re-Think the Region Research Document MARS 2014-15
Introduction
Making Architecture Research Studio (MARS) 20142015 have focused on a region covering Edinburgh, Glasgow, Belfast and Dublin. This research document was produced in order to collectively study and investigate the region as a unit. The areas of investigation were established through small research teams. These groups varied from two to four students. Students studied a variety of topics in order to establish the background and foundations of each area. This included physical, social, economic, political, manufacturing and typologies, enabling us as a unit to re-Think the Region.
Contents
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People and Place City Identity Routes Communities Population Migration
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Social and Economic Landscapes Economic Profile Life Expectancy Independence Conflicts Employment Education
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Geology, Materials and Culture Geology Planning Materials Culture Traditions
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Typologies and Change Culture Education Health Housing Industry Politics Connections
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Skills and Cities Edinburgh Glasgow Belfast Dublin
People and Place City Identity Routes Communities Population Migration Laura Fernandes Chloe Lockhart Irene Petridou Hannah Watkins
City Identity Group Analysis
Edinburgh
Figure 1 : Princes Street Looking West
The city of Edinburgh is the second most populous city in Scotland
Formation The origins of the city as a settlement trace back to the Middle Ages, Edinburgh was part of the Anglian Kingdom of Northumbria from 7th to the 10th century, and became the royal residence of the Scottish kings. By the middle of the 14th century the city was established as the capital of Scotland. The part of Edinburgh known today as the New Town was developed after the 18th century.
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Figure 2 :Edinburgh 1575
In 1560, the population of the whole of Scotland was near to a million and the population of Edinburgh was approximately 12 000. Approximately half of the population worked as domestic servants in the houses of the legal and merchant professions. Despite the fact that the plague hit the city quite often in the 16th and 17th centuries, the population of the city was rising steadily. The formation of the city was near the castle, and as Edinburgh reformed and expanded spread towards the east.
Figure 3 :Edinburgh 1647
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2014 Edinburgh City Zones 1:20 000
City Zones West End
The city of Edinburgh is mainly broken into two zones; the Old Town and the New Town. The New Town, is mainly preoccupied from retailing, where the Old Town is the historic part of the city. The west end zone of the city is the cultural part, with museums and galleries.
New Town Old Town
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Old Town The Old Town’s spine is the Royal Mile, holding up the history of the city. The famous Royal Mile, is the road heading from the castle, down to Holyrood place. This part of Edinburgh is part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site. A green belt in surrounding the Old Town, acting like a barrier to the newer parts of the city. Old Town Location
The Old Town is the historic quarter of Edinburgh, including many tourist attractions one can see when visiting Edinburgh. Part of the old City’s most famous attractions include the Edinburgh’s castle (on which the city was founded from), the Grassmarket and Cowgate.
Waverley Train Station
Edinburgh Castle
Grassmarket
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The Royal Mile
The Edinburgh Castle
St. Giles Cathedral, Royal Mile
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New Town The New Town was built between the 18th and the 19th century. This part of Edinburgh still holds the original neo-classical and Georgian period architecture of when it was built. The New Town, is known for being the shopping district of Edinburgh as the main road, Prince’s Street, accommodates all the major retail shops. New Town Location
Queen Street Gardens George Street Prince’s Street
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Figure 4: Prince’s Street, Edinburgh
Prince’s Street Gardens
Figure 5 :George Street, Edinburgh
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West End
West End Edinburgh Location
The West End of the city of Edinburgh is considered to be the cultural area. Many venues that are situated in the West End are the Usher Hall, The Filmhouse, the Royal Lyceum and the Traverse Theatre. The West End is seen as the hidden gem of Edinburgh, with local pubs and stylish boutiques, having a Bohemian feel in its character. The Northern area of the West End, is part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site and it consists of Georgian terraced houses.
Usher Hall Royal Lyceum Theatre The Filmhouse
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Figure 6 : Usher Hall, Edinburgh
Figure 7 : The Filmhouse, Edinburgh
People and Place
Figure 8 : Royal Lyceum Theatre, Edinburgh
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Glasgow F Finnieston M Merchant City S Sauchiehall Street Subway Glasgow Central St. Queen Street St. North Glasgow
West End City Centre
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M8
M8
M East End
South Side
M74
River Clyde
M77
Glasgow today, showing city zones, the river clyde and main roads and routes into the city.
Introduction
Formation
Scotland’s second city - Glasgow sits on the banks of the River Clyde, approximately 15 miles from the river’s estuary. These fertile lands and the opportunity of nearby ford where attractive to Neolithic and Bronze aged settlers, and although there is evidence of Roman presence there is no sign of a Roman settlement.
The origins of Glasgow are ambiguous. The most popular story is that St. Kentigern (also known as St. Mungo, c 518-c 603) founded a monastery beside the Molendinar burn, almost a mile north of the ford, which became a place a pilgrimage.
People and Place
The city became more established during the early 12th century. A cathedral was erected in 1136 along the banks of the Molendinar, and nearby the cathedral a settlement with a market developed to serve the needs of the clerics and laity with business at the bishops’ court. In the twelfth century the main roads from the cathedral 21
Figure 1: Depiction of Glasgow (Glasco) on the banks of the River Clyde, ca. 1583-1601.
Figure 2: Town Plans/ Views. 1580-191 Glasgow
to the Clyde and from Dumbarton to Lanark provide Glasgow with a perfect location for a market place. The city began to build up around two focal points – the cathedral and the market place. Instead of city walls, Glasgow like most other Scottish burghs were surrounded by ditches with gated entrances to collect toll fares. The northern area of the city was last to develop, though by the late 13th Century the burgh reached the river. Then during the 14th century saw the town develop outwards, east and west, remaining a small settlement exceeding 1,500 inhabitants. During the 15th century Pope Nicholas V founded the University of Glasgow, in 1451, which helped to increase Glasgow’s reputation within Europe. The Grey Friars built their monastery on High Street, to the west Blackfriars monastery and the University. Glasgow’s town council was founded in 1501, and by the early 16th century the bishops had allowed Glasgow some self-governance, in response to its rapid growth and prosperity.
Figure 3: Bartholomew Survey Atlas of Scotland, 1912 22
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Zones within the city, 1:100,000
The City Today Glasgow has been voted the “friendliest city in the world” and is a cocktail of first-class architecture, a thriving nightlife, beautiful scenery and excellent shopping.
also offers a shopping experience unlike any other, as well as the traditional high-street: The Merchant City offers high-end international designers like Mulberry, Ralph Lauren, Burberry & Agent Provocateur and the West End is a haven for independent retailers, vintage fashion and second hand bookshops.
The city offers its visitors and inhabitants a range of things to see and do, all within the confines of a compact city. Glasgow is a unique city with five distinct neighbourhoods – Northern Glasgow, The West End, City Centre, East End and Southside. Glasgow is a city of music – a UNESCO City of Music – it hosts, on average, 130 music events every week! Glasgow
Though it has been almost 25 years since Glasgow was named European Capital of Culture, the city’s status keeps moving up and up. There are five internationally renowned performing arts companies based in the city, and no fewer than six Turner Prize winners and twelve Turner Prize nominees have hailed from, trained or worked in the city. People and Place
Finally, you cannot mention Glasgow without mentioning the city’s most famous son, Charles Rennie Mackintosh, whose work can be seen all across the city, most famously in the Glasgow School of Art.
City Zones North Glasgow
City Centre
West End
East End Southside 23
North Glasgow, 1:100,000
Queens Cross Church Ruchill Park The Forth and Clyde Canal
North Glasgow North Glasgow is the green district of the city, with over 10 parks and gardens. One of the most popular destinations is Ruchill Park, only a few miles from the city centre. Rennie Mackintosh’s only church is situated in the North Quarter of Glasgow, now a protected building this church is a popular destination for weddings, 24
The Whiskey Bond
concerts and meetings. The Forth and Clyde Canal (the Great Canal) was opened in 1790 during the industrial boom. This key method of transportation and trade was key to Glasgow’s growth. Today the canal is more a visitor attraction and a thing of beauty. The Whiskey Bond is Glasgow’s newest community of artists and designers along the banks of the canal. re-Think the Region
These warehouses were originally built for Highland Distilleries, but now offers space for artists, designers as well as events and exhibitions.
Figure 4: Queens Cross Church, Charles Rennie Mackintosh.
Figure 5: The Whiskey Bond
People and Place
Figure 6: Ruchill Park
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West End, 1:100,000
The West End Glasgow’s West End is an eclectic mix: from the renowned university to the beautiful Botanical Gardens. The Kelvingrove Art Gallery and Museum is one of the most popular attractions, housing one of Europe’s best art collections and is the most visited museum outside of London. The fourth oldest university in the English speaking 26
Finnieston Kelvingrove Art Gallery and Museum Ashton Lane Botanical Gardens University world, the University of Glasgow is one of the best universities in the world, boasting beautiful buildings, old and new, and an impressive list of alumni. The Botanic Gardens are situated next to the River Kelvin, providing well needed respite from the busy city. As well as the beautiful gardens, there is also an impressive glasshouse to enjoy – the Kibble Palace. Within the West End there are key streets. Ashton Lane re-Think the Region
is a quaint cobbled lane, popular day and night, with a wide selection for food and drink and the famous picture house, The Grosvenor Cinema. Finnieston is another lively district, with Scotland’s largest entertainment venue, The SSE Hydro, Zaha Hadid’s Riverside Museum and SWG3 another multidiscipline arts facility, providing studio space to a community of over 120 creatives.
Figure 7: Kelvingrove Art Gallery and Museum
Figure 8: Glasgow University
People and Place
Figure 9: Grosvenor Cinema
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City Centre, 1:100,000
The ‘Style Mile’ Merchant City St. George Square The Lighthouse Sauchiehall Street
City Centre George Square in Glasgow opened in 1787, sitting right in the heart of the City Centre and home to various statues of prominent historical Scottish figures; Thomas Graham, Sir Walter Scott, and James Watt. Looking over the square is The City Chambers, one of the city’s most prestigious buildings and headquarters of the council for over 100 years. 28
The city centre is the main shopping area of the city, with big name brands as well as high end boutiques in the ‘Style Mile’. All over the city you can find examples of Mackintosh’s work. Tucked away in the city centre, The Lighthouse, Mackintosh’s first public commission, is housed in the former Glasgow Herald building. re-Think the Region
Figure 10: The Style Mile
Figure 11: St. George Square
People and Place
Figure 12: The Lighthouse
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Figure 13: Willow Tea Rooms
Figure 14: Glasgow School of Art
Figure 15: Glasgow Tenement House
Sauchiehall Street This vibrant street houses some of the city’s best attractions. In Scottish Gaelic, “Sauchiehall” means alley of the willows, giving The Willow Tea Rooms its iconic name. Everything was designed by Mackintosh, from the cutlery to the waitresses’ dresses. The Glasgow School of Art is situated just off Sauchiehall 30
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Street. This internationally renowned university was voted one of the finest buildings designed by a British architect in the last 175 year. Another classic example of Glaswegian architecture is the Tenement House, a perfectly preserved, original 19th century tenement flat.
Figure 16: Gallery of Modern Art
Figure 17: Glasgow Cathedral
Figure 18: Glasgow Necropolis
Merchant City The cultural quarter of the city, The Merchant City hosts a huge range of attractions: Merchant Square, a bustling hub of restaurants and bars as well as museums and historical sites. The city centre has a range of museums and collections. St. Mungo Museum is home to an inspiring collection of religious artefacts and works of art, The Gallery of Modern Art is the most visited modern art gallery in Scotland, housing an ever-changing collection in an People and Place
iconic building, Trongate 103 is a place to see art, make art and enjoy being creative. Glasgow Cathedral is built on the supposed burial site of St Mungo it is the only medieval cathedral on the Scottish mainland to have survived the 1560 Reformation. Just to its rear is the Glasgow Necropolis - a memorial to the merchant patriarchs of the City and contains the remains of almost every distinguished Glaswegian of its day 31
The East End 1:100,000
Sir Chris Hoy Velodrome Tennents Brewery WEST Brewery Peoples Palace
The East End The East End District of Glasgow is host to a whole range of sites. Within the picturesque setting of Glasgow Green you will find the People’s Palace, which also holds a wealth of historical artefacts, photographs, prints and film, painting a picture of how 18th - 20th century Glaswegians lived, worked and played. 32
Along the river you will find the Emirates Arena and Sir Chris Hoy Velodrome which hosted the 2014 Glasgow Commonwealth Games. Famous for its local brews, in the East End you can find the West Brewery, Bar and Restaurant and Drygate and Tennents Brewery. All three unique and in iconic buildings. re-Think the Region
Figure 19: The People’s Palace
Figure 20: West Beer Brewery
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Southside, 1:100,000
The Hidden Gardens House for an Art Lover The Burrell Collection
SOUTHSIDE Though less famous than the other districts, the Southside of Glasgow is still bustling with places to see and things to do. The Burrell Collection is home to over 8000 objects, which were gifted to the city of Glasgow by Sir William Burrell. This is an unusual mix of medieval art, ancient Egyptian and Chinese artefacts, the works of the Impressionists, alongside much more. Situated in the picturesque Pollok Country Park. 34
The Southside also hosts a celebration every year called The Southside Fringe. This celebrates all things Glasgow. It is run by the passionate, local community and is a celebration of local talent, giving locals the chance to experience culture, comedy, arts, drama, and music. Away from all the busy streets, The Hidden Gardens give you space to relax. As well as the beautiful grounds, re-Think the Region
people are able to take part in workshops and classes to learn and develop horticultural skills. House for an art lover is another Charles Rennie Mackintosh masterpiece. Hidden away in Bellahouston Park it is one of the most beautiful attractions in Glasgow’s Southside.
Figure 21: Southside Festival
Figure 22: The HIdden Gardens
People and Place
Figure 23: A House for an Art Lover
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Belfast The name Belfast is derived from the Irish words “Béal Feirste”, or “mouth of the Farset” (Farset means sand bar.) During the 19th Century, Belfast’s shipbuilding industry was leading the economy. Queen’s Island in the 1850 map is the site of the Titanic Quarter today. It was originally named Dargan’s Island after the engineer William Dargan, but was renamed after Queen Victoria after her visit in 1849. William Dargan is known for connecting urban areas in Ireland via railways, but here, he was responsible for creating two straight deep cuts in the river Lagan which improved the route for ships to reach Belfast’s quay.
Figure 1: Belfast 1850
Key dates for the early development of Belfast: 1793 Shipbuilding begins in Belfast 1888 Belfast is made a city 1906 City Hall is built 1911 The Titanic is launched in Belfast
City Zones The inner city of Belfast is considered to be broken down into four quarters based on Dublin tourist information. The areas vary heavily in age, use and history.
Figure 2: Belfast 1900 36
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Smithfield and Union Markets Retail Cathedral Quarter Queen’s Quarter Public Squares Green Spaces Gaeltacht Quarter Historical Docks (beneath the city) Residential Titanic Quarter Industrial 2014 Belfast City Zones 1:30 000 People and Place
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City Centre
1:10,000 scale map below
Within the City Centre, the marketed cathedral quarter lies adjacent to the smithfield and Union Market area and the rest of the city centre. The city centre is the oldest part of Belfast. There are a number of literary figures who represent Belfast and are recognised in the redevelopment of Writers Square, near to St Ann’s Cathedral. The poet Lois MacNeice, novelists Sam Hanna Bell and CS Lewis and playwright Stewart Parker. Writer’s Square the first of the proposed environmental improvement schemes planned for the Cathedral Quarter.
Along from St Anne’s square is the newly built MAC by Hall Mc Knight Architects. The building provides performance spaces, art galleries and a new public space for the city in the foyer which is intended to recall the surround narrow streetscapes near its location. The strong brick materiality of the MAC reflects the old Victorian Merchant city of Belfast. The Cathedral quarter is said to be a cultural hub, home to a growing arts and crafts scene, with the presence of many visual and performing artists.
City Centre Location NTS
The MAC St Ann’s Cathedral
Custom House Square
City Hall
Grand Opera House Ulster Hall BBC Broadcasting House
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Figure 3: BBC Broadcasting House
Figure 4 Grand Opera House
Figure 5: City Hall
Figure 6: Ulster Hall
The Metropolitan Arts Centre (MAC) by Hall, McKnight
Figure 7: Custom House Square and the Albert Clock
People and Place
Figure 8: St Ann’s Church
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Queen’s Quarter
1:10,000 scale map below This quarter is home to the student population of Belfast at Queen’s university. The Botanic gardens stretch from the Queens University down towards the river Lagan where the Lyric theatre by O’Donnell and Tuomey Architects lies, on a triangular sloping site. The theatre was built in 2011, and surprisingly was a Design and Build contract.
The extension of the Ulster museum compromises rough surfaces, heavy solid and void masses small windows and unusual composition, all elements of a Brutalist architecture. The joint between the neo-classical building and the 1960s brutalist extension is clearly expressed.
The Queen’s quarter is known by the tourism industry as the new cultural scene of Belfast, with vintage shops, boutique cafes, museums and exhibitions.
Queens Quarter Location NTS
Queen’s University, Belfast
Ulster Museum Botanic Gardens leading to the Lyric Theatre further south
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Figure 9: Queen’s University Belfast
Figure 10: Ulster Museum
Figure 12: Queen’s Botanic Gardens - Belfast Festival
Figure 11: Lyric Theatre
Figure 13: Ulster Orchestra
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Titanic Quarter
1:10,000 scale map below The interiors of the Harland and Wolff Drawing Offices are amongst the oldest remaining sections of the company’s buildings in the Titanic Quarter and are the offices where the plans for the Titanic, as well as the Olympic and Britannic, Liners were drawn up. They have a Cathedral like atmosphere with high vaulted ceilings and large fanlights to flood the rooms below. There are plans to turn the two buildings into a hotel, but this has not yet passed planning. The 189 brownfield site is undergoing redevelopment of a mixed use nature to include business, leisure, and residential facilities. In addition there will be a large amount of high quality public space.
Titanic Quarter Location NTS
Titanic Signature Project
H &W Drawing Offices
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Figure 14: Titanic Quarter Development
Harland and Wolff Drawing Offices - Exterior
Harland and Wolff Drawing Offices - Interior
People and Place
Harland and Wolff - Titanic Shipbuilding Company
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Gaeltacht Quarter
1:10,000 scale map below The Gaeltacht Quarter refers to the Irish-speaking region, and is not unique to Belfast. In the tourism marketing realm, the quarter is highlighted as a place to enjoy a culture of music, debate, drama, and dance. It is also known for its political murals and the peace wall which were painted during the ‘Troubles’.
Gaeltacht Quarter Location NTS
Falls Road Murals
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Figure 15: Falls Road Mural
Figure 16: West Belfast Murals
People and Place
Figure 17: Feile an Phobail Festival - Community Festival
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Dublin
Medieval Dublin within city wall and origins of settlement outside the city
The city of Dublin is the both the capital and largest city of Ireland.
Formation The city was once a Viking settlement named ‘Dubhlinn’ - meaning ‘Black Pool’ - after the nearby confluence of the River Poddle and the River Liffey. The Medieval city walls were erected around the hill of Christ Church establishing the heart of the city on high ground above the river. Most people lived within the city walls to service the needs of the castle at the centre of the city. However, gradually people began to settle outside of the city walls.
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Figure 1: Dublin 1610
City expansion led to both suburban and industrial growth along the main thoroughfares such as Francis Street, Thomas Street and New Street. By 1797, the city of Dublin was enclosed by the North Circular and South Circular Road and consisted of 6 wards. Barrack Ward, Capel Street Ward and Rotunde Ward to the north of the river and Stephen’s Green Ward, Castle Ward and Work House Ward to the south. This indicates the location of industry to the south of the river with nearby housing for workers. The 1912 map shows the introduction of tramways to the city clearly defining smaller zones of the city, the largest one being The Liberties industrial area on the south bank of the river.
Figure 2: Dublin 1797 48
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1:30 000 2014 Dublin City Zones
Temple Bar Shopping Viking & Medieval Georgian Dublin Antiques Quarter Smithfield Historical Dublin Docklands
City Zones The inner city of Dublin is considered to be broken down into 8 defined zones indicated above based on Dublin tourist information. The areas vary heavily in age, use and history. People and Place
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Temple Bar Temple Bar is located on the south bank of the River Liffey in the inner city of Dublin. The area is enclosed by the River Liffey to the north, Fishamble Street to the west, Dame Street to the south and Westmoreland Street to the east.
Temple Bar Location
This area is known for both its busy day and night life due to its popularity with tourists. Temple Bar is known for it permanent area of carnival and ‘bohemian’ culture. However, this has been lost slightly with its high levels of tourism from Britain.
It was developed as an Dublin’s key cultural quarter and has managed to retain a spirit of the arts acting as a centre for small arts productions, photographic and artists’ studios. However, most recently, it has been criticised as ‘overpriced, false and dirty’ by Lonely Planet and has also been voted one of the ten most disappointing destinations in the world.
Temple Bar Gallery Temple Bar Square
National Photographic Archive The Ark Irish Film Centre
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1:5000 Zone plan
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Figure 3: Irish Film Centre, O’Donnell + Tuomey, 1992
Figure 4: The Temple Bar Pub
People and Place
Figure 5: The Ark Courtyard, Group 91 Architects, 1995
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Viking & Medieval Dublin The area of Wood Quay is largely connected to the Viking era as it was used to off load goods for local houses, shops, craft and textile manufacturing as Dublin was once one of the largest Viking settlements in the world. However, a lot of this heritage was lost due to the construction of the Dublin Corporation Offices.
Viking and Medieval Dublin Location
Fishamble and Cook Street indicate areas of foods sold, such as fish and bread. A surviving section of the
medieval city wall is also located on Cook street with a functioning medieval gate. St. Audeon’s Church is a 12th century church built on the grounds of an earlier church. Christchurch Cathedral is also another example of a medieval church. The name Dame Street also stems from the previous location of a dam across the River Poddle during the medieval period.
Medieval city wall Dublin Castle Dubh Linn Gardens Christchurch Cathedral St. Audoen’s Church
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Figure 6: Dublin Castle
Figure 7: Christchurch Cathedral
People and Place
Figure 8: Remaining medieval city wall
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Georgian Dublin As Dublin prospered in the 18th century, large developments occurred as wealthy citizens built within the city. This included the development of residential areas as well as the straightening and widening of existing roads through the Wide Streets Commission. Dublin castle was also transformed from a medieval castle into a Georgian palace. Georgian Dublin Location
The great increase in residential development was highly
controlled during the 18th century. The residential areas were split into smaller zones given to different developers but the style was restricted resulting in a cohesive zone of Georgian Dublin. This was located initially on the north side of the river as the south side was seen to be inferior. However, the Earl of Kildare moved to the south and redevelopment of the south occurred with residential squares such as Merrion Square, St. Stephen’s Green and Fitzwilliam Square for the wealthier population. At the time this worsened the north-south divide of poorer classes to the north and wealthier classes to the south.
Trinity College
National Library of Ireland Natural History Museum Government buildings Merrion Square Huguenot Cemetery
Royal Hibernian Gallery
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1:10 000 Zone plan
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Figure 9: Merrion Square Georgian houses
Figure 10: Natural History Museum, Frederick Clarendon, 1856
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Figure 11: Trinity College
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Antiques Quarter This zone is located on Francis Street to the south of the river in the area in the heart of The Liberties within ‘Historical’ Dublin. Since the 18th century, Francis Street has been closely connected with the production of fine furniture and local craftsmanship. It is also known historically for it busy street life, retail and community culture. Antiques Quarter Location
in crafts and antiques, and became officially named the Antique Quarter in 2003. The area is now also known for its art culture with the Cross Gallery and the newly founded Iveagh Gallery.
Since then it has become known as an area specialising
Tivoli theatre Iveagh Market
Iveagh Gallery
Gallery Zozimus Cross Gallery Francis Street Antiques Stores N
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Figure 12: Tivoli Theatre
Figure 13: Iveagh Market
Figure 14: Francis Street antiques stores
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Historical Dublin One of the large areas forming Historical Dublin is The Liberties to the south of the river. This area was the core historical area of development of industry involving brewing, spinning and weaving amongst others. This lead to the movement of craftsman to the area and thus a great increase of residential development for local workers. The area also includes the large site of the Guinness Brewery.
As well as a north-south economic divide there was also an east-west economic divide due to the location of industry to the south west and the area was often the setting of key political events during the struggle for independence due to its English administration. This therefore resulted in historic buildings such as the General Post Office.
Historical Dublin Location
St. Bricin’s Military Hospital Arbour Hill Prison The Old Distillery Collins Barracks National Museum of Ireland Dublin Corporation Wholesale Market Courts of Justice St. James’s Gate Brewery
Iveagh Trust buildings St. Patrick’s Cathedral
The Liberties
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Figure 15: Iveagh Trust buildings initially for the homeless
Figure 16: Dublin Corporation Wholesale Market
People and Place
Figure 17: Collins Barracks
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Smithfield The zone of Smithfield is enclosed by the River Liffey to the south, Brunswick Street North to the north, Church Street to the east and Queens Street to the west. Smithfield Square was established in the 17th century as a market place and was once lined with city farm yards containing livestock.
Smithfield Location
However, following the closure of the Jameson’s Distillery in the 1960s the area began to decline. As a
result an urban renewal plan was implemented in 2003, which included the relaying of the cobble stones and new contemporary lighting. The area is now said to be an alternative to Temple Bar but is currently at a more modest scale and has included the increase of bars and buildings of leisure such as the reopening of the indie Light House Cinema.
Smithfield Square Light House Cinema Old Jameson’s Distillery
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Figure 18: Disused Jameson’s Distillery
Figure 19: Smithfield Square
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Figure 20: Disused observation tower
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Routes: Connecting People to Places Irene Petridou
Edinburgh: The Old Town
Old Town 1:2500 Grassmarket Cowgate Royal Mile
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Grassmarket and Cowgate Grassmarket: The street and Leith Grassmarket is a historic market place, developed in the 1720s for open air markets. Grassmarket used to be a connection between the industrial part of Edinburgh ‘Leith’ as people holding warehouses there brought their supplies to the Grassmarket and sold them.
Figure 1: ‘Edinburgh Castle from the Grassmarket’ by George Washington Wilson (1823-1893)
Grassmarket: The street and Margaret Dickson Grassmarket transformed in being a place for public executions. In 1724, Margaret Dickson was hanged for killing her baby, however on the way to be buried she woke up, and released as she had practically done her sentence. Her story changed the law for executions forever stating that a convict can be hanged as many times until dead.
Figure 3: Old Housing, Cowgate, (1890)
Grassmarket: The street and the Irish In the 19th century, there was an influx of poor Irish in the area as they were responsible for the building of the railways. Up until recently, the place was marked by ‘homelessness’ and ‘drunkenness’ being one of the worst streets of Edinburgh Grassmarket: The street and today Grassmarket today has reformed, holding a prestigious status being a popular tourist spot, contributing to the high prices of houses on that street/area. Cowgate: Little Ireland Cowgate lies below the elevated streets of South Bridge and George IV Bridge being quite gloomy and dark in sections. Cowgate connects Hollyrood and Grassmarket. On market days, people herded their cattle down the street to get to the Grassmarket. Due to the street’s use, it is still known today as the ‘road of the poor’ by locals accounting as the area in the 19th century was overcrowded by poor Irish workers.
Figure 2: Grassmarket Today
Cowgate: Today The street has become a popular pub and club area during the night. People and Place
Figure 4: Cowgate Today 65
The Royal Mile Royal Mile: The street connecting the Streets The Royal Mile, forms the spine of the Old Town of Edinburgh. The Royal Mile consists of the streets; Castlehill, the Lawnmarket, the High Street, the Canongate and Abbey Strand.
Figure 5: St. Giles Cathedral Today
Royal Mile: The street connecting to Literature Lawnmarket today, through the ‘Writer’s Museum’ presents the lives of three most notable Scottish writers; Robert Burns, Walter Scott and Robert Louis Stevenson. Burns, is the national poet of Scotland; his poems recognised worldwide, written in the Scottish dialect. Robert Louis Stevenson, is considered to be one of the most translated writers in the worlds. As the road holds a greatly important status in the city, it validates its position by linking to the lives of important writers as the ones described above.
Figure 7: Royal Mile, Edinburgh
Royal Mile: The street and today The Royal Mile, is one of the main tourist attractions consisting of pubs, shops, and attractions. At Festivals, usually held at the Edinburgh castle, the Royal Mile becomes overcrowded with tourists.
Figure 6: Writers’ museum, Lawnmarket
Figure 8: Writers’ museum, Road sign People and Place
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The New Town
New Town 1:2500 Prince’s Street
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The Prince’s Street From 1770s onwards, professional and business classes gradually deserted the Old Town for the New Town, reshaping thus the social character of the city. Prince’s Street, acts as a divider in the town, separating the two main parts of the city. Prince’s Street has an open southern face enabling thus views towards the Old City; indicating thus a strong visual connection with the old and the new. Figure 9: Prince’s Street, Edinburgh
Prince’s Street: The shopping district Prince’s Street, following the move of population in the 1770s, became a residential district with houses along its length. Buildings had the same format as they were set back from the road; with stairs down to a basement and stairs up to the ground floor with two storeys and an attic above. Today, only one building retains the above format as in the 19th century the street transformed from residential to retail.
Figure 10: Prince’s Street shoppers, Edinburgh
Prince’s Street: The gardens The Prince’s Street’s gardens, originally were private gardens for the residences on the street. In late 19th century though, the gardens came under the power of the city’s council and today they are open to the public. Within the base of the gardens lie the Royal Scottish Academy and the National Gallery of Scotland (at the Mound). Prince’s Street: The transport Prince’s Street accommodates all the routes/means of public transport in Edinburgh. For commuters within the boundaries of the city, Prince’s Street is a fundamental point of reference, as all parts of the city set their boundaries along its faces.
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Glasgow
Glasgow 1:2500 Sauchiehall Street
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The Sauchiehall Street
Figure 11: Sauchiehall Street, Glasgow (1905)
Sauchiehall: The street and the wealth The street is one of the main shopping districts. The street expanded as wealthy merchants wanted to expand their businesses in the outskirts of the city. In 1820, the street was a quiet but prosperous street, consisting of villas and terraces. The road was then widened in 1846 and most residences were substituted by commercial buildings. As a shopping district, it was for the rich, while the working class shopped from Argyle street, parallel to Sauchiehall street. Sauchiehall: The street for the arts Part of the street comprises of cultural attractions amongst them the Baroque Empire Theatre which opened in 1897. Crowds filled the theatre to embrace the arts as notable people performed there; including Frank Sinatra.
Figure 12: Sauchiehall Street Today, Glasgow
Sauchiehall: The street Sauchiehall, was the home of Edward William Pritchard, the last person to be publicly hanged in Glasgow in 1865. Pritchard poisoned his mother-in-law and his wife a month later, both living with him in Sauchiehall Street.
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Glasgow
Glasgow, 1:2500 High Street
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The High Street It is one of the main historical roads of Glasgow, with Medieval origins, joining the north to the south; from the Cathedral of St. Mungo to the banks of river Clyde.
Figure 15: High Street Today, Glasgow
High Street: The street in educating people From 1563 to 1870, the main building of the University of Glasgow was located at the junction of Duke Street and High Street. Today the street continues to appreciate the education in Glasgow as the University of Strathclyde is located there, as well as a Science Park next to the High Street railway station.
Figure 13: High Street, Glasgow (1955)
High Street: The street and the goods The road was then turned into a Goods Yard by the City of Glasgow Union Railway before it was closed in 1968. The ‘High Street’ of Glasgow, was holding all of the merchandise, parcels and manufactured items that needed to be loaded or unloaded from ships or road vehicles. When the Industrial Revolution in Victorian times triggered the massive growth in Glasgow’s size, the importance of the High Street diminished as the administrative authorities of the city moved western into the city towards the Merchant City area. High Street: The street and the chambers The chambers of the city were once situated at the foot of High street; elevating the street in being a symbol of Glasgow. After the street lost its value, due to the move of the population, the Chambers moved as well; today they overlook George Square in the city centre.
Figure 16: Glasgow Collegeland development
High Street: The street and today Along with the coming of the 21st century, the street regained its importance for Glasgow and there has been major redevelopments. The street preserves the wall faces of the derelict warehouses where goods were stored in the 20th century. ‘Glasgow Collegelands development’ has produced a master plan in which the city centre of Glasgow is completely reformed. As part of this development, the faces of the derelict warehouses at High Street will be incorporated in the design of the road’s section People and Place
Figure 14: Goods Yard, High Street, Glasgow (1955) 73
Belfast
Belfast 1:5000 Shankill Street
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Shankill Street The origins of the street derive from Irish ‘Seanchill’, meaning “old church”. The road is an ancient trail from County Down to Antrim. This is a major road in Belfast, consisting from shops on its sides while on the branches from Shankill Road exist residences.
Figure 17: Shankill, Belfast (1977)
Shankill Street: The street and as a graveyard Until the 17th century, Shankill was used as the burial place of herdsmen and farmers from the surrounding foothills of Divis, the black Mountain and Squire’s Hill. Later in the 17th century, the new English and Scots settlers thought that Shankill was too remote for serving as a graveyard so they moved the graveyard within the city centre and in the High Street of Belfast.
Figure 18: Shankill Bombing, Belfast (1993)
Shankill Street: The street and the bombing The Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA), was responsible for the bombing in 1993 in Shankill Street. The event is considered as one of the most important, from “The Troubles” as the IRA wanted to assassinate loyalist paramilitary leaders in the area who held a meeting in a room above Frizzell’s fish shop (Ulster Defence Association headquarters were situated there). The road has been known for multiple gun shots and attacks but the 1993 incident caused numerous after episodes of revenge. In the week that followed 14 civilians were killed in the streets by Irish Catholics in the roads of Shankill. The feud of the Catholic/nationalist and the Protestant/unionists was becoming fiercer and fiercer following the bombing at Shankill street. People feared for their lives, while they were filled with anger. There was a massive burst of criminal activities during that period, from which all had victims of both sides of the feud.
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Belfast
Belfast 1:5000 Crumlin Street
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Crumlin Street The road accommodates various historical buildings of Belfast as well as various residential areas.
Figure 19: Riots, Crumlin Street (1970)
Crumlin Street: The street of the prisoners The Crumlin Road Gaol is the only Victorian prison that exists in Northern Ireland, and was used to be known as ‘Europe’s Alcatraz’. In 1846, the Crumlin Road Gaol opened its gates and for almost 150 years operated as a prison. During the time that the prison operated, hold people who committed murders, loyalists as well as republicans. The building itself a Grade A listed building and its structure shows the parallel lives of prisoners and civilians at the time. The Courthouse is situated opposite the prisons and so tunnels were made in order below the road in order to move the prisoners in between the two buildings. Interestingly, the bodies of those who were executed, were buried within the premises of the building. The building today operated as a museum, telling the stories of people that passed through its premises in the years. Crumlin Street: The street and the troubles The street as a house for both Protestants and Catholics, had through the years numerous murders and attacks. The majority of the incidents on Crumlin Street were carried out by loyalists. During the years of The Troubles, there had been fear and terror, especially in Crumlin Street. People’s lives were distracted, everyday activities usually ended as massacres.
Figure 20: Crumlin Road Gaol, as a museum today
Dublin
Cook Street Fishamble
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The ‘Fishamble’ & The ‘Cook’ Street Fishamble: ‘The street as ‘Vicus Piscariorum’ In the 14th century, Fishamble was called Fish Street (Vicus Piscariorum). The street lies within the old city of Dublin, and it was known as the greatest fish market of Dublin until the 17th century, when the markets moved in the north of river Liffey. The street was for 30 years the origin of mail exchange in Dublin and the world; as the General Post Office was located here in 1680.
Figure 21 : Fishamble, 18th century
Fishamble: The Dubliners and the arts Neal’s New Musick Hall was built for the Bull’s Head Musical Society and opened the previous year in 1741. The establishment, became famous when George Frideric Handel’s famous composition, Messiah was first performed, for charity, on the 13th of April 1742. ‘Messiah’ became one of the best-known and most frequently performed choral works in Western music The street holds the pride, reminding people of this historic time for the arts in Dublin, performing the Messiah in an open air concert, every year in the Fishamble Street.
Figure 23: Waste ground and ruins, Cook Street (1913)
Cook Street: The Dubliners and the food In Medieval Times, Dubliners were able to buy warm food from Cook Street; hence derives its name. Cook Street is situated outside of the town. Medieval housing was made of wood and therefore the profession of cooks moved outside of the City Walls, as they needed to use fire to cook. Cook Street: The street in defence Cook Street today, holds the longest surviving portion of Dublin’s medieval walls, reminiscing the fights of Dubliners against invading forces in their land.
Figure 22: Neal’s New Musick Hall, Fishamble Street
Figure 24: Medieval walls, Cook Street People and Place
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Dublin
Dublin 1:2500 Dame Street
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Dame Street Dame Street: The street and the gentlemen The name of this street took its name from the medieval church of ‘St. Mary del Dam’, which was though demolished in the 17th century. The street hosted one of Dublin’s most famous gentlemens clubs; Daly’s Club House, established in the 1750s. The House, was all about the luxury; accentuating its members’ statuses in the Irish society. The Club was famous in the whole world but after the Union with Great Britain in 1800, the club declined and closed in 1823. The Club, with its members as notable members of the society (amongst them, there were MPs), shaped the political and the financial proscenium of the time, from Dame street.
Figure 25 : Dame Street, Dublin (1950)
Dame Street: The street and the protest Today, Dame street, preserves its status as an important area that affects the political and economical aspects of Dublin and the world. Banks as AIB, Ulster Bank and the Central Bank of Ireland, have their headquarters in Dame Street today.
Figure 26: Occupy Dame Street, Dublin
People held a protest named ‘Occupy Dame Street’, from the 8th of October 2011 to 8th of March 2012. The protest was concerning economic inequality, corporate greed and social injustice. The protest was peaceful and lengthy; with Dublin respecting the protesters initiatives.
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Communities: People making Places Laura Fernandes
Glasgow: Art and Craft
Cushion and Cake The Glasgow School of Art The Stitchery Roger Ballcliffe Gallery
The Lighthouse Brazen Studios
PULP Paper Arts
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The Art and Craft Community Craft Scotland champions the growing resurgence in handicraft in Glasgow. There a high density of small workshop spaces support designers which are also used as teaching spaces in order to pass on skills to the public to encourage art and craft in the city. These include successful jewellery crafters at Brazen Studios. The art and craft community is drawn to the city due to its great foundations within the sector. Glasgow School of Art is a large resource of creativity for the city. There are also a number of gallery spaces displaying the work of locals, such as the Roger Billcliffe Gallery and The Lighthouse.
Figure 5: Brazen Studios
Figure 6: Glasgow School of Art
Figure 7: Roger Billcliffe Gallery
Figure 8: MAKlab at The Lighthouse People and Place
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Edinburgh: Art and Craft
Twenty Eight The Scottish Gallery
City Art Centre Contemporary Crafts Remade Dovecote Studios
Edinburgh College of Art
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The Art and Craft Community Outside of the cultural national institutions of the five national galleries in Edinburgh, there is a great local interest in art and craft. This can be seen in the numerous studios in the city that encourage the creative industry of which Edinburgh is well known for. Craft Scotland is a great supporter of the crafts of the city seen in the Contemporary Crafts workshop and emphasis is put on the importance of collective studio spaces. There is also a large resource in the young student community drawn to Edinburgh by its well known arts courses. Spaces for selling goods are often found within the spaces drawing local customers into the spaces creating a more interdependent relationship to the city.
Contemporary Crafts shop and workshop
Figure 17: Dovecot Studios
Figure 18: Beaverhall Art Studios
Figure 19: Edinburgh College of Art People and Place
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Belfast: Art and Craft
Golden Thread Gallery Flax Art Studios The MAC ReFound, Craft NI Goddess and Swift, PS2 Belfast Print Workshop Belfast Exposed, Red Barn Catalyst Arts Gallery Craft and Design Collective Coppermoon St. George’s Market F. Alexander Goldsmiths Tactility Factory
Mullan Gallery
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The Art and Craft Community There is a large volume of art and craft facilities and businesses in Belfast. Art spaces can be found across the city with a high proportion of them in the cultural Cathedral quarter. These include The MAC and Golden Thread Gallery, expressing the artistic identity of this part of the city and its forms of personal expression. Belfast is known for its studio based facilities which nurture and encourage individual craft skills. The sales of these products is encouraged through markets in the city as well, such as St. George’s Market. Coppermoon, ReFound and Flax Art Studios are environments that encourage making in a collective environment. More experimental spaces also exists, such as Belfast Print Workshop and innovation is seen through businesses such as the Tactility Factory.
The MAC, Hall McKnight, 2012
Figure 28: ReFound
Figure 29: Belfast Print Workshop
Tile from The Tactility Factory People and Place
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Dublin: Art and Craft
The LAB Arts Centre
Temple Bar Gallery Project Arts Centre, CREATE & Exchange Dublin National College of Art & Design Francis Street Crafts Pallas Projects & Studios People’s Art, St. Stephen’s Green
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The Art and Craft Community Dublin is known for its strong underground art heritage as Temple Bar was identified as a ‘home’ for artists in the 1980s. However, despite the recession of 2010 it was stated that Dublin’s independent artistry prospered. The LAB is one of the few arts locations to the north of the river. It contains meeting rooms, rehearsal spaces and exhibition spaces to create spaces for critical art practice. Most are located to the south and clustered around Temple Bar indicating its presence as a cultural core for the city. Despite its recent commercialism, the spirit of small arts productions and studios have flourished.
Figure 38: The LAB Arts Centre
Figure 39: National College of Art and Design
When comparing the cities, it is clear the Glasgow has a more scattered art community compared to the other cities. Also there is a greater craft community outside the initial inner city zone, specifically towards the east end.
Figure 40: Temple Bar Gallery and Studios
Both Edinburgh and Belfast have a strong art and craft community within their more historic quarters of Old Town and the Cathedral Quarter respectively. This contrasts the art community of Dublin which has been strengthened in the area of Temple Bar a zone known for arts since the 1980s. People and Place
Figure 41: People’s Art Sale, St. Stephen’s Green 91
Glasgow: Market Culture
Merchant Sq. Craft Market St. Enoch Square Market
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The Market Community City markets are encouraged by Glasgow City Property Markets. Outdoor markets are popular in the open spaces of the city selling farmer produce and local craft. Markets also include the Merchant Square Design Fair and the Independent Label Market selling vinyls from independent musicians. This market spirit empowers the small businesses of Glasgow with respect to competition from the large conglomerates. The Glasgow Barras was once Scotland’s largest market and one of the city’s most famous institutions. Glaswegians are said to love the opportunity to buy fresh produce within the local community.
Figure 9: Merchant Square Craft & Design Fair
Figure 10: Barras Market
Figure 11: St. Enoch Square Market
Figure 12: Queen’s Park Farmer’s Market People and Place
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Edinburgh: Market Culture
Out of the Blue Flea Market
Tram Stop Food Market
West End Craft Fair
Edinburgh Farmers Market Grassmarket
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The Market Community Markets can be found across the city of Edinburgh encouraging sales of local products. These vary from farmer’s produce at the Farmer’s Market. St. Mary’s Market has recently been re-branded as the Tram Stop Market to encourage new visitors, both tourists and locals. The Out of the Blue Flea Market encourages re use of products and creates a weekly event in a local community hall. Outdoor markets in the city are popular and are seen at St. John’s Episcopal Church at the West End Fair for contemporary arts and crafts. The most popular of all is the weekly market at Grassmarket, a pedestrianised square in the city historically used as a market place.
Figure 20: Farmer’s Market
Figure 21: Tram Stop Market
Figure 22: Out of the Blue Flea Market
Figure 23: Grassmarket People and Place
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Belfast: Market Culture
The Dock Market
Smithfield Market
Belfast Continental Market St. George’s Market
Fine and Dandy Market
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The Market Community The craft community of Belfast are supported by sales at markets, such as the Fine and Dandy market selling handmade goods as well as at the well known St. George’s Market. Within Belfast, the markets are found to be in designated indoor spaces suited to the dynamics of the market. These range from purposeful market spaces to art centres. Importantly, the city also takes advantage of outdoor space for markets such as the Belfast Continental Market located on the ground of the City Hall. These encourage busy activity and a feel of community through regular events that give the city a stronger identity as they are scattered throughout the city as opposed to concentrated in a small area.
Figure 30: The Dock Market
Figure 31: Belfast Continental Market
Figure 32: St. George’s Market
Figure 33: Fine and Dandy Market People and Place
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Dublin: Market Culture
Moore Street food market Smithfield outdoor market Dublin Corp. wholesale Ha’Penny Flea Market Temple Bar Book Market Cow’s Lane Designer Mart
Liberty Market
Newmarket food market
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The Market Community The city has a thriving market culture despite large retain developments in the ‘shopping’ areas. There has been some loss of traditional market sites near the Francis Street area, such as Iveagh Market. Moore Street has remained as one of the city’s oldest areas of trading. These regular events draw locals and tourists due to its importance within the local community. The long standing tradition of market shopping has lived on in the city of Dublin.
Figure 42: Moore Street market
Figure 44: Cow’s Lane Designer Mart
Figure 43: Dublin Corporation fruit and veg market
To summarise, Glasgow’s inner city market community is fairly limited as it is spread further out from the inner city. Sporadic locations of markets is also seen in Edinburgh and Belfast as the location is often specified by the available public outdoor space. Dublin has a stronger sense of a market community both north and south of the Liffey, mainly due to its historical markets. People and Place
Figure 45: Ha’Penny flea market 99
Glasgow: City of Contemporary Music
O2 ABC Glasgow Glasgow Royal Concert Hall King Tut’s Wah Wah Hut SECC Stereo The Arches
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The Contemporary Music Community Glasgow has a lively contemporary and live music scene in venues, pubs and clubs. Larger venues in the city include the SECC on the riverfront and Glasgow Royal Concert Hall. Smaller local bands are more likely to place the King Tut’s Wah Wah Hut (where Oasis were spotted) and the Barrowland, which is a historic ballroom that was converted into a venue for live music. Venues such as the Sub Club and The Arches draw in Glasgow’s growing electronic music lovers. The city has strong foundations in techno and house music. This are mainly located to the western side of the inner city and are located within a focused region, creating a stronger sense of music identity.
Figure 1: Independent Label Market
Recent successes of Franz Ferdinand, Mogwai, Belle & Sebastian and Chvrches has boosted the music scene even further, leading to Time Magazine to compare Glasgow to 1960s Detroit.
Figure 3: The Arches
Figure 2: Sub Club
Figure 4: Barrowland People and Place
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Edinburgh: City of Laughter
The Stand
The Banshee Labyrinth The Liquid Room Sneaky Pete’s Bongo Club Beehive Comedy Club Traverse Theatre Bedlam Theatre
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The Comedic Community Edinburgh has become known for the Fringe Festival of comic acts for the public drawing crowds from across the world. Due to this annual event, comedians often find fame in Edinburgh. The scales of comedy venues varies from intimate comedy clubs such as The Stand to large theatres such as The Lyceum. All of which draw both locals and tourists to the centre for hours of laughter. Mapping the locations has shown that the entertainment culture is mainly focused to the south, in the old town. This indicates the use of old and historic venues in an area that attracts large numbers of people.
Figure 13: The Bongo Club
Figure 14: Bedlam Theatre
Figure 15: Sneaky Pete’s
Figure 16: The Stand Comedy Club People and Place
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Belfast: City of Folk Music
Harp Bar Duke of York The John Hewitt Bar 21 Social Kelly’s Cellars The Fountain Tavern The Garrick
An Cultúrlann Lavery’s
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The Folk Music Community The city of Belfast is alive with the sounds of traditional Irish music across the entire city. Known for its traditional music, the Irish music scene is not just confined to the Irish Gaeltacht quarter. However, this is partly due to its use as a feature of tourism as well as heritage. The traditional music scene is heavily concentrated in the historic pubs of the cultural Cathedral Quarter, with both locals and tourists drawn to its authentic music and surroundings. Further south, there are a few located in the central retail area such as The Garrick and The Fountain Tavern. These all highlight the obvious relationship between Irish music and public houses, which act as lively and intimate music venues.
Figure 24: Harp Bar
The Gaeltacht quarter is also home to An Cultúrlann, an Irish cultural centre attached to a catholic church bringing Irish heritage to current society.
Figure 26: An Cultúrlann
Figure 25: Kelly’s Cellars
Figure 27: Duke of York People and Place
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Dublin: City of Words
Dublin Writers Museum James Joyce Centre Gresham Hotel
Mulligan’s Pub Temple Bar Book Market Old Library, Trinity College Kennedy’s Bar & Sweny’s Chemists Oscar Wilde Monument Marsh’s Library
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The Literary Community The literary history of Dublin is important to its cultural background as Dublin is known for James Joyce’s literature of both Ulysses and Dubliners. The trail starts at the north of the city at the Dublin Writers Museum and James Joyce Centre where literature enthusiasts are able to explore exhibitions and literary artefacts. Fans of James Joyce often visit Gresham Hotel as it is used in a scene of Dubliners and Mulligan’s Pub was visited regularly by Joyce and Brendan Behan. To the south of the river there is also a small book market at Temple Bar Square with stalls of antique, collectable, and contemporary books for sale. There is also The Old Library at Trinity College which has the Book of Kells on display. The library was built in 1732 and contains over 200,000 of the library’s oldest volumes.
Figure 34: Temple Bar Book Market
Sweny’s Chemists is a timeless chemists which features in Ulysses now used for literary readings and events. Marsh’s Library is the oldest library in Dublin, founded in 1701, containing antiques books and artefacts.
Figure 36: Oscar Wilde Monument, Merrion Square
Figure 35: The Old Library at Trinity College
Figure 37: Sweny’s Chemists People and Place
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Population People within Places Chloe Lockhart
‘Region’ across Scotland, Ireland and Northern Ireland: Including Dublin, Belfast, Edinburgh and Glasgow
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‘Region’ Population Comparison
Current Population Overview
Graph 1 compares the average number of people per km² in the British Isles. Unsurprisingly, England has the highest population density and Ireland and Scotland have less people per area overall. This is due to their large amount of natural landscape which is not inhabited throughout the countries.
Graph 1: Average Population Density for all countries within the British Isles
Graph 2 compares the average number of people per km² within our ‘Region’. Dublin has the highest population density. Glasgow and Belfast have similar densities. Whilst Edinburgh has almost half the density of Dublin.
Graph 2: Average Population Density for the cities within the ‘Region’.
Graph 3 compares the trends for total population of cities, within the ‘Region’, from 1991 - 2001 - 2011 in accordance with the respective Census years. Glasgow has the largest population: it decreased in 2001, but it is now back on the rise. Dublin and Edinburgh have been constantly increasing, but are still less than Glasgow, whilst Belfast’s population has decreased.
Graph 3: Average Total Population for the cities within the ‘Region’. People and Place
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Graph 1 - PwC growth index of cities before and after the recession
PwC Good Growth Index The Spreadsheet shows the devolved cities in the UK, and their scores for a variety of categories which are used to calculate PwC’s good growth index. It shows us that Belfast is above average for Jobs, Work-life balance, house price, transport and income distribution, and is only below the total UK average for Skills. Edinburgh is above average for Jobs, Income, work-life balance, skills and environment, but below average for sectoral balance. Glasgow is above average for work-life balance, house price and skills, but below average for Jobs and Health.
With jobs at a 16% rating, we can begin to understand why Glasgow is below average on the good growth index, whilst Edinburgh and Belfast are well above average, and in the top three cities for its combined score before and after the economic crisis. This can be seen in Graph 1. According to PwC, the reason for Belfast’s dramatic increase in the index since the economic crisis is mainly due to very large improvement in house price to earnings, with improvements also in work-life balance and health which are also significant. People and Place
For Edinburgh, the biggest increase was improvement in skills, whilst the largest downfall was Jobs. However, in comparison to the rest of the UK Edinburgh had a below-average fall in jobs. For Glasgow, work-life balance was the biggest improvement, and the number of unemployed workers was the biggest drop which contributed towards the index.
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Map to illustrate Belfast Ward Divisions (white) and Assembly Areas (orange) 114
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Belfast Facts: 2013 Population of City: 281,735 Percentage of Northern Ireland’s total population: 18% Percentage aged 30 or younger: 43.9% Working population (16-64): 60% of total population Labour costs: 15% (lower than the UK average) Labour turnover: less than 8%.
2014 Population Pyramid - comparing 5 year Age bands of males and females
Belfast Population Pyramids - Age and Sex The Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency have predicted the graph above for the population of Belfast in 2027. In comparison to the current 2014 graph, the age bands have levelled out. There will be between 10-12,000 females of ages up to 65. The range for men drops just below with all ages up to 65 being having between 9,000-12,000. There will be increasingly less people from the age of 65 and upwards.
2027 Predicted Population Pyramid - comparing 5 year Age bands of males and females People and Place
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Division of City Centre into Wards City Centre
KEY:
Population of Belfast Wards 116
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Population of Belfast Wards The ward is the primary unit of electoral geography for civil parishes and borough and district councils, electoral ward is the unit used by Welsh principal councils, while the electoral division is the unit used by English county councils and unitary authorities. Each ward/division has an average electorate of about 5,500 but ward-population counts can vary substantially. Each ward in Belfast is separated into Super Output Areas, which are further divided into Census Output Areas. For the ease of data and comparison with other cities in the region the data used in this section of the report is based on ward data. People and Place
During industrialisation, European cities would tend to be split into a good west end and a poor east end, largely due to the fact that the south west prevailing winds would blow pollutants away from the good west if the industry was situated on the east. However, in the case of Belfast, The majority of Belfast’s population live outside of the City Centre.
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Belfast - A “Shrinking City” Belfast’s population peaked in the mid twentieth century, then shrunk dramatically in the next 50 years, then flat lined in the last ten. Graph 1 Urbanisation is where the population tends to shift from rural areas to urban areas, whilst in Shrinking Cities the opposite occurs.
Belfast Core Population
Belfast Urban Area - Belfast Core Population
415000
In the late 17th century, Belfast’s economy relied heavily of the linen and shipbuilding industries. Belfast went through a period of industrialisation between the late 1800s and early 1900s and the advances transformed these industries and the population and economy boomed. As a consequence, the population increased rapidly as high Employment levels drew people into the city for work. The city saw a period of urbanisation and 1891, it had a larger population than Dublin. However, in 1969, the Belfast Urban Plan set up the framework for New ‘satellite’ Town developments, outside of Belfast’s city centre, which are now part of Belfast’s wider Urban Area. These drew people out of the
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280962
222038
45000
1926
1937
1951
1961
1971
1981
1991
2001
The graph and its results below are obtained from the book “Shrinking Cities, A Global Perspective” published in 2014
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2011
"As already suggested, although they are not the sole factors at work, there are two dominating forces behind the shrinking cities phenomenon: declining fertility rates, and economic restructuring.” “Shrinking Cities, A Global Perspective.” by Harry W. Richardson, Chang Woon Nam
city centre, whilst at the same time, deindustrialisation, lower housing density due to major housing redevelopment, and the intensity of the ‘Troubles’ drove people out of the centre. The city began to shrink.
1,900,000
320,000
1,850,000 310,000 1,800,000
Belfast Population
1,700,000 290,000
1,650,000 1,600,000
280,000
1,550,000 270,000
Northern Ireland Population
1,750,000
300,000
1,500,000 1,450,000
260,000 1,400,000 250,000
1,350,000
Belfast Population
Graph 2 More recently, statistics show that the population has begun to increase, however, it is fair to say that Belfast is still one of the few cities in the British Isles that has still not recovered from its state as a “Shrinking City” due to deindustrialisation in the 1970s and 1980s. In 2012 at the Northern Ireland Economic Conference, David Gavaghan, chief executive of Titanic Quarter Limited, said that the rate of urbanisation in Belfast was lower than in other countries. The population of Northern Ireland is lower than it was 170 years ago and stated that it is “deeply troubling because the rest of the world has seen exponential growth.” However, he saw that “The future of Northern Ireland lay in technology, energy, tourism, sport and leisure.”
NI Population
The graph above is plotted from census results obtained from the Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency [Accessed December 2014]
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Belfast Deprivation The dark areas are the most deprived areas, and the lighter areas are the least deprived. The city map illustrates how the wards relate to the areas of the city as outlined in the City Identity Section of the report, whilst the overall Belfast map illustrates the deprivation of the wards in relation to the rest of Belfast. It is interesting that Belfast has an East West divide, yet it is the opposite of what you would expect from a city which was once the industrial hub of Northern Ireland. During industrialisation, European cities would tend to be split into a good west end and a poor east end, largely due to the fact that the south west prevailing winds blow pollutants away from the good west if the industry was situated on the east. The mapping graphs on the following page show the contributing factors to the deprivation ranking in addition to: 5) Proximity to Services 10% 6) Living Environment 5% 7) Crime and Disorder 5%
Division of City Centre into Wards
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City Centre
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Deprivation Factors 1) Income - 25% Weighting
2) Employment - 25% Weighting
3) Health - 15% Weighting
4) Education, Skills and Training - 15% Weighting
City Centre
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Deprivation of Wards The graph above states the areas which are most deprived in Belfast, with Whiterock as the most deprived, and Stormont as the least deprived. This Graph links to the information outlined on the previous page. However, we can go into more detail and breakdown the factors which are causing deprivation within each of these wards.
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Measures of Deprivation within each Ward The illustration above shows the percentage impact which each deprivation measure has on every ward in Belfast. The graph is ordered from the least deprived overall, (Stormont) at the top, to the most deprived (White Rock). The longest bars suggest that deprivation is low for that area. Falls’ largest contributors to its low deprivation score are Health, followed by Employment, Income, Education and skills and crime. Using this graph we can identify what changes are important for certain areas of Belfast. The education, skills and training measure is low in Shaftesbury, right in the centre of the city, therefore an infrastructure to improve this would be of great benefit. People and Place
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Facts: 2013 Population of City (inner): 527, 612 Out of this population: 396,515 are Catholic 403,596 were born in Ireland. 412,645 have an Irish Passport.
Dublin
Inner City Dublin: Local Electoral Area (orange) and Electoral Divisions (white): Central Statistics Office 124
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Dublin - Inner City
Inner City Dublin After the war, in 1949, the economy grew by an adequate 5%, however it was followed by several years of stagnation until the 70s. Emigration was high, and so the population decreased, despite high birth rates. Since then, there has been a dramatic change, whilst Ireland has become an urban society. In 1996, 60% of the population lived in towns which were larger than 1500 people. In 1946, 3.3% of Ireland’s population was born outside Ireland, and by 1997, this had risen to 7%.
Population Change Graph The increase in population within the North Dock is due to an urban regeneration of the area in 2008. It was seen as an extension of the modern business hub of Dublin’s International Financial Services Centre. There are also a number of hotels within the area which lost travelling business men and women.
Interestingly, the wards Mount Joy A and Mount Joy B are adjacent to each other in locality, however, the population change in Mount Joy B has decreased by 20%, as the worst case of population change for Dublin Inner City, whilst Mount Joy A has increased by around 40%. The Mount Joy area is known for its Georgian terraces and being within a conservation area the houses around Mount Joy square still have their original coal holes.
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7000000
1200000
6000000
1000000
5000000
800000
4000000
600000
3000000
400000
2000000
200000
1000000
0
0 1841 1851 1861 1871 1881 1891 1901 1911 1926 1936 1946 1951 1956 1961 1966 1971 1979 1981 1986 1991 1996 2002 2006 2011 Dublin
Ireland
Dublin Urbanisation Whilst the population of Dublin has been constantly on the rise since at least 1841, The total population of Ireland decreased from around 6.5 million to 3 million in the early twentieth century. However, since then. The population his risen back up to 4.5 million.
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Cork is the second largest city in Ireland, yet its current population is only 10% of Dublin. There is no spatial strategy which aims to balance the development of Ireland. Dublin and the Greater Dublin Area (GDA) has come to increasingly dominate the urban landscape of Ireland. re-Think the Region
Ireland Population
Dublin Population
1400000
Dublin Population Pyramid - Age and Sex Overall, the female population, in almost every age band, is slightly higher than the male population. More noticeable is the jump between the ages of 0-19 and ages 20+. This is based on the fact that people living in the centre are predominantly working age, rather than families with children. People and Place
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Facts: Total Population of Edinburgh 2013: 237,487 As a percentage of Scotland’s total population: 9%
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Edinburgh
Edinburgh The population of Edinburgh grew rapidly in the 19th century, stabilised in the early 20th century, and then proceeded to increase again in the 1920s and 1930s. After the war, by 1961, the population was around 468,000. For 30 years after, between the 60s and 90s, Edinburgh went through a period of shrinkage with the development of new towns nearby and lost 7% of its population. From the 90s until the present day, Edinburgh has grown 9%, which is the fastest rate it has ever seen. People and Place
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5,350,000
500,000
5,300,000
490,000
480,000
5,250,000
470,000
460,000 5,150,000 450,000 5,100,000 440,000 5,050,000 430,000 5,000,000
420,000
4,950,000
410,000
4,900,000
400,000
Scotland
Edinburgh, City of
Job Sectors
Edinburgh Urbanisation
The decline in manufacturing in Edinburgh is very prominent. In 1961 manufacturing jobs constituted for a quarter of all jobs, yet by 2011, it has decreased to 4%.
Like Dublin, Edinburgh has grown steadily in the past decade. As seen in the graph above, this correlates with the growth of Scotland, with the rate of change increasing dramatically in the last ten years.
The construction sector has also declined from 8% in 1961, to 5% in 2011. Edinburgh has one of the smallest manufacturing and construction sectors in the United Kingdom. Instead, like Belfast, it has shifted to services covering financial and business services, public administration, leisure, transport and retailing. They account for 90% of all jobs in 2011 in Edinburgh.
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Edinburgh Population
Scotland Population
5,200,000
Edinburgh Population Pyramid Again, the highest contributor to the population is the age band of around 20-24 and the working age population. The band of young working age adults, 25-39, has also been the most rapidly expanding group also. In 2011, they were almost a quarter of the city’s population.
excellence and research. Another contributing factor would be the drop in jobs available due to the recession which is pushing young people to want to gain skills and knowledge which will help them in the competitive bid to get a job when there is short supply. In addition, Scotland’s reduced fees are attracting students from further afield.
The has been an increase in the number of full time students, by around 44% in the 18-74 category. The reason for this is Edinburgh’s University’s reputation and the city’s reputation as a centre of academic People and Place
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Glasgow
Facts
Glasgow’s Total Population
Total Population of Glasgow 2013: 596,550 As a percentage of Scotland’s total population: 11%
According to Richardson and Nam in “Shrinking Cities, A Global Perspective”, Glasgow is also considered to be a shrinking city, however its is not covered as a case study in the book. Glasgow’s population has increased ever so slightly in the last ten years, however, overall, the trend of Glasgow’s population has declined at a steady rate since the 1980s. The population has become younger in relation to the rest of Scotland. People and Place
Glasgow has also become less deprived in the last ten years, which helps towards the increase in population. In 2001, 53% of Glasgow’s population lived in a deprived zone, Whilst in 2011% this had reduced to 40%. This is mainly focused in the city centre and towards the east. Employment and the percentage of people who work is higher than the Scottish average , coming in at a 19% rise since 2011.
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Glasgow Population Pyramid The graph is a lot more balanced in terms of age groups living in the city. Again, the young population take up the highest percentage of the population, however, in comparison to both Dublin and Edinburgh, the number of people within the age band under 20 years of age is still relatively high.
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Conclusion of the Region’s Population Analysis In conclusion, Dublin and Edinburgh seem to have increasing populations and signs of strong urbanisation, whereas Glasgow and Belfast are in decline. In particular, Belfast faces a real challenge in sustainable urbanism due to its decrease in population, and the re-composition of religious makeup of its residents. Transport routes are not allowing for full connectivity to access “shared spaces� within the city centre, which would help to reduce the insular communities which have derived through physical and mental boundaries and territories within Belfast. In terms of the population age bands, all four cities have a high percentage of young working age people, who predominantly work in the services sectors rather than manufacturing sectors which the cities are known for.
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Migration, Ethnicity and Religion People belong to Places Hannah Watkins
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Introduction
Edinburgh Glasgow Let Glasgow Flourish 175.5 km² Belfast
Nisa Dominus Frustra 264 km² 237,487 inhabitants
596,550 inhabitants
Pro Tanto Quid Retribuamus 115 km² Dublin
281,735 inhabitants
Obedientia Civium Urbis Felicitatis 114.99 km² 527, 612 inhabitants
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Immigration
Introduction People have always moved around, and the UK in particular has always been a hotspot for immigration. Fuelled by things like trade, work and the British Empire people from all over the world have come to live and work in the UK and Ireland. 140
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Glasgow This graph shows the percentage of movement of people by ages in and out of Glasgow. From this we can conclude that there is a slight positive net migration and that the majority of people entering the city are aged between 15 and 40 years old.
Edinburgh This graph shows the percentage of movement of people by ages in and out of Edinburgh. From this we can conclude that there is a more apparent positive net migration and that there is a spike of people entering the city aged between 16 and 50 years old. People and Place
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Ethnicity
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20
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0
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Glasgow Glasgow
Edinburgh Edinburgh Edinburgh re-Think the Region
Dublin
Dublin Dublin
Not Stated Black Other ethnic groups Asian, Asian Scottish or Asian British White - Other White - Traveller White - Polish White - Irish White - Other British White - Scottish
Conclusion Like the rest of the UK we can see that the largest ethnic group is White/ White Scottish/ White Irish. It is interesting to note when comparing all these three cities, that even though they all have high levels of migration, the two Scottish cities are a lot more ethnically diverse than the two Irish cities. This is possibly due to the fact that there has traditionally always been more consistent job opportunities in Scotland.
Belfast Belfast People and Place
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Religion
Glasgow
Protestant 144
Roman Catholic
Edinburgh
Other Christian
Muslim re-Think the Region
Other
None
Not Given
Dublin
Belfast
Conclusion As expected, the Irish cities identify more strongly with religion (Roman Catholic and Protestant) than the Scottish cities. This could be due to the fact that there is a stronger Catholic presence in Ireland and you have more ethnically diverse cities in Scotland. People and Place
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Expanding Communities
Figure 1: Irish immigrants arrive at Ellis Island
“O’er the raging foam for to seek a home, on the shores of Amerikay.” The largest influx of Irish immigrants to American started during the potato famine. The immigrants came to America from two directions - transatlantic voyage to the East Coast or by land or sea from Canada and as Canada was part of Britain, after 1847, fares were 146
considerably cheaper. However, they were not welcome in America, the ‘native’ Anglo-American-Protestants were wary of these Catholic new comers, who spoke little English and had little apparent skill for work. Outcasts, Irish immigrants set up large ethnic ghettos re-Think the Region
in cities along the north eastern coast. Despite this, they has achieved what they wanted - to escape British oppression. Today there is a significant Irish community in America, the traditions and culture of a relatively small country has migrated across the water and found a new home outside of it’s native land.
Figure 2: Irish immigrants coming to America
Figure 3: Waiting at Ellis Island
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Combining Cultures
Figure 4: Award-Winning Scottish Indian Chef Tony Singh
India to Scotland Migration from India to Scotland can be traced back to the 18th century, beginning as trading ties. Some of the first migrants were stranded in Scotland, unable to find their way home. They were the servants of colonial administrators and seaman, known as Lascars, hired as cheap labour at the Indian ports. 148
Immigrants started to settle in the larger Scottish towns, Glasgow and Edinburgh, during the 1920’s and following India’s independence in 1947 more followed well into the 1950’s and 60’s. Migrants were hired in the Jute MIlls in Dundee, busses and trains in Glasgow and opened small shops and businesses all over Scotland, and a number were able to find work as doctors, nurses or teachers. re-Think the Region
Today there are more than 55,000 people of Asian origin living in Scotland, making up around 1% per cent of the total Scottish population. Indian influence in Scotland can be seen from the (supposedly) invention of one of England’s favourite national dishes, Chicken Tikka Masala and even Bollywood has chosen to shoot films in Scotland, using the mountains and and glens as a traditionally Asian backdrop.
Figure 5: Photo by Oscar Marzeroli
Italy to Scotland The Italian diaspora refers to the mass migration of Italians from Italy specifically between the Italian unification in 1961 and the rise of Fascism in the 1920s and again at the end of World War 2. Though Italian immigrants travelled all over the world, a significant number settle in Scotland.
Figure 6: Selling Ice-Cream
Since the 1890s, Italian immigrants found welcome in the growing Catholic community in Scotland. Unlike other communities which settled in a particular town or city, Italian immigrants spread out all over Scotland, making another impact with their food, setting up icecream parlours, cafes and restaurants. The Italian influence is apparent in Scotland from furniture makers to Brattisani’s in Edinburgh which laid People and Place
claim to be the oldest operational chip shop in Scotland, open from 1889 to 2004.
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Dividing Cities
Figure 7: Police surround Rangers fans after a flare is let off
More than Church: Examples of Religious Divides Football is one of Scotland’s national sports. In Glasgow there are two main teams - Rangers and Celtic. Many Irish Catholics moved into the poorer east end of Glasgow, working in industries such as mining and textiles and ports clubs provided a community centre for these immigrants. Rangers FC was the first team to be founded in 1873 and it’s rival team and is primarily a ‘Protestant’ club, Celtic, 150
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was founded just 14 years later in 1887 is, as the name suggests, a ‘Catholic’ club. The first ‘Old Firm’ match was played on 28 May 1888, Celtic beating Rangers 5-2. Secretarianism is a real issue and ingrained in football culture. Offensive language is often used on a daily basis - “Hun” and “Orange bastard” are used negatively against (perceived) Protestants and “Fenian” and “Tim” against (apparent) Catholics. This use of negative
Figure 8: Celtic and Rangers fans taunt each other.
Figure 9: The rival fans are separated by police.
Figure 10: Fans taunt each other.
stereotyping encourages divisions in the community from a young age.
between rival fans.
1999 - During an Old Firm match at Celtic Park, missiles are thrown by Celtic fans.
Age well as aggressive language, and football chants, there have been several incidents of violence in games, fuelled by religious hatred: 1909 - The Scottish Cup final between the Rangers and Celtic ends in a draw, causing a pitched battle the
1971 - 66 people die in a crush after the New Year’s Day Old Firm game, on a stairway inside Rangers’ Ibrox ground. 1980 - After Celtics win 1-0 in the Scottish Cup FInal, the rival fans have an on-pitch battle. This event leads to alcohol being banned from Scottish Football Grounds. People and Place
This segregation continues today and has been exacerbated by the internet and social media. The Scottish Government has encouraged more antisectarian lessons to be taught in schools at a young age in an attempt to solve this problem. 151
References
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List of Figures Edinburgh 1.
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Princes Street Looking West, N/A, [image online]. Available from: <http://www.edinphoto.org.uk/0_B/0_books_-_patrick_thomson_ view_album_of_edinburgh_princes_street_looking_west. htm#picture> [Accessed 10 December 2014]. Edinburgh 1575, N/A, [image online]. Available from: <http:// www.edinphoto.org.uk/0_eng_one/0_engraving_-_one_1_017_ map_of_edinburgh_1575.htm> [Accessed 10 December 2014]. Edinburgh 1647, N/A, [image online]. Available from: <http:// www.edinburgh-maps.com/> [Accessed 10 December 2014]. Prince’s Street, N/A, [image online]. Available from: <http:// www.edinburgharchitecture.co.uk/images/jpgs/princes_street_ scottmem_55.jpg> [Accessed 10 December 2014]. George Street, Edinburgh, N/A, [image online]. Available from: <http://lilinhaangel.com/2014/05/shop-till-you-drop-inedinburgh/george-street-edinburgh/> [Accessed 10 December 2014]. Usher Hall, Edinburgh, N/A, [image online]. Available from: <http://www.rsno.org.uk/contact/venues/usherhall.php> [Accessed 10 December 2014]. The Filmhouse, Edinburgh, N/A, [image online]. Available from: <http://thevendy.wordpress.com/author/thevendy/page/7/> [Accessed 10 December 2014]. Royal Lyceum Theatre, Edinburgh, N/A, [image online]. Available from: <http://www.fotoflingscotland.co.uk/Events/Theatre/ Royal-Lyceum-Theatre-Company-/Royal-Lyceum-TheatreEdinburgh/i-Xw5b7VC> [Accessed 10 December 2014].
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Glasgow and Rutherglen (no date) National Library of Scotland Pont Maps. Glasgow and Rutherglen. Available at: http://maps. nls.uk/pont/places/rutherglen.html (Accessed: 20 January 2015). Town Plans / Views, 1580-1919 (no date) National Library of Scotland Pont Maps. Map images. Available at: http://maps.nls. uk/towns/detail.cfm?id=786 (Accessed: 20 January 2015). Bartholomew Survey Atlas of Scotland, 1912 (no date) National Library of Scotland Pont Maps. Map images. Available at: http:// maps.nls.uk/atlas/bartholomew/page.cfm?id=1206 (Accessed: 20 January 2015). Queens Cross Church, Glasgow : Maryhill Building (no date). Queens Cross Church, Garscube Building – Rennie Mackintosh Glasgow. Available at: http://www.glasgowarchitecture.co.uk/ queens-cross-church (Accessed: 20 January 2015). About the Whiskey Bond (no date). About The Whisky Bond, Glasgow. Available at: http://www.thewhiskybond.co.uk/about/ (Accessed: 20 January 2015). Discover Glasgow (no date). DISCOVER GLASGOW. Available at: http://www.discoverglasgow.org/parks-ruchill-park/4578639461 (Accessed: 20 January 2015). Kelvingrove Art Gallery and Museum (no date). Art Fund. Available at: http://www.artfund.org/what-to-see/museumsand-galleries/kelvingrove-art-gallery-and-museum (Accessed: 20 January 2015). The Guardian (2014) ‘Glasgow University’s vacuous posturing | @guardianletters’, 10 October. Available at: http://www. theguardian.com/environment/2014/oct/10/glasgow-universityvacuous-posturing (Accessed: 20 January 2015). Grosvenor Cinema (no date). Gordon Barr. Available at: http:// www.scottishcinemas.org.uk/glasgow/grosvenor/ (Accessed: 20 January 2015). Shopping (no date). People Make Glasgow. Available at: http:// peoplemakeglasgow.com/things-to-do/shopping (Accessed: 20 January 2015). George Square, Glasgow (no date). Visitor rating. Available at: http://www.tripadvisor.co.uk/Attraction_Review-g186534d519802-Reviews-George_Square-Glasgow_Scotland.html (Accessed: 20 January 2015). The Lighthouse (no date). The Lighthouse Glasgow – Scotland’s Centre for Architecture. Available at: http://www. glasgowarchitecture.co.uk/lighthouse (Accessed: 20 January 2015). Willow Tea Rooms (no date). Willow Tea Rooms, Glasgow – Rennie Mackintosh Interior. Available at: http://www. glasgowarchitecture.co.uk/willow-tea-rooms (Accessed: 20 January 2015). Glasgow School of Art (no date). Glasgow School of Art – Mackintosh, GSA Building. Available at: http://www. glasgowarchitecture.co.uk/glasgow-school-of-art (Accessed: 20 January 2015). Tenement Houses (no date). 20 Jan. Available at: http://www.nts. org.uk/property/tenement-house/ (Accessed: 20 January 2015). Gallery of Modern Art, Glasgow (no date). Visitor rating. Available at: http://www.tripadvisor.co.uk/Attraction_Review-g186534d187758-Reviews-Gallery_of_Modern_Art-Glasgow_Scotland. html (Accessed: 20 January 2015). Lovely views of the Cathedral by Margaret Sainte Claire (no date). Lovely views of the Cathedral by Margaret Sainte Claire. People and Place
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Available at: http://www.glasgowcathedral.org/lovely-photo-ofthe-cathedral-by-margaret-sainte-claire/ (Accessed: 20 January 2015). Glasgow Necropolis (no date). Glasgow Guide Author. Available at: http://www.glasgowguide.co.uk/Glasgow%20Necropolis/ Glasgow%20Necropolis%20032.htm (Accessed: 20 January 2015). The Peoples Palace (no date). Last modified 19 October 2009. Available at: http://www.victorianweb.org/art/architecture/ glasgow/1.html (Accessed: 20 January 2015). West Beer Brewery (no date). Fairweather Web Ltd. Available at: https://www.westbeer.com/templeton/ (Accessed: 20 January 2015). Southside Festival brings fun in the sun (no date). May 30, 2012 by Grace Franklin. Available at: http://www.localnewsglasgow. co.uk/2012/05/southside-festival-brings-fun-in-the-sun/ (Accessed: 20 January 2015). Hidden Gardens, Glasgow (no date). Scottish Arts Council Archive - Hidden Gardens. Available at: http://www.scottisharts. org.uk/1/artsinscotland/lotteryandthearts/capitalprojects/ archive/hiddengardens.aspx (Accessed: 20 January 2015). House for an Art Lover (no date). House for an Art Lover – Mackintosh Glasgow. Available at: http://www. glasgowarchitecture.co.uk/house-for-an-art-lover (Accessed: 20 January 2015).
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Dublin
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“PLACE Blog: Titanic: An Emerging Urban Quarter.” Accessed January 20, 2015. http://blog.placeni.org/2012/04/titanicemerging-urban-quarter-mini.html. “Belfast OS Map 1895-1905”- From Queen’s Univerisy Belfast Students “Belfast, North Ireland – The Birthplace of Titanic | Tourist Destinations,” accessed January 20, 2015, http://www.touristdestinations.net/2015/01/belfast-north-ireland-the-birthplaceof-titanic.html. “Belfast Opera” relevant searchscotland.com, http://www.relevantsearchscotland.co.uk/europeanholidays/ tours/Belfast.html “Belfast City Centre Management City Hall Grounds to Temporarily Close,” accessed January 20, 2015, http://www. belfastcentre.com/city-hall-grounds-to-temporarily-close/. “BBC - History - Ulster Hall 150.” Accessed January 20, 2015. http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/places/ulster_hall. Belfast-tours, “ALBERT MEMORIAL CLOCK | City Sightseeing Belfast,” accessed January 20, 2015, http://www.citytoursbelfast. com/sightseeing/albert-memorial-clock/. Patrick Comerford, “Patrick Comerford: An Afternoon Filled with Light in Saint Anne’s Cathedral, Belfast,” accessed January 20, 2015, http://www.patrickcomerford.com/2013/09/anafternoon-filled-with-light-in-saint.html. “Interstudy Locations Featured on The Amazing Race,” Interstudy Study Abroad, accessed January 20, 2015, https://interstudyblog. wordpress.com/2013/05/03/interstudy-locations-featured-onthe-amazing-race/. “Francis Pym: Ulster Museum, Belfast - Tesserae,” Archiseek.com, accessed January 20, 2015, http://archiseek.com/2007/francispym-ulster-museum-belfast/. “Lyric Theatre in Belfast by O’Donnell & Tuomey,” www.bdonline. co.uk, accessed January 20, 2015, http://www.bdonline. co.uk/lyric-theatre-in-belfast-by-o%E2%80%99donnell-andtuomey/5019844.article. “Belfast City, County Antrim Home of Titanic Belfast,” Ireland. com, accessed January 20, 2015, http://www.ireland.com/en-us/ destinations/northern-ireland/county-antrim/Belfast/articles/ belfast-city/. “Ulster Orchestra - Culture in Belfast,” accessed January 20, 2015, http://www.inyourpocket.com/northern-ireland/Belfast/culturesport/concerts/Ulster-Orchestra_28737v. “Titanic Quarter,” titanicquarter.com, accessed January 20, 2015, http://www.titanic-quarter.com/ Marijke Steedman, “The 10 Best Murals,” The Guardian, accessed January 20, 2015, http://www.theguardian.com/culture/2014/ dec/12/the-10-best-murals. “Neutral Murals in Belfast,” About.com Travel, accessed January 20, 2015, http://goireland.about.com/od/belfastcity/ig/NeutralMurals-in-Belfast/Taxi-Tour-Mural.htm. “Feile an Phobail Festival,” artscouncil-ni.org, accessed January 20, 2015, http://www.artscouncil-ni.org/showcasing-the-arts/ article/northern-ireland/bigger-and-better-feile-an-phobailturns-26
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Dublin 1610. Wikimedia, N/A [image online]. Available from: <http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/Dublin_ in_1610_-_reprint_of_1896.jpg> [Accessed 8 October 2014]. Dublin 1797. Wikimedia, N/A [image online]. Available from: <http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/Dublin_ in_1610_-_reprint_of_1896.jpg> [Accessed 8 October 2014]. Irish Film Centre. O’Donnell and Tuomey, 1992 [image online]. Available from: <http://www.odonnell-tuomey.ie/webpage/ images/ifc/ifc_i2.jpg> [Accessed 8 October 2014]. The Temple Bar. Wikimedia, N/A [image online]. Available from: <http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/Temple_ bar_dublin.jpg> [Accessed 8 October 2014]. The Ark. Architravel, 2013 [image online]. Available from: <http://www.architravel.com/pointofview/pointofview_wp/ wp-content/uploads/2013/05/The-Ark-in-Temple-Bar-DublinShane-OToole-and-Michael-Kelly-for-Group-91-Architects_7. jpg> [Accessed 8 October 2014]. Castle. Flikr, N/A [image online]. Available from: <http:// farm2.static.flickr.com/1281/568598542_bab721db1d_m.jpg> [Accessed 8 October 2014]. Christchurch Cathedral. Blogspot, N/A [image online]. Available from: <http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-5nMIHseAx8Y/TqfrJUa_-RI/ AAAAAAAAAu4/wRiTGPfUzxA/s1600/Christchurch-Dublin.jpg> [Accessed 8 October 2014]. City Wall. Dublin City Council, N/A [image online]. Available from: <http://www.dublincity.ie/sites/default/files/content/ Planning/PublishingImages/J0221700029.jpg> [Accessed 8 October 2014]. Merrion Square. Wikimedia, N/A [image online]. Available from: <http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ a5/Merrion_Square,_Dublin,_Ireland.jpg> [Accessed 8 October 2014]. Natural History Museum. Blogabond, N/A [image online]. Available from: <http://img2.blogabond.com/ UserPhotos/6920/800/1400800469-80f205b7f7.jpg> [Accessed 8 October 2014]. Trinity College. Panoramio, N/A [image online]. Available from: <http://static.panoramio.com/photos/large/8835866.jpg> [Accessed 8 October 2014]. Tivoli Theatre. The Liberty, 2013 [image online]. Available from: <http://www.theliberty.ie/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/ IMG_05411.jpg> [Accessed 8 October 2014]. Iveagh Market. Tripadvisor, N/A [image online]. Available from: <http://media-cdn.tripadvisor.com/media/photo-s/06/c3/e6/b4/ dublin-antique-quarter.jpg> [Accessed 8 October 2014].
14. Francis Street. Flikr, N/A [image online]. Available from: <https:// www.flickr.com/photos/infomatique/7599757708/> [Accessed 8 October 2014]. 15. Iveagh Trust Buildings. Flikr, N/A [image online]. Available from: < https://www.flickr.com/photos/124185156@ N02/14658295850/in/> [Accessed 8 October 2014]. 16. Dublin Corporation Market. Flikr, N/A [image online]. Available from: <https://www.flickr.com/photos/ynyseire/2261258594/> [Accessed 8 October 2014]. 17. Collins Barracks. Flikr, N/A [image online]. Available from:
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<https://www.flickr.com/photos/53911058@N04/12658253644/ in/> [Accessed 8 October 2014]. 18. Jameson’s Distillery. Ballsbridge Hotel, N/A [image online]. Available from: <http://www.ballsbridgehotel.com/upload/ sequencer_images/Jameson-Distillery.jpg> [Accessed 8 October 2014]. 19. Smithfield. Panaramio, N/A [image online]. Available from: <http://commondatastorage.googleapis.com/static.panoramio. com/photos/original/74958905.jpg> [Accessed 8 October 2014]. 20. Observation Tower. Wikimedia, N/A [image online]. Available from: <http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/ Smithfield_Market_Dublin_Chimney_Observation_Lift_Elevator. jpg> [Accessed 8 October 2014].
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‘Edinburgh Castle from the Grassmarket’ by George Washington Wilson (1823-1893), N/A, [image online]. Available from: <http://www.mydestination.com/edinburgh/travelarticles/721398/the-dark-past-of-edinburghs-grassmarket> [Accessed 23 December 2014]. Grassmarket Today, N/A, [image online]. Available from: <http:// www.greatergrassmarket.co.uk/addons/shared_addons/ themes/marketspan/img/backgrounds/bg-003-1920-1080.jpg> [Accessed 23 December 2014]. Old Housing, Cowgate, (1890), N/A, [image online]. Available from: <http://www.edinphoto.org.uk/0_eng_one_2/0_ engraving_-_one_2_244_cowgate.htm> [Accessed 23 December 2014]. Cowgate Today, N/A, [image online]. Available from: <http:// fc07.deviantart.net/fs70/i/2014/032/0/2/cowgate__edinburgh__ by_estruda-d74m41m.jpg> [Accessed 24 December 2014]. St. Giles Cathedral Today, N/A, [image online]. Available from: <http://www.123royalmile.com/sites/default/files/homepage1_0. jpg> [Accessed 23 December 2014]. Writers’ museum, Lawnmarket, N/A, [image online]. Available from: <http://www.edinphoto.org.uk/0_buildings_s/0_ buildings_-_writers_museum_110404_looking_down_1024.jpg> [Accessed 23 December 2014]. Royal Mile, Edinburgh,N/A, [image online]. Available from: <http://www.dudleymall.co.uk/loclhist/rayner/louiseinscotland. htm> [Accessed 23 December 2014]. Writers’ museum, Road sign, N/A, [image online]. Available from: <http://europeupclose.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/ Writers_Museum_Sign.jpg> [Accessed 23 December 2014]. Prince’s Street, Edinburgh,N/A, [image online]. Available from: <http://www.visitdunkeld.com/old-photographs-edinburghscotland.html> [Accessed 23 December 2014]. Prince’s Street shoppers, Edinburgh,N/A, [image online]. Available from: <http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fd/ Princes_Street,_Edinburgh.jpg> [Accessed 23 December 2014]. Sauchiehall Street, Glasgow (1905), N/A, [image online]. Available from: <http://www.glasgowhistory.com/wp-content/ uploads/2010/03/Sauchiehall-Street-West-of-Hope-StreetGlasgow.jpg> [Accessed 28 December 2014]. Sauchiehall Street Today, Glasgow, N/A, [image online]. Available from: <http://photoeverywhere.co.uk/britain/glasgow/ sauchiehall_street.jpg> [Accessed 28 December 2014]. High Street, Glasgow (1955), N/A, [image online]. Available from: <http://www.theglasgowstory.com/images/TGSE01321_m.jpg> [Accessed 28 December 2014]. Goods Yard, High Street, Glasgow (1955), N/A, [image online]. Available from: <http://www.theglasgowstory.com/images/ TGSE01037_m.jpg> [Accessed 28 December 2014]. High Street Today, Glasgow, N/A, [image online]. Available from: <http://www.highstreetuk.com/glasgow/Glasgow_high_street. jpeg> [Accessed 28 December 2014]. Glasgow Collegeland development, N/A, [image online]. Available from: <http://www.collegelands-glasgow.co.uk/images/artist_ impression.jpg> [Accessed 28 December 2014]. Shankill, Belfast, (1977), N/A, [image online]. Available from: <http://cdn4.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/incoming/article29130592. ece/d056b/ALTERNATES/h342/t.%20Shankill%20_2.jpg> [Accessed 17 January 2015].
Communities 18. Shankill Bombing, Belfast (1993), N/A, [image online]. Available from: <http://cdn1.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/local-national/ northern-ireland/article29641247.ece/5332d/ALTERNATES/ h342/NWS_20131008_NEW_002_29198037_I1.JPG> [Accessed 17 January 2015]. 19. Riots, Crumlin Street (1970), N/A, [image online]. Available from: <http://photosales.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/cache/beltel/83/bf/45 /33ebf2ef6ab660e8942ff026fb.jpg> [Accessed 17 January 2015]. 20. Crumlin Road Gaol, as a museum today , N/A, [image online]. Available from: <http://visit-belfast.com/things-to-do/member/ crumlin-road-gaol> [Accessed 17 January 2015]. 21. Fishamble Street, 18th Century, N/A, [image online]. Available from: <http://www.cmc.ie/articles/article387.html> [Accessed 6 January 2015]. 22. Neal’s New Musick Hall, Fishamble Street, N/A, [image online]. Available from: <https://c2.staticflickr.com/8/7242/7397073186_ 193b702b4e_z.jpg> [Accessed 6 January 2015]. 23. Waste ground and ruins, Cook Street (1913), N/A, [image online]. Available from: <http://dublincitypubliclibraries.com/ content/026cookstreet> [Accessed 6 January 2015]. 24. Medieval walls, Cook Street, N/A, [image online]. Available from: <https://c1.staticflickr.com/5/4140/4790090208_4a1f12ed1b_b. jpg> [Accessed 6 January 2015]. 25. Dame Street, Dublin (1950), N/A, [image online]. Available from: <http://www.irishhistorylinks.net/pages/OldDublin/ DameStreet1952.jpg> [Accessed 6 January 2015]. 26. Occupy Dame Street, Dublin, N/A, [image online]. Available from: <http://static3.demotix.com/sites/default/files/imagecache/a_ scale_large/1000-2/photos/1327441599-occupy-dame-streetcontinues-anglo-bank-protest--dublin_1017302.jpg> [Accessed 6 January 2015].
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People and Place
Independent Label Market. Baad Glasgow, 2013 [image online]. Available from: <http://www.baadglasgow.com/wp-content/ uploads/2013/11/fb_1380817_715176941843003_259915439_n. jpg> [Accessed 10 November 2014]. Sub Club. List, 2008 [image online]. Available from: <https:// files.list.co.uk/images/2008/05/22/subclub-lp.jpg> [Accessed 10 November 2014]. The Arches. Wordpress, 2010 [image online]. Available from: <http://prettyuglyclub.files.wordpress.com/2010/10/na72.jpg> [Accessed 10 November 2014]. Barrowland. Blogspot, N/A [image online]. Available from: <http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-dGL4r2UA7ME/UoN4iQab65I/ AAAAAAAACio/mV_QIjho8UE/s1600/beadyeye%23glasgow%23 barrowlands.jpg> [Accessed 10 November 2014]. Brazen Studios. Flikr, N/A [image online]. Available from: <http:// farm4.staticflickr.com/3725/10726213844_cc64e42f17_z.jpg> [Accessed 10 November 2014]. Glasgow School of Art. Glasgow Architecture, N/A [image online]. Available from: <http://www.glasgowarchitecture.co.uk/images/ jpgs/glasgow_school_art_zma181108_4.jpg> [Accessed 10 November 2014]. Roger Billcliffe Gallery. Craft Scotland, N/A [image online]. Available from: <http://www.craftscotland.org/_/imageserver/ resources/fileupload/galleries/roger_billcliffe_gallery/459.jpg> [Accessed 10 November 2014]. The Lighthouse. The Lighthouse, N/A [image online]. Available from: <http://www.thelighthouse.co.uk/LHA-Files/MAKLab_ Workshop.jpg> [Accessed 10 November 2014]. Merchant Square. Liquorice Media, N/A [image online]. Available from: <http://www.liquorice-media.com/files/Market%20 Merchant%20Square%20resize.jpg> [Accessed 10 November 2014]. Barras Market. Blogspot, N/A [image online]. Available from: <http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-sv3Ve5r0n5g/UNhSj-vY5MI/ AAAAAAAAGmA/VAFxvZBgWqY/s1600/Barras_on_Gallowgate. jpg> [Accessed 10 November 2014]. St. Enoch Square. Geograph, N/A [image online]. Available from: <http://s0.geograph.org.uk/geophotos/02/72/08/2720829_ be3acb37.jpg> [Accessed 10 November 2014]. Farmer’s Market. Wordpress, 2012 [image online]. Available from: <http://scotslarder.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/img_0072.jpg> [Accessed 10 November 2014]. The Bongo Club. Zone Architects, 2012 [image online]. Available from: <http://www.zonearchitects.co.uk/wp-content/ uploads/2012/12/Bongo-Club.jpg> [Accessed 10 November 2014]. Bedlam Theatre. Flikr, N/A [image online]. Available from: <http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3582/3473177971_bc5de273cc. jpg> [Accessed 10 November 2014]. Sneaky Pete’s. DIY Magazine, N/A [image online]. Available from: <http://diymag.com/archive/diy-local-edinburgh-cabaretvoltaire-sneaky-petes-dfrnt> [Accessed 10 November 2014]. The Stand. List, 2010 [image online]. Available from: <https:// files.list.co.uk/images/2010/01/18/the-stand-30-LST033167.jpg> [Accessed 10 November 2014]. Dovecot Studios. Wilde Thyme, N/A [image online]. Available from: <http://www.wilde-thyme.co.uk/sites/default/files/ dovecot%20studios%202.jpg> [Accessed 10 December 2014]. 157
Immigration, Ethnicity and Religion 18. Beaverhall Art Studios. Craft Scotland, N/A [image online]. Available from: <http://www.craftscotland.org/craft-news/craftnews/news-article.html?craft-tourism-experiences-introducingcyan-clayworks&document_id=1777> [Accessed 10 December 2014]. 19. Edinburgh College of Art. Wordpress, 2012 [image online]. Available from: <http://andreabeveridgejackalleg.files.wordpress. com/2012/04/p1110809.jpg> [Accessed 10 December 2014]. 20. Farmer’s Market. Wordpress, 2013 [image online]. Available from: <http://everythinglooksrosie.files.wordpress.com/2013/11/ img_2888.jpg > [Accessed 10 December 2014]. 21. Tram Stop Market. List, N/A [image online]. Available from: <https://files.list.co.uk/images/t/photo-88-lst128163.jpg> [Accessed 10 December 2014]. 22. Out of the Blue. Wordpress, 2013 [image online]. Available from: <http://everythinglooksrosie.files.wordpress.com/2013/10/ img_1980.jpg> [Accessed 10 December 2014]. 23. Grassmarket. Tripadvisor, N/A [image online]. Available from: <http://media-cdn.tripadvisor.com/media/photos/05/48/8b/04/grassmarket.jpg> [Accessed 10 December 2014]. 24. Harp Bar. Gigging, NI, 2014 [image online]. Available from: <http://www.giggingni.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/asj1. png> [Accessed 10 December 2014]. 25. Kelly’s Cellars. Blogger at Large, N/A [image online]. Available from: <http://www.bloggeratlarge.com/wp-content/uploads/ Kellys-cellars.jpg> [Accessed 10 December 2014]. 26. An Cultúrlann. An Droichead, 2011 [image online]. Available from: <http://www.androichead.com/wp-content/ uploads/2011/10/c-lann.jpg> [Accessed 10 December 2014]. 27. Duke of York. Everett Potter, 2013 [image online]. Available from: <http://www.everettpotter.com/wp-content/ uploads/2013/03/23JulieMaris-Semel20121104BEL_7718.jpg> [Accessed 10 December 2014]. 28. ReFound. Wordpress, 2013 [image online]. Available from: <http://thepatchworkquill.files.wordpress. com/2013/07/20130704_145510.jpg> [Accessed 10 December 2014]. 29. Belfast Print Workshop. API, N/A [image online]. Available from: <http://api.ning.com/files/> [Accessed 10 December 2014]. 30. The Dock Market. The Dock, N/A [image online]. Available from: <http://www.the-dock.org/blog/market/#jp-carousel-10788> [Accessed 10 December 2014]. 31. Belfast Continental Market. Belfast Telegraph, N/A [image online]. Available from: <http://photosales.belfasttelegraph. co.uk/cache/beltel/48/d1/bd/acb35909b470c98ca4025a08dc. jpg> [Accessed 10 December 2014]. 32. St. George’s Market. Wikimedia, 2009 [image online]. Available from: <http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ ec/St_Georges_Market,_Belfast_(01),_December_2009.JPG> [Accessed 10 December 2014]. 33. Fine and Dandy Market. Belfast City Council, N/A [image online]. Available from: <http://www.belfastcity.gov.uk/web/ MultimediaFiles/Main_FineDandyMarket241482_4584.jpg> [Accessed 10 December 2014]. 34. Temple Bar Book Market. Eve Anderson, N/A [image online]. Available from: <http://www.eveandersson.com/photos/ireland/ dublin-temple-bar-temple-bar-square-book-market-large.jpg> [Accessed 12 October 2014]. 158
35. The Old Library. Buzzfeed, 2014 [image online]. Available from: <http://www.buzzfeed.com/julieblattberg/18-reasons-to-loveliterary-dublin-8bg0#.tm5ae46eev> [Accessed 12 October 2014]. 36. Oscar Wilde Monument. Buzzfeed, 2014 [image online]. Available from: <http://www.buzzfeed.com/julieblattberg/18-reasons-tolove-literary-dublin-8bg0#.tm5ae46eev> [Accessed 12 October 2014]. 37. Sweny’s Chemists. Buzzfeed, 2014 [image online]. Available from: <http://www.buzzfeed.com/julieblattberg/18-reasons-tolove-literary-dublin-8bg0#.tm5ae46eev> [Accessed 12 October 2014]. 38. The LAB. Orla Whelan, 2010 [image online]. Available from: <http://www.orlawhelan.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/ Trapezium-by-Jeco-Sword-The-Lab-Dublin-2008.-Work-by-OrlaWhelan-Janine-Davidson-Sinead-O-Reilly-Clodagh-Emoe-atevent-by-Clodagh-Emoe.jpg> [Accessed 12 October 2014]. 39. NCAD. Mola Architecture, N/A [image online]. Available from: <http://www.molaarchitecture.com/images/projects/HarryClarke-NCAD/953-02.jpg > [Accessed 12 October 2014]. 40. Temple Bar Gallery. Flikr, N/A [image online]. Available from: <https://www.flickr.com/photos/milov/7161341920/in/> [Accessed 12 October 2014]. 41. St. Stephen’s Green. Flikr, N/A [image online]. Available from: <https://farm8.staticflickr.com/7280/7434920110_5744a43ace. jpg> [Accessed 12 October 2014]. 42. Moore Street Market. Wikimedia, N/A [image online]. Available from: <http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/ Moore_Street_market,_Dublin.jpg> [Accessed 12 October 2014]. 43. Dublin Corporation Market. Dublin City Public Libraries, N/A [image online]. Available from: <http://dublincitypubliclibraries. com/image/view/1058/_original> [Accessed 12 October 2014]. 44. Cow’s Lane Market. Temple Bar Blog, N/A [image online]. Available from: <http://blog.templebar.ie/wp-content/DesignerMart-at-Cows-Lane-2.jpg> [Accessed 12 October 2014]. 45. Ha’Penny Market. The Life of Stuff, 2014 [image online]. Available from: <http://www.thelifeofstuff.com/wp-content/ uploads/2014/01/The-HaPenny-Flea-Market.jpg> [Accessed 12 October 2014].
re-Think the Region
Irish immigrants arrive at Ellis Island (no date). Wed, Nov 2, 2011, 15:05. Available at: http://www.irishtimes.com/blogs/ generationemigration/2011/11/02/traditions-of-emigration-theirish-habit-of-going-away/ (Accessed: 26 January 2015). 2. Irish immigrants coming to America (no date). New York City Staten Island Unmarked Burial Ground For Thousands Of Irish Immigrants. Available at: http://www.davidmixner.com/2013/05/ new-york-city-staten-island-unmarked-burial-ground-forthousands-of-irish-immigrants.html (Accessed: 26 January 2015). 3. Waiting at Ellis Island. Available at: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/ news/article-2408591/American-ethnicity-map-shows-meltingpot-ethnicities-make-USA-today.html (Accessed: 26 January 2015). 4. Award-Winning Scottish Indian Chef Tony Singh (2012) ‘Celebrate Burns Night and Rabindranath Tagore anniversary with indian haggis’, 25 January. Available at: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/ foodanddrink/recipes/9037965/Celebrate-Burns-Night-andRabindranath-Tagore-anniversary-with-indian-haggis.html (Accessed: 25 January 2015). 5. Photographs by Oscar Marzaroli (2012) ‘What have the Italians ever done for us?’, 26 September. Available at: http://www.bbc. co.uk/news/uk-scotland-south-scotland-19624507 (Accessed: 25 January 2015). 6. Selling Ice-Cream (2012) ‘What have the Italians ever done for us?’, 26 September. Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/ukscotland-south-scotland-19624507 (Accessed: 25 January 2015). 7. Police surround Rangers fans after a flare is let off (no date). John Dingwall. Available at: http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/ news/scottish-news/pictures-sectarianism-flares-smokebombs-3472041 (Accessed: 25 January 2015). 8. Celtic and Ranger fans taunt each other, The Guardian, 6 March. Available at: http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2011/mar/06/oldfirm-matches-glasgow-violence (Accessed: 25 January 2015). 9. The rival fans are separated by police (no date). Is sectarianism really dying? - The Irish Post. Available at: http://www.irishpost. co.uk/sport/sectarianism-in-scotland-may-be-dying-but-thesectarian-industry-is-thriving (Accessed: 25 January 2015). 10. Taunting at a match., The Guardian, 8 March. Available at: http:// www.theguardian.com/uk/2011/mar/08/celtic-rangers-old-firmviolence (Accessed: 25 January 2015). 1.
Bibliography Glasgow and Migration, Ethnicity and Religion
Dublin & Communities
Population
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All images in this section are produced using information provided by statistics from government websites. The resources used are listed below:
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Meighan, M. (2014) Glasgow: a history. United Kingdom: Amberley Publishing. Neighbourhoods & Districts (no date). People Make Glasgow. Available at: http://peoplemakeglasgow.com/discover/ neighbourhoods-districts (Accessed: 20 January 2015). Robert, C. (2013) On Glasgow and Edinburgh. United States: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. The Glasgow Story (no date). TheGlasgowStory. Available at: http://www.theglasgowstory.com/ (Accessed: 20 January 2015).
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Edinburgh & Routes Online Sources •
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SHINKICKER. Famous Streets in Scotland : The Cowgate in Edinburgh [online] N/A. Available from: http://shinkicker. hubpages.com/hub/Famous-Places-in-Scotland-The-Cowgatein-Edinburgh [Accessed 10 December 2014]. Scotland’s National Tourist Organisation. Royal Mile and Grassmarket [online] N/A. Available from: http://www. visitscotland.com/info/towns-villages/royal-mile-andgrassmarket-p918401 [Accessed 10 December 2014]. Edinburgh-Sites. History of Prince’s Street [online] N/A. Available from: http://www.princes-street.com/history.html [Accessed 14 December 2014]. N/A. Did You Know? - Sauchiehall Street, Glasgow [online] N/A. Available from: http://www.rampantscotland.com/know/blknow_ sauchie.htm [Accessed 12 December 2014]. BLAIKIE, Gerald. Merchant City - Old Glasgow Sights [online] N/A. Available from: http://www.scotcities.com/merchant.htm [Accessed 12 December 2014]. N/A. Historical Ulster: Shankill Road, from the Belfast Telegraph Archives [online] N/A. Available from: http://www. belfasttelegraph.co.uk/life/archive/places/historical-ulstershankill-road-from-the-belfast-telegraph-archives-29125413. html [Accessed 12 December 2014]. Documentary on One. Fishamble Street Then and Now [online] N/A. Available from:http://www.rte.ie/radio1/ doconone/2011/0412/646676-radio-documentary-fishamblestreet-then-and-now/ [Accessed 12 December 2014]. Visit Belfast. Crumlin Road Gaol [online] N/A. Available from:http://visit-belfast.com/things-to-do/member/crumlinroad-gaol [Accessed 12 December 2014].
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BRADY, Helen. Celebrating Northern Irish Art: Belfast’s Top Ten Art Galleries [online]. The Culture Trip, N/A. Available from: <http://theculturetrip.com/europe/united-kingdom/northernireland/articles/celebrating-northern-irish-art-belfast-s-top-tenart-galleries-/> [Accessed 14 October 2014]. BLATTENBER, Julie. 18 Reasons To Love Literary Dublin [online]. Buzzfeed, 2014. Available from: <http://www.buzzfeed.com/ julieblattberg/18-reasons-to-love-literary-dublin-8bg0#. tm5ae46eev> [Accessed 14 October 2014]. CUNNINGHAM, Eleanor. Celebrating Irish Art: The Best Contemporary Art Galleries in Dublin [online]. The Culture Trip, N/A. Available from: <http://theculturetrip.com/europe/ ireland/articles/celebrating-irish-art-the-best-contemporary-artgalleries-in-dublin/> [Accessed 14 October 2014]. JACKMAN, Neil. Viking and Medieval Dublin, City Tour [online]. Time Travel Ireland, 2013. Available from: <http:// timetravelireland.blogspot.co.uk/2013/05/viking-and-medievaldublin-city-tour.html> [Accessed 14 October 2014].N/A. Glasgow’s top markets [online]. Euro-Hostels, N/A. Available from: <http://www.euro-hostels.co.uk/hostel-news/2854_ glasgows-top-markets> [Accessed 14 October 2014]. N/A. Edinburgh markets: a guide to rummaging around [online]. Euro-Hostels, N/A. Available from: <http://www.euro-hostels. co.uk/hostel-news/2732_edinburgh-markets-a-guide-torummaging-around> [Accessed 14 October 2014]. N/A. Traditional Music Sessions [online]. Visit Belfast, N/A. Available from: <http://visit-belfast.com/whats-on/event/ traditional-music-sessions> [Accessed 14 October 2014]. N/A. Art Galleries and Visual Arts [online]. Cathedral Quarter, N/A. Available from: <http://www.thecathedralquarter.com/ about.aspx?level=3&title=Art%20Galleries%20and%20 Visual%20Arts&id=3035> [Accessed 14 October 2014]. N/A. Francis Street Association [online]. Arts and Antiques Quarter, N/A. Available from: <http://www. artsandantiquesquarter.ie/> [Accessed 14 October 2014].
Dublin census.cso.ie/sapmap/ www.cso.ie/en/census2011reports Belfast www.nisra.go.uk/ www.ninis2.nisra.gov.uk/ Glasgow www.scotland.gov.uk/ www.gro-scotland.gov.uk/statistics/ www.sns.gov.uk/ glasgow.gov.uk/ www.scrol.gov.uk/ Edinburgh www. Comparison www.cityopulation.de.search http://www.pwc.co.uk/government-public-sector/good-growth/ Harry W. Richardson and Chang Woon Nam, Shrinking Cities: A Global Perspective (Routledge, 2014).
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KEIR, David. The City of Edinburgh: Statistical Account of Scotland. Collins, 1966.
People and Place
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Belfast City Council (no date) Belfast Coat of Arms. Belfast Coat of Arms - Belfast City Council. Available at: http://www. belfastcity.gov.uk/tourism-venues/cityhall/coatofarms.aspx (Accessed: 25 January 2015). County Dublin CIty (no date). MetaTitle. Available at: http:// census.cso.ie/sapmap2011/Results.aspx?Geog_Type=CTY (Accessed: 26 January 2015). County Dublin City (CSO Area Code CTY 02) (no date). @@ (metaTitle)@@. Available at: http://census.cso.ie/sapmap2011/ Results.aspx?Geog_Type=CTY (Accessed: 26 January 2015). Gillan, A. (2002) ‘From Bangladesh to Brick Lane’, The Guardian, 21 June. Available at: http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2002/ jun/21/religion.bangladesh (Accessed: 25 January 2015). Glasgow City Council (2013) 2011 CENSUS – KEY STATISTICS. Available at: https://glasgow.gov.uk/CHttpHandler. ashx?id=17543 (Accessed: 25 January 2015). Glasgow City Council (2013) Population by Ethnicity in Glasgow Estimates of Changes 2001-2011 for Strategic Planning Areas and Neighbourhoods. Available at: https://glasgow.gov.uk/ CHttpHandler.ashx?id=17783 (Accessed: 25 January 2015). Glasgow City Council (2014) City Ward Factsheets 2014, Glasgow City Council. Available at: https://glasgow.gov.uk/CHttpHandler. ashx?id=3543 (Accessed: 25 January 2015). History (no date). History. Available at: http://www.scotsitalian. com/history.htm (Accessed: 25 January 2015). India and Scotland (no date). Scotland.org. Available at: http:// www.scotland.org/features/india-and-scotland/ (Accessed: 25 January 2015). Irish Americans (no date). Dec 15, 2009 @ 4:16 pm. Available at: http://www.everyculture.com/multi/Ha-La/Irish-Americans.html (Accessed: 26 January 2015). Irish immigration to America 1846 to the early 20th century (no date). Irish immigration to America: how and where Irish immigrants to America arrived 1846 to the early 20th century. Available at: http://www.irish-genealogy-toolkit.com/Irishimmigration-to-America.html (Accessed: 26 January 2015). Irish Potato Famine (no date). The History Place - Irish Potato Famine: Gone to America. Available at: http://www.historyplace. com/worldhistory/famine/america.htm (Accessed: 26 January 2015). Irish Times (no date) Time to tell Dublin’s old motto: ‘You’re fired’. Thu, Oct 9, 2014, 01:00 First published: Thu, Oct 9, 2014, 01:00. Available at: http://www.irishtimes.com/culture/heritage/ time-to-tell-dublin-s-old-motto-you-re-fired-1.1956569 (Accessed: 25 January 2015). McVeigh, T. (2011) ‘Divisions in Glasgow go well beyond football’, The Guardian, 6 March. Available at: http://www. theguardian.com/uk/2011/mar/06/old-firm-matches-glasgowviolence (Accessed: 25 January 2015). McVeigh, T. (2011) ‘Divisions in Glasgow go well beyond football’, The Guardian, 6 March. Available at: http://www. theguardian.com/uk/2011/mar/06/old-firm-matches-glasgowviolence (Accessed: 25 January 2015). Mid-2013 Population Estimates Scotland (no date). 2014-04-16 00:00:00. Available at: http://www.gro-scotland.gov.uk/statistics/ theme/population/estimates/mid-year/mid-2013/index.html (Accessed: 25 January 2015).
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National Records of Scotland (2014) Glasgow City Council Area - Demographic Factsheet. Available at: http://www.gro-scotland. gov.uk/files2/stats/council-area-data-sheets/glasgow-cityfactsheet.pdf (Accessed: 25 January 2015). Nil By Mouth (no date) History of sectarianism. History of sectarianism. Available at: http://nilbymouth.org/resources/ history/ (Accessed: 25 January 2015). NINIS (no date) Ethnic Group: KS201NI (administrative geographies). Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency. Available at: http://www.ninis2.nisra.gov.uk/public/SearchResults. aspx (Accessed: 26 January 2015). Religious gap in Northern Ireland closing: census (no date). Religious gap in Northern Ireland �closing�: census - Northern Ireland News. Available at: http://www.4ni.co.uk/northern_ ireland_news.asp?id=6135 (Accessed: 26 January 2015). Scottish Government (2011) Religion. Scotland’s Census 2011. Available at: http://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/odsvisualiser/#view=religionChart (Accessed: 26 January 2015). The experience of Italian immigrants (no date). Italian immigrants. Available at: http://www.educationscotland. gov.uk/higherscottishhistory/migrationandempire/ experienceofimmigrants/italian.asp (Accessed: 25 January 2015). TheGlasgowStory (no date). TheGlasgowStory. Available at: http://www.theglasgowstory.com/image.php?inum=TGSA05045 (Accessed: 25 January 2015). The Scotsman (no date) Edinburgh’s Motto. BT Sport Q&A. Available at: http://www.scotsman.com/news/edinburgh-smotto-1-1225063 (Accessed: 25 January 2015). Total Migration To or From an Area (no date). General Register Office for Scotland - Total Migration To or From an Area. Available at: http://gro-scotland.gov.uk/statistics/theme/ migration/mig-stats/total.html (Accessed: 26 January 2015). Territoriality and Sectarianism in Glasgow (no date). Available at: https://www.educationscotland.gov.uk/Images/Territoriality_and_ Sectarianism_in_Glasgow_-_Report_tcm4-584986.pdf (Accessed: 25 January 2015).
re-Think the Region
People and Place
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