Re-think the Region: Volume 2 - Social and Economic Landscapes by Jamie Brown

Social and Economic Landscapes Economic Profile Life Expectancy Independence Conflicts Employment Education Nicholas Lo Dianna Tang

Economic Profile

Edinburgh - Economic Profile Capital Economy Edinburgh enjoys the UK’s strongest city economy and transport mix outside London, alongside excellent communications networks, property investment opportunites, a rich creative environment and an excellent quality of life. Financial Times Magazine has named Edinburgh as the “Best Mid-Sized European City of the Future” and “Best Foreign Direct Investment Strategy” for 2014 - 2015. • Population of Edinburgh was estimated at 476,600 in 2011 • Second highest Gross Value Added (GVA) per resident in UK, with the average being £34,178. • Employment rate for the city stands at 73.6%, which is higher than the rate for Scotland as a whole. • Edinburgh is second to London in average gross annual earnings per resident in UK, with an average salary of £ 27,800

Edinburgh is one of the fastest growing and most productive cities in the UK. It is the most prosperous city outside London, but offers significantly lower labour and property costs than London and the south-east. Unemployment in the city has been consistently low, and the economic activity rate is higher than Scotland as a whole. The city regularly ranks highly for investment attractiveness, financial services competitiveness, commerce and conference hosting while productivity per head at £30,620 outperforms the Scottish and UK average.

• Although both the Scottish and UK economy grew in the first quarter of 2014 the Scottish economy saw higher growth at 1.0 percentage points compared with 0.9 percentage points for the UK Economy. • Scotland’s economic output in 2014 is forecast to increase at a higher rate than that recorded in 2013. The Scottish economy is also projected to grow at a faster rate than the UK as a whole in 2014. However, in 2015 the rate of growth in Scotland’s economy is projected to slow. Enterprise • 1,320 new business incorporations were recorded in Edinburgh over the 3 months to August 2014. This is a 4.1% decrease on last month’s figures and a 12.9% decrease on the same period in 2013. Comparator cities also saw a decrease of 8.9% from last month. • 237 new business start-ups were supported by Business Gateway in Edinburgh in the three months to July 2014; 34 more than last month, but 69 less than the same period in 2013. • The Scottish Business Confidence Index, produced quarterly by Scottish Chambers of Commerce, shows the net balance of optimism and pessimism in sectors. • Business confidence in the Manufacturing and Construction sectors increased during quarter 2 of 2014, but dropped in the Retail and Tourism sectors. Confidence in all sectors increased from the same period.

Edinburgh has 9.1% of the country’s population, but accounts for 15.2% of the nation’s productivity, 12.8% of employee jobs, 10.3% of registered enterprises, and 18.3% of research and development expenditure. 1 Marco Economic Environment 2014 • In 2012 the value of economic output per resident in Edinburgh rose by 4.2% to £35,612 when compared to 2011. • By contrast output per resident in Scotland and the UK both fell slightly in 2012 with the UK average remaining higher than that of Scotland. 1. See more at: http://www.investinedinburgh.com/why-edinburgh/strong-economy/#sthash. BLZiWw0P.dpuf

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Glasgow - Economic Profile Capital Economy Glasgow is one of the most future-oriented locations in the entire United Kingdom, committed to innovation and economic growth. Glasgow is proactively focused on business development, ensuring that potential investors have a solid support system in facilitating inward and foreign investment. Glasgow is an increasingly competitive location for both domestic and foreign businesses, with unique advantages and benefits. • Business orientation Glasgow has performed well economically – it is currently placed within the top 20 of Europe’s best performing financial centres and ranked 50th worldwide (Global Financial Services Index 2012). • Major urban revitalisation and city transformation With initiatives, such as the International Financial Services District, City Science, Digital Glasgow and Sustainable Glasgow, the city is paving its way toward a future of job growth in fast-growing industries – and creating a smart, sustainable environment in which to build that future. • Excellent infrastructure Glasgow is Scotland’s main transport hub, with excellent road, rail, shipping and air services. • Positive economic growth Glasgow has weathered the global economic crisis and UK-wide recession with very little damage and is beginning to see positive growth again, particularly in the financial and business services sector. • Skilled workforce A well-educated and highly skilled population with a high level of labour availability makes Glasgow an attractive destination for establishing business. • Investment in developing property and facilities Glasgow’s drive toward city regeneration has created fertile conditions for inward and foreign investment, with numerous opportunities existing and support for those companies that do relocate and/or invest. Infrastructure and supporting development is well underway, such as speculative office developments, which total 6 billion GBP thus far. Economic Growth Glasgow has experienced economic growth and development in recent years, bolstered by careful

planning, a growing and young population and business growth in high-tech and service sectors. The backbone of this growth is Glasgow’s Economic Leadership, formed in 2012 as a response to the recommendation of the independent, private-sector-led Glasgow Economic Commission. The Commission was set in 2010 to review the city’s Economic Strategy and Action Plan within the context of the economic challenges facing Scotland, the UK and the world, aiming to keep growth and plans on track.

compared to the rest of the UK. Almost 70 percent of Glasgow’s population is defined as being of working age.2

Within this framework, Glasgow looks to tackle the challenges of employment and skills shortages, attracting the right mix of business, innovation and investment to the city and building on its excellent infrastructure to be one of the most diverse and forward-thinking cities in Europe while being globally competitive in a number of sectors.

Glasgow is both Scotland’s largest urban economy and one of the fastest growing cities in the UK. It stands to capitalise on strong economic growth and continued development of its varied business sectors.1 Population In 2012, 595,080 people lived in Glasgow; this number is expected to reach 600,000 by 2018. Growth is projected to continue from that point at an even more accelerated rate (National Records of Scotland). Glasgow is the only metropolitan area in Scotland and makes up a large percentage of the overall Scottish population. The greater Glasgow conurbation, according to the 2011 census, totalled around 2.3 million, accounting for more than 40 percent of the country’s entire population. After a long period of decline, Glasgow has returned to robust population growth, with almost 16,000 people locating to the city since 2004. Glasgow’s population is growing at a faster rate than the Scottish average. While some growth is natural (i.e. births outpacing deaths), net migration gains made up a bigger part of the population increase, particularly gaining migrants from overseas. Within Glasgow’s population, the number of overseas migrants has shifted the ethnic makeup of the city. Additionally, the population is relatively young 1. Please refer to the chart below, Glasgow’s growth is lagging behind other Sottish cities. http://www.citymetric.com/chart-glasgows-growth-lagging-behind-other-scottish-cities

Social and Economic Landscapes

2. Please refer to the Population and household change article as follow. https://www.glasgow.gov.uk/index.aspx?articleid=6755

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Belfast - Economic Profile Capital Economy Belfast is fast becoming one of the most attractive cities in the UK and Ireland to live, work, study and invest in. The growing list of recognition and praise from all the over the world confirms that Belfast is the place to be. With an ever-expanding global outlook and unique economic strengths, Belfast is being acknowledged as one of the UK’s leading investment destinations. Belfast has experienced far-reaching change with more than £2 billion of investment over the past decade. The scale and quality of the city’s transformation has been of international significance. Thriving Business Environment - Belfast has a population of 280,962 (43.9% aged below 30), the city currently has employee jobs of 71.5% of the population which is the growth of over 6% in last decade. - The labour costs are 15% lower than the UK average, but the labour turnover is less than 8%. - Belfast’s Gross Value Added (GVA) per employee is £55,654, a growth of over 10% in the last decade. - Belfast maintains the most competitive rental rate in the UK for office space.

History of the Economic The population started to grow in the 17th century when the economy begins. The port is an important avenue for trade with the mainland and later Europe and North America as their main business. During the middle of 18th century, the linen became the main export from Belfast and it slowly transformed Belfast into the largest linen-producing centre in the world. The Belfast harbour continued to develop and the Harland and Wolff shipbuilding and the Titanic was built in Belfast in 1861 and 1912 respectively, they became the largest shipyard in the world. The rise of mass-produced of cotton clothing after the World War I, this was the time when the linen industry suffered the most. More than 100,000 manufacturing jobs have been lost since the 1970s. The Northern Ireland economy was very weak during that time and required the support from British exchequer of up to £4 billion per year. Diverse Economy - The recession has affected all sectors of the economy, although the impact has varied in scale across the city. - There are 8,435 registered businesses in the city.

- Northern Ireland was the first European region to achieve 100% broadband coverage and Belfast is one of 10 super-connected cities chosen to receive government funding to roll out super-fast broadband.

- Belfast has half of Northern Ireland’s hi-tech manufacturing jobs, three in five computer and related service jobs and two-thirds of creative media and arts jobs.

Young Population

- Three quarters of service exports from Northern Ireland originate from Belfast.

Belfast’s young population is one of the most highly qualified work forces in Europe. - The working age population accounts for over 60% of the city’s total population. - The city has one of the youngest populations in Europe with almost 19% of people under 15 years of age. - The average age of Belfast citizens is 36.6 years.

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- The financial services sector employs over 20,000 people and includes key investors such as Citi, the Allstate Corporation, Liberty Mutual, Wombat Financial Software and HBOS. - The creative industries sector is one of Belfast’s fastest growing sectors with over 1,000 creative businesses based in the city, employing over 17,000 people.

re-Think the Region

Dublin - Economic Profile Capital Economy Dublin has become a leading European City and a centre for knowledge based industries characterised by emerging clusters of specialised economic activity. A skilled and educated workforce, a highly developed communications infrastructure and good quality of life must be sustained in order to see it continue to develop over the next decade. Over the lifetime of the 1999 Plan the number of persons in employment in the Dublin region increased by 46,000, an increase of over 9%. Dublin has shifted from being a manufacturing centre to one based on both national and international traded services. Almost 80% of the region’s workforce is engaged in services, including commerce, insurance, finance and professional services and public administration. Unemployment has dropped to an historic low of c. 4.2%. Vision for the city The vision of Dublin City Council is a city where enterprise is encouraged, valued and fostered and where the economic specialisms, locational advantages and environment of the city are developed to their optimum potential. Dublin City Council is committed to maximising its contribution to the city’s economic performance and will work to identify the most effective means of contributing to the long term competitiveness of the city’s businesses. New strategies, programmes and initiatives are now being formulated to encourage, support and augment the key growth sectors which include Financial Services, ICT, Digital Media, Retail, Culture and Tourism. In addition, Dublin City Council will facilitate, promote and support the development of soft infrastructure such as retail capacity, cultural attractions and recreational amenities which are recognised as central to the competitiveness of the economy particularly in an international context. Persuasive evidence is available to suggest that the relative attractiveness of cities as places of employment is enhanced by such factors.

national economy of Ireland has undergone a radical change. The Dublin economy has been transformed from being a primarily a agriculture based economy to an economy based on high technology industries and the service sector. According to OECD reports, the economic growth of Ireland showed a dramatic growth between 1997 and 2005, the economic growth of the country during these years was about 3 times the economic growth of other member countries of European Union such as Belgium, Germany, France and UK. The economy of Dublin showed a slight downfall between the third quarter of 2008 and fourth quarter of 2009, it could not escape the financial meltdown that affected the economies of the countries in the world. With the affects of global meltdown fading away slowly during the early parts of 2010, the economy of Dublin also improved drastically and by the fourth quarter it again became a strong economy once again, during the 3 and 4 quarter the Dublin economy grew at a steady pace at about 4% - 6%. Experts also suggest that it will continue to grow at the same pace throughout 2011, unless there is any major catastrophe. Market size The Dublin region is at the centre road of the Irish economy and as per the reports released by the Dublin City Council, Dublin alone accounted for about 38% of the country’s GNP (Gross National Product). During the 1990’s and also during the early part of 2000’s the region expanded its economy by adopting strategies that mainly focused on development of private foreign investors and public sector partnerships. The strategy worked wonders by attracting investment by foreign investors in various sectors of Dublin, especially in development of tourism. Today the success of attracting inward foreign investment strategy adopted by the Dublin city council has extended beyond the tourism sector. Foreign investors are investing heavily in several industries including aviation engineering, software and IT, Bio-tech (Pharmaceuticals and Research and Development centers) and financial services.

Trends

Dublin’s Context

International,

National

and

Since Ireland’s inception into the European Union, the

Dublin, as Ireland’s capital city, is the administrative Social and Economic Landscapes

centre for government and the leading commercial and educational centre for the country. It is, in essence, the economic engine which plays a crucial role in the well being of the national economy. The National Spatial Strategy recognises Dublin’s role as central to the continued growth in the national economy and that it is essential for balanced regional development that the performance of Dublin is maintained and consolidated. It is the intention of Dublin City Council to build on and consolidate the city’s strengths within the national and regional economies and to promote the city as a main location for international trade and investment Dublin competes with other European Cities for inward investment. The continued success and development of the city in international markets will require the co-ordination of the work of a number of agencies to

ensure the correct positioning of the city to maximise its competitiveness and avail of market opportunities. Dublin City Council will play its role in achieving these aims through the development of policies to maximise economic specialisms; through the identification and monitoring of international performance indicators; and through ensuring that all units of Dublin City Council work in close coperation with relevant agencies and interest groups to mazimise the economic development of the city.

Regional

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General Comparison

Population Change Between 2003-2013 The population of the UK was 64.1 million at mid2013, an increase of 4.5 million (7.5%) since mid-2003. England had the highest population growth rate (7.9%) amongst the four constituent countries during this time, followed by Northern Ireland (7.3%), Scotland (5.1%) and Wales (4.9%). London was the only region to see an increase of more than 10%, while in general, the population increases in the South and East of England were greater than those seen in Northern England, Wales and Scotland. The graph shows the overall population change in more detail for the countries of the UK and English Regions during the period. 170

re-Think the Region

Population (million)

Number of workers England

53.01 milion

Wales

3.06 milion

Scotland

5.29 milion

Northern Ireland

1.8 milion

England

Wales

Population under 16

Scotland

Northern Ireland

Economic Inactivity 30.00%

25.00%

20.00%

15.00%

15.00% 10.00%

10.00%

5.00%

0.00%

0.00% England

Wales

Scotland

Northern Ireland

England

Weekly Earnings (ÂŁ)

Wales

Scotland

Northern Ireland

House Prices 300000

520 510

250000

500 490

200000

480

150000

470 460

100000

450 440

50000

430 420

0 England

Wales

Scotland

Northern Ireland

England Social and Economic Landscapes

Wales

Scotland

Northern Ireland 171

Life Expectancy

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Life expectancy in each country

Life expectancy The Effect of Socio-ecnomic Background on Life Expectancy There is a close relationship between socio-economic and life expectancy. People who earn less, are in lessskilled employment, or who live in more deprived areas experience poorer life expectancy and overall health. The gap life expectancy at birth between the top and bottom socio-economic groups is approximately 7 yaers.

health, medical care and diet. The most important factor is climate. UK is on the 29th on the list by the World Health Organization. However the variation in between different parts of UK is huge.

Life expectancy is the average number of years that a person born in a given country would live. The world life expectancy is 70.78 years. Swaziland has the lowest life expectancy with 31.99 years and Japan has the highest life expectancy with 82 years. There are great variations between different countries due to differences in public 174

re-Think the Region

Life expectancy at birth 84 82 80 78 76 74 72

England

Wales Male

Scotland

Northern Ireland

Female

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175

Male Life Expectancy

Male life expectancy 79 78 77 76 75 74 73 72

2006

2007 England

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

England

77.3

77.6

77.9

78.3

78.6

Wales

76.6

76.8

77.0

77.2

77.6

Scotlsnf

74.6

74.8

45.0

75.4

75.8

Northern Ireland

76.2

76.4

76.8

77.1

77.0

77.3

77.5

77.9

78.2

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Life expectancy in each country re-Think the Region

2008 Wales

Scotland

209

2010

Northern Ireland

Female Life Expectancy

Female life expectancy 83 82 81 80 79 78

2006

2007 England

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

England

81.6

81.8

82.0

82.3

82.6

Wales

81.0

81.2

81.4

81.6

81.8

Scotlsnf

79.6

79.7

79.9

80.1

80.4

Northern Ireland

81.0

81.3

81.4

81.5

81.3

81.5

81.7

82.0

82.3

2008 Wales

Scotland

209

2010

Northern Ireland

Life expectancy in each country Social and Economic Landscapes

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Independence Conflicts

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Volunteers of the Irish Republican Army during the Irish war of independence

Scotland Independence (Edinburgh and Glasgow) Scottish Wars of Independence The wars of Scottish independence took place a long time before the Irish war of independence. The first war began in 1296 due to the English invasion of Scotland, it was ended after signing the Treaty of EdinburghNorthampton in 1328. The second war came four years after the first war in 1332, and ended in 1357. Since the second war, Scotland didnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t involved in any violent activities in between the Scotland and England since then, although Scotland attempted to be independent as Ireland, however the Scottish took a much peaceful way for its independence by having a devolution referendum.

The first devolution referendum was held in 1979 about Scotland Act 1978 and followed by the second devolution referendum in 1997 about the Scotland Act 1998. A national referendum took place recently in September 2014 voting about the independence of Scotland. These three referendums will be discussed later in the chapter.

There were three referendums took place about various different events. However not all of them were agreed. 180

re-Think the Region

Social and Economic Landscapes

181

First Devolution Referendum 1979 In 1970, the discovery of the North Sea oil in the east coast of Scotland increases the debate of Scottish independence. The Scottish National Party declared the oil is belonged to Scotland and titled it as ‘it’s Scotland’s oil’. They believed the discovery of the oil can benefit Scotland’s economy and argued that it will bring independent Scotland becomes one of the strongest currencies in Europe. The debates continued until the first Scottish devolution referendum was held in 1979 by questioning: ‘Do you want the provisions of the Scotland Act 1978 to be put into effect?’ Scotland Act 1978 was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom to establish a Scottish Assembly as a devolved legislature for Scotland. Many people believe it will be a stepping-stone of Scotland becomes independence. However the result of the referendum turned out as the Scottish were marginally in flavour by voting ‘Yes’, where ‘Yes’ took 51.6% of the votes and ‘No’ had 48.4%. However the condition of the referendum becomes valid is the number needs to be exceeding over 40% of the total electorate. But the turnout of only 63.6% of the electorate voted, which means only 32.8% of the electorate voted ‘Yes’. Hence the Scotland Act 1978 was repealed. From the study of the map, we can understand that more people voted ‘Yes’, it proved how the North Sea oil was influencing them for Scotland Independence and also improve the local economy.

55.1% or above vote 50.1% - 55% vote ‘Yes’ 45.1% - 50% vote ‘Yes’

40.1% - 45% vote ‘Yes’ 40% or below vote ‘Yes’ Map of Scotish Devolution Referendum voters voting yes in 1 March 1979

LEFT

Fig.1: Map of Scottish Devolution Referendum voters voting yes in 1 March 1979

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Table 1

Scottish Devolution Referendum, 1 March 1979

(a) alphabetical list

48.4%

37.0%

32.5%

Borders Central Dumfries and Galloway Fife Grampian Highland Lothian Orkney Shetland Strathclyde Tayside First Devolution Referendum 1979 Result with electorate Western Isles

51.6%

30.5%

First Devolution Referendum 1979 Result

Scotland

Table 1

Scottish Devolution Referendum, 1 March 1979

(a) alphabetical list

adjusted (b)

Borders Central Dumfries and Galloway Fife Grampian Highland Lothian Orkney Shetland Strathclyde Tayside Western Isles Scotland adjusted (b)

Yes

% vote

66.4 65.9 64.1 65.3 57.2 64.7 65.9 54.1 50.3 62.5 63.0 49.9

51,526 130,401 67,401 160,688 196,429 88,247 373,642 7,543 7,486 1,105,118 184,807 11,151

20,746 71,296 27,162 86,252 94,944 44,973 187,221 2,104 2,020 596,519 91,482 6,218

40.3 54.7 40.3 53.7 48.3 51.0 50.1 27.9 27.0 54.0 49.5 55.8

63.0

2,384,439

1,230,937

51.6

63.6

% elect.

% vote

26.7 36.0 25.8 35.0 27.6 33.0 33.0 15.1 13.6 33.7 31.2 27.8

30,780 59,105 40,239 74,436 101,485 43,274 186,421 5,439 5,466 508,599 93,325 4,933

59.7 45.3 59.7 46.3 51.7 49.0 49.9 72.1 73.0 46.0 50.5 44.2

32.5

1,153,502

48.4

32.9

30.5 30.8

(b) of ranked by % Devolution of voters voting yes Table Scottish Referendum in alphabetical order in 1 March 1979 Yes

% vote

% elect.

Scotland adjusted (b)

% elect.

59.7 45.3 59.7 46.3 51.7 49.0 49.9 72.1 73.0 46.0 50.5 44.2

32.5

1,153,502

48.4

32.9

39.7 29.9 38.2 30.2 29.5 31.7 32.9 39.0 36.7 28.7 31.8 22.1 30.5 30.8

Do you want the provisions of the Scotland Act 1978 to be put into effect? Yes

% vote

% elect. 27.8 36.0 33.7 35.0 33.0 33.0 31.2 27.6 25.8 26.7 15.1 13.6 32.5

49.9 65.9 62.5 65.3 64.7 65.9 63.0 57.2 64.1 66.4 54.1 50.3

11,151 130,401 1,105,118 160,688 88,247 373,642 184,807 196,429 67,401 51,526 7,543 7,486

6,218 71,296 596,519 86,252 44,973 187,221 91,482 94,944 27,162 20,746 2,104 2,020

55.8 54.7 54.0 53.7 51.0 50.1 49.5 48.3 40.3 40.3 27.9 27.0

63.0

2,384,439

1,230,937

51.6

63.6

% vote

% elect.

4,933 59,105 508,599 74,436 43,274 186,421 93,325 101,485 40,239 30,780 5,439 5,466

44.2 45.3 46.0 46.3 49.0 49.9 50.5 51.7 59.7 59.7 72.1 73.0

22.1 29.9 28.7 30.2 31.7 32.9 31.8 29.5 38.2 39.7 39.0 36.7

1,153,502

48.4

32.9

30.5 30.8

Source: FWS Craig British Electoral Facts, 1832-1987

6,218 71,296 596,519 86,252 44,973 187,221 91,482 94,944 27,162 20,746 2,104 2,020

55.8 54.7 54.0 53.7 51.0 50.1 49.5 48.3 40.3 40.3 27.9 27.0

27.8 4,933 44.2 22.1 36.0 59,105 45.3 29.9 33.7 508,599 46.0 28.7 35.0 74,436 46.3 30.2 33.0 43,274 49.0 31.7 33.0 186,421 49.9 32.9 31.2 93,325 50.5 31.8 27.6 101,485 51.7 29.5 25.8 40,239 59.7 38.2 26.7 30,780 59.7 39.7 15.1 5,439 72.1 39.0 First Devolution Referendum 1979 Result 13.6 5,466 73.0 36.7

Scotland

63.0

2,384,439

1,230,937

51.6

32.5 32.9

51.6

1,230,937

30,780 59,105 40,239 74,436 101,485 43,274 186,421 5,439 5,466 508,599 93,325 4,933

for deaths, students and nurses registered at more than one address and convicted prisoners in prison.

11,151 130,401 1,105,118 160,688 88,247 373,642 184,807 196,429 67,401 51,526 7,543 7,486

63.6

2,384,439

26.7 36.0 25.8 35.0 27.6 33.0 33.0 15.1 13.6 33.7 31.2 27.8

% elect.

(b) electorate reduced by 40,200 when calculating whether 40% of those eligible had voted in favour; reductions were

% vote

49.9 65.9 62.5 65.3 64.7 65.9 63.0 57.2 64.1 66.4 54.1 50.3

adjusted (b)

63.0 63.6

% vote

(a) excludes spoilt ballots (3,133 in Scotland as a whole).

Western Isles Central Strathclyde Fife Highland Lothian Tayside Grampian Dumfries and Galloway Borders Orkney Shetland

1,153,502

40.3 54.7 40.3 53.7 48.3 51.0 50.1 27.9 27.0 54.0 49.5 55.8

% elect.

Table of Scottish Devolution Referendum ranked by % voters voting yes in 1 March

Do you want the provisions of the Scotland Act 1978 to be put into effect?

Turnout (a) % number

Western Isles Central Strathclyde Fife Highland Lothian Tayside Grampian Dumfries and Galloway Borders Orkney Shetland

% vote

51,526 20,746 130,401 71,296 67,401 27,162 160,688 86,252 196,429 94,944 88,247 44,973 373,642 187,221 Voted ‘Yes’ 7,543 2,104 Voted ‘No’ 2,020 7,486 1,105,118 596,519 Did not vote 184,807 91,482 11,151 6,218

Turnout (a) % number

% elect. 39.7 29.9 38.2 30.2 29.5 31.7 32.9 39.0 36.7 28.7 31.8 22.1

Yes

66.4 65.9 64.1 65.3 57.2 64.7 65.9 54.1 50.3 62.5 63.0 49.9

(b) ranked by % of voters voting yes

Do you want the provisions of the Scotland Act 1978 to be put into effect? Turnout (a) % number

48.4 and 30.5Economic Landscapes Social 30.8

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Second Devolution Referendum 1997 Although the Scotland Act 1978 was repealed after the first devolution referendum, however there were still many supporters of the Scotland independence. It soon then led to the second devolution referendum in 1997. This time was slightly different compare to the first one by asking the Scottish public about Scotland Act 1998. The act contained two questions, first is the creation of a Scottish Parliament and should this parliament have tax-varying powers. The referendum was validated unlike the first devolution referendum. Over 74.3% (44.7% of the electorate) that voted approved which exceed the minimum of 40% of the overall electorate. However the Scottish Parliament will not have the tax-varying powers due to only 63.5% (38.1% of the electorate) that voted approved. From the study of the map, we can acknowledge the importance of the Scottish Parliament in the larger civilised cities including Glasgow, Edinburgh and Aberdeen etc. They are the heart of Scotland. Where as the boundary area between Scotland and England had the least percentage of voting ‘Yes’, this may due to these areas are close to the region of England and influenced by them.

80.1% or above vote 75.1% - 80% vote ‘Yes’ 70.1% - 75% vote ‘Yes’ 65.1% - 70% vote ‘Yes’ 65% or below vote ‘Yes’

Map of Scottish Parliament Referendum voters voting yes for Parliament in 11 September 1997

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25.7% 39.8%

44.7%

74.3% 15.5% Second Devolution Referendum 1997 Result of ‘Scottish Parliament’

Second Devolution Referendum 1997 Result of ‘Scottish Parliament’ with electorate

25.4% 36.5%

38.1% 63.5% 36.5%

Voted ‘Yes’ Voted ‘No’

Second Devolution Referendum 1997 Result of ‘Tax Varying Powers’

Table 2

Scottish Parliament Referendum, 11 September 1997

(a) alphabetical list

Turnout (a) %

City of Aberdeen Aberdeenshire Angus Argyll and Bute East Ayrshire North Ayrshire South Ayrshire Borders Clackmannan Dumfries and Galloway East Dunbartonshire West Dunbartonshire City of Dundee City of Edinburgh Falkirk Fife City of Glasgow Highland Inverclyde North Lanarkshire South Lanarkshire East Lothian West Lothian Midlothian Moray Orkney Islands Perthshire and Kinross East Renfrewshire Renfrewshire Shetland Islands Stirling Western Isles Scotland

53.4 56.7 60.0 64.6 64.5 63.1 66.4 64.4 65.8 63.1 72.3 63.4 55.3 59.8 63.4 60.9 51.2 60.3 60.0 60.4 62.8 64.9 62.3 64.9 57.5 53.2 62.7 68.0 62.4 51.3 65.5 55.3 60.2

Yes

number 90,615 96,499 51,921 45,248 60,557 67,235 60,070 53,915 23,496 73,482 58,642 46,109 64,805 216,732 69,595 167,008 244,375 99,982 40,625 149,073 147,670 45,190 71,537 39,660 36,944 8,290 65,342 45,826 86,924 8,705 42,630 12,566 2,391,268

(b) ranked by % voters voting yes for Parliament

65,035 61,621 33,571 30,452 49,131 51,304 40,161 33,855 18,790 44,619 40,917 39,051 49,252 155,900 55,642 125,668 204,269 72,551 31,680 123,063 114,908 33,525 56,923 31,681 24,822 4,749 40,344 28,253 68,711 5,430 29,190 9,977 1,775,045

Parliament % vote

71.8 63.9 64.7 67.3 81.1 76.3 66.9 62.8 80.0 60.7 69.8 84.7 76.0 71.9 80.0 76.1 83.6 72.6 78.0 82.6 77.8 74.2 79.6 79.9 67.2 57.3 61.7 61.7 79.0 62.4 68.5 79.4 74.3

% elect. 38.3 36.2 38.8 43.5 52.3 48.2 44.4 40.5 52.6 38.3 50.4 53.7 42.1 43.0 50.7 45.8 42.8 43.8 46.8 49.9 48.9 48.2 49.6 51.8 38.6 30.5 38.7 41.9 49.3 32.0 44.9 43.9 44.7

25,580 34,878 18,350 14,796 11,426 15,931 19,909 20,060 4,706 28,863 17,725 7,058 15,553 60,832 13,953 39,517 40,106 27,431 8,945 26,010 32,762 11,665 14,614 7,979 12,122 3,541 24,998 17,573 18,213 3,275 13,440 2,589 614,400

% vote

28.2 36.1 35.3 32.7 18.9 23.7 33.1 37.2 20.0 39.3 30.2 15.3 24.0 28.1 20.0 23.9 16.4 27.4 22.0 17.4 22.2 25.8 20.4 20.1 32.8 42.7 38.3 38.3 21.0 37.6 31.5 20.6 25.7

Yes

% elect. 15.1 20.5 21.2 21.1 12.2 15.0 22.0 24.0 13.2 24.8 21.8 9.7 13.3 16.8 12.7 14.4 8.4 16.5 13.2 10.5 13.9 16.8 12.7 13.1 18.9 22.7 24.0 26.1 13.1 19.3 20.7 11.4 15.5

54,320 50,295 27,641 25,746 42,559 43,990 33,679 27,284 16,112 35,737 34,576 34,408 42,304 133,843 48,064 108,021 182,589 61,359 27,194 107,288 99,587 28,152 47,990 26,776 19,326 3,917 33,398 23,580 55,075 4,478 25,044 8,557 1,512,889

(a) higher of number voting on Parliament or tax-varying question (only Fife had more people voting on tax-varying question) as a percentage of the electorate;

Tax-varying powers % vote

60.3 52.3 53.4 57.0 70.5 65.7 56.2 50.7 68.7 48.8 59.1 74.7 65.5 62.0 69.2 64.7 75.0 62.1 67.2 72.2 67.6 62.7 67.3 67.7 52.7 47.4 51.3 51.6 63.6 51.6 58.9 68.4 63.5

excludes ballots (in Scotland as a whole, 11,986 for Parliament question and 19,013 for tax-varying powers). order, 11 September 1997 Table ofspoiltScottish Parliament Referendum in alphabetical

Source: Scottish Office

Did not vote

Second Devolution Referendum 1997 Result of ‘Tax Varying Powers’ with electorate

% elect. 32.0 29.5 31.9 36.8 45.3 41.3 37.2 32.6 45.1 30.7 42.6 47.3 36.1 36.9 43.8 39.4 38.3 37.0 40.2 43.5 42.4 40.4 41.8 43.8 30.1 25.1 32.1 35.0 39.5 26.4 38.5 37.6 38.1

35,709 45,929 24,089 19,429 17,824 22,991 26,217 26,497 7,355 37,499 23,914 11,628 22,280 82,188 21,403 58,987 60,842 37,525 13,277 41,372 47,708 16,765 23,354 12,762 17,344 4,344 31,709 22,153 31,537 4,198 17,487 3,947 870,263

Turnout (a) % vote

39.7 47.7 46.6 43.0 29.5 34.3 43.8 49.3 31.3 51.2 40.9 25.3 34.5 38.0 30.8 35.3 25.0 37.9 32.8 27.8 32.4 37.3 32.7 32.3 47.3 52.6 48.7 48.4 36.4 48.4 41.1 31.6 36.5

% elect. 21.0 27.0 27.8 27.8 19.0 21.6 29.0 31.7 20.6 32.2 29.5 16.0 19.0 22.7 19.5 21.5 12.8 22.6 19.6 16.8 20.3 24.1 20.3 20.9 27.0 27.9 30.4 32.9 22.6 24.8 26.9 17.4 21.9

West Dunbartonshire City of Glasgow North Lanarkshire East Ayrshire Clackmannan Falkirk Midlothian West Lothian Western Isles Renfrewshire Inverclyde South Lanarkshire North Ayrshire Fife City of Dundee East Lothian Highland City of Edinburgh City of Aberdeen East Dunbartonshire Stirling Argyll and Bute Moray South Ayrshire Angus Aberdeenshire Borders Shetland Islands Perthshire and Kinross East Renfrewshire Dumfries and Galloway Orkney Islands Scotland

63.4 51.2 60.4 64.5 65.8 63.4 64.9 62.3 55.3 62.4 60.0 62.8 63.1 60.9 55.3 64.9 60.3 59.8 53.4 72.3 65.5 64.6 57.5 66.4 60.0 56.7 64.4 51.3 62.7 68.0 63.1 53.2 60.2

Yes

number 46,109 244,375 149,073 60,557 23,496 69,595 39,660 71,537 12,566 86,924 40,625 147,670 67,235 167,008 64,805 45,190 99,982 216,732 90,615 58,642 42,630 45,248 36,944 60,070 51,921 96,499 53,915 8,705 65,342 45,826 73,482 8,290

2,391,268

39,051 204,269 123,063 49,131 18,790 55,642 31,681 56,923 9,977 68,711 31,680 114,908 51,304 125,668 49,252 33,525 72,551 155,900 65,035 40,917 29,190 30,452 24,822 40,161 33,571 61,621 33,855 5,430 40,344 28,253 44,619 4,749

1,775,045

Parliament % vote

84.7 83.6 82.6 81.1 80.0 80.0 79.9 79.6 79.4 79.0 78.0 77.8 76.3 76.1 76.0 74.2 72.6 71.9 71.8 69.8 68.5 67.3 67.2 66.9 64.7 63.9 62.8 62.4 61.7 61.7 60.7 57.3

74.3

% elect. 53.7 42.8 49.9 52.3 52.6 50.7 51.8 49.6 43.9 49.3 46.8 48.9 48.2 45.8 42.1 48.2 43.8 43.0 38.3 50.4 44.9 43.5 38.6 44.4 38.8 36.2 40.5 32.0 38.7 41.9 38.3 30.5

44.7

7,058 40,106 26,010 11,426 4,706 13,953 7,979 14,614 2,589 18,213 8,945 32,762 15,931 39,517 15,553 11,665 27,431 60,832 25,580 17,725 13,440 14,796 12,122 19,909 18,350 34,878 20,060 3,275 24,998 17,573 28,863 3,541

614,400

% vote

15.3 16.4 17.4 18.9 20.0 20.0 20.1 20.4 20.6 21.0 22.0 22.2 23.7 23.9 24.0 25.8 27.4 28.1 28.2 30.2 31.5 32.7 32.8 33.1 35.3 36.1 37.2 37.6 38.3 38.3 39.3 42.7

25.7

Yes

% elect. 9.7 8.4 10.5 12.2 13.2 12.7 13.1 12.7 11.4 13.1 13.2 13.9 15.0 14.4 13.3 16.8 16.5 16.8 15.1 21.8 20.7 21.1 18.9 22.0 21.2 20.5 24.0 19.3 24.0 26.1 24.8 22.7

15.5

34,408 182,589 107,288 42,559 16,112 48,064 26,776 47,990 8,557 55,075 27,194 99,587 43,990 108,021 42,304 28,152 61,359 133,843 54,320 34,576 25,044 25,746 19,326 33,679 27,641 50,295 27,284 4,478 33,398 23,580 35,737 3,917

1,512,889

Tax-varying powers % vote

74.7 75.0 72.2 70.5 68.7 69.2 67.7 67.3 68.4 63.6 67.2 67.6 65.7 64.7 65.5 62.7 62.1 62.0 60.3 59.1 58.9 57.0 52.7 56.2 53.4 52.3 50.7 51.6 51.3 51.6 48.8 47.4

63.5

% elect. 47.3 38.3 43.5 45.3 45.1 43.8 43.8 41.8 37.6 39.5 40.2 42.4 41.3 39.4 36.1 40.4 37.0 36.9 32.0 42.6 38.5 36.8 30.1 37.2 31.9 29.5 32.6 26.4 32.1 35.0 30.7 25.1

38.1

11,628 60,842 41,372 17,824 7,355 21,403 12,762 23,354 3,947 31,537 13,277 47,708 22,991 58,987 22,280 16,765 37,525 82,188 35,709 23,914 17,487 19,429 17,344 26,217 24,089 45,929 26,497 4,198 31,709 22,153 37,499 4,344

870,263

% vote

25.3 25.0 27.8 29.5 31.3 30.8 32.3 32.7 31.6 36.4 32.8 32.4 34.3 35.3 34.5 37.3 37.9 38.0 39.7 40.9 41.1 43.0 47.3 43.8 46.6 47.7 49.3 48.4 48.7 48.4 51.2 52.6

36.5

% elect. 16.0 12.8 16.8 19.0 20.6 19.5 20.9 20.3 17.4 22.6 19.6 20.3 21.6 21.5 19.0 24.1 22.6 22.7 21.0 29.5 26.9 27.8 27.0 29.0 27.8 27.0 31.7 24.8 30.4 32.9 32.2 27.9

21.9

(a) higher of number voting on Parliament or tax-varying question (only Fife had more people voting on tax-varying question) as a percentage of the electorate; excludes spoilt ballots (in Scotland as a whole, 11,986 for Parliament question and 19,013 for tax-varying powers).

Table of Scottish Parliament Referendum ranked by % voters voting yes for Parliament, 11 September Source: Scottish Office 1997

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National Referendum 2014 Since the first devolution referendum back in 1979, there were supporters backing the Scotland independence. The creation of the Scottish Parliament where they believe was a big step towards the independence after the second devolution referendum in 1997. In September 2014, a national referendum was held once again about the Scotland independence. This time the vote turnout of 84.5% which was much higher than the previous referendums with 63.9% and 60.1%. This show how important it will be if Scotland becomes independent. However the result showed 45% (38.0% of the electorate) voted ‘Yes’ and the referendum was repealed. Scotland will remain as part of Britain. From the mapping results, we acknowledge that the boundary part between Scotland and England with the least vote promoting the Scotland Independence. The central part of Scotland including Glasgow appears to have the most ‘Yes’ votes. However the dominance of the ‘Yes’ votes in the major cities were still not enough to allow Scotland becomes independent.

50.1% or above vote 45.1% - 50% vote ‘Yes’ 40.1% - 45% vote ‘Yes’

35.1% - 40% vote ‘Yes’ 35% or below vote ‘Yes’

Map of Scottish National Referendum voters voting yes for Independence in September 2014

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15.5% 38.0%

55.0% 45.0% 46.5%

Voted ‘Yes’ Voted ‘No’

National Referendum 2014

Table of 2014 National Referendum in alphabetical order

National Referendum 2014 with electorate

Did not vote

Table of 2014 National Referendum ranked by % voters voting yes

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Own Image (Height of image can vary)

Volunteers of the Irish Republican Army during the Irish war of independence

Irish War of Independence (Dublin and Belfast) Background The conflicts began beyond the First World War where British government introduced Home Rule and limiting the Irish freedom in the 1880s. However the tensions between both sides were reduced due to the agreement to support the British army during the First World War. In the 1916, the Irish volunteers were extremely unhappy about the lack of support of the war for Britain and believe that Home Rule is restricting them to the Irish independence. It led to the Easter Rising in Dublin, which caused 500 deaths and 3,000 people arrested within a week. In 1916-1917, British government began to negotiate on the Home Rule and release all the prisoners from the Easter Rising. They joined the party of Sinn Fein who soon won the Irish vote in the general election and declare the independence from Great Britain in 1918. Soon after the election, two police force of Royal Irish Constabulary were shot dead by the Irish volunteers, an incident that triggered the Irish War for over two and a half years.

188

The level of violence increased in the early 1920, a lot of the Sinn Fein political leadership were arrested and the leaders of the IRA ordered the volunteer units around the country to attack the RIC barracks for arms. Many of the RIC police force resigned due to various attacks and gain advantages in certain places. However, the RIC responded by killing the Lord mayor of Cork, Tomas MacCurtain. In the summer of 1920, Sinn Fein won the local government elections to take control of the government. He then replaced the RIC was by Irish Republican police in some parts of Ireland. The British government purposed autonomous governments for both Northern and Southern Ireland in order the put down the rebellion. In the north of Ireland, where Belfast and Derry’s violence became more intensive after two northern protestant police officers were killed by the IRA when the loyalists attacked the Catholic area. Many other Catholics were affected since then, with over 7,000 Catholics lost their jobs in the Belfast shipyard, 100 people were killed and hundreds of Catholic homes were burnt. In the autumn re-Think the Region

and winter of 1920, IRA units in Dublin killed 14 men with at least 8 intelligence officers. The RIC responded by killing 15 civilians at a football match in Dublin’s Croke Park, a day known as Bloody Sunday. The violence continues to 1921, over 1,000 people were killed and Dublin city, south Munster and Belfast were the most intensive city in the Ireland. In the summer of 1921, IRA was very short of weapons and many Irish volunteers were arrested. However there was no sense of war while IRA bomb making capabilities were improving until 11th July 1921, a truce was negotiated between both parties and the war finally comes to the end. The Irish representative signed the Anglo-Irish Treaty disestablished the Republic of Ireland, but created the Ireland Free State, it includes 26 of Ireland’s 32 counties which had much more independence compare to the Home Rule Act of 1912. The conflicts result with 2,500 deaths in the region during the two and a half year war. It created the Irish Free State during the 1922 and later become

fully independent as the Republic of Ireland in 1948. But Northern Ireland will remain as part of the United Kingdom. Although the Irish war of Independence ended in 1922, however the conflicts between Northern Ireland continued in 1969 and 1990.1 The Troubles ‘The troubles’ refers to over three decades of violence in between the Northern Ireland nationalists and the unionist. The nationalists define themselves as British and support continued incorporation, whereas the unionist also known as the Catholics consider themselves of Irish and support to united with Ireland. ‘The troubles’ began in the late of 1968. A civil right movement was launched by the Catholics, who they felt discriminated about electrical rights, housing and employment. The violence continues between the police and the extreme unionists. The escalating violence result with the UK government to deploy British Army on the streets of Northern Ireland in 1969. Both British and Irish governments were trying to end with a political settlement, however the agreement was not announced between two governments along side with Northern Ireland political parties until the April 10, 1998. This agreement is known as Good Friday Agreement. Almost 3,500 people died in between 1969 and 1999 due to ‘the troubles’.2

Newspaper reporting the death of the policeman

1. http://www.theirishstory.com/2012/09/18/the-irish-war-of-independence-a-brief-overview/#. VKo_d838ueZ 2. Archick, Kristin. Northern Ireland: The Peace Process, January 8, 2014

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August, 1920 BLACK AND TANS DEPLOYED The British government reacted by recruiting two temporary forces in support of the RIC: the first was known as the ‘Black and Tans’ because of the improvised uniforms they wore; the second, ‘the Auxiliaries’ were recruited from August, 1920. Both forces were primarily recruited from amongst ex-soldiers, many of whom had fought in the First World War.

1919

1920

1921

January 21, 1919 BEGINNING OF THE WAR

November 21, 1920 BLOODY SUNDAY

The War of Independence began with the attack and killing of two members of the Royal Irish Constabulary (RIC), in County Tipperary, on 21st January, 1919. The Irish Republican Army, previously known as the Irish Volunteers, targeted the RIC and British Army barracks.

One of the most brutal days in the War of Independence came on 21st November 21st, 1920, known as ‘Bloody Sunday’. Michael Collins, a driving force behind the War and the IRA’s Director of Intelligence, masterminded the assassination of 13 British intelligence officers and two civilians living in Dublin. Later that day, British Auxiliary forces attacked a football crowd at Croke Park killing 14, including one of the players, Michael Hogan, and wounding 65. In total, 41 people were killed across Ireland on November 21st.

Fig.2: The timeline diagram showing the key events of Irish War of Independence: http://creativecentenaries.org/war-independence

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Septembet, 1920 PATROLLING DUBLIN’S STREET Black and Tans patrol the streets of Dublin amongst large crowds.

re-Think the Region

July, 1921 FIGHTING COMES TO AN END The war lasted for almost two and a half years during which time more than 1,300 people had lost their lives in the conflict. Both sides agreed to a ceasefire in July 1921 and signed the Anglo-Irish Treaty signed on 6th December, 1921. Irish representatives in London for the signing included Michael Collins and Arthur

1923

1922 December 19, 1921 HE FAMOUSLY SAID

July 7, 1922 IN THE END

As one of the signatories of the Anglo-Irish Treaty, Michael Collins defended it during a sitting of Dáil Éireann in December 1921:

The Anglo-Irish Treaty saw the government of Dáil Éireann become the Provisional Government of Ireland, and it was this body which established the Irish Free State: a self-governing dominion within the British Empire. The Treaty was narrowly ratified by Dáil Éireann, but it led to a deep split between pro and anti-Treatyite factions. These two factions fought a bitter Civil War between June 1922 and May 1923. Northern Ireland, which was created under the Government of Ireland Act, had the ability to opt out of the Irish Free State, which it chose to do on the 7th December 1922.

“In my opinion it gives us freedom, not the ultimate freedom that all nations desire and develop to, but the freedom to achieve it.”

Start of the war End of the war Key Events

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Counties of Northern Ireland Counties of Ireland Free State

Fig.3: Ireland after the Irish War of Independence

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Fig.4: Ireland Territory Map

Social and Economic Landscapes

193

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Comparison of Scotland and Ireland Independence Both the Irish and Scottish nationalists want independence, but they both have chosen a different approach. The Irish nationalists chosen to use violence ways to fight for independence, as a result a lot of deaths and injuries during the activity. However the Scottish were opposite by having a more parliamentary and peaceful method for independence, no deaths or injuries during the Scotland independence can be strongest prove of the violence level was minimal. Although both regions contain different religious both supported (Nationalists) or opposed (Unionists) of the independence of Scotland and Ireland from the Great Britain. However, both regions ended their cases dramatically different. The differences were majorly caused by the violence encouragements used by Sinn Fein as a Nationalist leader and the Irish Republican Army. The violent character of Sinn Fein led to 2,500 deaths in the Irish war of independence and 3,500 deaths in ‘the troubles’. On the other hand, the Scottish National Party as the main representative of Scottish nationalists, their aims to create caring and enterprising society by releasing Scotland’s full potential through the independence. They operates referendum and allow the Scottish public to vote and obtain a result gathered by the whole nation, hence violence activities are unnecessary. Through the case studies of both regions, it proved the character of the political representative is very important that will affect the overall result of the independence. The violent character of Sinn Fein led to the Irish war of independence and ‘the troubles’, whereas the Scottish National Party used referendum as their method for independence. We can understand how influential the leader will be and affect the rest of the region and produce different end results.

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Employment

Scotland (Edinburgh and Glasgow) - Employment Scotland Employment Scotland currently has the highest employment rate of the four countries in the United Kingdom and over the past year the employment rate has increased by 1.7 percentage points. From the mid 1990s, Scotlandâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s employment rate was steadily increasing, reaching a peak of 74.9 per cent during the second calendar quarter of 2007 (Apr-Jun), although over the past three years, Scotlandâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s employment rate, along with the other countries of the UK, has been at a lower level as a result of the economic conditions.

Last year in Q1 2013 Scotland had an employment rate of 71.8 per cent (highest) and England had an employment rate of 71.6 per cent (second highest), giving a gap of 0.2 percentage points in favour of Scotland. So over the year the gap has shifted by 0.4 percentage points to Scotlandâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s benefit. The employment rate has increased in Scotland over the year by 1.7 percentage points, larger than the 1.3 percentage point increase in employment rate seen in England.1

In the latest calendar quarter (Jan - Mar 2014), Scotland had an employment rate of 73.5 per cent, making it the highest of all UK countries. This compares to an employment rate of 72.9 per cent in England for the same quarter. 1. http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Topics/Statistics/Browse/Labour-Market/TrendEconomicActivity

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Comparison of Employment Rate in Scotland and The OECD countries The employment rate in Scotland, using the European age definition (15-64), in 2012 was 69.4% which is 0.1 percentage points lower than the previous year. When compared against the 34 members of the OECD, Scotland was ranked 14th highest in terms of employment rates. Between 2011 and 2012 the gap in employment rates between Scotland and the country with the 5th highest rate (Sweden in 2011 and 2012) increased from 4.1 percentage points in 2011 to 4.4 percentage points in 2012.1

1. http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Topics/Statistics/Browse/Labour-Market/TrendEconomicActivity

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Scotland Employment Rate 2013 There are some signs of a geographic trend, with local authority areas in the north generally fairing best, those in western central belt and south west of Scotland generally fairing worst. Edinburgh maintains a heathly employment rate alongside with other local authorities around the city. However Glasgow City is one of the local authorites with the lowest employment rate in the Scotland region.

Edinburgh

Glasgow

65% and below Between 65% to 70% Between 70% to 75% above 75%

Employment rates across Local Authority areas, Scotland 2013

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PERCENTAGE (%)

EMPLOYMENT RATES AND LEVELS BY LOCAL AUTHORITY, SCOTLAND 2013

SCOTLAND LOCAL AUTHORITY

Table of Employment Rates and levels by local authority, Scotland 2013

EMPLOYMENT RATES OF SCOTLAND, EDINBURGH AND GLASGOW 2008, 2012, 2013

Key Location

Scotland Employment Rate 2013 The highest employment rate were seen in Shetland Islands, Orkney Island and Moray (83.2%, 81% and 78.8% respectively) The lowest employment rates were seen in North Arshire, Dundee City and Glasgow City (60.1%, 61.4% and 63.3% respectively)

YEAR

Scotland

Edinburgh

Comparison Graph of Employment Rate

Glasgow

Highest Rate

Lowest Rate

Edinburghâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; s employment rate has a gradually decrease from 2008 to 2013 by 3.1%. Both Scotland region of Glasgow City had a drop in 2010 and increase towards 2013, but the employment rate still decreased by 2.5% and 1.2% respectiviely.

Edinburgh has a general trend of employment rate above Scotland average empolyment rate in 2008 2013. However Glasgow City is way below the Scotland average standard and became the third lowest in the region with only 63.3% which is 7.7% below Scotland average and 8.4% below Edinburgh. However, Social and Economic Landscapes

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Scotland Youth Employment Rate 2013 The local authority areas in entire Scotland were very consistant with between 55% to 65% of youth employment rate except areas in the north east and south east of Scotland above 65%. In the central of Scotland, both Edinburgh and Glasgow City alongside Clackmananshire with has the least employment rate of 16-24 years employee.

Edinburgh

Glasgow

45% and below Between 45% to 55% Between 55% to 65% above 65%

Youth Employment rate across Scotland 2013

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PERCENTAGE (%)

YOUTH EMPLOYMENT RATES AND LEVELS BY LOCAL AUTHORITY, SCOTLAND 2013

SCOTLAND LOCAL AUTHORITY

Table of Youth Employment Rates and levels by local authority, Scotland 2013

EMPLOYMENT RATES AND LEVELS BY AGE GROUP AND LOCAL AUTHORITY, SCOTLAND 2013

Key Location

Scotland Youth Employment Rate 2013 The highest youth employment rate were seen in Orkney Island, Aberdeen City and Aberdeenshire (72.5%, 72.4% and 65.3% respectively) The lowest youth employment rates were seen in Edinburgh City, Clackmannanshire and Glasgow City (37.8%, 41.1% and 41.4% respectively)

AGE GROUP

Scotland

Edinburgh

Glasgow

Highest Rate

Lowest Rate

The general employment of Glasgow is below the average of Scotland in all age groups. The age group of 35-49 appears to be highest out of all categories in Scotland and Edinburgh, but the age group of 2534 is the major working force in Glasgow. Edinburgh contains more experienced work force compare to the average of Scotland.

In Edinburgh is being driven by an increase in the number of inactive students aged 16-24, up 1,300 from 25,100 to 26,400, which has increased the inactivity rate fro 16-24 years old in Edinburgh from 39.7% to 47.3% over the year.

Comparison Graph of Employment Rate by Age Group Social and Economic Landscapes

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People with Degree-level qualifcation Employment Rate The mapping shown that the central part of Scotland and including cities of Aberdeen, Edinburgh and Glasgow are the local authority areas with the most employment rate of people with degree-level qualification. Whereas in the north and south of Scotland appears to have less people with degree-level qualification in comparison to the major cities. It ranges in between 20.1% to 27.5%.

Edinburgh

Glasgow

35.1% or above Between 27.6% to 35% Between 20.1% to 27.5% 20% or below

People with a degree-level qualification employment rate across Scotland 2013

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PERCENTAGE (%)

PEOPLE WITH A DEGREE LEVEL QUALIFICATION EMPLOYMENT RATES BY LOCAL AUTHORITY, SCOTLAND 2013

SCOTLAND LOCAL AUTHORITY

Table of People with a Degree Qualification Employment Rates by local authority, Scotland 2013

PEOPLE WITH A DEGREE-LEVEL QUALIFICATION EMPLOYMENT RATES OF SCOTLAND, EDINBURGH AND GLASGOW, 2008

Key Location

People with a Degree Qualification Employment Rate 2013 The most people with a degree qualification employment rate were seen in Edinburgh City, East Dunbartonshire and Glasgow City (49.9%, 45.6% and 42.6% respectively) The least people with a degree qualification employment rate were seen in North Ayrshire, Orkney Islands and North Lanarkshire (17.2%, 19.0% and 19.7% respectively)

YEAR

Scotland

Edinburgh

Glasgow

Comparison Graph of Employment Rate with a Degree Qualification

Highest Rate

Lowest Rate

from 2008 to 2013. Edinburgh has the highest number of people with a degree qualification in the entire Scotland, whereas Glasgow City also has more people with a degree qualification compare to the general local authority areas in Scotland.

There is a trend showing that a gradual increase of employment rate of people with a degree qualification in all places including Edinburgh, Glasgow and Scotland Social and Economic Landscapes

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Scotland Underemployment Rate 2013 The trend shows that the underemployment rate appears to be the highest in the south of Scotland. The north east of Scotland with the lowest underemployment rate. The problem underemployment rate in Edinburgh and Glasgow is not so series, the rate is range in between 6.1% to 9%.

Edinburgh

Glasgow

12.1% or above Between 9.1% to 12% Between 6.1% to 9% 6% or below

Youth Employment rate across Scotland 2013

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PERCENTAGE (%)

UNDEREMPLOYMENT RATES AND LEVELS BY LOCAL AUTHORITY, SCOTLAND 2013

SCOTLAND LOCAL AUTHORITY

Table of Underemployment Rates and levels by local authority, Scotland 2013

UNDEREMPLOYMENT RATES AND LEVELS OF SCOTLAND, EDINBURGH AND GLASGOW 2008- 2013

Key Location

Scotland Underemployment Rate 2013 The highest underemployment rate were seen in Orkney Island, Inverclyde and Dundee City (17.5%, 15.0% and 14.6% respectively) The lowest underemployment rates were seen in Aberdeenshire, East Lothian and Aberdeen City (5.8%, 5.8% and 6.4% respectively)

YEAR

Scotland

Edinburgh

Glasgow

Comparison Graph of Underemployment Rate

Highest Rate

Lowest Rate

underemployment immediately dropped back by 3.3% to 8.9% which is below the Scotland average underemployment rate.

There is a gradual increase of underemployment in both Scotland and Edinburgh from 2008 to 2013. The underemployment rate in Edinburgh appears to be lower to the general rate in Scotland. However Glasgow has a dramatic increase of the underemployment rate in 2012 which increased by 5.8%. In 2013, the Social and Economic Landscapes

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Belfast - Employment Population •

• • • •

•

Male and Female

In 2011, the population of the Belfast WDF was 334,820, with 48.1% being males 160,971 and 51.9% being females 173,849. Between 2001 and 2011 the population of the Belfast WDF decreased by 2.6%. In 2011, the working age population in the Belfast was 208,699. The working age population increased by 0.4% between 2001 and 2011. The number of young people in the Belfast aged 16-24 increased by 1,691 between 2001 and 2011. This is an increase of 3.6%. The number of 25-49 year olds in the Belfast WDF decreased by 4,706 between 2001 and 2011. This is a decrease of 4.0%. The number of people aged 50-64 increased by 3,800 between 2001 and 2011. This is an increase of 9.0%.

Male

Full time and Part time

Female

Full time

Part time

Workforce Employment There were 221,422 employee jobs in the Belfast in 2011. This represented a decrease of 1.2% since 2009. • Females made up 52.5% of all employees in the Belfast in 2011. The number of female jobs decreased by 1,467 between 2009 and 2011. Male employment in the Belfast decreased by 1.1% in the same period. • Over two thirds 68.9% of jobs were full-time in 2011. Full-time jobs decreased by 1.4% between 2009 and 2011, while part-time jobs decreased by 0.7%.

Industrial Sector

Industrial sector Agriculture, Hunting, Fishing, Construction and Utilities

5.4%

Manufacturing

2.5%

Wholesale & Retail trade, Repairs

13.7%

Transport, Storage & Communications

7.5%

Accommodation and Food services

5.8%

Financial Intermediaries, Property, Professional, Scientific & Technical

21.4%

Public Administration & Defence

13.4%

Education

8.4%

Health & Social work

17.7%

Arts, Entertainment, Recreation and Other Services

4.3%

208

Chart Title

Agriculture, Hunting, Fishing, Construction and Utilities Manufacturing Wholesale & Retail trade, Repairs Transport, Storage & Communications Accommodation and Food services Financial Intermediaries, Property, Professional, Scientific & Technical

http://www.delni.gov.uk/belfast-region-july-2013.pdf re-Think the Region

2.9% 10.7% 4.8%

Empolyee Jobs by Broad Industry The pie chart illustrates the breakdown of employee jobs in Northern Ireland by broad industry sector. At September 2011, the Services sector accounted for more than four out of every five jobs (81.7%) in Northern Ireland. Manufacturing (10.7%), Construction (4.8%) and Other Industries (2.9%) accounted for the remainder of the employee jobs.1

Manufacturing Construction Others: Agriculture, Forestry & Fishing, Mining & Quarrying, Electricity, Gas, Steam & Air Conditioning Supply, Water Supply, Sewerage, Waste Management and Remediation Activities

The employee jobs sectors:

81.7% Pie Chart Employee Jobs by Broad Industry

Services

Manufacturing Construction Other

Services: Wholesale and Retail Trade; Repair of Motor Vehicles and Motor Cycles, Transport & Storage, Accommodation & Food Service Activities, Information & Communication, Financial & Insurance Activities, Real Estate Activities, Professional, Scientific & Technical Activities, Adminstrative & Support Service Activities, Public Adminstration & Defence; Compulsory Social Sercurity, Education, Human Health & Social Work Activities, Arts, Entertainment & Recreation, Other Service Activities 1. Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency: Census of Employment: September 2011 published on Friday 28th September 2012

EMPLOYEE JOBS MALE/ FEMALE, FULL-TIME/ PART-TIME SPLIT, SEPTEMBER 2011

Employee Jobs Male/ Female, Full-Time/ Part-Time The graph shows the male/ female, full-time/ parttime split for each broad industry sector within Northern Ireland. It highlights the large proportion of employee jobs in the Manufacturing and Construction Sectors that are occupied by male fulltime employees (76.4% for Manufacturing, 83.6% for Construction).

PERCENTAGE (%)

In contrast, females occupy 59.6% of the 566,153 employee jobs within the Services sector. These female jobs within Services are in turn divided evenly between full-time (48.4%) and part-time (51.6%) workers.1

SECTOR

Employee Jobs by Male/ Female, Full-Time/ Part Time

Male Full-Time

Male Part-Time

Female Full-Time

Female Part-Time

Social and Economic Landscapes

1. Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency: Census of Employment: September 2011 published on Friday 28th September 2012

209

Percentage Change of Employee Jobs of Northern Ireland The results shown the changes from 2009 to 2011, it shows the majority of the local authority areas in Northern Ireland appears to have a negative percentage change of employee jobs. The mapping results show that the east of Northern Ireland with the most dramatic decrease of employee jobs. Belfast is slightly affected with a -0.3% decrease. Belfast

5% or above Between 4.9% to 2.5% Between 2.4% to 0% Between -0.1% to -2.5% Between -2.6% to -5% -5.1% or below

Percentage Change in the Number of Employee Jobs in Northern Ireland

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PERCENTAGE (%)

PERCENTAGE CHANGE IN THE NUMBER OF EMPLOYEE JOBS OF NORTHERN IRELAND,

SCOTLAND LOCAL AUTHORITY

Key Location

Highest Rate

Lowest Rate

Percentage Change in the Number of Employee Jobs All twenty District Council Areas in Northern Ireland showed a decrease in employees jobs since 2009. The annual changes ranged from the lowest of 13.8% decrease in Ballmena to the highest of 4.3% in Antrim. However eleven District Councils showed a percentage fall in jobs which is greater than the Northern Ireland total of -2.1%. There are only six District Councils had an increase of percentage change since 2009. Belfast was currently with a -0.3% which is higher than the average percentage rate of Northern Ireland of -2.1%. Although it contains a negative number, but it still maintain a similar amount of employee jobs compare to 2009. 1 1. Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency: Census of Employment: September 2011 published on Friday 28th September 2012

Social and Economic Landscapes

211

Dublin - Employment EMPLOYMENT STATUS OF PEOPLE IN REPUBLIC OF IRELAND

57.1%

4.4% 0.8%

NUMBER OF PEOPLE

37.5%

Employment Status of People Aged Over 15 years old in Republic of Ireland, 2006

Not in labour force Unemployed YEAR Employment Status of People Aged Over 15 years old in Republic of Ireland, 2006 and 2011

38.1%

Empolyee Status

50.1% 10.8% 0.9%

There is a small increase in terms of the population of Republic of Ireland from 2006 to 2011. However there is a significant amout of increase in the unemployment rate, it increased from 4.4% to 10.8% in five years. Although the increase of the population, but the amount of people at work decreased by 7%. It proved once again the economic status of the city dropped from 2006 to 2011.

Employment Status of People Aged Over 15 years old in Republic of Ireland, 2011

Employees with Different Education

23.3%

7.8% 47.9%

This pie chart shows the education level background for people applying jobs for the first time. It shows less than a quarter of the people recieved 3rd level with degree and higher. Upper secondary education level appeared to be the dominance with 47.9% of the overall amount of people. However there is 7.8% of people only recieve primary or even no formal education.

18.1% 2.9% First time jobseekers who have completed full-time education by highest level of education

Primary/ No formal education Lower Secondary Upper Secondary

3rd level non-degree 3rd level degree and higher 212

re-Think the Region

Looking for first regular job At work

Percentage of Population 15+ Unemployed in 2006 Dublin Unemployed Rate 2006 In 2006, the mapping results showed that highest unemployment rate was located towards the outskirt of Dublin especially in the west. In the heart of Dublin which is also the city centre of Dublin still maintain fairly high rate of unemployment. However towards the south of Dublin, the unemployment appeared to least problematic by having the lowest unemployment rate out of the entire Dublin

Social and Economic Landscapes

213

Youth Unemployment 2011 From result from the census 2011 of Ireland, it shows the youth unemployment rate is very spread out in the entire region. There is no particular part of the region with a significantly highest or lowest unemployment rate. However the majority of the area of the region that contains an umemployment rate between 15% to 45% which is a very high number. Only minimal areas with the rate below 15% which proves that the general economy of the Republic of Ireland is not very good in comparison with the previous study of Scotland and Northern Ireland.

Below 15% Between 45% and 15% below to 30% above 45% Between 30% to to 55% 45% Between above 55% 45% to to 65% 60% Above 60% above 65%

Unemployment Rate for 15-24 Years Old in Republic of Ireland 2011

214

re-Think the Region

Comparison of UK Employment Statistics This comparison study of regions with in the United Kingdom, including England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. In 2014, Northern Ireland has the highest unemployment rate in UK of 7.2% which is 0.4% higher than England and Wales. Scotland recieved the lowest of unemployment rate 6.4%, 0.8% lower than Northern Ireland. The unemployment rate result directly reflects to the employment rate results. The employment rate of Scotland is the highest of 73.5% compare to Northern Ireland of 67.8% which is the lowest. It shows how the unemployment rate directly related to the employment rate. The result shown on the percentage share of workforce jobs that England dominated with 85.1%, where Scotland and Northern Island only contain 8.1% and 2.5% respectively. This is due to the large population difference between the regions.1 However in comparison with these data of UK to the data of Republic of Ireland, the unemployment rate is 11.5% which is already the lowest in the past five years. The difference between Ireland and Northern Ireland is more than 4.3% which is an enormous amount. It proved that unemployment rate issue the region of Ireland is a lot more serious than other regions in the UK.

Bar Chart of Unemployment Rate

Pie Chart of Employment Rate of UK

Pie Chart of Percentage Share of Workforceof UK

1.. http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/guide-method/compendiums/compendium-of-uk-statistics/ economy/index.html

Social and Economic Landscapes

215

Education

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The University of Edinburgh

Education - Edinburgh Edinburgh is home to one of the UK’s most productive and qualified workforces and is internationally renowned for the quality of its talent base. Education and academic research plays a important role in the economy of the city. The city region’s academic institutions are internationally renowned for their research and teaching excellence, for example The University of Edinburgh is ranked 5th in the UK, 6th in Europe and 32nd in the world. This talent base, the area’s quality of life and its environment are key attractions for employers and their employees. There are four universities in Edinburgh with students making up around one-fifth of the population. More than 41,000 undergraduates at Edinburgh’s universities, with more than 40% studying science, engineering or health. Edinburgh is reputed internationally for its 218

education system and high quality university graduates. There are 18 nursery, 94 primary and 23 secondary school administered by the City of Edinburgh Council. Edinburgh is on the UK’s highest student concentrations.

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People & Skills

Students enrolled in Edinburgh universities

The city region’s academic institutions are internationally renowned for their research and teaching excellence. With 45% of the working age population educated to degree-level or above, Edinburgh’s workforce is one of the most qualified of any UK city. With a city region population of 1.63 million, Edinburgh benefits from a pool of workers covering a large metropolitan commuter belt.

30000 25000 20000 15000

THe four universities are University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Napier University, Heriot-Watt University and Queen Margaret University.

10000 5000

Institution

Number of students

University of Edinbrugh

27675

Edinburgh Napier University

14060

Heriot-Watt University

10870

Queen Margaret University

5245

Universities There are close to 60000 students enrolled in Edinburgh’s four universities, which collectively produce over 15000 graduates each year. Edinburgh’s universities attract high-calibre students from all the world. • The University of Edinburgh with 19000 undergraduates and 8700 postgraduates. It is an ancient university that is world-leading in a range Research and Development Edinburgh is home to numerous corporate research and development facilities. The city’s highly-educated workforce and critical mass of research institutions combine to make Edinburgh a favoured location for the development of innovative new products.

•

University of Edinburgh

Edinburgh Napier University

of disciplines, ranked Europe’s sixth best university by the Times. Edinburgh Napier University with 12400 undergraduates and 2700 postgraduates. It is a modern university that concentrates on industryorientated education and research. Heriot-Watt University with 6600 undergraduates and 4300 postgraduates. It is a modern university with strong focus on engineering and applied

Heriot-Watt University

•

Queen Margaret University

science. Queen Margaret University with 3400 undergraduates and 1800 postgraduates. It is a modern university with recognised expertise in health sciences, food, drink and tourism.

Workers in Edinburgh by occupation

Occupation Occupation

Number of workers

Mangers and directors

22300

Professional

81200

Associate professionals

40700

Administrative and secretarial

25400

Skilled trades

20300

Caring, leisure and other services

19000

Sales and customer service

20000

Process, plant and machine operatives

9200

Elementary occupations

19800

Managers and directors

Professionals

Associate professionals

Administrative and secretarial

Skilled trades

Caring, leisure and other services

Sales and customer service

Process, plant and machine operatives

Elementary occupations Social and Economic Landscapes

219

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The University of Glasgow

Education - Glasgow Glasgow is home to a broad range of higher and further education institutions that are key to the sustainable, knowledge-based economy to which Glasgow aspires. The various economic growth sectors in Glasgow are heavily supported by the extensive network of academic programmes and research institutions located in the city and the surround environments. Glasgow attracts many of the most talented graduates because the city has one of the UKâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s largest knowledge bases. Glasgow academia has strong connections with industry, which bolsters competitiveness and promotes economic growth in Glasgow. Interface and the West of Scotland Knowledge Transfer Partnership and similar projects aimed at bringing academic research to market/commercializing are at the heart of Glasgow innovation and economic growth plans. The Higher 220

and Further Education sectors contribute significantly to Glasgowâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s economy, contributing 1,258 million GBP to the Scottish output and accounting for 31 percent of the total direct, indirect and induced economic activity generated by the Scottish higher education institutions. The further education colleges in Glasgow support approximately 0.21 percent of economic activity in Scotland, equaling about 369 million GBP.

re-Think the Region

People & Skills

Students enrolled in Glasgow universities

Glasgow is a major centre of higher and academic research, with five universities within 10 miles of the city centre. Glasgow has 53740 full time students in the city during term time, more than any other city in Scotland and the fifth-largest in the United Kingdom outside London. The City Council operates twentynine secondary schools, 129 primary schools and three specialist schools. The three specialist schools are the Dance School of Scotland, Glasgow School of Sport and the Glasgow Gaelic School.

30000 25000 20000 15000 10000 5000

Institution

Number of students

Unversity of Glasgow

26000

University of Strathclyde

20000

Glasgow Caledonian University

16000

Glasgow School of Art

7000

Royal Conservatoire of Scoltand

600

Universities Glasgow has the highest student population in Scoltland with nearly 133000 studying at any given time. It as the second-largest number of higher education students in the UK. Glasgow universities graduate upwards of 20000 annually. • University of Glasgow is the fourth oldest university in the English speaking world. More than 26000 •

Glasgow School of Art one of Europe’s leading creative arts institutions and offering education in fine art, design and architecture. It has 7000 students in attendance each year. • The Royal Conservatorie of Scotland is the only such UK institution offering music, drama and dance. It has unparalleled quality in its faclities and offers more than 600 performances per year. Occupation Occupation

Number of workers

Managers and directors

31102

Professionals

105748

Assocaite professionals

50593

Administrative and secretarial

38567

Skilled trades

29443

Caring, leisure and other services

37323

Sales and customer service

42714

Process plant and machine operatiives

21149

Elementary occupations

53081

•

University of Glasgow

University of Strathclyde

are studying at the unversity each year with 7000 students graduting annually. University of Strathvlyde is a leading technology university, has been active in offering teaching and research as well as partnerships with business and industry for more than 200 years. Almost 20000 students are currently attending University of Strathclyde with about 7000 grduates each year. Glasgow Caledonian has campuses in Glasgow,

Glasgow Caledonian University

Glasgow School Royal of Art Conservatoire of Scoltand

London and New Yorl, providing unveristy education with a global reach. It has more than 16000 students enrolled with more than 5000 graduating each year.

Workers in Glasgow by occupation

Managers and directors

Professionals

Assocaite professionals

Administrative and secretarial

Skilled trades

Caring, leisure and other services

Sales and customer service

Process plant and machine operatiives

Elementary occupations Social and Economic Landscapes

221

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Queen’s University Belfast

Education - Belfast The country’s education system has long been recognised as among the best in Europe. Nearly a fifth of public ex¬penditure is on education and Northern Ireland consistently outperforms all other UK regions in academic qualifica¬tions. Two world-class universities and an extensive network of further education colleges provide excellent academic and vocational training. Both universities are responsive to business, creating graduates with skills, competency and acumen in business-relevant areas. Over 4,000* people graduate each year with business qualifications in Northern Ireland.

invested in Belfast recently include 3PAR, Bombardier, Bloomberg, CEM Systems, Citi, Cybersource, Firstsource, Fujitsu, GE Healthcare, GEM, Halifax Bank of Scotland, IKEA, Liberty Mutual NYSE and Openwave.

The advantages of the skilled local workforce attracted many leading international businesses, bringing with them the opportunities of new supply chains for Belfast businesses. International companies which have 222

http://www.belfastcity.gov.uk/ re-Think the Region

People & Skills

Students enrolled in Belfast universities

There are 161 schools in Belfast with 32 nursery, 84 primary, 19 secondary, 16 grammar and 10 special. There were 3128 school leavers in Belfast. 36% went on to further education. 11% wemt straight into employment and 3.8% left school with no GCSEs.

60000 50000

There are two Universities in Belfast with 55650 undergraduate students and 11785 postgraduate students in Belfast at Queen’s University and the University of Ulster. Belfast Metropolitan College is the largest further and higher education college in Northern Ireland with over 40000 students.

40000 30000 20000 10000

Institution

Number of students

Queen’s University Belfast

25231

Ulster University

50000

Universities •

•

Queen’s University Belfast was founded in 1845 and is a member of the Russell Group, an association of 20 leading research-intensive universities in the UK. It is one of the largest universities in the UK with 25,231 undergraduate and postgraduate students spread over 250 buildings, 120 of which are listed as being of architectural merit.

•

Queen’s University Belfast

Ulster University, created in its current form. It is the second largest university in Ireland, after the federal National University of Ireland. in 1984, is a multicentre university with a campus in the Cathedral Quarter of Belfast. It has 20655 undergraduates and 5800 postgraduates. Belfast Metropolitan College is a large further education college with three main campuses around the city, including several smaller buildings.

Ulster University Formerly known as Belfast Institute of Further and Higher Education, it specialises in vocational education. The college has over 53,000 students enrolled on full-time and part-time courses, making it one of the largest further education colleges in the UK and the largest in the island of Ireland.

Workers in Belfast by occupation

Occupation Occupation

Number of workers

Managers and directors

10628

Professionals

12178

Assocaite professionals

23692

Administrative and secretarial

14613

Skilled trades

12842

Caring, leisure and other services

23027

Sales and customer service

64212

Process plant and machine operatiives

13285

Elementary occupations

46941

Managers and directors

Professionals

Assocaite professionals

Administrative and secretarial

Skilled trades

Caring, leisure and other services

Sales and customer service

Process plant and machine operatiives

Elementary occupations Social and Economic Landscapes

223

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University of Dublin

Education - Dublin Dublin has demonstrated a remarkable ability at attracting a highly talented student population and a highly skilled workforce. Its capacity to induce these aforementioned individuals to live, work and study in the Dublin region is captured in the following statistics: The Dublin region contains over 57% of the total number of international students studying in Ireland. Over 66% of all PhD students in Ireland are located in Dublin. About three out of ten people had a 3rd level qualification in 2011, varying from 23% in the Midland region to 36% in Dublin. Nationally, 22% of people finished their fulltime education at 15-17 years of age, varying from over a quarter in the South-East and Border regions to under 20% in Dublin. 224

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People & Skills

Students enrolled in Dublin universities

Dublin is the primary centre of education in Ireland, it is home to three universities, Dublin Institute of Technology and many other higher education institutions. There are 20 third-level institutes in the city and in surrounding towns and suburbs. Dublin was European Capital of Science in 2012. The Irish public administration and management training centre has its base in Dublin, the Institute of Public Administration provides a range of undergraduate and post graduate awards via the National University of Ireland. There are also smaller specialised colleges, including Griffith College Dublin, The Gaiety School of Acting and the New Media Technology College. Institution

Number of students

The University of Dublin

15000

The National University of Ireland

22000

Dublin City University

10000

25000 20000 15000 10000 5000 0

Universities •

The University of Dublin is the oldest university in Ireland dating from the 16th century, and is located in the city centre. Its sole constituent college, Trinity College, was established by Royal Charter in 1592 under Elizabeth I and was closed to Roman Catholics until Catholic Emancipation. The Catholic hierarchythen banned Roman Catholics

•

The University of Dublin

The National University of Ireland

from attending it until 1970. It is situated in the city centre, on College Green, and has 15,000 students. The National University of Ireland has its seat in Dublin, which is also the location of the associated constituent university of University College Dublin, has over 22,000 students. UCD’s main campus is at Belfield, about 5 km from the city centre in the southeastern suburbs. Dublin City University, formerly known as

Dublin City University

the National Institute for Higher Education, specialises in business, engineering, science, and communication courses. It has around 10,000 students, and is located about 7 km from the city centre in the northern suburbs.

Workers in Dublin by occupation

Occupation Occupation

Number of workers

Managers and directors

28055

Professionals

22853

Assocaite professionals

20066

Administrative and secretarial

29356

Skilled trades

20252

Caring, leisure and other services

17836

Sales and customer service

16722

Process plant and machine operatiives

14306

Elementary occupations

16164

Managers and directors

Professionals

Assocaite professionals

Administrative and secretarial

Skilled trades

Caring, leisure and other services

Sales and customer service

Process plant and machine operatiives

Elementary occupations Social and Economic Landscapes

225

Education Comparison Number of university 6 5 4 3 2 Number of university Edinbrugh

Glasgow

Belfast

Dublin

Institution

Number of students

1 0

Edinburgh

Edinbuegh University of Edinbrugh

27675

Edinburgh Napier University

14060

Heriot-Watt University

10870

Queen Margaret University

5245

Glasgow

Belfast

Dublin

Number of students enrolled 140000

Total 57850

120000

Unversity of Glasgow

26000

100000

University of Strathclyde

20000

Glassgow Caledonian University

16000

Glasgow School of Art

7000

Glasgow

Total 130000 Belfast Queenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s University Belfast

25231

Ulster University

50000 Total 75231

Dublin The University of Dublin

15000

The National University of Ireland

22000

Dublin City University

10000 Total 47000

226

80000 60000 40000 20000 0

Edinburgh re-Think the Region

Glasgow

Belfast

Dublin

Total number of workers

Number of workers Edinbrugh

257900

Glasgow

409720

Belfast

221418

Dublin

185610

Edinburgh

Glasgow

Belfast

Dublin

Unemployment rates in UK 2007-2011

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

England

5.5%

5.3%

7.7%

7.8%

Wales

5.6%

5.4%

7.6%

9.1%

7.9%

Scotlsnf

4.8%

3.9%

6.8%

8.2%

7.6%

Northern Ireland

4.0%

6.3%

7.1%

5.4%

5.2%

7.6%

7.9%

7.7%

10.00% 9.00% 8.00% 7.00% 6.00% 5.00% 4.00% 3.00% 2.00% 1.00% 0.00% 2007 England

2008 Wales

Social and Economic Landscapes

2009 Scotland

2010 Northern Ireland

2011 UK 227