will become increasingly unsustainable, unfordable and socially unequal. For us, shared living can offer potential solutions to some of these urgent challenges. The Urban Village Project looks at how can create new realities that promote a sense of well-being and turn the spaces inhabit into healthier and happier places, all while being more affordable and efficient for those that live there.” (Williams, n.d.)

Figure 36: Cover image of the Urban Village project [Effekt, n.d.]

“Cities all around the world are facing major challenges when it comes to rapid urbanization, aging populations, loneliness, climate change and lack of affordable housing. It is clear that unless rethink our built environment, our cities will become increasingly unsustainable, unfordable and socially unequal.” -EFFEKT Architects

Figure 37a (top): Fostering access over ownership plus programs and public spaces [Effekt, n.d.] Figure 37b (bottom right): The circular resource model [Effekt, n.d.]

CITY SCALE 4.5 CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT

On a city scale the concept is to create financial opportunities for those who seek them, creating passive income that will allow users to travel to and from new financial opportunities.

As discussed earlier, city and community planning is a difficult task, as communities are like people in that their wants and needs change from suburb to suburb, house to house. Atteridgeville is in a particular situation where they have the available labour to participate in the economy but not necessarily the education or opportunities they would have hoped to have by now. Backing the slow movement means being respectful towards these communities in the manner and pace they are growing. As the “4th industrial revolution” looms, should encourage these communities to develop at their own pace. Trying to teach these communities of machine learning etc., causes them to skip a vital step in the process as these communities are still struggling to catch up to more major metropolitan areas and how they have developed over the past few decades. Hover, these more modern principles could still be applied to their contexts.

Figure 38a: Representation of the available opportunities in the area when public transport is easily accessible and available [author, 2021]

Figure 38b: Image depicting the urban growth of Atteridgeville and how this relates to rapid urbanisation and population growth in the future [author, 2021]

SITE SCALE At a site scale the user is the most important, having a focus on the concept in relation to the site, its surroundings and the users wants and need are what will define the project at this fine grain scale.

URBAN SCALE At an urban scale the project has to allow for urbanization and growth to take place within not only the site itself but the community of the newly proposed project as well.

Figure 38c: Photograph of a community garden that feeds multiple families in a small residential block [David, 2021]

4.6 DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

and pace they are growing. As the “4th industrial revolution” looms, should encourage these communities to develop at their own pace. Trying to teach these communities of machine learning etc., causes them to skip a vital step in the process as these communities are still struggling to catch up to more major metropolitan areas and how they have developed over the past few decades. Hover, these more modern principles could still be applied to their contexts.

Figure 39 (left): Site sun study diagram from summer to winter [author, 2021]

Figure 40 (below): Site heat map showing optimal locations for growing produce [author, 2021]

S U N S T U D I E S Figure 41 (right): Mass model exploration in conjunction with yields, optimal sunlight, and vertical volume [author, 2021]

TECTONICS Architectural tectonics relate to the merging of science and art in the built form. A structure should be just as efficient as it is beautiful to look at from a subjective point of view. According to Bacon (1974), “Architectural forms, textures, materials, modulation of light and shade, colour, all combine to inject a quality or spirit that articulates space.”

PROBLEM STATEMENT With existing infrastructure and services involved in the site, they need to be taken into consideration to allow the new structures to function efficiently and correctly. The project aims to grow as much produce as physically possible; thus, Northern sunlight is essential as a design generator. The existing church also limits the extent of the new architecture on site as the building has current functions and patrons that use these spaces.

TECTONIC MASS MODEL EXPLORATION Figure 42: Mass model exploration in conjunction with materiality and spatial arrangement [author, 2021]

AIM The proposed new structures should allow for maximum Northern sunlight during winter and summer days. It will maximise the output of produce during the year and limit the need for passive heating and cooling costs annually. The study then aims to create a spatial arrangement that will allow for vertical farming to grow produce and develop a source of financial income for the residents that could be used to pursue other opportunities in the area.

MORPHOLOGY Morphology in architecture refers to the study of the evolution of form within the built environment. Often used in reference to the particular vernacular of the building, this concept describes changes in the formal syntax of buildings and cities as their relationship to people changes and evolves.

PROBLEM STATEMENT By exploring the agricultural sector and its relation to architecture, know that growing produce efficiently will require a large amount of open-air surface. Buildings, in the same way, require specific set amounts of the available area to function correctly. Architecture and agriculture have various overlaps in these areas and spaces, although the space itself does not necessarily define them, but more the location of space.

AIM The study aims to define and use the overlapping morphology of these two sectors and create space and architecture in which can live our daily lives and grow enough food and produce to create expendable income for the residents of Atteridgeville. It will allow them to pursue the opportunities in their immediate surroundings to improve their lives and the lives of the community as a whole.

Figure 43 (left): Morphological exploration of the structure and the architectural language in relation to “Edible Housing” [author, 2021]

Figure 44 (right): Image exploring the overlap of architecture and agriculture as a product [author, 2021]

Figure 45 (below): Detail section of the vertical farming system and architecture during the first phase as plus a site perspective [author, 2021]

EXPLORING THE COMBINED Architecture is often seen as a product or object created by various influences being morphic and tectonic in this case. start to explore what such a product would look like and the physical factors accompanying the architecture.

PROBLEM STATEMENT Horizontal space in the study area is limited to the site itself, keeping the importance of the adjacent park and its functions. Vertical space is limited due to the low-rise surrounding context, with homes and buildings not exceeding two floors. The architecture will then face a problem of space, where to grow food and where to keep residential functions and keep the existing church on site.

AIM Architecture aims to develop new solutions to the horizontal and vertical space available for the intervention. The architecture will utilise the overlapping typologies of architecture and agriculture and create a new combined typology to house both the residents and the produce that will need growing.

Figure 46 (right): First proposal of “Edible Housing” and what the combined research and design would produce [author, 2021]

5 DESIGN AND TECHNE

5.1 Introduction 5.2 Design Plans and Drawings Development 5.3 Systems Development 5.4 3D Render Views 5.5 Final Design Solution 5.6 Technical Resolution 5.7 Conclusion

Plans Sections Elevations 79

5.1 INTRODUCTION

The next chapter will focus on the inner workings of the structure proposed and how it aims to solve all the research questions posed earlier. As well as convey the specific architectural ideas and principles applied throughout the project. The chapter will end in a personal and project based summary to evaluate the project as well as the overall user experience throughout the year.

Figure 47: Second iteration of the design - Site Plan [author, 2021]

Figure 49: Second iteration of the design - Second Floor Plan [author, 2021]

Figure 48: Second iteration of the design - Ground Floor Plan [author, 2021]

Figure 50: Second iteration of the design - Section A and B [author, 2021]

Figure 51: Second iteration of the design Planter Panels Specifications [author, 2021]

Figure 52: Second iteration of the design - Edge Detail [author, 2021]

Figure 54: Planter development models [author, 2021]

Figure 53: Planter development sketches [author, 2021]

Figure 55: Planter development models annotated [author, 2021]

Figure 56: Planter variation sketches [author, 2021]

EDIBLE HOUSING: REMOVABLE PLANTER PANELS b) Furring strips

CONCRETE

Material: Untreated SA Pine

CONCRETE SYSTEMS

ii.

Size: 38 x 76mm

a) Concrete Raft Foundation

iii.

Configuration as per Architects drawings.

Ratio 1:2:4 (cement, river sand, rough aggregate).

iv.

On-site assembly: To be cut and fixed together to create cavity to house irrigation pipes

ii.

Thickness: 200mm Concrete raft, 75mm sand layer, 150mm Hardcore Layer. v.

Finish: Wood to be lightly sanded and finished with two coats of wood sealant by brush as

iii.

Reinforcement: As per Engineers specifications.

iv.

Screed and waterproofing: 375-micron DPC with 25mm concrete screed on top.

Sealant: All exposed concrete to be painted with two layers of bitumen acrylic sealant.

as per Architects drawings. Furring strips to be fixed to infill walls. per Manufacturer’s specifications. c) French Cleat System:

BRICKWORK

Material: Untreated SA Pine

MASONRY SYSTEMS:

ii.

Size: 38 x 76mm

a) Brick Infill Wall

iii.

Cut Angle: 45° angle cut through centre of SA Pine Wood as per Architects drawings.

Bricks: Maxi Brick.

iv.

On-site assembly: Positive profile mechanically fixed to furring strips and negative profile

ii.

Dimensions: 290 x 140 x 90mm.

iii.

Mortar Ratio: 1:1:6 (cement, lime, sand).

iv.

Wall joints: Dovetail wall plates placed every 5 brick courses.

b) Wall Finish i.

Plaster: Walls to be plastered with a 1:4 mortar ratio (cement, lime).

ii.

Surface Protection: Two coats of water-based damp shield paint.

iii.

Primary: Walls to be painted with one coat of primer paint with a brush where applicable.

iv.

Secondary: Two coats of assigned paint in colour as per Architects drawings and diagrams.

fixed to planter panel. v.

Finish: Wood to be lightly sanded and finished with two coats of wood sealant by brush as per Manufacturer’s specifications. Wood to be sanded and painted prior to fixing.

d) Planter Boxes i.

Material: 12mm Thick SA Pine Plywood.

ii.

Size as per Architects drawings.

iii.

Fixing: Planter boxes to use same French cleat system as the planter panel.

iv.

Finish: Wood to be lightly sanded and finished with two coats of wood sealant by brush as per Manufacturer’s specifications. Wood to be sanded and painted prior to fixing.

ACCESSORIES

TIMBER TIMBER PLANTER PANELS: a) Removable Planter Panels: i.

Material: 12mm Thick SA Pine Plywood.

ii.

Size: 12 x 1000 x 1000mm.

iii.

Configuration as per Architects drawings.

iv.

On-site assembly: Holes to be cut in Panels for removing of panels and allowance for

Finish: Sheets to be lightly hand sanded and finished with two coats of wood sealant by

a) Planter linings: Planters to be lined with recycled material as per architect’s drawings. b) DPM as Section H40, installations according to Architects drawings. c) DPC as Section H40, installation according to Architects drawings.

irrigation holes. brush as per Manufacturer’s specifications.

Figure 57: Different unit variations in first design phase [author, 2021]

Figure 58: Open building system laid out in order and according to project [author, 2021] Figure 59: Facade panel variations [author, 2021]

Figure 61: Exterior render of project [author, 2021]

Figure 62: Interior greenhouse render [author, 2021]

Figure 60: Render of the exterior space between the church and residential units [author, 2021]

Figure 63: Alleys of the project with housing and planters on either side [author, 2021]

Figure 64: Master Plan of Ground Floor [author, 2021]

Figure 65: First Floor Plan[author, 2021]

Figure 66: Second Floor Plan [author, 2021]

Figure 67: Roof Plan [author, 2021]

Figure 68: Section A - A [author, 2021]

Figure 69: Section B - B [author, 2021]

Figure 70: Render of the exterior space between the church and residential units [author, 2021]

Figure 71: Render of the main entrance to the greenhouse [author, 2021]

Figure 72: Render of exterior seating space on main road[author, 2021]

Figure 73: Render of the exterior space adjacent to open park space [author, 2021]

100

Figure 75: Open space vegetation patch with planters between columns [author, 2021]

101

Figure 75: Render of the interior greenhouse space [author, 2021]

102

Figure 76: North-West view of Project [author, 2021]

103

Figure 77: North-East view of Project [author, 2021]

104

5.5

105

TECHNICAL RESOLUTION

Figure 78: Technical Documentation Locality and Site Plan [author, 2021] ERF 4517

ERF 4504

ERF 4093

ERF 4081

ERF 4516

ERF 4505

ERF 4092

ERF 4082

ERF 4515

ERF 4506

ERF 4091

MASHEANE STREET

ERF 4138

ERF 4139

ERF 4140

ERF 4141

ERF 4142

ERF 4143

ERF 4144

ERF 4145

ERF 4146

ERF 4147

ERF 4027

ERF 4028

ERF 4026

ERF 4029

ERF 4079

ERF 4083 ERF 4148

ERF 4025

ERF 4508

ERF 4084

ERF 4089

ERF 4085

ERF 4137

ERF 4136

ERF 4135

ERF 4134

ERF 4133

ERF 4132

ERF 4131

ERF 4130

NAKANE STREET

ERF 4513

ERF 4090

MASHEANE STREET

ERF 4507

MASEMOLA STREET

ERF 4514

ERF 4149

NYUSELA STREET

ERF 4030

ERF 4024 ERF 4031

ERF 4032

ERF 4023 ERF 4512

PREPOSED SITE LOCATION

ERF 4509

ATTERIDGEVILLE 607-JR

ERF 4086 ERF 4229

ERF 4022

ERF 4511

ERF 4510

SEHLOHO STREET

1341

ERF 4621

ERF 4153

LOCALITY PLAN SCALE 1:500

ERF 4154

ERF 4155

1399

ERF 4156

1398

ERF 4157

ERF 4158

ERF 4159

SEHLOHO STREET

ERF 4160

ERF 4161

1397

ERF 4162

1396

ERF 4163

ERF 4164

ERF 4130

LENGHTS: AB = 24 965 BC = 9 395 CD = 35 750 DE = 7 055 EG = 28 610 GA = 47 775

1395

ERF 4165

ERF 4166

1394

ERF 4167

ERF 4168

SEHLOHO STREET

ERF 4169

ERF 4170

ERF 4171

ERF 4149

G 90.0°

90.0° 2m Building Line Setting out point 695

ERF 4131

ERF 4019

NAKANE STREET

ERF 4620

1340

MASEMOLA STREET

ERF 4619

ERF 4020

ERF 4109

1342

ERF 4619

ERF 4021

Community vegetable garden

BUILDING F 35,4m2

BUILDING G 18,4m2

BUILDING H 18,4m2 3 730

BUILDING J 18,4m2 3 730

685

2 191 1 962

Pedestrian entrance no obstuction 100 085

2m Building Line

Neighbouring driveway 100 085

3 730

1 200

1 003

5 865

NEW PROPOSED DWELLINGS ON ATTERIDGEVILLE 607-JR SITE - 1507,70m2 NEW BUILDINGS - 307,90m2

100mm dia. uPVC Sewer Pipe to Municipal Connection min fall 1:40

BUILDING E 18,4m2

Community vegetable garden

2m Building Line

1 730

11 730

New Addition 3,9m2 3 835

DATUM: MH Cover Ground Floor 100 000 X

BUILDING D 26,8m2

Community vegetable garden

EXISITNG EBENEZER CHURCH BUILDING 138,0m2

Church Social Space (brick pavers) 100 085

Lin e

3 730

New Addition 46,2m2

150.0°

Public transport waiting area (brick pavers) 100 085

BUILDING A 44m2

3 885

1 730 3m Building Line

Pedestrian entrance no obstuction 100 085

ERF 4109 Existing sidewalk

140.0°

1 730

120.0°

BUILDING B 14,3m2

1 375

BUILDING C 26,8m2

245

2 800

Bu ild ing

ERF 4229

ERF 4023

129.0°

Dep

C D

1397

1396

1395

Name

studen

216

Existing sidewalk

Projec

Ne Sc Po

1397

ERF 4161

SCALE 1:200

ERF 4162

ERF 4163

ERF 4164

ERF 4165

SITE PLAN

3D ISOMETRIC VIEW SCALE 1:200

106

Drawin

SIT

Date O

Scale:

As GSEducationalVersion

HALLWAY

Plywood Finish

BEDROOM

DPC

255

Plywood Finish

INTERIOR STAIR NOTE: Prefabricated SA PINE stairs with a tread of 250mm and riser of 187mm in total 14 steps.

DPC

85mm step

700 x 270mm Concrete strip foundation acc. to Engineer's details and specification.

DPC

W4 DPC

KITCHEN

W2 DPC

Plywood Finish

DPC

170mm step

DPC

170mm step

DPC

DPM

270mm thick brick masonry strip foundation wall. Finished floor level to be 265mm above NGL.

160mm thick Maxi brick non load-bearing infill wall with 1 coat of acrylic fibre reinforced waterproofing with 76 x 52mm SA Pine french cleats fixed to wall and planters panels

DPC

BEDROOM

Plywood Finish

DPM

21mm thick SA PINE plywood planter panels (see Elevation Detail 1)

Plywood Finish

DPC Plywood Finish DPC

DPM

NGL

DPM

0.35mm thick gunplas USB green DPM on compacted filling in layers of 150mm

SECTION A-A SCALE 1:100

6 000

2 000

85mm step 270 x 270mm reinforced concrete column as per Engineer's details and specifications

8 270

2 000

STAIR NOTE: 9mm thick mild steel tread: 250mm riser: 192mm

40 270 4 270

8 000

7 6

100 085

4 270

3 730

2 1

BUILDING F

800

1 2

BUILDING G Laminated Floor Boards

Laminated Floor Boards

D5 re

duct

6 7

BUILDING H

12 13

Laminated Floor Boards

100 265

100 000

duct

Prepared Soil

4 270

VEGETABLE GARDEN

4 270

duct

270 x 270mm reinforced concrete column as per Engineer's details and specifications

STAIR NOTE: 9mm thick mild steel tread: 250mm riser: 192mm

OUTDOOR PATIO Onyx Platinum Satin Brick Pavers

3 110

14 13 12 11 10 9

4 000

50 x 50 1000mm high galvanised mild steel handrail balustrade with perforated galvanised mild steel infill panel

3 730

1 160

re ie STAIR NOTE: SA PINE timber tread: 250mm riser: 187mm

landing

duct

4 270

D5 ie

4 270

4 000

180mm CLAYTILE Maxi Brick nonload bearing infill masonry wall

4 000

2 000

ie 11 730

2 000

146 x 254 x 9mm IPE mild-steel support column on 270 x 270 x 900mm concrete upstand

11 12 13

100 265

BUILDING J Laminated Floor Boards

100 265

W2 4 000

D 2 000

180mm CLAYTILE Maxi Brick nonload bearing infill masonry wall

4 271

C 2 000

800

B 4 000

4 270

100 265

100 000

146 x 254 x 9mm IPE mild-steel support column on 270 x 270 x 900mm concrete upstand

PEDESTRIAN ENTRANCE

4 000

Onyx Platinum Satin Brick Pavers

1 000

1 735

3 730

Laminated Floor W1 Boards

85mm step

100 000

100 265

85mm step

730

4 270

WALKWAY

D1 ie

730

duct

1 000

100 085

BIC

4 5

BIC

2 270

Laminated Floor Boards 100 265

BIC

107

GSEducationalVersion

SCALE 1:100

100 170

BATHROOM

CHURCH ENTRANCE

Power-Floated Concrete Screed

Onyx Platinum Satin Brick Pavers

100 170

100 085

1 730

6 270

1 730

6 270

989

22 270

Figure 79: Technical Documentation Ground Floor Plan [author, 2021]

EXISTING OFFICE Laminated Floor Boards

6 270

2 000

EXISTING STORAGE Laminated Floor Boards

whb

bath

4 000

ie whb

BUILDING B

2 270

6 14 13 12 11 10 9

whb

4 000

9 11

Onyx Platinum Satin Brick Pavers

4 000

8 10

4 000

W1 W1

1 000

landing

100 265

STAIR NOTE: SA PINE timber tread: 250mm riser: 187mm

2 BUILDING C

100 170

Laminated Floor Boards

3 265

BUILDING A

Prepared Soil

Laminated Floor Boards

100 170

landing

VEGETABLE GARDEN

85mm step

EXISTING CHURCH HALL

Power-Floated Concrete Screed

ie re

CHURCH EXTENSION

4 000

220

STAIR NOTE: SA PINE timber tread: 250mm riser: 187mm

whb

4 B

645

2 800 1 000

D4 Existing 220mm thick facebrick wall to be painted with two coats of DULUX weatherguard (Brilliant White)

1 124

4 000

100 085

85mm step

4 270

4 000

85mm step

WALKWAY Onyx Platinum Satin Brick Pavers

100 265

D5 re

85mm step

100 085

BUILDING D

duct

11 091

WALKWAY

2 000

Laminated Floor Boards

100 000

2 000

26 270

220mm thick facebrick wall to be painted with two coats of DULUX weatherguard (Brilliant White)

Prepared Soil

2 370

Onyx Platinum Satin Brick Pavers

100 085

480

10 048

3 730

4 000

5 125

4 000

Prepared Soil

6 line of roof over

VEGETABLE GARDEN

37mm deep LEROY MERLIN clear polycarbonite IBR sheet fixed to walls and c-channel suppports with gutter bolts and nuts

110mm Ø Soil pipe to municipal sewer connection min fall 1:40

4 270

4 000

VEGETABLE GARDEN

100 265

2 000

100 085

line of roof over 20 270

line of roof over

BUILDING E

whb

Onyx Platinum Satin Brick Pavers

85mm step

100 085

re ie

4 270 W1

BIC

COVERED WALKWAY

Onyx Platinum Satin Brick Pavers

Power Floated Concrete

4 000

85mm step

GROUND FLOOR PLAN

5 865

WALKWAY

1500mm high exterior boundary wall, plastered and painted with precast reinforced concrete coping as per Engineer's details and specifications

BIC

ie re

1 730

2 000

whb

85mm step

3 952

BIC

24 136

whb

2 000

11 063

989

6 000

2 000

WOOD NOTE: Wood to comply to SANS 10163. All exposed wood to be rough sanded by hand on site and treated with two coats of WOODOC exterior sealer, painted on by hand with a brush.

BEDROOM

DPC

BEDROOM

85mm step

BEDROOM

Plywood Finish

DPC

NGL

Plywood Finish DPC

KITCHEN

Plywood Finish

BEDROOM

DPC

2 660

2 760

UFFL 100 255

DPC

ED 1 1000mm high stainless steel ballustrade fixed to reinforced concrete beams and mild-steel C Sections where applicable

ROOF LEVEL 105 680

38 x 114mm SA PINE wood cross beams on 64 x 127mm galvanised mild-steel lipped c-channel, welded to 146 x 254mm galvanised mild-steel universal IPE COLUMN.

BEDROOM

Plywood Finish FIRST FLOOR 102 880

4mm White Alububble® Code 2906, D10 White bubble bottom with foil backing top as per Manufacturer's details and specifications. 20mm thick SA Pine plywood ceiling board on 52 x 114mm timber cross supports at max 350mm

2 760

3 270

Reclaimed zinc roof sheeting to specification on 52 x 76mm SA pine timber purlins at max. 350mm centres. 52 x 114mm SA Pine timber roof cross beams at 700mm centres to approved SABS specification acc. to Structural Engineers specification

PAVING NOTE: 108,5 x 108,5 x 50mm COROBRIK onyx apron where applicable (see floor plan) on 40mm binding sand layer with 350 micron DPM on 100mm thick compacted crushed recycled concrete stones of 5mm Ø max.

3 270

CONCRETE SURFACE BED NOTE: 170mm Reinforced concrete surface bed, as per Engineer's details and specefications. Compacted hardcore filling in max 150mm layers, compacted to 90% ModAASHTO. Finished floor to be min 255mm above NGL

2 760

EXTERIOR STAIR NOTE: Prefabricated mild-steel stairs with a tread of 250mm and riser of 192mm in total 15 steps.

2 000

2 876 13 939

2 000

8 000

4 000

FIRST FLOOR 102 880

UFFL 100 255

EXTERIOR STAIR NOTE: Prefabricated mild-steel stairs with a tread of 250mm and riser of 192mm in total 15 steps.

UFFL 100 255

DPC

WOOD NOTE: Wood to comply to SANS 10163. All exposed wood to be rough sanded by hand on site and treated with two coats of WOODOC exterior sealer, painted on by hand with a brush. INTERIOR STAIR NOTE: Prefabricated SA PINE stairs with a tread of 250mm and riser of 187mm in total 14 steps. ROOF LEVEL 105 680

Existing zinc roof sheeting on existing SA PINE roof truss. Ceiling boards to be removed, 21mm SA PINE plywood ceiling boards to be attached between existing roof truss

160mm thick Maxi brick non load-bearing infill wall with 1 coat of acrylic fibre reinforced waterproofing with 76 x 52mm SA Pine french cleats fixed to wall and planters panels

FIRST FLOOR 1500mm high exterior boundary wall,102 880 plastered and painted with precast reinforced concrete coping as per Engineer's details and specifications

146 x 200mm IPE support beam to support new church entrance wall as per Engineer's details and specifications

37mm deep LEROY MERLIN clear polycarbonite IBR sheet fixed to 64 x 127mm mild steel c-channel suppports with gutter bolts and nuts

Reclaimed zinc sheeting fixed to 64 x 127mm galvanised mild-steel lipped cchannel, welded to 146 x 254mm galvanised mild-steel universal IPE COLUMN

DPC

37mm deep LEROY MERLIN clear polycarbonite IBR sheet fixed to 52 x 114mm SA PINE timber roof trusses with roofing screws and washers

160mm thick Maxi brick non load-bearing infill wall with 1 coat of acrylic fibre reinforced waterproofing with 76 x 52mm SA Pine french cleats fixed to wall and planters panels

21mm thick SA PINE plywood planter panels (see Elevation Detail 1)

Reclaimed zinc roof sheeting to specification on 38 x 38mm SA pine timber purlins at max. 350mm centres. 52 x 114mm SA Pine timber roof cross 38 x 114mm SA PINE wood cross beams beams at 700mm centres to approved on 64 x 127mm galvanised mild-steel SABS specification acc. to Structural lipped c-channel, welded to 146 x 254mm Engineers specification Existing SA PINE roof truss galvanised mild-steel universal IPE COLUMN. Prefabrricated 52 x 114mm SA PINE timber roof truss to Engineer's details and specifications

Zinc roof sheeting to specification on 38 x 38mm SA pine timber purlins at max. 370mm centres. SA Pine timber roof trusses at 700mm centres to approved SABS specification as per Structural Engineer's details and specifications

ROOF LEVEL 105 680

DPC

DPC DPC

UFFL 100 255

DPC

DPM

700 x 270mm Concrete strip foundation as per Engineer's details and specification.

85mm thick reinforced concrete surface bed as per Engineer's details and specifications

0.35mm thick gunplas USB green DPM on compacted filling in layers of 150mm

170mm thick reinforced concrete surface bed as per Engineer's details and specifications

270mm thick brick masonry strip foundation wall. Finished floor level to be 265mm above NGL.

SECTION B-B SCALE 1:100

E 6 000

2 000

8 270

STAIR NOTE: 9mm thick mild steel tread: 250mm riser: 192mm

40 270

11 730

4 270

8 duct

4 270

4 000

14 13 12 11 10 9

BUILDING F

Laminated Floor Boards

duct

STAIR NOTE: SA PINE timber tread: 250mm riser: 187mm

6 5 4

whb

BIC

1 730

Laminated Floor Boards W1

10 11

103 020

whb

BIC

duct

4 270

8 duct

5 6

BUILDING H Laminated Floor W1 Boards 103 020

103 020

12 13

BIC

Laminated Floor W1 Boards

BIC

BUILDING J

whb

BIC

FALL @ MIN 5° PITCH

4 270

2 000 4 000

90 x 115 x 0,5mm galvanized box gutter fixed to 21mm SA PINE timber back board and 52 x 76mm SA PINE timber cross support as per Engineer's details and specifications

STAIR NOTE: 9mm thick mild steel tread: 250mm riser: 192mm

3 730

4 270

4 000 50 x 50 1000mm high galvanised mild steel handrail balustrade with perforated galvanised mild steel infill panel

3 730

BUILDING G

103 020

4 000

Reclaimed zinc sheeting fixed to 64 x 127mm galvanised mild-steel lipped cchannel, welded to 146 x 254mm galvanised mild-steel universal IPE COLUMN

FALL @ MIN 5° PITCH

6 Reclaimed zinc sheeting fixed to 64 x 127mm galvanised mild-steel lipped cchannel, welded to 146 x 254mm galvanised mild-steel universal IPE COLUMN

38 x 114mm SA PINE wood cross beams on 64 x 127mm galvanised mild-steel lipped c-channel, welded to 146 x 254mm galvanised mild-steel universal IPE COLUMN.

FALL @ MIN 25° PITCH

FALL @ MIN 5° PITCH

2 000

8 000 180mm CLAYTILE Maxi Brick nonload bearing infill masonry wall

270 x 270mm reinforced concrete column as per Engineer's details and specifications

2 000

4 000

D 2 000

180mm CLAYTILE Maxi Brick nonload bearing infill masonry wall

4 270

C 2 000

5 615

B 4 000

38 x 114mm SA PINE wood cross beams on 64 x 127mm galvanised mild-steel lipped c-channel, welded to 146 x 254mm galvanised mild-steel universal IPE COLUMN.

4 000

3 730

FALL @ MIN 25° PITCH

26 270

4mm White Alububble® Code 2906, D10 White bubble bottom with foil backing top as per Manufacturer's details and specifications

4 000

37mm deep LEROY MERLIN clear polycarbonite IBR sheet fixed to 52 x 114mm SA PINE timber roof trusses with roofing screws and washers

4mm LEROY MERLIN roof cover flashing fixed to 52 x 114mm SA PINE roof cross beams with 75mm deep decking screws

4 450

4 000

FALL @ MIN 5° PITCH

BUILDING C Laminated Floor Boards

4 270

4 000

BIC

103 020

BIC

2 745

STAIR NOTE: SA PINE timber tread: 250mm riser: 187mm 2 720

11 12 13 14

110

900

BIC

103 020

2 845

2 775

FALL @ MIN 25° PITCH

9 10 11 12 13 14

110

1 865

STAIR NOTE: SA PINE timber tread: 250mm riser: 187mm

Laminated Floor Boards

1 127

BIC

6 270

BUILDING A

FALL @ MIN 25° PITCH

4 5

FALL @ MIN 25° PITCH

4 000

BIC

2 720

FALL @ MIN 25° PITCH

Reclaimed zinc roof sheeting to specification on 38 x 38mm SA pine timber purlins at max. 350mm centres. 52 x 114mm SA Pine timber roof cross beams at 700mm centres to approved SABS specification acc. to Structural Engineers specification

FALL @ MIN 25° PITCH

2 135

110

Reclaimed zinc sheeting fixed to 64 x 127mm galvanised mild-steel lipped cchannel, welded to 146 x 254mm galvanised mild-steel universal IPE COLUMN

FALL @ MIN 5° PITCH

3 730

4 000

180mm CLAYTILE Maxi Brick nonload bearing infill masonry wall

FALL @ MIN 25° PITCH

9 800

900

Existing zinc roof sheeting on existing SA PINE roof truss. Ceiling boards to be removed, 21mm SA PINE plywood ceiling boards to be attached between existing roof truss

4 000

FALL @ MIN 25° PITCH

4 000

270 x 270mm reinforced concrete column as per Engineer's details and Reclaimed zinc sheeting fixed to 64 x specifications 127mm galvanised mild-steel lipped cchannel, welded to 146 x 254mm galvanised mild-steel universal IPE COLUMN

FALL @ MIN 5° PITCH

4 270

4 000

1 730

6 270

1 730

2 000

6 000

2 000

6 270

754

11 539

2 870

2 837

40 270 4 000

Figure 80: Technical Documentation First Floor Plan [author, 2021] GSEducationalVersion

FIRST FLOOR PLAN

2 000

8 000

4 000

SCALE 1:100

108

WOOD NOTE: Wood to comply to SANS 10163. All exposed wood to be rough sanded by hand on site and treated with two coats of WOODOC exterior sealer, painted on by hand with a brush.

INTERIOR STAIR NOTE: Prefabricated SA PINE stairs with a tread of 250mm and riser of 187mm in total 14 steps.

90 x 115 x 0,5mm galvanized box gutter fixed to 21mm SA PINE timber back board and 52 x 76mm SA PINE timber cross support as per Engineer's details and specifications

270 x 270mm Reinforced concrete column as per Engineer's details and specifications ROOF LEVEL 105 680

Plywood Finish

2 785

BEDROOM 01

HALLWAY

Plywood Finish

Reclaimed zinc sheeting fixed to 64 x 127mm galvanised mild-steel lipped cchannel, welded to 146 x 254mm galvanised mild-steel universal IPE COLUMN FIRST FLOOR 102 880

160mm thick Maxi brick non loadbearing infill wall with 1 coat of acrylic fibre reinforced waterproofing with 76 x 52mm SA Pine french cleats fixed to wall and planters panels

170

FIRST FLOOR 102 880

165mm pre-cast reinforced concrete step up

UFFL 100 255 NGL

HALLWAY

2 585

Plaster and Paint

2 640

455

160mm thick Maxi brick non loadbearing infill wall with 1 coat of acrylic fibre reinforced waterproofing with 76 x 52mm SA Pine french cleats fixed to wall and planters panels

BATHROOM

2 130

2 895

KITCHEN Plywood Finish

ROOF LEVEL 105 680

21mm thick SA PINE plywood planter panels (see Elevation Detail 1)

160mm thick Maxi brick non loadbearing infill wall with 1 coat of acrylic fibre reinforced waterproofing with 76 x 52mm SA Pine french cleats fixed to wall and planters panels FIRST FLOOR 102 880

170

FIRST FLOOR 102 880

270 x 270mm Reinforced concrete column as per Engineer's details and specifications

3 270

3 880 2 805

ROOF LEVEL 105 680

21mm thick SA PINE plywood planter panels (see Elevation Detail 1)

HALLWAY

INTERIOR STAIR NOTE: Prefabricated SA PINE stairs with a tread of 250mm and riser of 187mm in total 14 steps.

1 685

1 505

290

Masonry and cement beam filling as per Engineer's details and specifications

ROOF LEVEL 105 680

Plywood Finish

160mm thick Maxi brick non loadbearing infill wall with 1 coat of acrylic fibre reinforced waterproofing with 76 x 52mm SA Pine french cleats fixed to wall and planters panels

BATH ROOM

Plaster and Paint

108,5 x 108,5 x 50mm COROBRIK onyx apron on 40mm binding sand layer with 350 micron DPM on 100mm thick compacted crushed recycled concrete stones of 5mm Ø max. UFFL 100 255

165mm pre-cast reinforced concrete step up UFFL 100 255

UFFL 100 255 NGL

NGL

NGL 170mm Reinforced concrete surface bed, as per Engineer's details and specefications. Compacted hardcore filling in max 150mm layers, compacted to 90% ModAASHTO. Finished floor to be min 275mm above NGL

170mm Reinforced concrete surface bed, as per Engineer's details and specefications. Compacted hardcore filling in max 150mm layers, compacted to 90% ModAASHTO. Finished floor to be min 275mm above NGL Concrete strip foundation acc. to Engineer's details and specification.

Plaster and Paint

Plaster and Paint with Plywood Planters W2 D1

Concrete strip foundation acc. to Engineer's details and specification.

Reclaimed Zinc Sheeting

NGL

SECTION B-B

NORTH ELEVATION

SOUTH ELEVATION

SCALE 1:50

SCALE 1:100

4 000

SECTION A-A

600

365

1 170

180

1 000

600 110

1 400

2 045

110

270 x 270mm reinforced concrete column as per engineers detail & spec.

80mm step up

160mm non-load bearing MAXI brick masonry wall to Engineer's details and specification.

865

1800 mm high outdoor boundary wall

2 135

180 1 582

600 490

110

W1 1 865

180

160mm non-load bearing Maxi brick wall to engineers specifications

Plaster and Paint with Plywood Planters

Plaster and Paint with Plywood Planters 90

1 400 5 730

270 x 270mm reinforced concrete column as per Engineer's details and specification.

600

180

3,00°

6 270 2 135 90

W1 W1 BIC

102 655

BIC

2 700

110 13

1 002

160mm non-load bearing Maxi brick wall to engineers specifications

A 180

180

SCALE 1:100

160mm thick Maxi brick non load-bearing infill wall with 1 coat of acrylic fibre reinforced waterproofing with 76 x 52mm SA Pine french cleats fixed to wall and planter panels

52 x 76mm SA PINE timber french cleat system mechanically fixed to infill walls. French cleats to be cut at a 45° angle on site prior to being fixed to inifll wall.

Cement screef fall away from building min fall 1:10

B 90

180

3 128

110 4 978

1 022

Departm

110

1 W2 1800 mm high outdoor boundary wall 2 492 180

DPC

B 90

NGL

85mm thick concrete surface bed on well compacted hardcore filling as per Engineer's details and specifications.

180 980 110

BATHROOM WHB 10

WEST ELEVATION

Waterproofed Concrete Screed 100 165 SH WC 9

NGL

SCALE 1:100

1000mm high handrail

NGL

EAST ELEVATION 4 270

4 5

180

4 270

Stair Note: r:187mm t:250mm

4 000

4 270

3 710

4 270

BEDROOM 02 Laminated Floor Boards

NGL

BEDROOM 01 Laminated Floor Boards

BIC

2 620

100 265

110

LIVINIG ROOM Laminated Floor Boards

100 265

2 598

KITCHEN Laminated Floor Boards

UP 1

180

900

180

2 W1

180

270

5 730 3 535

NGL

180 600

1 265

DPM

Apron around building to be done with pre-approved paving bricks and color as per spec. with accurate 1:80 fall away from building on 25mm thick leveling sand, on well compacted hardcore filling as per Engineer's details & specifications.

600

0.35mm thick gunplas USB green DPM on well compacted hardcore filling in layers of 150mm.

6 270

M. Arc

CON DOC Name

4 000

GROUND FLOOR PLAN SCALE 1:50

Figure 81: Technical Documentation Detail Unit Plans [author, 2021]

109

GSEducationalVersion

2 000

4 000

2 000

270 X 700mm thick reinforced concrete strip foundation with 270mm thick reinforced concrete foundation wall.

2 000

Roald

student numbe

216 162

Project descrip

New P Schem Portio

FIRST FLOOR PLAN

DETAIL 1 (Foundation to Floor)

SCALE 1:50

SCALE 1:20

Drawing numb

TYPIC Date OUT

29/07 Scale:

As per

EXTERIOR STAIR NOTE: Prefabricated mild-steel stairs with a tread of 250mm and riser of 192mm in total 15 steps.

INTERIOR STAIR NOTE: Prefabricated SA PINE stairs with a tread of 250mm and riser of 187mm in total 14 steps. PAVING NOTE: 108,5 x 108,5 x 50mm COROBRIK onyx apron where applicable (see floor plan) on 40mm binding sand layer with 350 micron DPM on 100mm thick compacted crushed recycled concrete stones of 5mm Ø max.

Masonry and cement beam filling as per Engineer's details and specifications

160mm thick Maxi brick non loadbearing infill wall with 1 coat of acrylic fibre reinforced waterproofing with 76 x 52mm SA Pine french cleats fixed to wall and planters panels

270 x 270mm Reinforced concrete column as per Engineer's details and specifications

AQUACRAFT SPRINKLER hose pipe with adjustable drip sprinkler heads at regular intervals as per details. Hose pipe to run to greywater tank and pump

ROOF LEVEL 105 680

21mm thick SA PINE plywood sheets cut to lenght on site as per floor plan dimensions

166

90 x 180mm pre-cast reinforced concrete lintel over window as per Engineer's details and specifications

237

1 120

WOOD NOTE: Wood to comply to SANS 10163. All exposed wood to be rough sanded by hand on site and treated with two coats of WOODOC exterior sealer, painted on by hand with a brush.

21mm thick SA PINE plywood planter panels (see Detail 1)

Plaster and Paint

80 x 180mm pre-cast reinforced concrete window sill with mild steel dripguard as per Engineer's details and specifications

166

BATHROOM

166

Plaster and Paint

2 770

2 670

BEDROOM

291

270 x 270mm Reinforced concrete column as per Engineer's details and specifications

166

ED1

312

80 x 180mm pre-cast reinforced concrete window sill with mild steel dripguard as per Engineer's details and specifications

21mm thick SA PINE plywood sheets cut to lenght on site as per floor plan dimensions

BATHROOM

Plaster and Paint

2 625

21mm thick SA PINE plywood planters cut and assembled on site as per details

21mm thick SA PINE plywood planter panels (see Elevation Detail 1)

291 166

170mm Thick reinforced concrete surface bed to Engineer's details and specifications

108,5 x 108,5 x 50mm COROBRIK onyx apron on 40mm binding sand layer with 350 micron DPM on 100mm thick compacted crushed recycled concrete stones of 5mm Ø max.

Lowered bathroom screed treated and sealed as per shower detail (see Detail 2)

DPC

108,5 x 108,5 x 50mm COROBRIK onyx apron on 40mm binding sand layer with 350 micron DPM on 100mm thick compacted crushed recycled concrete stones of 5mm Ø max.

NGL

UFFL 100 255

166

DPC

291

52 x 76mm SA PINE french cleat mechanically fixed to infill wall 10mm thick NU-VINYL click system vinyl flooring on 50mm lightweight concrete screed on 30mm thick LEROY MERLIN EPS insulation board on 170mm thick reinforced concrete screed as per Engineer's details and specifications.

255

170mm thick pre-cast reinforced concrete base slab as per Engineer's details and specifications

400

166

76 x 114mm SA PINE french cleat mechanically fixed to infill wall

166

10mm thick galvanised mild-steel staircase treads attached to runner profile with 64 x 64mm mimld steel angle blackets and M20 mechanical bolts as per Engineer's details and specifications

2 565

2 475

DPC

166

BEDROOM

50 x 180mm pre-cast reinforced concrete window sill with mild steel dripguard as per Engineer's details and specifications

291

64 x 160mm hollow galvanised mild-steel rectangular staircase runner profile mechanically fixed and anchored to reinforced concrete base as per Engineer's details and specifications

379

170

270

90 x 180mm pre-cast reinforced concrete lintel over window as per Engineer's details and specifications 5 mm thick LEROY MERLIN galvanised mild-steel perforated metal sheet cut to staircase opening dimensions and wellded to staircase runner

166

AQUACRAFT SPRINKLER hose pipe with adjustable drip sprinkler heads at regular intervals as per details. Hose pipe to run to greywater tank and pump

DPC

64 x 127mm galvanised mild-steel lipped c-channel support beam mechanically to 270 x 270mm reinforced concrete beam to Engineer's details and specifications

291

FIRST FLOOR 102 880

270 x 270mm Reinforced concrete column as per Engineer's details and specifications

DPC

166

Lowered bathroom screed treated and sealed as per shower detail (see Detail 2)

10mm thick NU-VINYL click system vinyl flooring on 50mm lightweight concrete screed on 30mm thick LEROY MERLIN EPS insulation board on 170mm thick reinforced concrete screed as per Engineer's details and specifications.

2 450

DPC

312 270

166

166 21mm thick SA PINE plywood planter panels (see Elevation Detail 1)

20mm thick galvanised mild-steel MENTIS grid walkway welded to lipped c-channel beams

2 230

21mm thick SA PINE plywood planters cut and assembled on site as per details

2 800

291

DPC

1000mm high stainless steel ballustrade fixed to reinforced concrete beams and mild-steel C Sections where applicable

NGL

ELEVATION DETAIL 1

DPM

SCALE 1:20

Departme

M. Arch

CON DOC Name

Roald

student numbe

216 162

Concrete strip foundation acc. to Engineer's details and specification.

Project descrip

New P Schem Portio

270 x 650mm Reinforced concrete strip foundation as per Engineers details and specifications

EDGE DETAIL SCALE 1:20

Drawing numbe

Figure 82: Technical Documentation Edge Detail [author, 2021] GSEducationalVersion

EDGE Date OUT

110

29/07 Scale:

As per d

4 000 85mm step up

85mm step up

WALKWAY Onyx Platinum Satin Brick Pavers

Existing 220mm thick load bearing brick masonry wall

WALKWAY

Onyx Platinum Satin Brick Pavers

100 085

220

5 Painted Brick 1 550

EXISTING CHURCH STAGE Power Floated Concrete 100 340

85mm step up

4 000

3 952

D7 7 965

3 515

170mm step up

NORTH ELEVATION SCALE 1:100

A D6

220

OUTDOOR PATIO Power-Floated Concrete Screed

4 000

100 085

Painted Brick

OUTDOOR GREENHOUSE

EXISTING CHURCH HALL

EXISTING PATIO

Laminated Floor Boards

Power-Floated Concrete Screed

100 170

100 085

7 915

Power-Floated Concrete Screed

SOUTH ELEVATION SCALE 1:100

10 045

Existing 220mm thick load bearing brick masonry wall

7 8

4 000

9 10

12 13 14

Existing 110mm thick non-load bearing brick masonry wall

790

UNISEX BATHROOM

EXISTING STORAGE

EXISTING OFFICE

Laminated Floor Boards

100 170

220

Painted Brick W1

1 690

D7 WHB

WHB

Existing Zinc Sheeting

DUCT

Ceramic Tiles

WEST ELEVATION

4 000

220

WHB

100 170

SCALE 1:100

BATHROOM Waterproofed Concrete Screed 100 165

Existing Zinc Sheeting

Polycarbonite Sheeting 2 000

2 000

8 000

4 000

Painted Brick

4 000

GROUND FLOOR PLAN N

SCALE 1:50

EAST ELEVATION SCALE 1:100

Figure 83: Technical Documentation Detail Church Plans [author, 2021]

111

GSEducationalVersion

Polycarbonite Sheeting

Painted Brick

EXTERIOR STAIR NOTE: Prefabricated mild-steel stairs with a tread of 250mm and riser of 192mm in total 15 steps.

INTERIOR STAIR NOTE: Prefabricated SA PINE stairs with a tread of 250mm and riser of 187mm in total 14 steps.

WOOD NOTE: Wood to comply to SANS 10163. All exposed wood to be rough sanded by hand on site and treated with two coats of WOODOC exterior sealer, painted on by hand with a brush.

TOP OF ROOF 107 670

25,0°

Masonry and cement beam filling as per Engineer's details and specifications

4 275

37mm deep LEROY MERLIN clear polycarbonite IBR sheet fixed to 52 x 114mm SA PINE timber roof trusses with roofing screws and washers

FIRST FLOOR 102 880

160mm thick Maxi brick non load-bearing infill wall with 1 coat of acrylic fibre reinforced waterproofing with 76 x 52mm SA Pine french cleats fixed to wall and planters panels

220mm thick load-bearing masonry wall to be painted with two coats of DULUX weatherguard (Brilliant White)

Masonry and cement beam filling as per Engineer's details and specifications

FIRST FLOOR 102 880

EXISTING CHURCH HALL 37mm deep LEROY MERLIN clear polycarbonite IBR sheet fixed to 64 x 127mm mild steel c-channel suppports with gutter bolts and nuts

UFFL 100 255

Plaster and Paint

2 350

Painted Brick

Existing 170 x 220mm precast concrete lintol

3 590

3 225

OUTDOOR GREENHOUSE

Existing 170mm thick reinforced concrete surface bed as per Engineer's details and specifications.

85mm Thick reinforced conrete surface bed as per Engineer's details and specifications.

UFFL 100 255

NGL

Concrete strip foundation acc. to Engineer's 4 000 details and specification.

170mm Reinforced concrete surface bed, as per Engineer's details and specefications. Compacted 8 000 hardcore filling in max 150mm layers, compacted to 90% ModAASHTO. Finished floor to be min 275mm above NGL

2 000

SECTION A-A SCALE 1:50

EXTERIOR STAIR NOTE: Prefabricated mild-steel stairs with a tread of 250mm and riser of 192mm in total 15 steps.

INTERIOR STAIR NOTE: Prefabricated SA PINE stairs with a tread of 250mm and riser of 187mm in total 14 steps. TOP OF ROOF 107 670

2 625

TOP OF ROOF 107 670

WOOD NOTE: Wood to comply to SANS 10163. All exposed wood to be rough sanded by hand on site and treated with two coats of WOODOC exterior sealer, painted on by hand with a brush.

Existing zinc roof sheeting on existing 38 x 38mm SA PINE timber purlins at max. 350mm centres on 38 x 114 SA PINE timber roof trusses at 700mm centres to Engineer's specification and detail

2 010

220mm thick load-bearing masonry wall to be painted with two coats of DULUX weatherguard (Brilliant White)

Existing zinc roof sheeting on existing 38 x 38mm SA PINE timber purlins at max. 350mm centres on 38 x 114 SA PINE timber roof trusses at 700mm centres to Engineer's specification and detail Existing 38 x 114mm SA PINE roof truss at 700mm centres as per Engineers details and specifications.

FIRST FLOOR 102 880

Existing 220mm thick masonry brick load bearing wall. To be painted with three coats of PLASCON MICATEX white exterior paint. UFFL 100 255

EXISTING CHURCH HALL

3 800

3 220

146 x 200mm IPE support beam to support new church entrance wall as per Engineer's details and specifications

EXISTING OFFICE

Plaster and Paint

Existing 170mm Thick reinforced concrete surface bed as per Engineer's details and specifications.

Existing concrete strip foundation and masonry brick foundation wall as per Engineer's details and specifications.

Existing concrete strip foundation and masonry brick foundation wall as per Engineer's details and specifications. NGL

NGL

Figure 84: Technical Documentation Church Sections A and B [author, 2021]

SECTION B-B SCALE 1:50 GSEducationalVersion

Existing 220mm thick masonry brick load bearing wall. To be painted with three coats of PLASCON MICATEX white exterior paint.

Concrete strip foundation acc. to Engineer's details and specification.

4 000

UFFL 100 255

NGL

112

“I believe that the way people live can be directed a little by architecture.” -Tadao Ando

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5.6 CONCLUSION AND EVALUATION: The amalgamation of this document has served as a reflection of the year, the project and how everything came to be, as the sum of the parts is greater than the whole. It served as a memory bank of the theories explored during the year and how the product formed due to this. In the past, architecture seemed somewhat difficult to convey in purely a visual sense. I also had to ensure that I wrote consistently and regularly. The writing portion of the project then resulted in a very effective way of combining multiple ideas and concepts. During the year, in talking to my classmates, friends and family, some interesting discussions re held about the future of architecture and the people that will inhabit the spaces as architects create. Having one general project to focus on for an extended period has forced me to talk about what I was doing in a social capacity, limiting my use of architectural jargon. It helped me sometimes find simplified solutions or ideas to problems that seemed impossible to resolve in only one year. As architects, sometimes isolate ourselves from our social circles and keep to ourselves. We have an obligation to ourselves, our clients and our friends to talk about architecture more, inform the public more and attentively listen to what they have to say. At the end of the day, are not designing for ourselves; are designing for others. Why then do not introduce these ideas and designs to others more regularly? Looking back at the project, given the opportunity to change the project entirely, I would choose not to. This document, the research and all other relevant sketches etc. have taught me things beyond just architecture or farming. This year has not been without struggle. I think many people reading this will feel a mutual sense of hardship as as a global society had one common problem: the COVID-19 pandemic and the resulting struggles of living through this pandemic.

“Personal” issues set aside, this project opened my eyes to what research truly is and where it fits into our society. I was very oblivious to the amount of work that goes into simply acknowledging others’ ideas and work. Hover, the hardest part of the year was to keep a clear and focused mind on the concept of the project and the end goal, as as students rarely work on projects that continue longer than two months. Hover, the year was not just made up of stress and hardships. Exploring different projects produced fascinating discussions and sharing of ideas and enthusiasm for one another’s projects. I do not consider myself to be of the older generation of South Africans, but instead of the new generation that seeks answers to questions left by those before. I do not identify myself with farming or being out in the open, but rather with the people and how they experience and enjoy life – that is what drives me. This is where the idea of the project came to be. I was extremely excited to start a vertical farming project situated in Lanseria as part of the new planned smart city. I soon began to wonder what would happen to those that do not have the opportunity to benefit from the socalled “4th industrial revolution”, as past revolutionary eras have always left more people behind. It shifted my focus to areas such as Atteridgeville that has not yet adapted after previous hardships. How will these areas keep up with social and economic problems if they have yet to right the wrong forced upon them? I then realised my love for community architecture and how , as architects, influence these areas in the long run. Although working in a conceptual capacity on-site and with the project’s users, I had a prevalent fear of wronging them once again. Fear is rarely positive, but in this case, it allowed me to keep the actual people who will benefit from the case study in front of mind.

114

The case study then opened my eyes to the almost alarming interconnectivity of our decisions as people and how they can influence those around us not just immediately but also in the future, long after are gone.

be afforded the opportunities to see the world and its people in the way that I have. Capitalist and consumerist greed have numbed our sense towards problems others experience and go through.

A topic I struggled with regularly was incorporating growing food into the typology of housing within a low-income area. Creating a meaningful and productive space within these areas alongside a financially limited group proved extremely difficult. A way I learned to combat this was to start making decisions quickly, offering more options, as can have better discussions around multiple choices rather than presenting one decision and hoping that it would work further down the line. I was almost reversing the process of finding the best solution and instead proposing all the possible solutions and finding a combination of all of them that meet the criteria set out.

From this, hover, I hypothesise that architecture can be more than a structure that serves the people but could be a business, a source of passive income or even an investment opportunity for some. We need to look to one another and how ones “riches” could become another’s as well. We need to start reinvesting in each other and the future of our cities and communities.

Reflecting on the year that has passed, I would say that it, and this project, has been a success. Learning various things about the realm of architecture, relationships, farming and people have benefited me in my personal life and professional life. I have discovered hobbies and knowledge that I will treasure and keep with me for the rest of my years. This design dissertation forms part of the process that explored our local context and reality of life for most in South Africa. It saddened me to know that many people will never

115

The “Edible Housing” project creates these meaningful spaces and communities and allows for individual discovery and ownership in a place that few rarely call home. The design becomes a means for some to grow their financial opportunities and pursue a better tomorrow through growing produce in abundance to the source to those in need, if not themselves. We are already applying principles of thermal insulation and the creation of good space. The design project sought out other fields of expertise with these ideals (not necessarily about architecture or construction). Through these interdisciplinary designs, achieve a new architecture that allows people to have individual and community character and revitalising once derelict spaces to provide framework and opportunity.

Figure 85: Plant and photosynthesis sketch [author, 2021]

116

6 REFERENCES APPENDIXES

117

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Figure 86: Render of church exterior and greenhouse [author, 2021]

REFERENCES: Albert, S., 2009. Grow Vegetables. [online] Harvest to Table. Available at: <https://harvesttotable.com/how_to_grow_cabbage/> [Accessed 12 May 2021]. Allen, K., 2013. In Tokyo, A Vertical Farm Inside and Out. [online] ArchDaily. Available at: https://www.archdaily.com/428868/in-tokyo-a-vertical-farm-inside-and-out?ad_source=search&ad_medium=search_result_all [Accessed 31 May 2021]. Atelier Koé, A., 2014. Eban Aya. [ebook] Online: issuu, pp.1-4,6-13. Available at: <https://issuu.com/atelierkoe/docs/eban_aya_book> [Accessed 6 August 2021]. Bacon, E., 1974. Design of cities. London: Thames and Hudson, p.20. Bahadursingh, N., 2020. Cream of the Crop: 8 Architecture Firms Leading the Urban Farming Revolution - Architizer Journal. [online] architizer.com. Available at: https://architizer.com/ blog/inspiration/collections/future-of-architecture-urban-farming/ [Accessed 7 April 2021]. Baldwin, E., 2019. Precht Designs Timber Skyscrapers with Modular Homes and Vertical Farming. [online] ArchDaily. Available at: https://www.archdaily.com/912058/precht-designs-timber-skyscrapers-with-modular-homes-and-vertical-farming?ad_source=search&ad_medium=search_result_all [Accessed 21 May 2021]. Bari, O., 2017. Toronto’s Urban Farming Residence Will Bridge the Gap Between Housing and Agriculture. [online] ArchDaily. Available at: https://www.archdaily.com/867594/torontos-urban-farming-residence-will-bridge-the-gap-between-housing-and-agriculture [Accessed 15 May 2021]. Calderwood, D.M., 1953. Native Housing in South Africa, PhD Thesis, The University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg. Census2011.adrianfrith.com. 2011. Census 2011: Main Place: Atteridgeville. [online] Available at: <https://census2011.adrianfrith.com/place/799056> [Accessed 12 December 2021]. Cilento, K., 2009. Plantagon’s Vertical Farm. [online] ArchDaily. Available at: https://www.archdaily.com/28903/plantagons-vertical-farm?ad_source=search&ad_medium=search_result_all [Accessed 17 May 2021]. David, L., 2021. What Is a Community Garden (and Should You Join One)?. [online] Allrecipes. Available at: <https://www.allrecipes.com/article/what-is-a-community-garden/> [Accessed 6 September 2021]. Despommier, D., 2010. The vertical farm. Macmillan Publishing. Doshi, B., 2019. Balkrishna Doshi: Architecture for the People.Thames & Hudson. Dudovskiy, J., n.d. Epistemology - Research-Methodology. [online] Research-Methodology. Available at: https://research-methodology.net/research-philosophy/epistomology/#:~:text=Epistemology%20in%20a%20business%20research,in%20the%20field%20of%20study.&text=%5B1%5D%20In%20simple%20words%2C,is%20known%20to%20be%20true. [Accessed 17 April 2021]. Effekt. 2016. ReGen Villages. [online] Available at: <https://www.effekt.dk/regenvillages> [Accessed 6 August 2021]. Engineering News. 2019. South Africa will have to produce 50% more food by 2050 or face crisis – WWF. [online] Available at: https://www.engineeringnews.co.za/article/south-africawill-have-to-produce-50-more-food-by-2050-or-face-crisis-wwf-2019-02-20 [Accessed 24 May 2021]. Habraken, n.d., 1999. Supports: An alternative to mass housing. Massachusets: MIT

119 Hudson, D., 2015. atelier koe revisits earth architecture to build eban aya. [online] designboom | architecture & design magazine. Available at: <https://www.designboom.com/architecture/atelier-koe-eban-aya-2-21-2015/> [Accessed 6 June 2021].

KZN Agriculture and Rural Development, 2019. Expected Yields. [ebook] Durban: Kwazulu-Natal Province, pp.1-3. Available at: <https://www.kzndard.gov.za/images/Documents/Horticulture/Veg_prod/expected_yields.pdf> [Accessed 11 May 2021]. Lawson, B., 2018. Vertical farming: from Babylon to New York. [online] Cambridge Consultants. Available at: https://www.cambridgeconsultants.com/insights/opinion/vertical-farming-babylon-new-york [Accessed 7 April 2021]. Mann, J., 2021. Gardening to Feed Your Family Year-Round | Best Pick Reports. [online] Best Pick Reports. Available at: <https://www.bestpickreports.com/blog/post/gardening-to-feed-yourfamily-year-round/> [Accessed 17 July 2021]. Mirchandani, K., 2015. Evolve to Grow: Adapting vertical farming in abandoned buildings. M.A.Interior Architecture and Design. The University of Lincoln. Newman, P. and Jennings, I., 2004. Cities as sustainable ecosystems. Osaka, Japan: United Nations Environment Programme, Division of Technology, Industry, and Economics, International Environmental Technology Centre. Nichols, M., 2018. Can vertical farming feed the world and change the agriculture industry?. [online] Inhabitat.com. Available at: https://inhabitat.com/can-vertical-farming-feed-the-worldand-change-the-agriculture-industry/ [Accessed 8 April 2021]. Oxman, N., 2018. Hybrid Living Materials. [online] Oxman. Available at: https://oxman.com/projects/hybrid-living-materials [Accessed 31 May 2021]. Pfeiffer, D. A., 2006. Eating Fossil Fuels - Oil, Food and the Coming Crisis in

Agriculture. [e-book]. Canada: New Society Publishers.

Rosenfield, K., 2012. First Commercial Vertical Farm opens in Singapore. [online] ArchDaily. Available at: https://www.archdaily.com/291403/first-commercial-vertical-farm-opens-in-singapore?ad_source=search&ad_medium=search_result_all [Accessed 31 May 2021]. Quinta Monroy, ELEMENTAL 2008. ArchDaily. [online] ArchDaily. Available at: https://www.archdaily.com/10775/quinta-monroy-elemental> ISSN 0719-8884 [Accessed 31 May 2021]. Ribbey, S., 2018. Calculate How Many Vegetables to Plant. [online] Garden Gate. Available at: <https://www.gardengatemagazine.com/articles/vegetables/getting-started/calculate-how-many-vegetables-to-plant/> [Accessed 12 May 2021]. Rosenfield, K., 2012. First Commercial Vertical Farm opens in Singapore. [online] ArchDaily. Available at: https://www.archdaily.com/291403/first-commercial-vertical-farm-opens-in-singapore?ad_source=search&ad_medium=search_result_all [Accessed 31 May 2021]. Rosenfield, K., 2014. SPARK Proposes Vertical Farming Hybrid to House Singapore’s Aging Population. [online] ArchDaily. Available at: https://www.archdaily.com/573783/spark-proposes-vertical-farming-hybrid-to-house-singapore-s-aging-population-2?ad_source=search&ad_medium=search_result_all [Accessed 31 May 2021]. Turner, J. and Fichter, R., 1972. Freedom to build. New York: Macmillan. Urbanhealthfarms.com. 2019. A Brief History of Indoor Vertical Farming | Urban Health Farms. [online] Available at: https://urbanhealthfarms.com/2019/06/03/a-brief-history-of-indoor-vertical-farming/ [Accessed 5 April 2021]. World Architects. 1989. VSC Vastu Shilpa Consultants. [online] Available at: <https://www.world-architects.com/ca/vsc-vastu-shilpa-consultants-ahmedabad/project/aranya-low-cost-housing> [Accessed 13 August 2021]. Williams, J., n.d. The Urban Village Project | Effekt | Archello. [online] Archello. Available at: <https://archello.com/project/the-urban-village-project> [Accessed 19 June 2021].

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Zachos, E., 2012. Asande Community Garden. [image] Available at: <http://www.downanddirtygardening.com/2012/02/cape-flats-and-abalimi-bezekhaya.html> [Accessed 11 September 2021].

APPENDIX A: ETHICAL CLEARANCE professional codes of conduct, institutional guidelines, and scientific standards relevant to the specific field of study. 3. Kindly note that the mentioned documents will be sent to the TUT-REC for ratification. The Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment Research Ethics Committee reviewed the documents at its meeting held on the 14 September 2021, and the study is Approved.

Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment Faculty Research Ethics Committee [FCRE-EBE] The TUT Research Ethics Committee is a registered Institutional Review Board (IRB 00005968) with the US Office for Human Research Protections (IORG# 0004997) (Expires 14 Jan 2023). Also, it has Federal Wide Assurance for the Protection of Human Subjects for International Institutions (FWA 00011501) (Expires 31 Jan 2014). In South Africa, it is registered with the National Health Research Ethics Council (REC-160509-21. The FCRE-of EBE is a subcommittee of the TUT Research Ethics Committee.

Note: The reference number [top right corner of this communiqué] should be clearly indicated on all forms of communication with the intended research participants.

The Committee wishes you well with your research endeavours. Kind regards

Ref #: FCRE2021/07/019-EBE Student: Mr R van den Berg Student #: 216162811

17 September 2021

Prof JL Munda Chairperson: Faculty Research Ethics Committee [FCRE-EBE] Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment Tel: +27 12 382 5120/5256 Email: MundaJL@tut.ac.za / CoetzerA@tut.ac.za

Student: Mr R van den Berg C/o Supervisors: Dr MEN Nkambule and Ms S Patel Department of Architecture and Industrial Design Dear Mr van den Berg

Cc:

Thank you for submitting your project proposal documentations for ethics clearance:

Supervisors: Dr MEN Nkambule and Ms S Patel Head of the Department: Prof J Laubscher

Student: Mr R van den Berg - 216162811 Qualification: Master of Architecture (structured) - MPAR18 Project Title: Edible Housing: Feeding the future of South Africa, a case study in Pretoria. Supervisor: Dr MEN Nkambule Co-supervisor: Ms S Patel FCRE Ref number: FCRE2021/07/019-EBE In reviewing your documents for ethics approval, the risk assessment category is indicated as a No risk. Please note the following: There are no additional comments to be addressed on the proposal.

The proposed research project may now continue with the proviso that: 1. The researcher will conduct the study according to the procedures and methods indicated in the approved proposal, particularly in terms of any undertakings and/or assurances made regarding the confidentiality of the collected data. 2. The researcher will act within the parameters of any applicable national legislation,

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APPENDIX B: SPEECH Good morning everyone, my name is Roald van den Berg and I would like to thank all the members of the panel for being here today as well as all those involved with our studies over the past few years. Today I will be presenting my research topic on Edible Housing, Feeding the growing population of South Africa. A case study in Pretoria. The research project is vested in the view and context of Pretoria’s more rural suburban areas and how they function. The study aims to investigate the past, current and future development of Atteridgeville and its topography. South Africa is experiencing rapid urbanization and population growth, with more citizens flocking to the outskirts of CBD areas seeking opportunities. This raises the question as to how South Africa can sustain these new urban dwellers and generations with food and housing in the years to come? The research aims to provide a sustainable solution to the housing crisis whilst integrating food production into our urban framework through vertical and urban farming. It will empower the residents to control their food supply and inadvertently save costs in purchasing food. Ultimately allowing them to pursue the opportunities they seek. Starting with the brief outline of the project, we look more closely at the problem and its indicators and how they affect our futures. As mentioned before our two main problems were urbanization and food security. From the continental maps of Africa we can identify that Africa has a fast growing population with a economy struggling to keep up. This combined with the fact that 8/10 South Africans will live in an urban area by 2050 brings us to the conclusion of the problems we face and more directly to our research and study area. While Pretoria has seen a growth rate of 15% in its major metropolitan area over 20 years, Atteridgeville has almost doubled in growth during the last two decades. This could be attributed to the close proximity to Pretoria and the opportunities within the city. When looking at the history of Atteridgeville and more specifically its housing, we can see an area that has experienced a lot of struggles. This then begs the questions, if these areas had to struggle through disadvantages again as they have in the past, would they be left to far behind in the modern world? When we then briefly look at the history of agriculture in South Africa. South Africa has been promoting urban farming since the 2000’s to help support the hunger cause. COVID 19 forced many people to think of alternative solutions to food security as supply was scarce in rural areas and demand was high in the suburban and urban areas. These problems identified were used to create a framework of solutions for the site-specific project later. We first need to analyze the site and its surroundings to understand the design decisions that were made. Looking at the macro context of the site and the exponential growth of Atteridgeville we see that most household income is spent on food. During the research it was also found that on average an urban farming household will not only spend less money on food but have a higher income as well. When looking at the meso context of Atteridgeville in relation to opportunities available in the area, we can see the most growth in areas closest to the main roads, bus stops and train stations, as these are all connections to opportunities and financial stability. This then brings us to the micro context of Atteridgeville and the inner fabric of the city, as we can see on these figure ground images, we can see the density of Atteridgeville change over a mere 15 years.

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Considering most people spend 12 years going through the education system, it seems like a mere glimpse of what is to come when referencing back to the 8/10 people living in urban areas by 2050. When looking at the inner workings of Atteridgeville we see a neighborhood that has all the necessary services and amenities most modern suburban areas would also have, however due to slower service delivery and the basic income being spread so thinly over such a densely populated area, it is easy to understand some of the struggles these residents face daily. Ultimately not allowing for economic growth to take place. The theoretical discourse and site. The site is situated on the corner of Sehloho and Nakane St. The existing architecture is remnants of the NE51 housing scheme implemented by the apartheid regime, but more recently has been occupied by the Ebenezer Street Church. In the image above we see the two churches in proximity to one another. The site then also features what was a church driven community project to provide housing for those in need. The housing project was stopped due to financial restrictions from the church. Turning our attention to the users of the site, the project aims to accompany the existing members of the church and their activities, the new residential scheme, their users, and their food sources as well as those buying excess produce. How can we ensure urban integration and environmental sustainability in such an area? One such a solution is to move away from the restrictive parameters of the NE 51 housing scheme and moving more towards a scheme that allows for adaptation and integration. Urban integration will take place when users feel a sense of belonging and ownership. Food security will bring a sense of safety and resilience. Looking at sustainable food and community growth a table was created to highlight what the site would require in terms of growing conditions, area needed, and seasonality of produce. This was calculated for a scheme of 28 residents and serves as a guide to growing produce as well. Although more than 400m2 of growable area, not all the area has to be available at once due to phased and seasonal planting and harvesting. In relation to food is the slow food movement that started in Italy and became the driving factor for the slow movement in general that has since globalized. The idea of the slow movement in a nutshell is to not slow down the pace of growth but evaluate the pace at which growth is possible and planning accordingly, rather than forcing growth to take place, as this is what caused many of the problems we identified earlier. Precedent studies were done to identify existing solutions to the problems posed and how they were implemented. Firstly, we have the famous Quinta Monroy housing by Alejandro Aravena and Elemental Architects. This precedent study explores how low-income households seek a sense of ownership over the site they have illegally occupied over the years – aiming not to displace its residents while working with a highly tight set-out budget provided through government subsidiaries. Secondly, we have Regen Village by Effekt Architects. This precedent study explores how a community of buildings can function separately from the main city centre and the services provided in those areas. Third, we have a project by Richard Rowland titled Eban Aya. This precedent study explores how traditional African architecture influences its surrounding areas, its inhabitants, and users. The term Eban Aya is a traditional Ghanaian term that refers to the idea of the immediate users radiating outwards to include the larger community. Fourth, Urban Village by Space10 and Effekt architects.

This precedent study explores how modular building systems function in a larger capacity, how they can benefit the greater community, and how they could be applied globally to architecture in communities. Lastly, Aranya Housing by Balkrishna Doshi. This precedent explores the house not as a finished product but as a framework that allows people to shape the space accordingly to their fundamental needs, cultures, and lifestyles. Moving to the concept and design development we start at the parti-diagrams, creating a stream of sustainable food and integration with the site and the residents. The concept was developed into what we know as Edible Housing by looking at what the effects would be on a city scale all the way down to the site and the advantages thereof. The design was developed when looking at the tectonics of the architecture first. These mass models were arranged after the maximum amount of north facing area was digitally mapped out to ensure the food quota was met. The physical models then compliment the digital models in the way they shape the structures on site. Morphology in architecture was looked at next. The architecture had started to overlap between physical sketches and digital models. The idea of hydroponics and green roofs were implemented but later abandoned due to their high initial investment costs. Finally, the design started to explore what these combine ideas of tectonics and morphology were to look like, and here we could see the first glimpse of what Edible Housing looks like. We move to the final design and techne of the project. Starting with the ground floor plan and more notably the location of the existing church. From there an entrance was created to promote direct access into the building and then serve as a feeder space for the various activities for users on site. This entrance transformed into what is known as the greenhouse space. This is where church breaks will take place, where produce is sold or kept during cold winter months to ensure germination of new plants. Moving towards the residential units it will becomes apparent that users access respective parts of the site separate to create inner communities and a sense of belonging and ownership. Inner courtyards of these units provide most of the growing area for produce that will have a long growth period and are more susceptible to harsher conditions. Planters act as wall panels and railings, ensuring safety and adequate thermal control all while growing the rest of the needed produce. In the upper floors, more space being lent to social outdoor spaces and community rooftop gardens. The church also provides a viewing balcony on the upper level to create enclosed social interaction away from residents if needed. Some second floor units internally move to a third floor to ensure that privacy for the larger families living within. The edge detail begins to give us an idea of what the space will look like close-up and what the panels aim to do as well as their location on the structure. Sections were developed to showcase the openness of courtyard spaces within the project. A hierarchy of height allows users to know the entrance to the structure but also allow for staggering of units to allow for more effective north facing facades. Internal height of the project as well as the circulation through the greenhouse multipurpose space towards the residential units. The large-scale section showcases the project, combining all users, uses and function into one diagram. Here it is most prevalent what the effect of the edible housing schemes can be.

Materiality in the project is also important as it has significance to the history of the site, masonry brick to connect the existing with the new, leftover zinc sheets for roofs and side cladding to tie in with the previous residential scheme showed earlier. And lastly corrugated clear IBR sheeting for the greenhouse for it to have the correct effect as well as highlight the public space in the project. Here we can see the development of the planter system and comparisons between existing systems. Originally having more wood-based design as it is a relatively cheap material but doesn’t work well in high moisture areas. The planter developed into what we see on the renderings. A stone powder plastic hybrid material that can be manufactured on site, but still has a lightness to it so transporting whole planter rows wouldn’t be an issue. The 3D perspective showcases the building with its water collection systems as well as the array of methods used to grow produce. Final renders depict outdoor views of the entrance, perspective views of the building and its courtyards as well as internal spaces like the greenhouse and a bedroom of one of the units.

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APPENDIX C: EXHIBITION

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As a general layout the presentation and exhibition runs in a linear fashion from the project inception to final stage. The general format used is A1 with the slight variation or splits in some posters. Larger posters containing core concepts and smaller ones additional information.

Figure 87: Exhibition layout diagram [author, 2021]

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Posters were presented first and then explanation on models was done afterwards. The first line of posters serve as informational posters that pertain to the site and data gathered. Final products were presented in landscape format and information in portrait format.

Figure 88: Exhibition photographs [author, 2021]

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Models were used as a visual aid and explains how the building takes shape around the site and the existing Ebenezer church space. Other models explain the facade system and the book itself.

Figure 89: Exhibition models and book [author, 2021]

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Introductory posters were used to give a glimpse of the building as in the first image. The structure unfolds more and more as the exhibition continues as we can see in the images below.

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Figure 90: Exhibition photographs [author, 2021]

Figure 91: Exhibition photographs [author, 2021]

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APPENDIX D: EXISTING STREET EDGES

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Figure 92: Axonometric Diagram [author, 2021]

Figure 93: West bus stop diagram [author, 2021]

Figure 94: South entrance diagram [author, 2021]

Figure 95: East social space diagram [author, 2021]

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