Re-think the Region: Volume 4 - Typologies and Change by Jamie Brown

re-Think the Region Research Document MARS 2014-15

Introduction

Making Architecture Research Studio (MARS) 20142015 have focused on a region covering Edinburgh, Glasgow, Belfast and Dublin. This research document was produced in order to collectively study and investigate the region as a unit. The areas of investigation were established through small research teams. These groups varied from two to four students. Students studied a variety of topics in order to establish the background and foundations of each area. This included physical, social, economic, political, manufacturing and typologies, enabling us as a unit to re-Think the Region.

Typologies & Change Culture Education Health Housing Industry Politics Religion Connections Jamie Brown Anthony Grout Fahad Mohammad

Typoligies and Change

The following study of Typologies and Change in Scotland, Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland takes seven broad typologies and collates examples of each of these stating their value towards an understanding of that typology in the region. Each building, landmark or landscape is then plotted alongside each other in a timeline. This timeline immediately highlights temporal connections between each building. From this typological connections are made between buildings, either within the same or across typologies. This tries to allow an understanding of the patterns of typologies and how they have changed over the course of history. From this, these patterns may be propagated or re-thought.

Contents 9 29 43 65 93 107 119 149

Culture Education Health Housing Industry Politics Religion Connections

Typologies and Change

Culture (CU) Anthony Grout

Reference No.: CU01 Name: Wallace Monument Location: Stirling, Scotland Architect: J.T Rochead Year Completed: 1869 The Wallace Monument is essentially a folly that uses the figure and name of William Wallace as a monument to a rediscovery of Scottish nationalism in the mid19th century. The design was reached through an open design competition, with the final design chosen over one that was deemed too anti-English. The architectural influence of the structure was that of the traditional Scottish tower house. The location on top of Abbey Craig makes the monument extremely visible. Under the spire is a viewing platform from which to view the surrounding landscape. A visitor’s centre sits at the base of the hill as an entry point to the site.1

Figure 1: The Wallace Monument

Reference No.: CU02 Name: National Museum of Scotland Location: Edinburgh Architect: Captain Francis Fowke/Benson & Forsyth Year Completed: 1888 & 1999 The existing museum building is traditional with its large entrance atrium within which are organised the necessary amenities with exhibition spaces then adjacent around this atrium. The extension stands in contrast to this with a series of adjacent asymmetrical spaces. The formal aspects of this extension are a reference to the urban form of Edinburgh’s Old Town.

Figure 2: Benson & Forsyth’s National Museum of Scotland Extension 10

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Reference No.: CU03 Name: Celtic Park Location: Glasgow Architect: Duncan and Kerr, Percy Johnson-Marshall Associates Year Completed: 1892-1998 Celtic Park is home to Celtic Football Club and therefore is the counterpoint to Ibrox Stadium in Glasgow. Celtic and Catholicism are strongly associated. The division between Catholicism and Protestantism between Celtic and Rangers fans is mirrored (and sometimes directly translated) to the division between the two religions in Northern Ireland. The stadium itself obviously has a deep meaning to the people that attend it regularly, arguably in spite of its architectural qualities.

Figure 3: Celtic Park before a Champions League match

Reference No.: CU04 Name: Hampden Park Location: Glasgow Architect: Archibald Leitch Year: 1903-1999 Hampden Park is the Scottish National Football Stadium and was also home to events during the 2014 Commonwealth Games in Glasgow. Football as a cultural phenomenon is a significant aspect of Glasgow that is a key reflection of nationalism and religion. However it could be argued that this significance is not truly reflected in the architecture of the stadium. Having said that the stadium will have a deep resonance for many people regardless.

Figure 4: The interior bowl seating of Hampden Park Typologies and Change

Reference No.: CU05 Name: Willow Tea Rooms Location: Glasgow Architect: Charles Rennie MacKintosh Year Completed: 1904 The Willow Tea Rooms are an example of gesamtkunstwerk or total art works, by Charles Rennie MacKintosh where we was responsible for every detail of the building and its interior. On Sauchiehall Street, the building is a narrow terraced building that required MacKintosh’s clever use of light. The tearoom as a specific typology is interesting in its more British association than say a cafe or coffee shop despite broadly serving the same function, except perhaps the prominence of each drink. The atmosphere is perhaps different though with having ‘afternoon tea’ a more formal event, reflected in the nature of the furniture and by extension the formal aspects of the architecture.2

Figure 5: Interior of the Willow Tea Rooms

Reference No.: CU06 Name: Ibrox Stadium Location: Glasgow Architect: Archibald Leitch, The Miller Partnership, Gareth Hutchison Year: 1928-1991 Ibrox Stadium is the home to Rangers Football club and is therefore representative of a great divide in Glasgow, between two football clubs and their ties with Protestantism (Rangers Football Club) and Catholicism (Celtic Football Club). The stadia of football clubs hold a great significance in being the host of very significant moments in many people’s lives, and unfortunately the locations that trigger much violence and division.

Figure 6: The listed facade of Ibrox Stadium 12

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Reference No.: CU07 Name: Cumbernauld Town Centre Location: Cumbernauld, Scotland Architect: Geoffrey Copcutt Year Commenced: 1955 Cumbernauld Town Centre was a envisaged as a Utopian multi-purpose single enclosed town centre surrounded by connected high density housing as part of the New Town idea to provide desperately needed housing. The centre would cater for retail, leisure and municipal and some high end residential functions. As such, all typologies were tied together with an architecture of the same language and material.3

Figure 7: Cumbernauld Shopping Centre

Reference No.: CU08 Name: Empire Exhibition Location: Glasgow Architect: Thomas S. Tait (& Others) Year Completed: 1938 The Empire Exhibition in Glasgow in 1938 was intended to aid the rebuilding of Scotlandâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s economy following depression of the 1930s. Predominantly a combination of Modernist buildings and structures, the only building remaining to this day is the Palace of Art. While obviously of a different time, it is interesting to compare the perceived permanence of the more massive buildings for this exhibition to the transience of The Crystal Palace (and its descendents) from the previous century.4

Figure 8: A Postcard with an Illustration of the Empire Exhibition Typologies and Change

Reference No.: CU09 Name: Royal Commonwealth Pool Location: Edinburgh Architect: John Richards of RMJM Year Completed: 1970 The Royal Commonwealth Pool emerged both from the perceived need of better public swimming facilities for the people of Edinburgh and the 1970s Commonwealth Games. The building, with clear Modernist influences, is formed of a series of horizontal planes separated by glazing. These planes are used to form space, services, views, light and access at changing scales. The tying together of an international event that went onto become a public building delivered what is commonly perceived to be a successful piece of architecture.5

Figure 9: Royal Commonwealth Pool

Reference No.: CU10 Name: Clyde Auditorium Location: Glasgow Architect: Foster & Partners Year Completed: 1997 The Clyde Auditorium is part of the Scottish Exhibition and Conference Centre and is a multi-purpose auditorium, exhibition and conference space. It is intended to be capable of hosting a range of different events from music concerts to corporate functions. With a construction method inspired by the traditional local industry of shipbuilding, the form may also have been intended to echo the form of the hull of a ship. Regardless, as with many contemporary buildings, a more literal interpretation of its form is taken in christening the building with a nickname: The Armadillo.6

Figure 10: The Clyde Auditorium 14

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Reference No.: CU11 Name: Dance Base Location: Edinburgh Architect: Malcolm Fraser Architects Year Completed: 2001 Nominated for the 2002 Sterling Prize, Dance Base is described by the architects as a series of external and internal rooms, courtyards and passageways, reflecting the urban form of the Old Town.7

Figure 11: Dance Base Beneath Edinburgh Castle

Reference No.: CU12 Name: John Hope Gateway, Royal Botanic Gardens Location: Edinburgh Architect: Edward Cullinan Architects Year: 2010 Being the main entrance to the Royal Botanic Gardens the subtle suggestion of a forest canopy in the column and roof structure of the building is not inappropriate. The main axis connecting the street with the gardens is formed by large stone wall that cuts perpendicular to the rest of the visitors centre. The building also forms a new piece of landscape that links it with the existing gardens by wrapping round a pond that sits adjacent to the ground floor. The tectonic approach and relationship to the context is clear and concise.

Figure 12: Detail of Ceiling at John Hope Gateway Visitor Centre Typologies and Change

Reference No.: CU13 Name: Riverside Transport Museum Location: Glasgow Architect: Zaha Hadid Architects Year Completed: 2011 This sinuous, pitched roof cross section, museum contains one primary continuous space running through the whole building in which the majority of the exhibits are displayed in different ways and at different heights. From experience this creates an atmosphere viewed as both hectic and confusing or dynamic and lively. Although the means of presentation is familiar (object with accompanying information) the space is dramatic and engaging, a reflection of what is being exhibited.

Figure 13: Detail of Facade of Riverside Museum

re-Think the Region

Reference No.: CU14 Name: Phoenix Park Location: Dublin Architect: None Year Established: 1662 Phoenix Park was established as a Royal Deer Park and is a 707 hectare walled park. The park contains several residences including the residence of the President of Ireland and the United States Ambassadors Residence. The park contains interesting historic and cultural uses including motorsport, Dublin Zoo and several contemporary and historical monuments.8

Figure 14: A Monument in Phoenix Park

Reference No.: CU15 Name: Ulster Hall Location: Belfast Architect: Unknown Year Completed: 1859 With a tradition of hosting both notable musical performances and political rallies, Ulster Hall crosses cultural and political typologies despite its original intent being as a musical venue. It hosted rallies in opposition to the Home Rule, the beginning of the Ulster Resistance, and in 2002 a famous Sinn Fein rally. It is therefore tied as much if not more to the political history of Belfast and Northern Ireland than the musical history, despite hosting the world debut of Led Zeppelinâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Stairway to Heaven in 1971.9

Figure 15: Main street facing facade of Ulster Hall Typologies and Change

Reference No.: CU16 Name: The Albert Palace Location: Dublin (and London) Architect: Unknown Year Completed: 1865 (1885) Built as a part of the Dublin International Exposition and a descendent of The Crystal Palace, what became The Albert Palace in Battersea was first constructed in Dublin. The iron and glass system that sat alongside a traditional masonry building was then dismantled and shipped to London where it was reassembled as a music venue and exhibition space.10

Figure 16: The Crystal Palace, London, a direct antecedent to The Albert Palace

Reference No.: CU17 Name: Croke Park Location: Dublin Architect: Gilroy McMahon Year Completed: 1884 (1990s Renovation) Croke Park is home to the Gaelic Athletic Association and primarily plays host to Gaelic sports. The stadium has a capacity of 82,300, the largest not used for Association Football in Europe. It also has a larger capacity that the Aviva Stadium which is the home of the Ireland National Teams in Association Football and Rugby Union. It speaks of Irelandâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s distinct identity that their own very specific sports require a greater capacity and clearly hold some greater level of interest than more widely played sports. In a similar manner to other stadia listed here, the architectural qualities of the building do not reflect the cultural context. With the exception of the lower stand giving light to neighbouring residences, the stadium could be located anywhere.

Figure 17: Aerial photo of Croke Park 18

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Reference No.: CU18 Name: St. Georgeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Market Location: Belfast Architect: JC Bretland Year Completed: 1890-1896 Belfast being a port city means that it has always had a history of trade and commerce. Markets would have been the main centres of trade and purchasing goods for the city inhabitants and been linked with surrounding typologies such as slaughterhouses. St. Georgeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Market is a cast iron framed, brick and stone walled, glazed roof covered market. Once a more prosaic place of commerce, today it is home to traders selling more specialised and luxury items such as upcycled products, cosmetics, art and craft goods and food. The appeal of the market place lies partly in the nostalgic atmosphere generated by the Victorian architecture and the association with a more traditional way of shopping. The space is essentially a large utilitarian covered space with applied decoration to surfaces.11

Figure 18: Interior Photograph of the Market

Reference No.: CU19 Name: Grand Opera House Location: Belfast Architect: Frank Matcham Year Completed: 1895 Being an synthesis of Baroque, Flemish and Oriental styles, the Grand Opera House was the first listed building in Northern Ireland in 1974. The theatre was closed several times throughout its life due to the Troubles. It was severely damaged by two car bombs during the 1990s. It has since been restored and extended.12

Figure 19: The Grand Opera House, Belfast in 2014 Typologies and Change

Reference No.: CU20 Name: Ulster Museum Location: Belfast Architect: James Cumming Wynnes, Francis Pym & Paddy Lawson, Hamilton Architects Year Completed: 1929, 1972, 2009 The Ulster Museum contains three distinct architectural styles that come together in an uncompromising way. The Brutalist concrete form meets the neoclassical elements in a curious slotting together on the facade. The 21st century renovation does not continue this internally with typical white-walled polite modernist gallery spaces.

Figure 20: The Brutalist Addition to the Museum Against the Backdrop of the Botanic Gardens

Reference No.: CU21 Name: National Gallery of Ireland, Millenium Wing Location: Dublin Architect: Benson & Forsyth Year Commenced: 2002 The Millenium Wing of the National Gallery of Ireland by Benson & Forsyth, at face value has a strong resemblance to their work at the National Museum of Scotland. It does suggest that the architectâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s approach to context in each of the two locations would be worthy of closer critique to understand this similarity.

Figure 21: The Millenium Wing 20

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Reference No.: CU22 Name: Lewis Glucksman Gallery Location: Cork Architect: Oâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;Donnell & Tuomey Year Completed: 2004 The Glucksman Gallery creates an elevated series of gallery spaces within a perceived timber volume sitting above a stone plinth which connects the building to the campus ground. The space between these two volumes creates a connection through the gallery and its primary entrance. The building sits to one side of a large historic open space. It responds to the physical, social and historical characteristics of the site without being tied to the existing architecture of the university campus.

Figure 22: The Relationship Between the Gallery and the University Campus is evident Throughout the Building

Reference No.: CU23 Name: Hotel Ballymum Location: Dublin Architect: Seamus Nolan Year Completed: 2007 Artist Seamus Nolan converted the 14th floor of a condemned tower block in Dublin into a hotel for a month in 2007. It was achieved in partnership with local community groups and reused furniture to create an atmosphere that was a comment on how materials, spaces and objects can be re-used inventively.13

Figure 23: The Converted Tower Block Typologies and Change

Reference No.: CU24 Name: The Lyric Theatre Location: Belfast Architect: O’Donnell & Tuomey Year Completed: 2011 The Lyric Theatre in Belfast is the city’s main full time theatre. It has two performance spaces, a rehearsal room as well as typical supplementary spaces such as backstage facilities, education suites, a cafe/bar and offices. The Lyric mediates between a Belfast brick residential street on one face and the River Lagan on the other. The theatre is more extroverted towards the river, with expanses of glass allowing views out and connection between the external landscape with the internal landscape of landings, staircases and vertical timber and steelwork. Historically, the Lyric has been a starting point for several famous actors but interestingly also played a political role in being the site of a meeting between Queen Elizabeth II and Martin McGuinness, Deputy First Minister for the Northern Ireland Assembly and a former commander of the IRA. The choice of The Lyric as the venue of this meeting speaks of the positive symbolism that must be ingrained in the building. Figure 24: The Lyric’s Main Entrance on Ridgeway Street, Belfast

The landscape The Lyric sits in, reflected in its architecture

Reference No.: CU25 Name: The MAC Location: Belfast Architect: Hackett Hall McKnight Year Completed: 2012 The MAC is organised around the idea of creating a piece of internal street through the centre of the building about which gallery and performance spaces are organised. Although this does not seem to translate from how this is viewed on plan to the experience of the building, the tall enclosed street space is dramatic and welcoming and hardness of the materials sits well within Belfast.

Figure 25: The Basalt Tower at the MAC: a Landmark 22

The Internal ‘Street’ of the Foyer re-Think the Region

Reference No.: CU26 Name: Shifting Grounds (Beyond National Architecture) Location: Venice Biennale Architect: Heneghan Peng Year Completed: 2012 This installation discusses how the Irish architectural tradition grounded in local material and culture relates to the global context and means of production. The balancing benches, set by a level with the Venice Arsenal are a reflection of this important discussion the architects feel the need to comment upon.14

Figure 26: Shifting Grounds

Reference No.: CU27 Name: Infrastructure, Data & Process Location: Venice Biennale Architect: Various Year Completed: 2014 The Irish Pavilion at the 2014 Venice Biennale charted the course of Irish infrastructure in the 21st century through ten significant projects and how these were integral to the development of the independence of Ireland from the United Kingdom. It also comments on how these technological developments have influenced architecture and construction within the country and globally.15

Figure 27: Infrastructure, Data & Process Typologies and Change

References 1. Undiscovered Scotland, n.d., Available at: http://www. undiscoveredscotland.co.uk/stirling/wallace/ 2. Great Buildings, n.d., Available at: http://www. greatbuildings.com/buildings/The_Willow_Tea_Rooms. html

15. ArchDaily, 2014, Available at: http://www.archdaily. com/533619/infrastructure-data-and-progressireland-s-pavilion-at-the-2014-venice-biennale/

3. Open University, 2001, Available at: http://www. open.edu/openlearn/history-the-arts/history/heritage/ cumbernauld-town-centre 4. Barker, R., 2014, Available at: http://flashbak. com/six-postcards-of-the-empire-exhibition-inglasgow-1938-20704/ 5. DOCOMOMO, Scottish National Group. Rebuilding Scotland: The Postwar Vision, 1945-1975. Edited by Miles Glendinning. East Linton: Tuckwell Press, 1997.

6. Fosters and Partners, n.d., Available at: http://www. fosterandpartners.com/projects/secc-conferencecentre/ 7. Malcolm Fraser Architects, n.d., Available at: http:// www.malcolmfraser.co.uk/projects/public-civic/dancebase/ 8. Phoenix Park, n.d., Available at: http://www. phoenixpark.ie/about/ 9. BBC, n.d., Available at http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ places/ulster_hall 10. Murphy, Douglas. The Architecture of Failure. Reprint edition. Winchester: Zero Books, 2012. 11. Belfast City, n.d., Available at: http://www. belfastcity.gov.uk/tourism-venues/stgeorgesmarket/ belfastmarketshistory.aspx#historystgeorges 12. Grand Opera House, n.d., Available at: http://www. goh.co.uk/history-heritage 13. Dezeen, 2007, Available at: http://www.dezeen. com/2007/06/02/hotel-ballymun/ 14. ArchDaily, 2012, Available at: http://www.archdaily. com/268480/venice-biennale-2012-shifting-groundsbeyond-national-architecture-ireland-pavilion/ Typologies and Change

Figure References Figure 1: Unknown, n.d., Available at: http://th03. deviantart.net/fs70/PRE/f/2010/327/5/f/wallace_ monument__stirling_by_younghappy-d33fsmc.jpg Figure 3: Unknown, 2012, Available at: http:// i1.dailyrecord.co.uk/incoming/article1284987.ece/ alternates/s2197/Celtic%20Park Figure 4: Unknown, 2014, Available at: http://tsg. uk.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Before-2.jpg Figure 5: Souza, D., 2006, Available at: http://upload. wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/The_Willow_ Tearooms5.jpg Figure 6: Hoogerwaard, S., n.d., Available at: http:// www.stadiumguide.com/wp-content/gallery/ibrox/ ibrox12_0.jpg Figure 7: Webster, D., n.d., Available at: http://upload. wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/Cumbernauld_ Shopping_Centre_(2).jpg Figure 8: Unknown, n.d., Available at: http://flashbak. com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/South-Cascadeand-Tower-Empire-Exhibition-Scotland-1938.jpg

Figure 17: Unknown, n.d., Available at: http:// cslhospitality.ie/wp-content/uploads/crokepark.jpg Figure 18: Cleland, D., n.d., Available at: http:// w w w. p i c t u re l i n e . c o m / b l o g / w p - c o n te n t / uploads/2014/03/8373380280_fe240096b8_o.jpg Figure 21: Unknown, n.d., Available at: http://4. bp.blogspot.com/-RQHPWE8iYnQ/UV_j_rMewcI/ AAAAAAAAUrQ/DzBNgh1iilM/s1600/P1230661.JPG Figure 23: Unknown, 2007, Available at: http://www. dezeen.com/2007/06/02/hotel-ballymun/ Figure 26: Unknown, 2012, Available at: http://www. cultureireland.ie/images/uploads/Shifting_Ground_ by_Irish_architects_heneghan_peng_at_Irish_Pavilion_ at_the_13th_International_Architecture_Exhibition_as_ part_of_la_Biennale_di_Ven_(3)_1.jpg

Figure 27: Saieh, N., 2014, Available at: http://www. archdaily.com/533619/infrastructure-data-andprogress-ireland-s-pavilion-at-the-2014-venice-bienn ale/5394f8bac07a80569e000507_infrastructure-dataand-progress-ireland-s-pavilion-at-the-2014-venicebiennale_bie_ire_7-jpg/

Figure 9: Unknown, n.d., Available at: http://www. urbanrealm.com/images/news/news_3420.jpg Figure 10: Unknown, n.d., Available at: http://eciglasgow2012.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/ Armadillo-SECC1.gif Figure 11: Unknown, n.d., Available at: http:// w w w. b r i t i s h d a n c e e d i t i o n . c o m / w p - c o n t e n t / uploads/2013/10/dancebasebuilding2.jpg Figure 14: Unknown, 2013, Available at: http://upload. wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/Phoenix_ Park_Dublin_18.JPG Figure 15: Unknown, n.d., Available at: http://www.sitefusion.co.uk/files/writeable/uploads/webfusion63371/ image/ulsterhall1.jpg Figure 16: Unknown, n.d., Available at: http://www. pkfoot.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/crystal_ palace_london1329079259958.jpg

Typologies and Change

Education (ED) Jamie Brown

Reference No.: ED01 Name: University of Glasgow Location: Glasgow, Scotland Architect: Unknown Year: 1451 University of Glasgow is the fourth oldest University in the English speaking world. It was founded as part of the church and has ecclesiastical roots in Glasgow Cathedral in contrast to the more common Civic foundations found later. Originally the University only taught those from wealthy backgrounds but also became a pioneering university for the growing middle classes in the 18th and 19th century. The campus is spread across the city over a number of campuses establishing joint departments with Glasgow School of Art and University of Strathclyde. 1

Figure 1: External night time view of the University of Glasgow.

Reference No.: ED02 Name: Edinburgh University Location: Edinburgh, Scotland Architect: Robert Adams Year: 1583 Edinburgh University was founded by the town council in 1583 beginning as a college for law. The university existed as a hotchpotch of buildings within the city until the 19th century. In addition to the oldest schools of Law and Divinity the medical school was created to relieve the increasing numbers at the university. The university was later reorganised into 3 departments from 9 to include humanities and social sciences, science and engineering and medicine and veterinary medicine. The university is also responsible for a number of historic and modern building additions to the city such as the oldest and second oldest concert halls in Scotland and the oldest Purpose built students union in the world.2

Figure 2: Internal View of the Quad. 30

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Reference No.: ED03 Name: University of Strathclyde Location : Glasgow, Scotland Architect: Various Year: 1796 The University of Strathclyde started its life as the Andersonian Institute as a place for useful learning contributing to the advancement of science and technology. It gained its royal charter in 1964 becoming a fully fledged university. The university was initially spread over two campuses until one closed moving all of the departments into the city centre. The university has undergone a number of extensions the centre piece being The Royal College building housing engineering and sciences. It has also received extensions from Frank Fielden and Associates who completed the architecture building in 1967 and more recently by Sheppard Robson completing the new biomedical science building in 2010.3

Figure 3: Aerial view of University of Strathclyde campus.

Reference No.: ED04 Name: Heriot-Watt University Location: Edinburgh, Scotland Architect: Various Year: 1821 Inspired by the Andersonian Institute Leonard Horner founded the School of Arts Edinburgh to provide working men with practical skills and knowledge. As the institute grew it changed location a number of times as the curriculum grew expanding from technology and the sciences and offering studies in the art to middle class citizens which were originally primarily being for working class artisans or technicians. The university was also pioneering in the introduction of women the attend the courses starting in 1869 almost 20 ahead of most other Scottish universities. Whilst starting off small the institute gained the royal charter in 1966 and now has campuses across 5 locations including London and Dubai.4

Figure 4: Street view of Heriot-Watt University. Typologies and Change

Reference No.: ED06 Name: Glasgow Caledonian University Location: Glasgow, Scotland Architect: Various Year: 1875 The University can trace its origins from Queenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s College Glasgow founded in 1875. The college specialised in domestic sciences and in 1993 combined with Glasgow polytechnic to create Glasgow Caledonia University, Caledonia meaning Present day Scotland in Latin.5

Figure 5: Aerial view of Glasgow Caledonia University campus.

Reference No.: ED05 Name: Glasgow School of Art Location: Glasgow, Scotland Architect: Charles Rennie Mackintosh Year: 1909 Originally called Glasgow Government School of Design founded in 1845 the name was changed to Glasgow School of Arts in 1853. With a fast growing reputation for teaching the arts the construction of the new college building began in 1897 designed by Charles Rennie Mackintosh. The school is Scotlandâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s only self governing public arts school teaching courses spanning both analogue and digital mediums such as architecture, fine art, textiles, graphic design, photography etc. 6

Figure 6: Entrance to Glasgow School of Art. 32

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Reference No.: ED07 Name: Edinburgh Napier University Location: Edinburgh, Scotland Architect: Various Year: 1964 Originally known as Napier Technical College in 1966 its name was then changed to Napier College of Science and Technology. In 1974 it merged with Edinburgh College of Commerce to form Napier College of Commerce and Technology. The college was then named Napier Polytechnic in 1986 the same year it acquired former Hydropathic hospital buildings at Craiglockhart. It is one of the youngest Universities in Scotland only receiving university status in 2009. 6

Figure 7: Entrance to Edinburgh Napier University.

Reference No.: ED08 Name: The Reid Building Location: Glasgow, Scotland Architect: Steven Holl Year: 2013 The Reid building by Steven Holl was constructed to accommodate the growing number of students that could not be housed within the existing campus buildings. Sitting just across the road from The Glasgow School of Arts by Charles Rennie Mackintosh the building is constructed of a translucent plastic giving it a high contrast to the existing stonework. The building is five storeys high and works to capture as much natural light as possible with large north facing windows and enormous light cannons that puncture right through the whole building.8

Figure 8: Joining new and old Glasgow School of Art extension. Typologies and Change

Reference No.: ED09 Name: University of Dublin Location: Dublin, Republic of Ireland Architect: Unknown Year: 1592 Trinity or The University of Dublin is the oldest functioning university in Ireland placing itself amongst the seven ancient universities across Britain and Ireland. The University was ecclesiastically founded by the church at the time receiving its fellows from the Arch Bishop of Dublin. In Ireland during the 18th and 19th century relative calm reigned seeing the university as a place of Protestant Ascendancy. Prior to similar changes at Oxford and Cambridge Catholics were allowed to apply to the university from 1793 but soon after they were banned from applying until 1970. Over this period the university grew introducing the first Engineering department in Ireland and Britain in 1842 amongst other departments. The university is now considered one of the best in Ireland.9

Figure 9: View of The Quad University of Dublin.

Reference No.: ED10 Name: Queen’s University Belfast Location: Belfast, Northern Ireland Architect: Sir Charles Lanyon Year: 1810 Queen’s University was built as a non denominational alternative to Trinity which was controlled by the Anglican Church. The university now has sites across Cork, Galway and Belfast. In 1908 Queen’s Colleges, and the Royal University were dissolved and replaced with Queen’s University Belfast. As an independently governed institution Queen’s flourished seeing an increase in programme and becoming one of the top universities in Britain and Ireland. 10

Figure 10: External View of Queens University Belfast. 34

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Reference No.: ED11 Name: Church of Ireland College of Education Location : Dublin, Republic of Ireland Architect: Unknown Year: 1811 The Church of Ireland College of Education is one of the oldest teacher training colleges in Ireland. The school was pioneering in its aim to help educate the poor of Ireland publishing book and donating money to schools. In 1855 the school was taken over by the Church of Ireland for training teachers to teach at parish schools and in 1884 became a national teacher training college receiving funding from the government. With the political partition of Ireland in 1922 the college shrunk as a result of losing its northern students now only serving the Protestant community in the Irish Free State. The Irish language is a core part of the teaching programme and as the college grew once again it expanded including proper student residents, libraries and teaching blocks.11

Figure 11: External View of Church of Ireland College of Education.

Reference No.: ED12 Name: University College Cork Location: Cork, Republic of Ireland Architect: Thomas Deane and Benjamin Woodward Year: 1845 Due to its key position in the city at the time and nearness to Royal Cork Institution and a number of private medical schools University College Cork was chosen as the Queenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s University with links to Galway and Belfast. Originally called Queenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s College Cork the name was subsequently changed to University College Cork in 1908 prior to the slit of Ireland. The first session catered for 115 students with 20 staff, the university now houses over 20,000 students and 1,600 staff. 12

Figure 12: View of External Quad at University College Cork. Typologies and Change

Reference No.: ED13 Name: University College Dublin Location: Dublin, Republic of Ireland Architect: Unknown Year: 1854 Originally founded by the church as Catholic University of Ireland the University is now known as University College Dublin - National University of Ireland. As a private Catholic College it was never granted university status and subsequently fell into decline. This was reversed with the introduction of the Royal University of Ireland charter which allowed university degrees to be given. The university has strong political ties with a number of staff and students participating in the Easter Rising and has had three Irish presidents as Alumni. The University now boast over 30,000 students and has introduced the Horizons curriculum to give students a greater control over their studies.13

Figure 13: View of Original Location of University College Dublin.

Reference No.: ED14 Name: Ulster University - Belfast School of Art Location: Belfast, Northern Ireland Architect: Unknown Year: 1880 Also known as Belfast School of Art the university was established in the cathedral quarters and has always been affiliated with the arts. The university now concentrates on the arts, design and the built environment and boast being one of the top ten universities in the UK for the research for the arts. 14

Figure 14: Entrance to Ulster Universities Main Building. 36

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Reference No.: ED15 Name: Dublin City University Location: Dublin, Republic of Ireland Architect: Unknown Year: 1975 Dublin City University was first known as Institute of Industrial Research and Standards which aimed to help develop and improve national industries. The University is steeped in industrial history and still continues to be affiliated with technology and the sciences. The University now help support the next generation of innovative companies producing good services and clean energies that serve local needs.15

Figure 15: Entrance to Dublin City University.

Reference No.: ED16 Name: Belfast Metropolitan College Location: Belfast, Northern Ireland Architect: Various Year: 2007 Belfast Metropolitan College stems back from 1906 when it was known as Municipal Technical Institute. During the time of great economical and political development the Institute looked to teach practical industrial skills acting as a key player in the development and prosperity of Belfast during the industrial revolution. The College now aims to give a 21st century learning experience moving on from the traditional industries which has dies out in the area. Whilst the campuses are in the same areas of the declining industry the college now encourages and supports new start up businesses, local businesses and community initiatives to help regenerate these areas.16

Figure 16: Belfast Metropolitan College Main Building. Typologies and Change

References 1. Michael Moss, Moira Rankin, and Lesley Richmond, eds. Who, Where and When: The History & Constitution of the University of Glasgow. Glasogow: University of Glasgow, 2001. https://web.archive.org/ web/20060327001623/http://www.archives.gla.ac.uk/ about/publish/histcon.pdf. 2. Horn, David Bayne. A Short History of the University of Edinburgh: 1556–1889. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1967. 3. University of Strathclyde. “Historical Lab Photos.” University of Strathclyde Science, 2014. http:// w w w. s t r a t h . a c . u k / p h y s i c s / c o n t a c t u s / h i s t o r y / historicallaboratoryphotos/. 4. Rachel Hosker. “School of Arts, Edinburgh.” Archive. Gateway to Archives of Scottish Higher Education, 2000. http://www.gashe.ac.uk:443/isaar/C1239.html. 5. Emily Woolmore. “Queen’s College, Glasgow.” Archive. Gateway to Archives of Scottish Higher Education, 2000. http://www.gashe.ac.uk:443/isaar/C0774.html.

12. University College Cork. “UCC History - History and Heritage at University College Cork (UCC).” University College Cork, 2014. http://www.ucc.ie/en/about/ history/history/. 13. University College Dublin. “University History.” University College Dublin, 2014. http://www.ucd.ie/ president/universityhistory/. 14. Rachel Dickson. “Belfast School of Art.” Ulster University: Belfast School of Art, N.D. http:// belfastschoolofart.com/about. 15. Dublin City University. “Campus History.” Dublin City University, 2013. http://www.dcu.ie/innovationcampus/ history.shtml. 16. Belfast Metropolitan College. “History of Belfast Metropolitan College.” Belfast Met, 2012. http://www. belfastmet.ac.uk/AboutUs/History.aspx.

6. The US-UK Fulbright Commission. “Glasgow School of Art.” Fulbright Commision, 2014. http://www.fulbright. org.uk/about/partner-with-us/fulbright-partners/ glasgow-school-of-art. 7. Edinburgh Napier University. “War Poets Collection.” War Poets Collection, N.D. http://www2.napier.ac.uk/ warpoets/index.htm. 8. “Steven Holl Completes Extension to Mackintosh’s Glasgow School of Art.” Dezeen. Accessed January 1, 2015. http://www.dezeen.com/2014/03/06/glasgowschool-of-art-reid-building-steven-holl/. 9. The University of Dublin. “About Trinity.” Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, 2014. https:// www.tcd.ie/about/history/. 10. Queen’s University Belfast. “History of Queen’s.” Queen’s University Belfast, 2014. http://www.qub.ac.uk/ home/TheUniversity/AboutQueens/HistoryofQueens/. 11. Church of Ireland College of Education. “CICE History.” Church of Ireland College of Education, 2013. http://www.cice.ie/AboutCICE/History.aspx. Typologies and Change

Figure References Figure 1: Diliff. The Main Building of the University, Viewed from Kelvingrove Park. Photo, 2008. http:// upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/ University_of_Glasgow_Gilbert_Scott_Building_-_ Feb_2008-2.jpg. Figure 2: Old College Quad. Photo, 2013. http://upload. wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b3/Old_College_ Quad.jpg.

Figure 15: Beta. Dublin City University. Photo, December 18, 2014. http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index. php?title=Dublin_City_University&oldid=638368763. Figure 16: William Murphy. Belfast Metropolitan College. Photo, December 26, 2014. http://en.wikipedia. o rg / w / i n d e x . p h p ? t i t l e = B e l f a s t _ M e t ro p o l i t a n _ College&oldid=623212995.

Figure 3: Guy, Strathclyde. University Campus. Photo, May 11, 2012. https://www.flickr.com/photos/58081540@ N05/7175538612/. Figure 4: Keith Hunter. Heriot Watt University Housing. Photo, 2013. http://www.edinburgharchitecture. co.uk/images/jpgs/student-residence-heriot-wattk080813-k5.jpg.

Figure 5: Knwwsss. Glasgow Caledonian University. Photo, December 21, 2014. http://en.wikipedia. o rg / w / i n d e x . p h p ? t i t l e = G l a s g o w _ C a l e d o n i a n _ University&oldid=638476160. Figure 7: Charlotte Lytton. “Edinburgh Napier University Guide.” The Telegraph, May 17, 2013. http://www. telegraph.co.uk/education/universityeducation/ universities-and-colleges/9948289/Edinburgh-NapierUniversity-guide.html. Figure 11: Downey MacConville Architects. Church of Ireland College of Education. Photo, 2011. http:// www.weslin.ie/projects/education/church-of-irelandcollege-rathmines/. Figure 12: Bjørn Christian Tørrissen. University College Cork, December 26, 2014. http://en.wikipedia. org/w/index.php?title=University_College_ Cork&oldid=638089820. Figure 13: Foley, Michael. Newman House, Dublin. Photo, April 22, 2013. https://www.flickr.com/photos/ michaelfoleyphotography/8673516232/. Figure 14: Sean Mack. Ulster University. Photo, January 1, 2015. http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index. php?title=Ulster_University&oldid=640505283.

Typologies and Change

Health (HE) Jamie Brown

Reference No.: HE01 Name: St Nicholas Hospital Location : Glasgow, Scotland Architect: Andrew Muirhead Year: 1471 St Nicholas Hospital was part of the Cathedral and Clergy. It was adjoined to housing which was for temporary use by the clergy and support staff for the hospital and church. The hospital later became know as Provandâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Lordship and converted fully into housing.1

Figure 1: Painting of St Nicholas Hospital and Provandâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Lordship accommodation.

Reference No.: HE02 Name: Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh Location: Edinburgh, Scotland Architect: William Adam Year: 1729 Beginning life in a small house known as little house the hospital was founded by John Munro who saw general hospitals as an integral part of health education in Scotland. The Royal Infirmary is regarded as the oldest general hospital in Scotland. The hospital catered for the sick poor and due to demand underwent redevelopment of its city centre location (Infirmary Row) during the early 1800s. During the late 1800s it then changed location to the edge of the city due to greater demand and the need for more space. The Hospital is now located in little France suburb designed by Keppie Design opening in 2003. It was heavily criticised for its distance from the city centre and being built on a green field site.2

Figure 2: Entrance to the Royal Infirmary Edinburgh. 44

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Reference No.: HE03 Name: Royal Edinburgh Hospital Location: Edinburgh, Scotland Architect: Unknown Year: 1774 The Royal Edinburgh Hospital Specialises in mental health issues following the death of Scottish Poet Robert Fergusson who died from a head injury. The hospitals main aim was to look after the mentally ill in a humane way. The hospital now continues to treat mental health issues as well as alcohol and drug addictions.3

Figure 3: External view of the Royal Edinburgh Hospital.

Reference No.: HE04 Name: Glasgow Royal Infirmary Location: Glasgow, Scotland Architect: Robert and James Adam Year: 1794 Originally built in 1794 the hospital accommodated a small number of patients located adjacent the Cathedral. After a number of extensions the hospital including the post war additions by Sir Basil Spence the hospital joined with the University of Glasgow becoming its medical school.4

Figure 4: External view of Glasgow Royal Infirmary. Typologies and Change

Reference No.: HE05 Name: Gartnavel Royal Hospital Location : Glasgow, Scotland Architect: Charles Wilson Year: 1814 The Gartnavel Royal Hospital was originally called Glasgow Lunatic Asylum. In 1843 the hospital moved to new premises to segregate patients by class and gender. The asylum continued to specialise in mental health later changing its name to Gartnaval Royal Hospital. The hospital was renovated in 2007 providing a number of psychiatric care units treating patients from 16-65 catering for both long term treatments and temporary patients. 5

Figure 5: Gartnavel Royal Hospital in the landscape.

Reference No.: HE06 Name: Royal Hospital for Sick Children Location: Edinburgh, Scotland Architect: George Washington Browne Year: 1863 After an outbreak of typhoid in 1890 the existing buildings were sold plans for the new hospital were developed by George Washington Browne for paediatric care. The hospital is now being moved along with paediatric units fro Western General Hospital and Royal Edinburgh Hospital to be relocated at The Royal Infirmary of Edniburgh.6

Figure 6: Front facade of the Royal Hospital of Sick Children. 46

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Reference No.: HE07 Name: Western General Hospital Location: Edinburgh, Scotland Architect: Unknown Year: 1868 The Western General Hospital is affiliated with Edinburgh University as one of its main teaching hospitals. The hospital caters for both adult and paediatric care for Edinburgh and the Lothians. The hospital was originally a general hospital for the sick poor. The hospital now specialises in Neurology, Oncology, Infectious diseases and Haematology. It is also a leading researcher and treater of cancer with a new cancer unit completed in 2007 and the first Maggieâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s centre built in 1996 by Richard Murphy.7

Figure 7: External view of Western General Hospital.

Reference No.: HE08 Name: Southern General Hospital Location: Glasgow, Scotland Architect: Sam Bunton Year: 1872 Southern General Hospital began life as a lunatic asylum catering for the sick poor. Like Southern general many hospitals were run privately or by the run by the Parish Council. It is now a large teaching hospital with centralised dermatology, Maxillofacial Department, head and neck cancer specialisation and Gynaecology, Assessment and Rehabilitation service for the Physically Disabled which cater for the entire city and the Queen Elizabeth sinal injury unit which caters for the whole of Scotland.8

Figure 8: External view of Southern General Hospital. Typologies and Change

Reference No.: HE09 Name: Glasgow Dental Hospital and School Location : Glasgow, Scotland Architect: Wylie, Wright, and Wylie Year: 1879 Glasgow Dental Hospital and School is part of the Glasgow University. The building designed by Wylie, Wright, and Wylie is an art Deco style building which was later extended in the 1970s. It is located in the city of Glasgow and caters for both BA and Post-graduate studies of Dental practice whilst functioning as a dental hospital.9

Figure 9: Art Deco facade of Glasgow Dental Hospital.

Reference No.: HE10 Name: Royal Hospital for Sick Children Location: Glasgow, Scotland Architect: Unknown Year: 1882 The Royal Hospital for Sick Children specialises in paediatric health care ranging from neonatals to children up to 13 years old. The original building suffered from a sever lack of space so the Queen Motherâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Maternity Hospital was built on an adjacent site in 1964 to cater for the need for beds. It then went under further extensions in 1998 with the creation of a new theatre complex with intensive care unit. The future for the hospital is for it to be integrated within the Southern General Hospital moving it to the outskirts of the city because of the need for a larger site.10

Figure 10: Queen Motherâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Maternity ward at the Royal Hospital for Sick Children. 48

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Reference No.: HE11 Name: Stobhill Hospital Location: Glasgow, Scotland Architect: Thomson & Sandilands Year: 1904 Stobhill Hospital was situated on a sprawling 45 acre site housing 1867 bed spaces within a number of two storey red brick buildings on the outskirts of North Glasgow. The hospital was originally a poor law hospital but during the first world wars was requisitioned to treat wounded soldiers. After the war it became a general hospital and has undergone a number of extensions the most notable being the specialist day care unit designed by Reach and Hall and was voted the best hospital in the world of its size in 2010. The hospital also houses a number of mental health services and the Marie Curie Cancer Care unit accommodating 1,200 patients and their families each year.11

Figure 11: View of the clock tower at Stobhill Hospital.

Reference No.: HE12 Name: Gartnavel General Hospital Location: Glasgow, Scotland Architect: Unknown Year: 1972 Gartnavel General Hospital is situated at the west end of Glasgow and is a well established teaching hospital. The building was developed to house patients fro Western Infirmary whilst it was being demolished and rebuilt. It also sits next to the Gartnavel Royal Hospital. The Hospital is now a specialist institution for cancer care with the newly finished Maggieâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Cancer Care Centre by OMA architects which ironically is statement against institutionalised hospitals like Gartnavel General.12

Figure 12: View from carpark of Gartnavel General Hospital. Typologies and Change

Reference No.: HE13 Name: Maggie’s Centre Location: Edinburgh, Scotland Architect: Richard Murphy Year: 1996 The first Maggie’s centre built in Edinburgh by Richard Murphhy sort to create this feeling of domesticity and its connection with ‘the garden’. The plan is a duality between the open and closed in terms of space which also reflects the nature of being open with your emotions whether it is laughter or sadness but having the option to retreat into small niches for peace and quiet. This open and closed aspect is also controllable creating totally open spaces or being able to close them off into separate rooms. The significance of this typologies is that it does not aim to cure but is a place patients and family can gain support through their treatment of cancer. 13

Figure 13: Internal view of Maggie’s Centre.

Reference No.: HE14 Name: Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh Location: Edinburgh, Scotland Architect: Keppie Design Year: 2003 The Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh after moving out of the city then moved to the Little France suburbs opening its doors in 2003. The building was heavily criticised for being too far from the city of Edinburgh for emergency services as the hospital was meant to serve Edinburgh, but also Midlothian and East Lothian. It was also criticised for using existing green field sites and being designed without any air conditioning requiring portable units in the summer. Acting as a single port of call the hospital is to accommodate the Royal Hospital for Sick Children in 2016/2017 moving existing health care services out of the city.14

Figure 14: A&E Department at the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh. 50

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Reference No.: HE15 Name: Leith Community Treatment Centre Location: Edinburgh, Scotland Architect: Designlab Architects Year: 2004 Leith Community Treatment Centre by Designlab Architects was designed to provide outpatient services previously housed at Leith and Eastern General Hospitals. Providing a range of medical and social care services the centre has been described as an excellent example of how hospitals can once again work within the urban setting. 15

Figure 15: Entrance view of Leith Community Treatment Centre.

Reference No.: HE16 Name: Maggie’s Centre Location: Glasgow, Scotland Architect: OMA Year: 2011 Another interesting example that tackles a specific issue with institutionalised hospital buildings is OMA’s Maggie’s centre in Glasgow. The building avoids the functional long corridors along a series of isolated rooms of traditional hospitals by positioning more casual open areas around a central courtyard. The rooms and their intersections create open and more intimate spaces with the nooks and crannies created emphasised by the subtle play of ceiling level throughout. The seemingly haphazard arrangement of rooms not only reduces these corridors but creates personal intimate encounters with those going through similar experiences so that people can learn and connect with one another. The building also refers to the idea of ‘the garden’ again both on the internal courtyard and external view out to nature and Glasgow.16

Figure 16: Internal courtyard view of Maggie’s Centre. Typologies and Change

Reference No.: HE17 Name: Rotunda Hospital Location : Dublin, Republic of Ireland Architect: Richard Cassels Year: 1745 Rotunda Hospital is one of the main maternity hospitals in Dublin along with the Coombe and the National Maternity Hospital. The hospital was founded by Bartholomew Mosse a surgeon and man-midwife who was appalled by the conditions mothers had to endure at the time. The original hospital suffered from very poor ventilation, much the same as every other hospital of the time, but this meant every sixth child would die after nine days of being born. The new hospital designed by Richard Cassels used good ventilation as a key design driver drastically improving conditions. Rotunda is the oldest continuously operating maternity hospital in the world still functioning today affiliated with Trinity university as a teaching hospital.17

Figure 17: External View of Rotunda Hospital.

Reference No.: HE18 Name: Royal Victoria Hospital Location: Belfast, Northern Ireland Architect: Henman and Cooper Year: 1797 The Royal Victorian Hospital started life as fever and dispensary unit in Factory Row. It then split from the dispensary and gained its royal charter in 1875. The Building claims to be the first air-conditioned public building in the world with the air conditioning units being pioneered locally in Belfast. The original hospital paid less attention to access to light and air leaving little space for the patients for views and outdoor space. The new Victorian hospital was revolutionary, not only providing good ventilation like Rotunda, but also fighting against the trend of ever expanding cities to provide indoor and outdoor space for recovery. This type of solution to health was very of the time and even today this indoor and outdoor combination is very infrequently seen today.18

Figure 18: Original Design of Royal Victoria Hospital. 52

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Reference No.: HE19 Name: St. Brendan’s Hospital Location: Dublin, Republic of Ireland Architect: Unknown Year: 1810 St. Brendan’s Hospital is the oldest public psychiatric hospital in Ireland. It was established as a separate entity known as Richmond Lunatic Asylum to the House of Industry on the adjacent site. It originally catered for the whole of Ireland in treating the mentally ill but was later taken over and incorporated into the district asylum system in 1830 narrowing its scope to the areas in and around Dublin. St. Brendan’s Hospital has now been closed and replaced by Phoenix care centre.19

Figure 19: External Sketch of St. Brendan’s Hospital.

Reference No.: HE20 Name: St. Vincent’s University Hospital Location: Dublin, Republic of Ireland Architect: Unknown Year: 1834 Founded in 1834 the hospital was built for anyone who could afford its services irrespective of religious persuasion. The hospital is affiliated with University College Dublin as one of its main teaching hospitals. It now offers over 40 different specialist treatments for the area. 20

Figure 20: External view of the Original St Vincent’s University Hospital. Typologies and Change

Reference No.: HE21 Name: Belfast City Hospital Location : Belfast, Northern Ireland Architect: Louis Adair Roche Year: 1841 In 1841 the foundation was originally started by The Belfast Board of Guardians who aimed to provide health care for the poor who could not afford treatment provided by the government. Because it was hard to distinguish the sick from the destitute the hospital developed into an infirmary catering for a staggering 4,252 patients in 1869 as a result of the great famine. The hospital today is the fourth tallest storeyed structure in Ireland. It is renowned for its cancer treatment and research with a partnership with the National Cancer Institute of the United States .21

Figure 21: External View of Belfast City Hospital.

Reference No.: HE22 Name: Central Mental Hospital Location: Dublin, Republic of Ireland Architect: Unknown Year: 1850 The Central Mental Hospital when founded was the Central Criminal Lunatic Asylum for Ireland being the first secure hospital in Europe. This was an early move towards the infamous Broadmoor Hospital in England. Today it continues to treat mentally ill criminals but is in great need of extension due to the heavy demand.22

Figure 22: Original Drawing of Central Mental Hospital. 54

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Reference No.: HE23 Name: Children’s University Hospital Location: Dublin, Republic of Ireland Architect: Unknown Year: 1879 Founded in 1879 the Children’s University Hospital catered for the areas in northern Dublin. It was and still is the only inner city children’s Hospital in Dublin meaning it expanded its catchment area to south Dublin as well and provides a secondary and tertiary referral and care service both regionally and nationally. 23

Figure 23: External View of the Children’s University Hospital.

Reference No.: HE24 Name: Mater Infirmorum Hospital Location: Belfast, Northern Ireland Architect: Unknown Year: 1883 The Mater Infirmorum Hospital was founded by the Sisters of Mercy and has always treated patients no matter their class or religion. The hospital is situated in the more deprived areas of Belfast not far from the city centre and the area has always been predominantly populated by either Protestant or Roman Catholic Communities. The Hospital contains Victorian and the more functional institutionalised buildings common today. It is also one of the main teaching hospitals affiliated with Queen’s University Belfast.24

Figure 24: External view of Mater Infirmorum Hospital. Typologies and Change

Reference No.: HE25 Name: Royal Victoria Eye and Ear Hospital Location: Dublin, Republic of Ireland Architect: Unknown Year: 1897 The Royal Victoria Eye and Ear Hospital was founded as a result of the combination of the National Eye hospital and Markâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Ophthalmic Hospital for diseases of the Eye and Ear being situated in a Victorian Building. The hospital is primarily an ambulatory and elective surgery centre and is the only two service hospital in Ireland. The Hospital is also affiliated with Trinity University teaching both under and post graduate students and carrying out research. 25

Figure 25: External Entrance to Royal Victoria Eye and Ear Hospital.

Reference No.: HE26 Name: Belvoir Park Hospital Location: Belfast, Northern Ireland Architect: Unknown Year: 1906 Originally known as Purdysburn Fever Hospital Belboir Hospital specialised in cancer treatment providing the only radiotherapy service in Ireland. The Hospital introduced the Gerard Lynch Centre where cancer suffers and their families could gain support. The hospital is now closed after the opening of Belfast City Hospital.26

Figure 26: External View of Belvoir Park Hospital. 56

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Reference No.: HE27 Name: Bon Secours Hospital Location: Cork, Republic of Ireland Architect: Unknown Year: 1915 Bon Secours was founded by the Roman Catholic Bon Secours Sisters and is an example of private health treatment in Ireland. Originally as a result of the great famine, political and religious unrest Ireland had many poor and sick people living in overcrowded cities. The Secour sisters began by treating the sick poor in their homes. Bon Secours is now one of the largest private organisations in Ireland.27

Figure 27: External View of Bon Secours Hospital.

Reference No.: HE28 Name: Musgrave Park Hospital Location: Belfast, Northern Ireland Architect: Unknown Year: 1920 Musgrave Park Hospital was founded during the second world war to treat wounded soldiers. The Hospital was then converted to Regional Brain Injury Unit. Its continued strong affiliation with the armed forces resulted in a bomb attack by the IRA in 1990 killing two soldiers. The hospital now specialises in orthopaedics, rheumatology, sports medicine and rehabilitation with the hospital being spread over a large open campus in the suburbs of Belfast. 28

Figure 28: External view of the Grounds of Musgrave Park Hospital. Typologies and Change

Reference No.: HE29 Name: Cork University Hospital Location: Cork, Republic of Ireland Architect: ARUP Year: 1978 Cork University hospital is the largest teaching hospital in Ireland and caters for over 40 different specialist areas. The ARUP development encased the existing hospital to improve the performance and space requirements. The hospital now has more clear entrance spaces with a central focal atrium for orientation. It also provides more natural light for patients within a more thermally stable environement.29

Figure 29: External of Cork University Hospital.

Reference No.: HE30 Name: Beaumont Hospital Location: Dublin, Republic of Ireland Architect: Atkins Year: 1987 Beaumont is a public voluntary hospital and is the second largest hospital in the Republic of Ireland. The hospital is a direct replica of Cork University College Hospital in terms of design and opened on 1987 following the closure of The Charitable Infirmary and St. Lawrenceâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Hospital, two smaller hospitals. It is a key teaching hospital affiliated with Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland and Dublin City university and houses the Dublin brain bank which stores and researches brain tissue.30

Figure 30: External View of Beumont Hospital. 58

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Reference No.: HE31 Name: St. James’s Hospital Location: Dublin, Republic of Ireland Architect: BDP Year: 1994 The site has always been associated with health care with the first health care of the sick poor taking place in 1603. The new St. James’s Hospital was constructed as a result of the closure of four smaller hospitals in the 1980s. The functions they provided were incorporated within St. James’s Hospital which is now one of the largest teaching hospitals in Dublin.31

Figure 31: External View of Entrance to St. James’s Hospital.

Reference No.: HE32 Name: Orchard Respite Centre Location: Dublin, Republic of Ireland Architect: Niall Mclauglin Year: 2010 The centre responds to the problem of an aging population providing safety and security for its patients. The project works on providing a domestic scaled and detailed environment for the patients to feel at home in and not feel as if they are imprisoned. Whilst being controlled to stop patients escaping the building works on the idea of wondering routes. Because of the nature of the Alzheimer’s disease patients need to remain in familiar environments and not feel alienated. This is why the building is designed to always lead patients back to familiar settings through a range of internal and external spaces. 32

Figure 32: Plan and Section of The Orchard Respite Centre. Typologies and Change

References 1. Joe McGuire. “Want to See How Glasgow City Centre Has Changed over the Centuries?” Dailyrecord, 2014. http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/local-news/ pictures-central-glasgow-through-time-4829408.

11. Alistair Tough. “Records of Stobhill Hospital, Glasgow, Scotland.” Text. NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, April 27, 2011. http://www.archives.gla.ac.uk/ gghb/collects/hb50.html.

2. John Smith. The Origin, Progress and Present Position of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh 15051905. Edinburgh, 1905.

12. Alistair Tough. “Records of Gartnavel General Hospital, Glasgow, Scotland.” Archive. NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, January 30, 2009. http://www. archives.gla.ac.uk/gghb/collects/hb81.html.

3. NHS. “Royal Edinburgh Hospital History.” NHS Lothian, 2011. http://www.nhslothian.scot.nhs. uk/OurOrganisation/AboutUs/OurHistory/Pages/ REHHistory.aspx.

13. Giovanna, Borasi, and Mirko Zardini, eds. Imperfect Health, The Medicalization of Architecture. Canadian centre for architecture: lars muller publishers, 2012.

4. Alistair Tough. “Records of Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Hospital, Glasgow, Scotland.” Archive. NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, January 30, 2009. http://www.

14. NHS. “Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh.” NHS Lothian, 2011. http://www.nhslothian.scot.nhs.uk/ GoingToHospital/Locations/RIE/Pages/default.aspx.

5. Alistair Tough. “Records of Gartnavel Royal Hospital, Glasgow, Scotland.” Archive. NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, January 30, 2009. http://www.archives.gla.ac.uk/ gghb/collects/hb13.html.

15. The Scottish Government. “Blueprint for Community Hospitals.” The Scottish Government, 2006. http:// wayback .archive-it.org/3011/20130204033124/ http://www.scotland.gov.uk/News/ Releases/2006/12/20105914#.

archives.gla.ac.uk/gghb/collects/hb14.html.

6. Edna Robertson. Yorkhill Story: History of the Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Glasgow. 1st ed. Michigan: Yorkhill and Associated Hospitals Board of Management, 1972. 7. NHS. “Western General Hospital.” NHS Lothian, 2011. http://www.nhslothian.scot.nhs.uk/GoingToHospital/ Locations/WGH/Pages/default.aspx. 8. Southern General. “Records of the Southern General Hospital, Glasgow.” Archive. Archives Hub, 2002. http:// archiveshub.ac.uk/data/gb812-hb17. 9. University of Glasgow. “History of the Dental School.” University of Glasgow, N.D. http://www.gla. ac.uk/schools/medicine/aboutus/history/20thcentury/ dentistry/. 10. NHS. “Royal Hospital for Sick Children History.” NHS Lothian, 2012. http://www.nhslothian.scot.nhs. uk/OurOrganisation/AboutUs/OurHistory/Pages/ RHSCHistory.aspx.

16. Giovanna, Borasi, and Mirko Zardini, eds. Imperfect Health, The Medicalization of Architecture. Canadian centre for architecture: lars muller publishers, 2012. 17. Percy, T, and C Kirkpatrick. The Book of the Rotunda Hospital : An Illustrated History of the Dublin Lying-In Hospital From Its Foundation in 1745 to the Present Time. Edited by Henry Jellett. London: Adlard and Son, Bartholemew Press, 1913. 18. Banham, Reyner. The Architecture of the WellTempered Environment. London: The Architectural Press, 1969. 19. O’Shea, Brian, and Falvey, Jane, ‘A history of the Richmond Asylum (St. Brendan’s Hospital), Dublin’ in Hugh Freeman and German E. Berrios (eds), 150 Years of British Psychiatry. Volume II: the Aftermath, London, 1996. 20. Jones, Greta, and Elizabeth Malcolm. Medicine, Disease and the State in Ireland, 1650-1940. Cork: Cork University Press, 1999.

Typologies and Change

21. Craig, D.H. “A History of Belfast City Hospital.” Ulster Medical Journal, no. 43 (1974): 1–14. 22. Central Mental Hospital Carers. “Central Mental Hospital Carers,” N.D. http://cmhcarers.moonfruit.com. 23. Barry Kennerk. Temple Street Children’s Hospital: An Illustrated History. Dublin: New Island Books, 2014 24. Casement, Rory S. (31 October 1968). “History of the Mater Infirmorum Hospital”. The Ulster medical journal 38 (1): 62–75. 25. Royal Victoria Eye and Ear Hospital. “Hospital Profile and History.” Royal Victoria Eye and Ear Hospital, 2012. http://www.rveeh.ie/content/hospital-profile-andhistory. 26. Bloomfield, Sir Kenneth. “A New Life. Belfast.” The Brehon Press, 2008, 67. 27. Bon Secours Hospital. “Bon Secours - Our History.” Bon Secours Health System, 2014. http://www. bonsecourscork.ie/. 28. University of Ulster. “A Chronology of the Conflict - 1980.” CAIN Web Service, 2014. http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/ othelem/chron/ch80.htm. 29. IT Dept, C. U. H. “Profile of Cork University Hospital.” Text, 2014. http://www.cuh.hse.ie/About_CUH/. 30. Beaumont Hospital. “Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.” Beaumont, May 7, 2007. http://web.archive. org/web/20070507051257/http://www.beaumont.ie/ about/. 31. Professor D Coakley. “History.” St. James’s Hospital, N.D. http://www.stjames.ie/AboutUs/History/. 32. William JR Curtis. “Alzheimer’s Respite Centre, Dublin, by Niall McLaughlin Architects.” Architects Journal, October 2, 2011. http://www.architectsjournal. co.uk/alzheimers-respite-centre-dublin-by-niallmclaughlin-architects/8611134.article.

Figure References Figure 1: Joe McGuire. “Want to See How Glasgow City

Figure 12: Alistair McMillan. Gartnavel General Hospital.

Figure 23: DubhEire. Children’s University Hospital, Temple

Centre Has Changed over the Centuries?” Dailyrecord,

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Hospital,_Temple_Street&oldid=613828879. Figure 13: Giovanna, Borasi, and Mirko Zardini, eds.

Figure 2: Kim Traynor. Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh.

Imperfect Health, The Medicalization of Architecture.

Figure 24: Keresaspa. Mater Infirmorum Hospital. Photo,

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Figure 14: Kim Traynor. Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh.

Figure 25: Cqui. Royal Victoria Eye and Ear Hospital.

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http://en.wikipedia.

org/w/index.php?title=Royal_Infirmar y_of_

org/w/index.php?title=Royal_Victoria_Eye_and_Ear_

Edinburgh&oldid=639844714.

Hospital&oldid=613835261.

Figure 15: Liz “n” Jim. Geograph:: Leith Community

Figure 26: Morrison, P.J. “Improving Cancer Statistics – a New

Figure 4: Alistair McMillan. Glasgow Royal Infirmary. Photo,

Treatment Centre (C) Liz “N” Jim. Photo, 2014. http://www.

Cancer Centre for Northern Ireland.” OpenI, N.D. http://

December

geograph.org.uk/photo/1274770.

openi.nlm.nih.gov/detailedresult.php?img=1891734_

org/w/index.php?title=Royal_Infirmar y_of_ Edinburgh&oldid=639844714.

22,

2014.

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.

php?title=Glasgow_Royal_Infirmary&oldid=639232507.

umj7502-110-f1&req=4. Figure 16: Giovanna, Borasi, and Mirko Zardini, eds.

Figure 5: Lynn M Reid. Gartnavel Royal Hospital. Photo,

Imperfect Health, The Medicalization of Architecture.

Figure 27: Tony McKeown. Bon Secours Hospital,

December

Canadian centre for architecture: lars muller publishers,

Cork. Photo, December 22, 2014. http://en.wikipedia.

2012.

org/w/index.php?title=Bon_Secours_Hospital,_

29,

2014.

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.

php?title=Gartnavel_Royal_Hospital&oldid=640147334.

Cork&oldid=613828277. Figure 6: Kim Traynor. Royal Hospital for Sick Children,

Figure 17: Alison Cassidy. Rotunda Hospital. Photo,

Edinburgh. Photo, December 20, 2014. http://en.wikipedia.

December

org/w/index.php?title=Royal_Hospital_for_Sick_Children,_

php?title=Rotunda_Hospital&oldid=637322050.

17,

2014.

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.

Figure 28: Citybus Renegade. Musgrave Park Hospital & Black Mountain. Photo, February 5, 2010. https://www.

Edinburgh&oldid=638891159.

flickr.com/photos/50522729@N06/4834050837/. Figure 18: Banham, Reyner. The Architecture of the Well-

Tony McKeown. Bon Secours Hospital, Cork. Photo, December

Figure 7: Maleczek, Peter. Western General Hospital

Tempered Environment. London: The Architectural Press,

22, 2014. http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bon_

Edinburgh. Photo, August 7, 2013. https://www.flickr.com/

1969.

Secours_Hospital,_Cork&oldid=613828277.

Figure 19: John O’Connor Donelan. St. Brendan’s Hospital

Figure 29: ARUP. Cardiac Renal Centre, Cork University

Figure 8: w.f.millar. Southern General Hospital. Photo,

(Grangegorman). Drawing, December 22, 2014. http://

Hospital. Photo, 2013. http://www.arup.com/Projects/

December

en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St._Brendan%27s_

Cork_University_Hospital/CUH_Gallery1.aspx.

photos/backmanmal/9461594078/.

22,

2014.

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.

php?title=Southern_General_Hospital&oldid=616774161.

Hospital_(Grangegorman)&oldid=625643531. Figure 30: RavensFists. Beaumont Hospital, Dublin. Photo,

Figure 9: Samuel Marshall. Glasgow. Photo, 2014. http://

Figure 20: DubhEire. St. Vincent’s University Hospital.

December

live.leafdigital.com/pics/glasgow/.

Photo,

php?title=Beaumont_Hospital,_Dublin&oldid=626146145.

December

11,

2014.

http://en.wikipedia.

22,

2014.

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.

org/w/index.php?title=St._Vincent%27s_University_ Figure 10: Alistair McMillan. Royal Hospital for Sick

Hospital&oldid=613836407.

Figure 31: Heggyhomolit. St. James’s Hospital. Photo,

Children, Glasgow. Photo, December 22, 2014. http://

December

en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Royal_Hospital_for_

Figure 21: eowin. Belfast City Hospital. Photo, December 22,

Sick_Children,_Glasgow&oldid=630838499.

2014.

11:

December

Chris 22,

Upson.

2014.

Stobhill

Hospital.

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.

php?title=St._James%27s_Hospital&oldid=625851063. Figure 32: William JR Curtis. “Alzheimer’s Respite Centre,

Photo,

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.

php?title=Stobhill_Hospital&oldid=616806986.

2014.

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Belfast_

City_Hospital&oldid=636499259. Figure

22,

Dublin, by Niall McLaughlin Architects.” Architects Journal, Figure 22: Wellcome Library, London. Central Mental

October

Hospital.

alzheimers-respite-centre-dublin-by-niall-mclaughlin-

Drawing,

December

31,

2014.

http://

en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Central_Mental_

2011.

http://www.architectsjournal.co.uk/

architects/8611134.article.

Hospital&oldid=640399264. Typologies and Change

Housing (HO) Jamie Brown

Reference No.: HO01 Name: Skara Brae, Hut Location: Bay of Skaill, Scotland Architect: Unknown Year: 2000 BCE Skara Brae is a stone-built neolithic settlement primarily inhabited by fishermen. The housing was stone-built sunken below the ground to avoid the harsh winds and rain. Dry stone wall made up the outer wall with a central hearth for heating and cooking in the largest room. The composition of the house meant accommodation and storage where placed around the main room.1

Figure 1: Skara Brae hut interior sketch.

Reference No.: HO02 Name: Romano British Housing Location: Scotland/ Ireland Architect: Unknown Year: 800 BCE Romano British housing used a similar principal of the houses in Skara Brae with one main difference of using timber roof construction. Simple housing consisted of stone wall topped with a timber pitched roof containing central hearth. The house usually had no more than two rooms and had little to no windows. The more elaborate structures were placed below ground with a timber beehive roof above. Upon entering through the beehive roof the underground structure consisted of trenches, galleries or chambers up to 80ft long lined with stone.2

Figure 2: Romano British hut circle. 66

re-Think the Region

Reference No.: HO03 Name: Broch of Mousa Location : Scotland Architect: Unknown Year: 100 BCE The Broch of Mousa is the tallest Broch of its kind. Broch buildings were the first signs of defensible residential structures in Scotland showing string references to the Tower houses of both Scotland and Ireland. The construction consisted of a circular dry stone wall 1020ft thick enclosing a court 20-30ft across. A tunnel closed by a stone slab lead through the wall containing intramural Corbelled cells, one controlling the door bar the other leading to the stone house cell up a spiral stair. The central living space was at the top of the stair made of timber inset into the stone containing a central hearth and living space surrounded by a verandah.3

Figure 3: Broch of Mousa exterior sketch.

Reference No.: HO04 Name: Tower House Location: Scotland, Ireland Architect: Unknown Year: 5th Century Tower houses are notably distinct because of the stacking of residential functions as opposed to being limited by primarily single storey until now. It was the most efficient use of form and space and fortification in a barren landscape where castle towns would then arise. More than 8,000 were recorded to be built in Ireland alone used as a communication method as there were so many one could always see another. Typical forms were plain, characterised by poor land characteristics, internal unrest and warring clans. Primarily designed for defence access would be on the first floor via a wooden stair which could be removed if necessary. On the ground floor would be the stores and prison. On the first would be for the hall and every day activities. The second a private room for the lord, the third for family and servants and finally the fourth would be the battlements. As peace prevailed the internal decoration moved beyond the walls to express prosperity.4 Figure 4: Plan and section of a Scottish Tower house. Typologies and Change

Reference No.: HO07 Name: Traquair House Location : Scotland Architect: Unknown Year: 15th Century Whilst not formally a castle Traquair house is the oldest constantly inhabited fortified houses in Scotland. The area was originally used as a hunting seat by the Scottish king in the 12th century with the house being constructed after. It again shows references to the Scottish tower house just on a much larger scale using different fortification methods. The house is now used as a brewery but begins to show the trend and divide between the wealthy and the poor. Whilst starting long before this time it is most evident of just how much the wealth of the upper classes had increased in comparison to the lower classes shown in the architecture.7

Figure 7: Traquair House external sketch.

Reference No.: HO08 Name: Black House Location: Scotland, Ireland Architect: Unknown Year: 1600 - 1800 The need for housing in the lower classes maintained the old construction techniques which we have seen as far back as 800 BCE. When compared to grand estates it is shocking to see that the lower class dwelling had not changed much at all from the very first dwellings found in Scotland. Black houses were traditional Scottish housing typically build high and not so wide with dry stone walls, thatched roof, an opening in the roof acting as a chimney and very few windows. The house contained rarely more than two rooms and would accommodate the occupants as well as their livestock.8

Figure 8: Black House external sketch. Typologies and Change

Reference No.: HO09 Name: Culross House Location: Culross, Scotland Architect: Unknown Year: 16th Century Another example of luxury housing in Scotland at the time was Culross House/ Palace. The plan has a more disjointed feeling to Traquair house but is none the less a grand house with painted ceilings and ornamental stepping of the roof gables. This is house is important as it was not owned by a Monarch or lord it was owned by a wealthy merchant showing that the wealth for such estates had not just been kept amongst royalty. It also highlights another key point and emphasises the divide, the lower classes required a need for housing to work for the big industries and the small percentage of the wealthy classes owned such businesses paying for their luxury estates.9

Figure 9: Culross House external sketch.

Reference No.: HO10 Name: Mellerstain House Location: Scotland Architect: William Adam Year: 1778 Mellerstain House was a stately home designed for George Baillie by William Adam. This example shows a movement away from defensive structures to the stately homes we are more familiar with showing the power and wealth of the owner. The number of lavish houses are numerous because of their individual characteristics and slightly different styles in contrast to lower class housing which has a few types repeated.10

Figure 10: Mellerstain House external sketch. 70

re-Think the Region

Reference No.: HO11 Name: Shuttle Row Location : Blantyre, Scotland Architect: Unknown Year: 1780 Shuttle row was one of the first tenements created as a result of the industrial revolution. It housed 24 families on the site of a mill where they would have worked. It is the first example of the creation of housing for workers by the wealthier upper classes. The houses were very basic containing on average two rooms similar to previous housing typologies but catered for their needs. The conditions were unsanitary with human waste disposed of in front of the house but the housing did contain chimneys previously not seen.11

Figure 11: Shuttle Row tenement housing external sketch.

Reference No.: HO12 Name: Tenements/ slums Location: Glasgow and Edinburgh, Scotland Architect: Unknown Year: 1800 - 1930 As the wealthier continued to get wealthier the tenement typology took off moving more people into cities as a result of the industrial revolution trying to find work. With more poor people moving into the cities the wealthier classes moved out leaving large Georgian terrace housing unoccupied which was later converted into tennaments. Most families only had 1 - 2 rooms creating very camped and highly populated areas which we know today as slums. Slums grew and endured for over a century and reinforced the class divide. Divides can still be seen in the cities today such as the north south divide in Edinburgh even though the slums are now demolished.12

Figure 12: Slums of Scotland Typologies and Change

Reference No.: HO13 Name: Slum Clearances Location: Glasgow Architect: Unknown Year: 1930s Slum clearances did not occur until the 1930s as a result of rebuilding after the war but also due to the final acknowledgment of the terrible conditions people were living in. This in turn created the welfare estate within the government who would supply the need for better quality housing for the underprivileged. The first slum clearances began in Glasgow where people were moved from decaying inner city areas to the suburbs. These suburb estates were also a method of supplying labour to surrounding areas. Post industrial revolution many industries began to decline shifting the priority from the need for housing to supply industry to the need for better quality living conditions for less the fortunate.

Figure 13: Re-building Scotland

Reference No.: HO14 Name: The changing face of Scotland Location: Scotland Architect: Unknown Year: 1930 - 1970 After the industrial revolution the slum typology the new aim was to provide higher quality modern/ modernist housing. Some tried to maintain the Scottish vernacular where as most opted for the international style of modernism in creating their high density housing. Slums made way for modern developments particularly in Glasgow.

Figure 14: Before and after of childrenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s play space. 72

re-Think the Region

Reference No.: HO15 Name: Balornock Location : Blantyre, Glasgow, Scotland Architect: Robert Matthews Year: 1945 Initially there was a movement for maintaining the vernacular architecture of Scotland. This housing project by Robert Matthews sees prototype Scandinavian housing being used in the Scottish climate. It was primarily of timber construction with stone or brick being used for the party walls lending to the quick assembly of the house.13

Figure 15: Post war prototype timber construction housing.

Reference No.: HO16 Name: Hutchensontown, Gorbals Location: Glasgow, Scotland Architect: Sir Basil Spence Year: 1959 With the introduction of modernism and the international style many of the new developments in Scotland followed this trend. The Gorbal Estate by Sir Basil Spence took influences fro Le Corbusierâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Unite building containing 400 units over 20 storeys. The project had a very mixed response being popular with residents but not with many others who thought they should be demolished because of the radical style and brutalist appearance. Whilst popular with residents an unfortunate problem with many housing developments built around this time is their poor build quality. As a result many of these types of developments, including this one, were demolished for their poor construction.14

Figure 16: Hutchenstown, Gorbals housing development plans and sections. Typologies and Change

Reference No.: HO17 Name: Ardler Multi Storey development Location: Scotland Architect: Crudens Year: 1966 Another example of such ‘regeneration’ was Ardler Multi Storey development more commonly known as Ardler ‘Multi’s’. Previously we have seen low rise housing spreading out into the landscape. With the modern movement the accommodation is stacked high and dense leaving the ground as a communal plane in which everyone can use. Apart from again being poorly built the stacking of so many people (3254 dwellings) along with many other modernist ideals caused terrible problems with vandalism and antisocial behaviour. The flats also did not lend themselves to being extended leading to further space issues. As a result Ardler ‘Multi’s’ were ‘degenerated into the more traditional vernacular as seen in 1945 comprising 750 houses.15

Figure 17: Ardler Multi storey development aerial photograph.

Reference No.: HO18 Name: Red Road Estate Location: Glasgow, Scotland Architect: Sam Bunton Year: 1969 Through the need for better housing after the slum clearances the welfare state in effect created a modern day slum spreading vertically rather than horizontally. The sheer density and idealised vision of living did not work in terms of the aim of providing higher quality living. Red road is a prime example of this monumental failure. It comprises 8 towers all of 28 floors housing a total of 4,700 residents. Again this was a development which aimed to relieve slum areas in Glasgow but is now being demolished due to disrepair, vandalism and anti social behaviour.16

Figure 18: Red road development model. 74

re-Think the Region

Reference No.: HO19 Name: Woodend Location : Scotland Architect: Unknown Year: 1980 After the period of high modernism and the movement towards post-modernism speculative house building increased in Scotland. The housing reverted back to a more Scottish vernacular using traditional stone and timber construction. This construction also favoured the lower density â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;garden cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; low rise arrangement creating large suburbs around the cities, some to replace the failed estates of the post war era.17

Figure 19: 1980s Speculative housing suburbs.

Reference No.: HO20 Name: Cuprum Building-Anderston Masterplan Phase 5 Location: Glasgow, Scotland Architect: AHR Architects Ltd Year: 2009 In modern Scotland people are being brought back into the cities from the surrounding satellite estates. Whilst this is an example of private housing it shows the new city typology of a mixed use building were residential is combined with another function, in this case offices, to create privacy and security for the residents whilst integrating them into the city. As we will see later due to the post war reconstruction of Glasgow much of its historic buildings were lost, lending itself to more modernist developments.18

Figure 20: Caprum Building external photograph. Typologies and Change

Reference No.: HO21 Name: Tigh-Na-Cladach Location: Scotland Architect: Gokay Deveci Year: 2010 Importantly a new style of buildings develop neither take the side of pure modernism or the pastiche look of post-modernism. This example of affordable housing by Gokay Deveci takes the traditional vernacular of Tigh-Na-Cladach and reinterprets it in a modern way using modern techniques. The houses also achieve code for sustainable homes level 4 showing the modern construction techniques providing quality housing.19

Figure 21: Tigh-Na-Cladach housing development external photograph.

Reference No.: HO22 Name: St Anthony’s new-build housing Location: Glasgow, Scotland Architect: Anderson Bell Christie Year: 2011 St Anthony’s new-build housing comprises 108 dwellings responding to the surrounding site through its height, monopitch roof and brick materiality. Interestingly the development has three specially designed units for wheelchair users and those with learning difficulties. Each unit has a private balcony and parking space giving a sign of ownership not seen in the post war period. However there does appear to be a total lack of communal space prioritising privacy over interaction. In this development we see how developments are procured on a lot smaller scales in comparison to large masterplans of 1960s where single architects would design up to 4,000 units.20

Figure 22: St Anthony’s new-build housing street view. 76

re-Think the Region

Reference No.: HO23 Name: Westfield Avenue Location : Edinburgh, Scotland Architect: 7N Architects Year: 2012 Even in large masterplans a number of architects would be used to create a far richer spread of design. 7N Architects were tasked with the first phase of a mixed use masterplan for Westfield for much needed affordable housing. The project is mixed use mixed tenure creating a vibrant community life integrating many different users. The project picks up existing and pedestrian routes fanning out to integrate into the existing fabric. Rather than total demolition and rebuilding the conservation of historic and existing buildings is taken a lot more seriously.21

Figure 23: Westfield Avenue mixed use housing development street view.

Reference No.: HO24 Name: Advocates Close Location: Edinburgh, Scotland Architect: Morgan McDonnell Architecture Ltd Year: 2013 A particularly successful project that integrates within the existing context is Advocates Close in Edinburgh. The project is again a mixed use building containing active street frontage on the lower levels and residential above. The development connects the street and bridge levels of Edinburgh providing a much needed access route. The historic building stock of Edinburgh is far greater than that of Glasgow creating this interesting condition with difficult sites and a wealth of historic context to respond to creating a far richer and diverse housing typology.22

Figure 24: Advocates Close mixed use development view from internal street. Typologies and Change

Reference No.: HO25 Name: Hunters Hut Location: Cork, Republic of Ireland Architect: Unknown Year: 8000 BCE Early Hunter Gathers used the sea and rivers for the sources of their food. Their simple shelters were always close to water for hunting and water. The shelter made of thatch was just that a place to sleep and shelter from the weather with most of the living functions carried out outside.23

Figure 25: Reconstruction of Hunter Hut.

Reference No.: HO26 Name: Early Irish Farmers Hut Location: Ireland Architect: Unknown Year: 4000 BCE Early Irish farmers developed the hut increasing it in size to provide more shelter for more functions and more people. The building is again made of a simple thatch working as insulation and weatherproofing. The hut contains a door as opposed to an opening and has an opening in the roof to let out smoke from a central hearth.24

Figure 26: Reconstruction of Early Irish Farmers Hut. 78

re-Think the Region

Reference No.: HO29 Name: Belfast Castle Location: Belfast, Northern Ireland Architect: John Lanyon Year: 12 Century Originally built in the Norman era the second castle was built by Sir Arthur Chichester in 1611. After being burnt down the new plans were built by John Lanyon in a Scottish Baronial Style. After housing a number of Earls of Shafsbury the house is now converted for tourists , wedding receptions and other events.27

Figure 29: External view of Belfast Castle.

Reference No.: HO30 Name: Tower House Location: Ireland Architect: Unknown Year: 12th - 16th Century Much like the tower houses of Scotland the Irish tower house reflected the turmoil of the warring nation with its defensible and featureless vernacular. It also stacked the living functions vertically in the most efficient and compact way. Tower houses in Ireland were built in countless numbers. Some say there were over 8,000 at their height and that they were used for communications because one could always see another due to their sheer density across Ireland.28

Figure 30: Traditional Irish Tower House. 80

re-Think the Region

Reference No.: HO31 Name: Howth Castle Location : Dublin, Republic of Ireland Architect: Sir Edwin Lutyens Year: 14th Century The area of Howth castle has been held since the Norman invasion with the St. Lawrence family being the Lords of Howth. The original castle was of timber construction sitting upon the hill. The design by Sir Edwin Lutyens was constructed of stone in a more traditional defensible house style.29

Figure 31: External View of Sir Edwin Lutyens Addition to the Older Castle.

Reference No.: HO32 Name: Fishamble Street Location: Dublin, Republic of Ireland Architect: Unknown Year: 17th Century During the 16th and 17th century a vast amount of Georgian building took place for the richer upper classes. This house in Dublin is the oldest still standing after the great Georgian clearance in the area in the 1950s. Dublin was very advanced for the time having brick buildings and tiled roofs to prevent the spread of fire. They also had chimneys for heating. Slums were apparent due to the class divide but were mainly confined to mews and alleys.30

Figure 32: View of the Oldest House in Dublin. Typologies and Change

Reference No.: HO33 Name: Ardgillian Castle Location: Belfast, Northern Ireland Architect: Unknown Year: 1738 Ardgillian Castle was owned by a wealthy merchant of the time. Much like Scotland the divide between the need for housing and the demonstration of wealth grew along with the industries enabling people other than royalty to afford grand estates and make their wealth through the development of industry and trade. The castle is now open for recreational events and tourists.31

Figure 33: External view of Ardgillian Castle on the Coast.

Reference No.: HO34 Name: Dublin Slums Location: Dublin (Belfast), Ireland Architect: Unknown Year: 1800-1950 Much like Scotland the population of the main cities greatly increased resulting in a drastic need for housing to fuel the demand of industry. However contrary to what happened in Scotland the populations of cities such as Dublin greatly increased Due to the great famine. As a result the population of Dublin increased fro 175,000 in 1813 to 250,000 in 1850. This resulting increase in population meant slums grew from the alleys and mews and Georgian houses previously for the upper classes were converted into tenements with families occupying one or two rooms. This in return drove the upper classes out of the cities into the suburbs.32

Figure 34: Traditional Georgian Terraces Converted to Tenements. 82

re-Think the Region

Reference No.: HO35 Name: Cottage Developments Location: Ireland Architect: Unknown Year: 1900-1914 Before slum clearances began the Irish Land and Labour Association commissioned thousands of workers cottages to relieve inner city over population. The scheme aimed to provide people with land, education and work to help against the aftermath of the famine and inner city slums. The cottages wer simple with only a few rooms but were functional depicting the traditional white was buildings associated with Ireland.33

Figure 35: Traditional Workers Cottage.

Reference No.: HO36 Name: Slum Clearances Location: Ireland Architect: Unknown Year: 1912 With the decline in industry slum clearances began in 1912 with the welfare state moving many residents of decaying inner city areas out to the suburbs. The suburbs were developed as large estates to accommodate the large numbers needed to be relieved from the inner city areas.34

Figure 36: Advocates Close mixed use development view from internal street. Typologies and Change

Reference No.: HO37 Name: Rathcoole Estate Location: Belfast, Northern Ireland Architect: Unknown Year: 1950 Rathcoole Estate was on of the estates built in the north of Ireland to relieve the over population of Belfast. It was designed as a self supporting entity also aiming to relieve tensions between Roman Catholic and Protestant groups. Quickly after inhabitation the services provided were not sufficient for the sheer numbers of the area. The estate comprises a mixture between vernacular Irish housing and more modernist tower blocks. The Estate later received borough status in 1977 and has both Roman Catholic and Protestant churches short distances from each other.35

Figure 37: Aerial View over Rathcoole Estate.

Reference No.: HO38 Name: Ballymun Tower blocks Location: Dublin, Republic of Ireland Architect: Unknown Year: 1966 Ballymun was another estate developed to relieve slum areas in Dublin. Much like Scotland modernist tower and slab blocks were constructed to accommodate the sheer numbers. However by doing so the inner city slums were moved to create suburban slums suffering from drug problems and crime due to the failings of the housing typology amongst many other. The residents of Ballymun looked to seek employment outside of the area subsequently causing decline. The Ballymun towers are currently being demolished because of their social and construction issues.36

Figure 38: External View of Ballymun Tower Block. 84

re-Think the Region

Reference No.: HO41 Name: The SHARE Housing Complex Location: Cork, Republic of Ireland Architect: City Architects Department, Cork Corporation Year: 1990 After the removal of slums the population of inner city areas dropped drastically. After a period of recovery the cities suffered from decay due to lack of population. This is most evident in Belfast even today. Dublin started an initiative to move people back into the city to regenerate decaying areas. The SHARE House complex combines elderly housing and family housing in an urban setting. The project sits around two courtyards providing both private and communal spaces for the residents to enjoy.39

Figure 41: External View of The SHARE Housing Complex.

Reference No.: HO42 Name: The Printworks Location: Dublin, Republic of Ireland Architect: Derek Tynan Architects Year: 1996 The Printworks was another mixed use development containing commercial uses on the ground floor raising the residential above used to regenerate the Temple Bar area in Dublin. The building are finished in a white render referencing traditional Irish vernacular but behind the facade provides a number of courtyards and roof terraces for the residential units. This stacking of residential creates privacy whilst providing external spaces for residents in a dense urban setting. The success of the Temple Bar development is down to the use of difficult sites and the interweaving of the architecture into the existing fabric of the city.40

Figure 42: Aerial View into Private Courtyards at The Printworks, Temple Bar. 86

re-Think the Region

Reference No.: HO43 Name: The Wooden Building Location: Dublin, Republic of Ireland Architect: De Blacam + Meagher Architects Year: 2002 Another Temple Bar development includes The Wooden Building by De Blacam + Meagher Architects. The building contains a crèche at first floor level and interacts with the street by opening the facade to create places of cover from the busy street. The residential units are placed above with roof top gardens and large canopies integrating into the existing fabric of the city. The timber material palette contrasts the existing buildings around referencing an earlier construction technique in the area.41

Figure 43: External View of the Wooden Building.

Reference No.: HO44 Name: Hanover Quay / Sir John Rogerson’s Quay Location: Dublin, Republic of Ireland Architect: O’Mahony Pike Year: 2006 Hanover Quay is an example of urban high density mixed use housing. It again houses commercial uses and residential above each with their own entrance at ground floor level. The dwellings are generously sized and give residents a large balcony with views over the canal. The project also carefully tackles the thresholds between private and public very well with assured articulation of the private and commercial entrances.42

Figure 44: View Across the Canal to Hanover Quay. Typologies and Change

References 1. West, T. W. A History of Architecture in Scotland. London:

Architects in Scotland, 2014. http://www.rias.org.uk/directory/

University of London Press, 1967.

practices/7n-architects/westfield-avenue/.

33. Lane, Pádraig G., The Land and Labour Association 1894–1914, Journal of the Cork Historical and Archaeological

2. Ibid.

22. ———. “Advocates Close.” The Royal Incorporation of

3. Ibid.

Architects in Scotland, 2014. http://www.rias.org.uk/directory/ practices/morgan-mcdonnell-architecture/advocates-close/.

4. ANDREA DEPLAZES, ed. Constructing Architecture:

Society, Vol.98, p.91, 109, (1993), Cork City Council Library 34. Jacinta Prunty. Dublin Slums, 1800-1925: A Study in Urban Geography. Illustrated, reprint. Dublin: Irish Academic Press,

Materials Processes Sstructures, a Handbook. Germany:

23. Killian Driscoll. “Driscoll, K. 2006. The Early Prehistory in

Birkhäuser, 2005.

the West of Ireland. Investigations into the Social Archaeology

1998.

of the Mesolithic, West of the Shannon, Ireland. M.Litt. Thesis.”

35. John Darby. “Intimidation in Housing.” CAIN Web Service,

5. Kilnburn. Provand’s Lordship, Glasgow, 2009. http://upload.

National University of Ireland, 2006. https://www.scribd.com/

1974. http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/issues/housing/docs/nicrc6.htm.

wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/Provand%27s_

doc/19839438/Driscoll-K-2006-The-early-prehistory-in-the-

Lordship%2C_Glasgow.jpg.

west-of-Ireland-Investigations-into-the-social-archaeology-

36. Dr. Robert Somerville-Woodward. Ballymun, A History. 1st

of-the-Mesolithic-west-of-the-Shannon-Ire.

ed. Dublin: BRL (Ballymun Regeneration Limited), 2002.

24. Ruth Carden. “UCD News.” University College Dublin, 2012.

37. South Dublin County Council. “Tallaght Masterplan.”

http://www.ucd.ie/news/2012/04APR12/180412-Kerry-red-

South Dublin County Council, 2006. http://www.sdcc.ie/sites/

7. Ibid.

deer-ancestry-traced-to-population-introduced-to-Ireland-

default/files/publications/tallaghtadoptedchapter2.pdf.

8. Ibid.

by-ancient-peoples-over-5000-years-ago.html.

6. West, T. W. A History of Architecture in Scotland. London: University of London Press, 1967.

9. Ibid.

38. RIAI. “SILVER HOUSING MEDAL WINNER 1968-1970.” RIAI,

10. Ibid.

25. “The Neolithic, or New Stone Age.” Travel Through the

2014.

http://www.irisharchitectureawards.ie/silver-housing-

11. Ibid.

Ireland Story, N.D. http://www.wesleyjohnston.com/users/

medal/winner/dundanion-court.

ireland/past/pre_norman_history/neolithic_age.html. 12. Miles Glendinning, ed. Rebuilding Scotland : The Postwar Vision, 1945-1975. East Linton: Tuckwell Press, 1997.

39. ———. “SILVER HOUSING MEDAL WINNER 1988-1990.” 26. Croinin, Daibhi O. Early Medieval Ireland, 400-1200. Oxon:

RIAI,

2014.

http://www.irisharchitectureawards.ie/silver-

Routledge, 1995.

housing-medal/winner/the-share-housing-complex.

14. Ibid.

27. Belfast City Council. “History of Belfast Castle.” Belfast City

40. ———. “SILVER HOUSING MEDAL WINNER 1994-1996.”

15. Ibid.

Council, 2014. http://www.belfastcity.gov.uk/tourism-venues/

RIAI,

16. Ibid.

belfastcastle/bchistory.aspx.

housing-medal/winner/the-printworks-temple-bar.

17. “Geograph:: Modern Housing, Woodend (C) Lizzie.”

28. ANDREA DEPLAZES, ed. Constructing Architecture:

41. ———. “SILVER HOUSING MEDAL WINNER 2000-2002.”

Accessed December 29, 2014. http://www.geograph.org.uk/

Materials Processes Sstructures, a Handbook. Germany:

RIAI,

photo/11445.

Birkhäuser, 2005.

housing-medal/winner/the-wooden-building.

18. RIAS. “Cuprum Building - Anderston Masterplan Phase

29. Mulholland, R. (1892). “At Howth.” The Irish Monthly

42. ———. “SILVER HOUSING MEDAL WINNER 2005-2006.”

5.” The Royal Incorporation of Architects in Scotland, 2014.

20(223): 33-7.

RIAI,

13. Ibid.

http://www.rias.org.uk/directory/practices/ahr-architects-ltd/

2014.

http://www.irisharchitectureawards.ie/silver-

housing-medal/winner/hanover-quay-sir-john-rogersons-

cuprum-building-anderston-masterplan-phase-5/.

30. Kelly, Olivia. “Dublin’s Oldest House Opens at Weekend.”

19. Architecture and Design Scotland. “Tigh-Na-Cladach, Case

Irish Times, 2014. http://www.irishtimes.com/culture/heritage/

Study Produced by the A+DS, Sust. Programme.” Architecture

dublin-s-oldest-house-opens-at-weekend-1.1964279.

quay.

and Design Scotland, 2010. 31. Fingal County Council. “History.” Ardgillian Castle, 2011. 20. RIAS. “St Anthony’s New-Build Housing.” The Royal

http://www.ardgillancastle.ie/index.php?option=com_conten

Incorporation of Architects in Scotland, 2014. http://www.

t&view=article&id=49&Itemid=30.

rias.org.uk/directory/practices/anderson-bell-christie/stanthonys-new-build-housing/.

32. Jacinta Prunty. Dublin Slums, 1800-1925: A Study in Urban Geography. Illustrated, reprint. Dublin: Irish Academic Press,

21. ———. “Westfield Avenue.” The Royal Incorporation of

1998. Typologies and Change

Figure References Figure 1: West, T. W. A History of Architecture in Scotland.

Figure 23: ———. “Westfield Avenue.” The Royal

Figure 35: Osioni. Irish Land and Labour Association.

London: University of London Press, 1967.

Incorporation of Architects in Scotland, 2014. http://www.

Photo,

Figure 2: Ibid.

rias.org.uk/directory/practices/7n-architects/westfield-

o rg / w / i n d e x . p h p ? t i t l e = I r i s h _ L a n d _ a n d _ L a b o u r _

Figure 3: Ibid.

avenue/.

Association&oldid=619404118.

Figure

ANDREA

DEPLAZES,

ed.

Constructing

Figure

24:

———.

“Advocates

Close.”

The

December

17,

2014.

http://en.wikipedia.

Royal

Figure 36: Jacinta Prunty. Dublin Slums, 1800-1925: A

Architecture: Materials Processes Sstructures, a Handbook.

Incorporation of Architects in Scotland, 2014. http://

Study in Urban Geography. Illustrated, reprint. Dublin: Irish

Germany: Birkhäuser, 2005.

www.rias.org.uk/directory/practices/morgan-mcdonnell-

Academic Press, 1998.

architecture/advocates-close/. Figure 5: Kilnburn. Provand’s Lordship, Glasgow, 2009.

Figure

37:

John

Pollock.

Rathcoole

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/

Figure 25: David Hawgood. Prehistoric Ireland. Photo,

(Newtownabbey). Photo, December 11, 2014. http://

Provand%27s_Lordship%2C_Glasgow.jpg.

January

e n . w i k i p e d i a . o rg / w / i n d e x . p h p ? t i t l e = R a t h c o o l e _

2015.

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.

php?title=Prehistoric_Ireland&oldid=638385427.

(Newtownabbey)&oldid=620350032.

Figure 26: Ibid.

Figure 38: Aimée Tyrrell. Ballymun. Photo, December 22,

Figure 6: West, T. W. A History of Architecture in Scotland. London: University of London Press, 1967. Figure 7: Ibid.

2014. http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ballymun

Figure 8: Ibid.

Figure 27: “The Neolithic, or New Stone Age.” Travel Through

&oldid=636654250.

Figure 9: Ibid.

the Ireland Story, N.D. http://www.wesleyjohnston.com/

Figure 10: Ibid.

users/ireland/past/pre_norman_history/neolithic_age.

Figure 39: South Dublin County Council. “Tallaght

Figure 11: Ibid.

html.

Masterplan.”

South

Dublin

County

Council,

2006.

http://www.sdcc.ie/sites/default/files/publications/ Figure 12: Miles Glendinning, ed. Rebuilding Scotland :

Figure 28: West, T. W. A History of Architecture in Scotland.

The Postwar Vision, 1945-1975. East Linton: Tuckwell Press,

London: University of London Press, 1967.

1997.

tallaghtadoptedchapter2.pdf. Figure 40: RIAI. “SILVER HOUSING MEDAL WINNER 1968-

Figure 13: Ibid.

Figure 29: Trevor Caruth. Belfast Castle. Photo, December 18,

1970.” RIAI, 2014. http://www.irisharchitectureawards.ie/

Figure 14: Ibid.

2014.

silver-housing-medal/winner/dundanion-court.

Figure 15: Ibid.

Castle&oldid=629359796.

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Belfast_

Figure 16: Ibid.

Figure 41: ———. “SILVER HOUSING MEDAL WINNER 1988-

Figure 17: Ibid.

Figure 30: Zoney. History of Ireland. Photo, December 22,

1990.” RIAI, 2014. http://www.irisharchitectureawards.ie/

Figure 18: Ibid.

2014. http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_

silver-housing-medal/winner/the-share-housing-complex.

of_Ireland&oldid=638081738. Figure 19: “Geograph:: Modern Housing, Woodend (C) Lizzie.” Accessed December 29, 2014. http://www.

Figure 31: JP. Howth Castle. Photo, December 18, 2014.

geograph.org.uk/photo/11445.

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Howth_ Castle&oldid=555895044.

Figure 20: RIAS. “Cuprum Building - Anderston Masterplan Phase 5.” The Royal Incorporation of Architects in Scotland,

Figure 32: Lisa Cassidy. Window and Door Reveals, 26

2014.

http://www.rias.org.uk/directory/practices/ahr-

Fishamble Street, Dublin 8. Photo, 2012. http://builtdublin.

architects-ltd/cuprum-building-anderston-masterplan-

com/window-reveals-essex-street-west-dublin-8/bd-

phase-5/.

fishamble-10/.

Figure 21: Architecture and Design Scotland. “Tigh-

Figure 33: jai. Ardgillan Castle. Photo, January 1, 2015.

Na-Cladach, Case Study Produced by the A+DS, Sust.

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ardgillan_

Programme.” Architecture and Design Scotland, 2010.

Castle&oldid=640575793.

Figure 22: RIAS. “St Anthony’s New-Build Housing.” The

Figure 34: Jacinta Prunty. Dublin Slums, 1800-1925: A

Royal Incorporation of Architects in Scotland, 2014.

Study in Urban Geography. Illustrated, reprint. Dublin: Irish

http://www.rias.org.uk/directory/practices/anderson-bell-

Academic Press, 1998.

Figure 42: ———. “SILVER HOUSING MEDAL WINNER 1994-1996.” RIAI, 2014. http://www. irisharchitectureawards.ie/silver-housing-medal/ winner/the-printworks-temple-bar. Figure 43: ———. “SILVER HOUSING MEDAL WINNER 2000-2002.” RIAI, 2014. http://www. irisharchitectureawards.ie/silver-housing-medal/ winner/the-wooden-building. Figure 44: ———. “SILVER HOUSING MEDAL WINNER 2005-2006.” RIAI, 2014. http://www. irisharchitectureawards.ie/silver-housing-medal/ winner/hanover-quay-sir-john-rogersons-quay.

christie/st-anthonys-new-build-housing/. Typologies and Change

Industry (IN) Anthony Grout

Reference No.: IN01 Name: Preston Mill Location : East Linton, Scotland Architect: Unknown Year: 18th Century The Preston Mill was used as a mill until 1959 before becoming a National Trust of Scotland visitor experience. The mill was East Lothian’s last working water mill and has a conical roof in the style of Dutch mills. Although built in the 18th century there has been a mill on the site since the 16th century.

Figure 1: Preston Mill, East Linton, Scotland

Reference No.: IN02 Name: Gardners Warehouse Location: Glasgow Architect: John Baird/Robert McConnell Year: 1856 Gardners Warehouse was the first fully cast iron facade in Britain in a city said to be a pioneer for the use of cast iron and steel in commercial buildings. It also was the home of an American import in the form of an early elevator. It has recently been restored and is used as a public house, which, appropriately is called ‘The Crystal Palace’ given similarity in construction technique.1

Figure 2: Gardners Warehouse Main Facade and Plain Flanking Wall 94

re-Think the Region

Reference No.: IN03 Name: Milngavie Water Treatment Works Location: Milngavie, Scotland Architect/Engineer: John Frederick Bateman Founded: 1859 The Milngavie Water Treatment Works are a system of reservoirs and aqueducts that form the main water supply for the greater Glasgow area. Their completion was said to lead to the eradication of typhoid and cholera in the city by providing clean water to the population.

Figure 3: One of the Milngavie Aquaducts

Reference No.: IN04 Name: Egyptian Halls Location: Glasgow Architect/Engineer: Alexander Thomson Year Completed: 1872 Egyptian Halls was built for the iron manufacturer James Robertson as his commercial premises. Built out of cast iron and stone the facade of the building presents an inverse of the typical heavy doric columns at lower floors becoming lighter more delicate columns or pilasters as the facade ascends. The upper floors are currently unused with some retail establishments at ground floor. There are intentions to convert the building into a hotel. It is a Grade A listed structure but is on the â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;at riskâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; register.2

Figure 4: Detail of the Facade Typologies and Change

Reference No.: IN05 Name: Calton Tannery Location : Glasgow, Scotland Architect: Unknown Year: c. 1895 Tanning was a major industry in Scotland. The leather was either sold to manufacturers or made into goods by the tanners themselves. This particular example demonstrates the utilitarian impact the industry had on the architecture with timber louvred walls to increase air flow to dry the tanned leather.3

Figure 5: Calton Tannery, Glasgow

Reference No.: IN06 Name: Harland & Wolff Shipyard Location: Govan, Glasgow Architect: Unknown Year: 1912 Harland & Wolff opened operations in Glasgow in 1912, buying areas of dockland in Govan, Glasgow. In 1946 they were the major heavy industry, ship building and marine concerns in Scotland employing over 6000 people. They produced 3 - 4 cargo ships or tanks per year. Harland & Wolff also had other buildings in Glasgow including the Clyde Foundry which was known as the ‘The Glass House’, being one of the largest glass clad buildings in Europe.4

Figure 6: Harland & Wolff Shipyards, Govan, Glasgow 96

Figure 7: ‘The Glass House’, Govan re-Think the Region

Reference No.: IN07 Name: HMNB Clyde Location: Faslane & Coulport, Scotland Architect/Engineer: John Frederick Bateman Founded: 1964 Her Majestyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Naval Base Clyde is well known for being the home of the UKâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s nuclear missle system Trident. Located there due to the secure but navigable loch system, there are two primary facilities: Faslane Naval Base (25 miles from Glasgow) and RNAD Coulport (a further 2 miles west). For safety and security purposes one location berths the submarines while Coulport stores the nuclear warheads. Besides the political, security and moral questions the primary purpose of the facility raises, it is interesting how two independent places are linked by such a unique purpose that is contextual in its use of the landscape to provide distance and a navigable submarine route.

Figure 8: Faslane Naval Base

Reference No.: IN08 Name: Glasgow Distillery & Visitor Centre Location: Glasgow Architect/Engineer: Hypostyle Year: Expected 2015 Glasgow Distillery achieved planning permission in July 2014 to convert an existing pump house into a gin and whisky distillery with a museum and, as seems to be a pre-requisite in modern institutions, a visitors centre, the first distillery in Glasgow for over 100 years.5

Figure 9: Render of the Proposed Distillery Typologies and Change

Reference No.: IN09 Name: St. James’ Gate Brewery Location: Dublin Architect/Engineer: Samuel Geoghegan Founded: 1759 St. James’ Gate Brewery is most commonly renowned for the brewing of Guinness. St. James’ Gate had been the home to breweries since the 17th Century due to having a good water supply. The Guiness brewery expanded far beyond its original site of 1 acre to over 64 acres. The number of people peaked at approximately 5000 people with many workers housed on site. With the site containing more than just the brewery with homes, offices and even a power plant to power the brewery. The brewery clearly had an impact on Dublin in its physical scale and the number of people it gave employment too. Today it also ties industry with tourism. Architecturally the site shows a history of containing utilitarian brick and iron factory buildings with reflections of the Georgian architecture of Dublin. There is little consistent architectural language. Figure 10: St. James’s Gate Brewery, Dublin

Reference No.: IN10 Name: Bow Street Distillery Location : Dublin Architect: Unknown Year: 1780 - 1971 The Bow Street Distillery was home to the manufacture of Jameson whiskey. It had been described as being a city within a city in that it contained typologies beyond the distillery, namely a blacksmith, cooperage, engineers, carpenters and painters. A readily available source of water was key as well as a network of cellars under surrounding streets to give the correct conditions for the maturation of the whiskey. The production of Jameson whiskey has since moved out of the city centre of Dublin to Midleton. Areas of the original distillery have now been converted into residential and commercial buildings. Part of the complex is now a visitor centre for Jameson whiskey demonstrating the history and process of making Jameson whiskey. The change in use demonstrates the flexibility of the original typology, designed with the functional considerations of a very specific process. Figure 11: Bow Street Distillery, Dublin 98

re-Think the Region

Reference No.: IN11 Name: Cassidy’s Distillery Location: Monasterevan Architect: Unknown Year: 1784 - c.1921 Cassidy’s Distillery is an example of the distilling industry in a small town. Of particular note was the Mash House which was constructed in the form of a beehive, which prompted workmen to leave during construction as they feared it would fall before the erection of the keystone. Cassidy’s had its own blacksmiths, engineers and carpenters to feed into the distilling process. A well on site was the source of water for the distillery. When the company went into liquidation an engineering firm took over the site, leaving unsuitable buildings to fall into ruin. Since the engineering firm left, the remaining site buildings have been left disused but the mass and scale of the buildings still dominate the town’s main street.6

Figure 12: Etching of Cassidy’s Distillery

Figure 13: Recent photo of the distillery

Reference No.: IN12 Name: Midleton Distillery Location: Midleton Architect: Unknown Year: 1825 - 1975 Midleton Distillery was a complex of stone and brick buildings with Granaries, a Mill Room, Mash House, Still House, warehouses, carpenters, a cooperage and smiths shops. Once in competition with the large Dublin based distilleries in 1966 the Irish Distillers’ Group was formed. The original distillery was superseded by a neighbouring modern distillery in 1975. Following this the distillery was unused for over ten years before, like other distilleries and breweries, becoming a tourist attraction in the form of a visitors centre for Jameson whiskey.7

Figure 14: An original still, now used as ornament Typologies and Change

Reference No.: IN13 Name: Jacob’s Biscuit Factory Location: Dublin Architect: Unknown Year: 1851 - 1970 Jacob’s Biscuit Factory was a substantial employer in for the people in the immediate location surrounding its factory in Dublin. The number of different functions within the factory complex (such as specific dining rooms, classrooms and even a swimming pool) suggests that the factory was more than just a working environment but also provided other amenities and care for its workers.8

Figure 15: Jacob’s Biscuit Factory

Figure 16: Girl’s Dining Room

Reference No.: IN14 Name: Harland & Wolff Shipyard Location: Belfast Architect: Unknown Year: 1861 Containing the world’s largest dry dock, the Harland & Wolff shipyard in Belfast is best known as the location of the building of the RMS Titanic. Interestingly, as shown in the adjacent images, the drafting room of Harland & Wolff company was in a Renaissance style. Perhaps it was thought the higher thinking of design, and the level of education that led to it required a higher quality environment than those seen in other industrial typologies. Today, the drafting room lies derelict and unused. Today Harland & Wolff’s work concentrates on off-

shore technology such as wind and tidal power and the design and engineering input needed in these areas.9

Figure 17: Harland & Wolff Drafting Hall 100

Figure 18: Harland & Wolff Drafting Hall re-Think the Region

Reference No.: IN15 Name: Samson & Goliath Location: Belfast Architect/Engineer: Krupp Year Complete: 1969 (Goliath) 1974 (Samson) The Harland & Wolff Shipyard contains two landmarks of Belfast, the biblically sized and named cranes, Samson & Goliath. Built after the height of production at the shipyard, the use of the two cranes has been reduced since their construction. They are scheduled as Historical Monuments and Archaeological Objects and thus are in some manner protected. “These cranes are an essential part of our city, our roots and our culture” Angela Smith, Northern Ireland Office Minister, 2003.10

Figure 19: Samson & Goliath

Reference No.: IN16 Name: Airbnb Office Location: Dublin Architect/Engineer: Heneghan Peng Year Completed: 2014 In Heneghan Peng’s remodelling of Airbnb’s office in Dublin, they designed the reception area to mimic a traditional Irish Pub. The use of such a familiar and obvious typology within this setting, presumably to create a humourous, welcome and sociable atmosphere through inference, is an interesting choice of interior design. Perhaps the need to make a deliberate pastiche reflects the digital nature of the company that it is difficult to reflect in physical space. The meeting rooms take the form of pods modelled on apartment styles from cities around the world, perhaps a better manifestation of what the company does. The faux-pub and faux-apartments reused for meetings still creates an a-contextual feel.11

Figure 20: Airbnb Reception Area Typologies and Change

101

References 1. Blaikie, G., n.d., Available at: http://www.scotcities. com/warehouses.htm 2. Buildings at Risk, n.d. Available at: http://www. buildingsatrisk.org.uk/ref_no/1066 3. Unknown, 2004, Available at: http://www. theglasgowstory.com/image.php?inum=TGSE00631 4. Rowntree, G., n.d., Available at: http://www.theyard. info/yards/glasgow/govan.asp and http://www. govanhistory.org.uk/ipaw_chapter_one_47.html Unknown, n.d., Available at: http://www.theyard.info/ yards/glasgow/govan.asp 5. Ferguson, A., 2014, Available at: http://www.

scotlandnow.dailyrecord.co.uk/lifestyle/food-drink/ scotch-whisky-distillery-built-heart-3803397 6. Ireland Whiskey Trail, n.d., Available at: http://www. irelandwhiskeytrail.com/?pg=cassidys_distiller y_ monasterevan_kildare.php 7. Ireland Whiskey Trail, n.d., Available at: http:// www.irelandwhiskeytrail.com/?pg=cork_distilleries_ company_midleton_distillery_cork.php 8. National Archives of Ireland, 2006, Available at: http://www.nationalarchives.ie/digital-resources/ online-exhibitions/jacobs-biscuit-factory-1916-2006/ other-material/ 9. Harland & Wolff, n.d., Available at: http://www. harland-wolff.com/ 10. BBC, 2003, Available at: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/ northern_ireland/3176184.stm 11. Dezeen, 2014, Available at: http://www.dezeen. com/2014/03/19/airbnb-dublin-offices-irish-pubheneghan-peng/

Typologies and Change

103

Figure References Figure 1: Unknown, n.d., Available at: http://static. panoramio.com/photos/large/33896245.jpg Figure 2: Unknown, n.d., Available at: http:// www.discoverglasgow.org/victorian-gardner swarehouse/4578201111 Figure 3: Thompson, I., 2006., Available at: http://upload. wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7d/Aqueduct_ in_Loch_Ard_Forest_-_geograph.org.uk_-_196837.jpg Figure 4: Unknown, 2005, Available at: http://upload. wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/Greek_ Thomson_Egyptian_Halls.jpguk_-_196837.jpg Figure 5: Unknown, 1895, Available at: http://www. theglasgowstory.com/images/TGSE00631_m.jpg Figure 6: Unknown, c.1930, Available at: http://www. theglasgowstory.com/images/TGSW00022_m.jpg

Figure 16: Unknown, n.d., Available at: http://www. nationalarchives.ie/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/9_ JacobsBook5.jpeg Figure 17: Unknown, 2011, Available at: http:// upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/ Draughting_Office_Harland_%26_Wolff,_Belfast_by_ Karl_Beutel_2009.jpg Figure 18: Unknown, 1912, Available at: http://mediacdn.tripadvisor.com/media/photo-s/02/2d/14/6c/thedrawing-room-then.jpg Figure 19: Bell, R., 2007, Available at: http://static. panoramio.com/photos/large/9469013.jpg Figure 20: Unknown, n.d., Available at: c1.thejournal.ie/media/2014/03/pub-12.jpg

http://

Figure 7: Unknown, n.d., Available at: http://www. govanhistory.org.uk/images/ipaw/31-2.jpg Figure 8: Unknown, n.d., Available at: http://upload. wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/HMNB_ Clyde.jpg Figure 9: Hypostyle, n.d., Available at: http://assets. manualcreative.com/uploads/2012/08/News_GlasgowDistillery-1500x1000.jpg Figure 10: Unknown, n.d., Available at: http://www. guinntiques.com/Images/StJamesGateRailway/ StJamesGate1.jpg Figure 11: Unknown, 1886, Available at: http:// www.irelandwhiskeytrail.com/user files/image/ Bowstreetlarge1.jpg Figure 12: Unknown, 1886, Available at: http:// www.irelandwhiskeytrail.com/user files/image/ Cassidyslarge1.jpg Figure 13: Unknown, n.d., Available at: http:// www.irelandwhiskeytrail.com/user files/image/ Cassidyslarge2.jpg Figure 14: Unknown, n.d., Available at: http://farm3. static.flickr.com/2657/3703966149_15ed1eb21c.jpg Figure 15: Unknown, n.d., Available at: http://archiseek. com/wp-content/gallery/ireland-dublin/0308.jpg

Typologies and Change

105

Politics (PO) Fahad Mohammed

Reference No.: PO1 Name: Old Tolbooth Location: Edinburgh Scotland Architect/Engineer: Unknown Founded: 1400 “The Old Tolbooth prison stood in the middle of Edinburgh’s High Street, at the north-west corner of St. Giles’ Cathedral until the early 19th century. No exact date is known for the Tolbooth’s construction, though the remnants of the building buried beneath the Royal Mile are thought to date from as early as 1386 .As the name suggests, it had originally served as a toll collection booth and was a place where merchants would set out the town’s trading rules and regulations.”1.

Figure 1 Old Tollbooth

Reference No.: PO2 Name: Crail Tolbooth Location: Crail, Scotland Architect/Engineer: Unknown Founded: 1598 The Crail Tolbooth was built in 1598. It formed the town council offices and the jail. “The tower was heightened in 1776, with unusual narrowing stages, incorporating a clock, and a cap with the appearance of a distillery malting, which forms a belfry”2.

Figure 2 Crail Tollbooth 108

re-Think the Region

Reference No.: PO3 Name: Stonehaven Tolbooth Location : Aberdeenshire, Scotland Architect: Unknown Year: 16th The original purpose of the rectangular building to be used as a storehouse. In 1600, an Act of Parliament prescribed that the building become a tolbooth. After 1624, the town business functions were conducted on the upper level of the Stonehaven Tolbooth, with the ground floor was used as the prison. Stonehaven and District Community Council and the local heritage society revived the facility and is now a museum3.

Figure 3 Stone Havn Tollbooth

Reference No.: PO4 Name: Tolbooth Steeple Location : Glasgow, Scotland Architect: Unknown Year: 1625-7 The seven-storey Tolbooth Steeple is Glasgow Cross`s most important feature. This was once part of a much larger building, the Tolbooth, provided accommodation for the Town Clerk`s office, the council hall and the city prison 4.

Figure 4 Tollvooth Steeple Typologies and Change

109

Reference No.: PO5 Name: Bute House Location: Edinburgh, Scotland Architect: N/A Year: 1792 Bute House has been the official residence of the First Minister of Scotland since 1999. â&#x20AC;&#x153;It is reckoned to be one of the finest examples of Georgian architecture in Edinburghâ&#x20AC;?5.

Figure 5 Bute House

Reference No.: PO6 Name: Assembly Hall of the Church of Scotland Location: Edinburgh, Scotland Architect/Engineer: David Bryce Founded: 1858-9 Between 1999 and 2004 the Assembly Hall was used as the temporary debating chamber of the Scottish Parliament. 6 .

Figure 6 Assembly Hall 110

re-Think the Region

Reference No.: PO7 Name: Glasgow City Chambers Location : East Linton, Scotland Architect: William Young Year: 1888 The Assembly Hall was erected for the Free Church of Scotland, which had separated from the established Church in the Disruption of 1843. “The Assembly Hall was subject to alterations in 1999 to accommodate the temporary debating chamber of the revived Scottish Parliament before it moved to its permanent home in 2004”7.

Figure 7 Glasgow city chambers

Reference No.: PO8 Name: St Andrews House Location: Dublin Architect: Thomas S. Tait Year: 1939 (Renovated 2001) The most significant examples of an art deco style building in Scotland and is now preserved through a category ‘A’ listing. Previously it was home to the Scottish Office, “Built to include the offices of the Secretary of State for Scotland, St. Andrew’s House is now the principal office of the First Minister and the Scottish Government” 9.

Figure 8 St Andrew’s House Typologies and Change

111

Reference No.: PO9 Name: Victoria Quay Location: Leith, Edinburgh Architect: Robert Matthew Johnson Marshall Year: 1996 The Scottish Executive â&#x20AC;&#x201C; formerly the Scottish Office â&#x20AC;&#x201C; is a symmetrical three-storey shape possibly to recall warehouse that existed previously on the site. The Victoria Quay building was built as an extension of the old Scottish Office. It replaced New St. Andrews House on Leith St. The building became part of the Scottish Executive following devolution to the Scottish Parliament in 1999. It is the largest single office of the Scottish Executive and contains Development and Education Departments 10.

Figure 9 Victoria Quay

Reference No.: PO10 Name: Scottish Parliament Building Location: Edinburgh, Scotland Architect: Enric Miralles Year: 2004 The Scottish Parliament Building the home of the Scottish Parliament at Holyrood, within the UNESCO World Heritage Site in central Edinburgh11.

Figure 10 Scottish Parliament Building 112

re-Think the Region

Reference No.: PO11 Name: Dublin Castle Location: Dublin, Ireland Architect/Engineer: John Frederick Bateman Founded: 1204 Originally built in the 13th century it was as a military fortress, a prison, treasury, courts of law and the seat of English Administration in Ireland for 700 years. â&#x20AC;&#x153;Rebuilt in the 17th, 18th, 19th and 20th centuries, Dublin Castle is now used for important State receptions and Presidential Inaugurations. The State Apartments, Undercroft, Chapel Royal, Craft Shop, Heritage Centre and Restaurant are open to visitors. (On occasions Dublin Castle can be closed at very short notice for Government business). Access for visitors with disabilities to State Apartments, Chapel Royal and restaurantâ&#x20AC;? 12.

Figure 11

Reference No.: PO12 Name: Government Buildings Location: Dublin, Ireland Architect: Thomas Manly Deane Year: 1922 It was designed for two new government departments, the Local Government Board and the Department of Agriculture and Technical Instruction, as well as the Royal College of Science. Fortuitously, the complex was completed in March 1922, and was available immediately to be occupied by the new Irish Free State government.

Figure 12 Government Buildings Typologies and Change

113

Reference No.: PO13 Name: Parliament Buildings Location : Belfast, Northern Ireland Architect: Unknown Year: 1932 This purpose-built structure is inextricably linked with the political history of Northern Ireland . Made of Portland stone mounted on Mourne granite. It is now home to the restored Northern Ireland assembly, the building remains a potent symbol of the precarious political process 14.

Figure 13 Parliament Buildings

114

re-Think the Region

References 1 “Lost Edinburgh: The Old Tolbooth Prison.” Accessed January 20, 2015. http://www.scotsman.com/ lifestyle/heritage/lost-edinburgh-the-old-tolboothprison-1-3172387. 2 “Crail Tolbooth.” Accessed January 20, 2015. http:// www.scottish-places.info/features/featurefirst17210. html. 3 “The Tolbooth Museum.” Accessed January 20, 2015. http://www.stonehavenguide.net/prods/the-tolboothmuseum.html.

12 “Dublin Castle.” Accessed January 20, 2015. http:// www.heritageireland.ie/en/dublin/dublincastle/. 13 “Government Buildings.” Accessed January 20, 2015.http://www.heritageireland.ie/en/Dublin/ GovernmentBuildings/. 14 “Stormont Estate and Parliament Building - What to See in Belfast.” Accessed January 20, 2015. http://www. inyourpocket.com/northern-ireland/belfast/Whatto-see/buildingsandcuriosities/Stormont-Estate-andParliament-Building_28202v.

4 26, On September, 2010 at 12:50 The Tolbooth Steeple, and Glasgow « Alan Cook’s Weblog said. “The Tolbooth Steeple, Glasgow (PART I).” The Unravelling Of Alan Cook... Accessed January 20, 2015. https://

alancook.wordpress.com/2010/09/26/the-tolboothsteeple-glasgow-part-i/. 5 “Bute House.” Accessed January 20, 2015. http:// www.edinburghguide.com/venue/butehouse. 6 “Assembly Hall.” Accessed January 20, 2015. http:// www.edinburghguide.com/venue/assemblyhall. 7 “Assembly Hall of the Church of Scotland.” Accessed January 20, 2015. http://www.scottish-places.info/ features/featurefirst8643.html. 8 Scottish Government, St Andrew’s House. “St Andrew’s House.” Website Section, April 1, 2003. http:// www.scotland.gov.uk/About/Locations/St-AndrewsHouse-1. 9 “St Andrew’s House.” Accessed January 20, 2015.http:// www.scottish-places.info/features/featurefirst1166. html. 10 Welch, Adrian. “Scottish Government, Leith, Victoria Quay, Scottish Executive Building, Scottish Government Leith.” Edinburgh Architecture. Accessed January 20, 2015. http://www.edinburgharchitecture.co.uk/ scottish-executive-building. 11 Fairs, Marcus. “Scottish Parliament: The True Story.” Building. Accessed January 20, 2015. http:// www.building.co.uk/scottish-parliament-the-truestory/1011961.article. Typologies and Change

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Figure References Figure 1: “Lost Edinburgh: The Old Tolbooth Prison.” Accessed January 20, 2015. http://www.scotsman.com/ lifestyle/heritage/lost-edinburgh-the-old-tolboothprison-1-3172387. Figure 2 : “Crail Tolbooth.” Accessed January 20, 2015. http://www.scottish-places.info/features/ featurefirst17210.html.

20, 2015. http://www.heritageireland.ie/en/Dublin/ GovernmentBuildings/. Figure 13: “Stormont Parliament Buildings - Visit Belfast.” Stormont Parliament Buildings - Visit Belfast. Accessed January 20, 2015. http://visit-belfast.com/things-to-do/ member/stormont-parliament-buildings-.

Figure 3 : Aberdeenshire Council. “Tolbooth Museum, Stonehaven,” November 29, 2013. http://www. aberdeenshire.gov.uk/museums/visit/locations/ tolbooth.asp. Figure 4: 26, On September, 2010 at 12:50 The Tolbooth Steeple, and Glasgow « Alan Cook’s Weblog said. “The Tolbooth Steeple, Glasgow (PART I).” The Unravelling

Of Alan Cook... Accessed January 20, 2015. https:// alancook.wordpress.com/2010/09/26/the-tolboothsteeple-glasgow-part-i/. Figure 5: “Bute House.” Accessed January 20, 2015. http://www.edinburghguide.com/venue/butehouse. Figure 6: “Assembly Hall.” Accessed January 20, 2015. http://www.edinburghguide.com/venue/assemblyhall. Figure 7: “Assembly Hall.” Accessed January 20, 2015. http://www.edinburghguide.com/venue/assemblyhall. Figure 8: “St Andrew’s House.” Accessed January 20, 2015. http://www.scottish-places.info/features/ featurefirst1166.html. Figure 9: Welch, Adrian. “Scottish Government, Leith, Victoria Quay, Scottish Executive Building, Scottish Government Leith.” Edinburgh Architecture. Accessed January 20, 2015. http://www.edinburgharchitecture. co.uk/scottish-executive-building. Figure 10: Johnson, Simon. “Loose Granite Panel Closes Scottish Parliament Restaurant,” May 16, 2011, sec. News. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/ scotland/8517232/Loose-granite-panel-closesScottish-Parliament-restaurant.html. Figure 11: “Dublin Castle.” Accessed January 20, 2015. http://www.heritageireland.ie/en/dublin/dublincastle/. Figure 12: “Government Buildings.” Accessed January Typologies and Change

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Religion (RE) Fahad Mohammad

Reference No.: RE03 Name: St Oranâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Chapel Location: Iona Architect/Engineer: n/a Founded: 9th or 10th century St Oranâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Chapel stood derelict for centuries until restored at the same time as Iona Abbey in the first half of the 1900s. Internally it is simple except for an elaborate tomb-recess built into the south wall of the chapel in the late 1400s. The exterior is also very plain, except for the carved doorway with its distinctive Norman arch probably dating the 12th century4.

Figure 3 Ionas chapel

Reference No.: RE04 Name: Melrose Abbey Location: Melrose, Roxburghshire, Scotland Architect: John Frederick Bateman Year: 1136 It is one of the most elaborate Gothic buildings in Scotland. It was founded in 1136 by Cistercian monks and. Today the abbey is maintained by Historic Scotland5.

Figure 4 Melrose Abbey Typologies and Change

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Reference No.: RE05 Name: Dalmeny Church Location : Dalmeny Scotland Architect: Unknown Year: 12th century The church, is also known as St Cuthbert’s Parish Church. Dalmeny Church is reputed to be the most complete example of Romanesque architecture in Scotland.6.

Figure 5 Dalmeny Church

Reference No.: RE06 Name: St Mary the Virgin Location : Haddington, East Lothian, Scotland Architect: Unknown Year: 1380 “There earliest mention of a church was in 1139. Like many monastic establishments in the area it suffered in 1355 under Edward III’s army “. The Church is in the early Gothic style. The church is built on a scale which is close to a cathedral 7.

Figure 6 Collegiate Church of St Mary the Virgin 122

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Reference No.: RE07 Name: St Giles Cathedral Location : Edinburgh, Scotland Architect: Unknown Year: 14th century St Giles’ Cathedral lies on Edinburgh’s Royal Mile about two thirds of the way up from the Palace of Holyrood House to Edinburgh Castle. For the better part of a thousand years St Giles’ has been at the physical and spiritual heart of Scotland’s capital city and many key moments in history have been played out in or around it 9.

Figure 7 St Giles Cathedral

Reference No.: RE08 Name: Rosslyn Chapel Location : Roslin, Midlothian, Scotland Architect: Unknown Year: 15th-century Founded in 1446, as the Collegiate Church of St Matthew, Rosslyn Chapel today attracts visitors from far and wide, drawn by its unique and mysterious carvings and the beauty of its setting. The chapel took some 40 years to complete and its ornate stonework and mysterious symbolism have inspired - and intrigued – artists and visitors ever since.10

Figure 8 Roslyn Chapel Typologies and Change

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Reference No.: RE09 Name: Burntisland Parish Kirk Location: Burntisland, Scotland Architect/Engineer: Founded: 1592 This church was constructed in 1594-6 and was one of the first post-Reformation churches built in Scotland. It was a replacement for the original Parish Church in Kirkton. The church is built to an unusual square-plan with butresses11.

Figure 9 Burntisland Parish Kirk

Reference No.: RE10 Name: Lauder Church Location : Lauder Scotland Architect: Sir William Bruce Year: 1673 The church was designed by the architect Sir William Bruce in the form of a Greek cross. Other churches had been built in Scotland with a cross-shaped plan, but Lauder Old Church was the first which sought to be perfectly symmetrical, with â&#x20AC;&#x153;four equally sized arms ensuring complete focus on the centre of the churchâ&#x20AC;? 12.

Figure 10 Lauder Church 124

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Reference No.: RE11 Name: St Andrew’s Location: Glasgow, Scotland Architect/Engineer: Allan Dreghorn Founded: 18th-century A centre for the performing arts located in a remarkable A-listed former church in E Central Glasgow. “The Church is said to be one of the finest classical churches in Britain, Representing the third-oldest church in Glasgow and the only completely new one since the Reformation, it projected the affluence of the Tobacco Lords who paid for it”.13

Figure 11 St Andrew’s Church

Reference No.: RE12 Name: Saint Stephen’s Church Location : New Town of Edinburgh, Scotland Architect: William Henry Playfair Year: 1827-1828

No longer used for Sunday services, the building is owned by Stockbridge Parish Church Sit acts as a centre for community activities. The fine acoustics of this expansive building have made it a popular venue for choral concerts and music recitals 14.

Figure 12 Saint Stephens Church Typologies and Change

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Reference No.: RE13 Name: St Cuthbert’s Church Location : Edinburgh, Scotland Architect: Unknown Year: 1894 A chapel dedicated to St Cuthbert is first mentioned in the 8th century. It is believed a church has definitely stood on the same site as currently used since 850 AD, making it Edinburgh’s oldest building in terms of foundation 15.

Figure 13 St Cuthbert’s Church

Reference No.: RE14 Name: Queen’s Cross Church Location : Glasgow, Scotland Architect: Charles Rennie Mackintosh Year: 1898 Queen’s Cross Church is a former Church of Scotland parish church in Glasgow, Scotland. It is the only church designed by Charles Rennie Mackintosh to have been built, hence it is also known as The Mackintosh Church. The windows are Gothic in character with Art Nouveau hints. Mackintosh’s distinctive floral motifs are easily recognised, particularly in the large western window 16.

Figure 14 Queens Cross Church 126

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Reference No.: RE15 Name: Barclay Viewforth Church Location: Edinburgh, Scotland Architect/Engineer: Frederick Thomas Pilkington Founded: 1832–98 Barclay Viewforth Church іs а parish church оf the Church оf Scotland іn the Presbytery оf Edinburgh. “The church remained part оf the Free Church оf Scotland until 1900 when the majority оf the Free Church аnd the United Presbyterian Church оf Scotland united tо form the United Free Church оf Scotland, аnd subsequently joined the Church оf Scotland іn 1929 when the majority оf the United Free Church joined the Church оf Scotland” 17.

Figure 15

Reference No.: RE16 Name: St. Patrick’s Church Location: Greenock, Scotland Architect/Engineer: Gillespie, Kidd & Coia Founded: 1934–35 One of Gillespie, Kidd & Coia pre-war brick-style architecture. A framework of steel is covered in reinforced concrete. The envelope is a red Lancashire brick with a backing of Scots clay cement bricks 18.

Figure 16 St Patricks Church Typologies and Change

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Reference No.: RE17 Name: St. Paul’s R.C. Church Location: Glenrothes, Scotland Architect/Engineer: Gillespie, Kidd & Coia Founded: 1956–57 In the Roman Catholic Church, the most important steps towards an expressionist design were under taken by Gillespie, Kidd & Coia. This began with St Paul’s Church in the new town of Glenrothes. Scotland’s most significant post-war churches, the first to break with the traditional rectangular layout 17.

Figure 17 St Pauls RC church

Reference No.: RE18 Name: Motonhall Crematorium Location : Edinburgh, Scotland Architect: Basil Spence Year: 1964–67 The influence of more radical Expressionism and Modernism can be seen. Basil Spence’s Mortonhall Crematorium, is a series of irregular chapels, with smooth-faced blockwork. The buildings are all finished externally with white concrete blocks 18.

Figure 18 Mortonhall Crematorium 128

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Reference No.: RE19 Name: Inishmurray Co Sligo Location: Inishmurray Architect/Engineer: Founded: 520 ad Inishmurray Island is famous as being one of the best examples of an early Christian settlement in Ireland and beyond. “In the cashel and main monastery area, remains of the 4.6 metres high by up to 3 metres thick wall can be seen enclosing the settlement which still contain some of the ecclesiastical buildings such as a stone-roofed oratory, two churches, a clochan, a beehive hut”. 20.

Figure 19 Inishmurray Monastery

Reference No.: RE20 Name: LebbaMolaga Location : Cork, Ireland Architect: Unknown Year: 7th century The ruins of this 7th-century oratory are in the townland of Labbamolaga. The rectangular stone altar inside the lower illustration is traditionally regarded as the site of the saint’s bed 21.

Figure 20 Labbamolaga Ruins 130

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Reference No.: RE21 Name: St Caimins Church Location: Iniscealtra Architect/Engineer: Unknown Founded: 8th century St Caimin who founded a monastery here in the 7th Century. The church has seen some alterations due to the Vikings burning them in 836 and again in 922. It was restored by Brian Boru in the 10-12th century, when the nave was built and also the original trebeated entrance was replaced by the Romanesque doorway 22.

Figure 21 St Caimains Church

Reference No.: RE22 Name: St Macdara Location : St Macdara’s Island, Ireland Architect: Unknown Year: 10th century St. Mac Dara’s primitive church on St. Mac Dara’s Island, off the coast of Galway. Interior measurement 15 feet by 11. This church shows that churches were being built in stone from the earliest Christian times. Although this stone church probably belongs to the 10C it is modelled exactly on its wooden predecessor 23.

Figure 22 St Macdara Oratory Typologies and Change

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Reference No.: RE23 Name: Christ Church Cathedral Location: Dublin, Ireland Architect/Engineer: John Frederick Bateman Founded: 1028 The first Christianized Danish king, Sigtryggr Silkbeard built a wooden church at this site in 1038. On the brow of a hill inside the city walls, it was the most commanding position in Dublin. The present stone cathedral was begun in 1172 after the conquest of Dublin by Richard de Clare, a Norman baron. â&#x20AC;&#x153;Construction continued well into the 13th century, so a transition from Norman to Early English Gothic styles can be seen in the architectureâ&#x20AC;? 24.

Figure 23 Christ Church Cathedral

Reference No.: RE24 Name: Jerpoint Abbey Location : Thomastown, County Kilkenny Architect: Unknown Year: 1180 Jerpoint abbey today still has amny of its detail present. It allows for look in the life of Cisterian monks. The monastery was self-contained, and included its own gardens, watermills, infirmary, cemetery, kitchens, granary, stables and other outbuildings25.

Figure 24 Jerpoint Abbey, Birds Eye vie Conjectural restoration 132

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Reference No.: RE25 Name: St. Audoen’s Church Location: Dublin, Ireland Architect/Engineer: Unknown Founded: 1190 Sited in the heart of the walled medieval city, St Audoen’s Church is the only remaining medieval parish church in Dublin 26.

Figure 25 St Auodens Church

Reference No.: RE26 Name: St Patrick’s Cathedral Location: Dublin, Ireland Architect/Engineer: unknown Founded: 1191 St. Patrick’s Cathedral is the largest church in Ireland. Unusually, Dublin has two cathedrals belonging to the Church of Ireland, The Archbishop of Dublin has his official seat in the ,Christ Church Cathedral Dublin. A wooden St. Patrick’s Church stood on the site from the 5th century to about 1191, when the church was raised to the status of cathedral. The present building, the largest church in Ireland, was built between 1191 and 1270 27.

Figure 26 St Patricks Cathedral Typologies and Change

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Reference No.: RE27 Name: Trinity Church Location : Glendalough, Ireland Architect: Unknown Year: 12th Century The Trinity Church is part of the monastic settlements in the Glendalough Valley. “Glendalough is home to one of the most important monastic sites in Ireland. This early Christian monastic settlement was founded by St. Kevin in the 6th century and from this developed the ‘Monastic City’” 28.

Figure 27 Conjectural restoration of Trinty Church

Reference No.: RE28 Name: St. Mary’s Collegiate Church Gowran Location: Gowran, Co. Kilkenny, Ireland Architect/Engineer: John Frederick Bateman Founded: 1225 The church was a large and elaborate structure, with an aisled nave and a long chancel and has high quality architectural sculpture used throughout. “In the late Middle Ages a massive tower was inserted between the nave and chancel, and in the 19th century this tower was incorporated into the parish church which was built in place of the chancel and which now takes up about half of the building.” 29.

Figure 28 Gowran Church view down the central aisle

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Reference No.: RE29 Name: Dominican Abbey Location: Kilmallock, Ireland Architect/Engineer: Unknown Founded: 1291 Dominican Abbey, Kilmallock: founded in 1291 by Gilbert Fitzgerald. The church was built early in the 14th century and was a simple rectangular building. In or around 1320 a tower was built; a window was inserted in the south transept and an extension of the church to the south 30.

Figure 29 Dominican Abbey Ruins

Reference No.: RE30 Name:Cormac’s chapel Location : Cashel, County Tipperary, Ireland. Architect: Unknown Year: 12th and 13th centuries. The Chapel, named after Cormac Mac Cárthaigh, the king of South Munster who commissioned it, is one of the earliest and best-preserved examples of early Irish Romanesque architecture. “The sandstone Chapel is heavily decorated with carvings Fragments of these can still be seen today”31.

Figure 30 Cormacs Chapel Typologies and Change

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Reference No.: RE31 Name: St Andrew’s Church Location : Dublin, Ireland Architect: Thomas Burgh Year: 16th century St Andrew’s Church is a former parish church of the Church of Ireland that is located in Andrew Street. It now houses the Central Tourist Office 32.

Figure 31 St Andrew Church

Reference No.: RE32 Name: Donegall Square East Methodist Church Location : Belfast Ireland Architect: n/a Year: 1806 Former Methodist Church on Donegall Square. Now the HQ of the Ulster Bank Group, it dates from 1806, renovated 1846, and closed in the late 1990’s. It was known as The Mother Church of Belfast Methodism 33.

Figure 32 Donegall Square Methodist Church ,now Ulster Bank 136

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Reference No.: RE33 Name: Chapel Royal Location: Dublin Architect/Engineer: Francis Johnston Founded: 1814 The Chapel Royal in Dublin Castle was the official Church of Ireland chapel. The heavily ornate Gothic exterior masks an equally ornate interior with internal plasterwork by George Stapleton, and wood carvings by Richard Stewart 34.

Figure 33 Chapel Royal

Reference No.: RE34 Name: Saint Francis Xavier Church Location: Dublin, Ireland Architect/Engineer: Fr Bartholomew Esmonde SJ & Joseph B. Keane Founded: 1829 “Saint Francis Xavier Church, popularly known as Gardiner Street Church, is a Roman Catholic Church. Architectural critic Christine Casey describes it in her book, “Dublin”, as “the most elegant church of the period in Dublin”35.

Figure 34 Saint Francis Xavier Church Typologies and Change

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Reference No.: RE35 Name: Merrion Hall Location: Dublin, Ireland. Architect/Engineer: Alfred Gresham Jones Founded: 1863 Merrion Hall was the largest Brethren Gospel Hall ever constructed. It was sold to a developer and largely destroyed by fire a few years later. The front facade was retained. It is today known as Davenport hotel 36 .

Figure 35 Daenport Hotel

Reference No.: RE36 Name: Abbey Presbyterian Church Location : Dublin, Ireland Architect: Andrew Heiton Year: 1864 It is a decorated Gothic building, with a spire 54.9 m high. The church was erected in 1864 with funding from Alexander Findlater, a Dublin merchant, and is known as “Findlater’s church”37.

Figure 36 Abbey Church 138

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Reference No.: RE37 Name: Church of the Immaculate Conception Location: Dublin Architect/Engineer: 1834 Patrick Byrne Founded: 1889 Church of the Immaculate Conception also known as Adam and Eve’s is a Roman Catholic church run by the Franciscans and it is located on Merchants Quay, Dublin

Figure 37 Church of Immaculate Conception

Reference No.: RE38 Name: Church of our Lady Mother of Dvine Grace Location: Milngavie, Scotland Architect/Engineer: Peppard & Duffy Founded: 1962 “Modern church recalling the design of Irish Romanesque doorways at Abbeys and churches. “The main entrance is framed within a huge triangle, inset with dozens of smaller triangles repeating in a positive/ negative pattern that creates some great shadows. It draws on a motif from romanesque Irish churches and abbeys, like Clonfert Cathedral”39. It is not completely successful, the remainder of the church is quite boxy.

Figure 39 Church of Our Lady Mother of Divine Grace Typologies and Change

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Reference No.: RE39 Name: Holy Trinity Church Location : Belfast Ireland Architect: Gregory Architectâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Year: 20th Century The church has a capacity of 650 people and is designed around a cruciform plan with central spire. The building utililises high quality natural materials including handmade brick, Irish Blue limestone, oak, lead and natural slate 40.

Figure 39 Holy Trinity Church

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References 1. “Mine Howe.” The Megalithic Portal. Accessed January 20, 2015. http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article. php?sid=4142. 2. “Ancient Monuments.” Accessed January 20, 2015. http://www.undiscoveredscotland.co.uk/eastmainland/ minehowe/. 3. “Eileach an Naoimh - History, Travel, and Accommodation Information.” Britain Express. Accessed January 20, 2015. http://www.britainexpress.com/ attractions.htm?attraction=4759. 4. “.St. Oran’s Chapel.” Accessed January 20, 2015. http://www.undis coveredscotland.co.uk/iona/ storanschapel/ 5. “The Historic Melrose Abbey.” Accessed January 20, 2015. http://scotlandwelcomesyou.com/melroseabbey/. 6. Welch, Adrian. “Dalmeny Church, Village, Lothian | Dalmeny Kirk.” Glasgow Architecture. Accessed January 20, 2015. http://www.glasgowarchitecture.co.uk/ dalmeny-church. 7. “Collegiate Church of St Mary the Virgin, Haddington.” Random Thoughts from Pencefn. Accessed January 20, 2015. https://pencefn.wordpress.com/2010/01/23/stmarys-haddington/. 8. Cochrane, Alan. “Whether High Kirk or Cathedral, St Giles’ Can Shine Once Again,” November 29, 2010, sec. Comment. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/ columnists/alancochrane/8166596/Whether-High-Kirkor-cathedral-St-Giles-can-shine-once-again.html. 9. “Churches.” Accessed January 20, 2015. http://www. undiscoveredscotland.co.uk/edinburgh/stgiles/. 10. “Rosslyn Chapel.” Accessed January 20, 2015. http://www.visitscotland.com/info/see-do/rosslynchapel-p564661. 11. “Burntisland Parish Church.” Accessed January 20, 2015. http://www.scottishchurches.org.uk/sites/site/ id/2183/name/Burntisland+Parish+Church+Burntislan d+Fife. 12. “Lauder Old Church.” Accessed January 20, 2015. http://www.undiscoveredscotland.co.uk/lauder/ oldchurch/. 13 “St Andrew’s in the Square.” Accessed January 20, 2015. http://www.scottish-places.info/features/ featurefirst1469.html.

14. “Arts Philanthropist Snaps up St Stephen’s Church.” Accessed January 20, 2015. http://www.scotsman.com/ lifestyle/arts/news/arts-philanthropist-snaps-up-ststephen-s-church-1-3323349. 15. “St Cuthbert’s Church.” Accessed January 20, 2015. http://www.visitscotland.com/info/see-do/stcuthberts-church-p245131. 16. “Queen’s Cross Church.” People Make Glasgow. Accessed January 20, 2015. /index.php?option=com_li stings&view=listing&id=1818&Itemid=286. 17. “Barclay Viewforth Church.” Accessed January 20, 2015. https://www.triposo.com/poi/N__21307088. 18. “St Patrick’s, Greenock.” Accessed January 20, 2015. http://www.scotlandschurchestrust.org.uk/church/stpatricks-greenock. 19. “St Paul’s Church, Glenrothes.” Accessed January 20, 2015. http://www.scotlandschurchestrust.org.uk/ church/st-pauls-church-glenrothes. 20. “Inishmurray Island.” Accessed January 20, 2015. http://www.sligoboatcharters.com/eco-tourismsightseeing-island-visits/island-visits/. 21. “Labbamolaga - Church Ruins.” Accessed January 20, 2015. http://www.corkpastandpresent.ie/history/ irishbuilder/labbamolaga-churchruins/. 22. Jim, Dempsey. “St Caimin’s Church.” Accessed January 20, 2015. http://www.megalithicireland.com/ St%20Caimin’s%20Inishcealtra.html. 23. Leask, Harold G. Irish Churches and Monastic Buildings: The First Phases and the Romanesque v. 1. Dundalk: Dundalgan Press, 1955 pg . 24. “Christ Church Cathedral.” Accessed January 20, 2015. http://www.sacred-destinations.com/ireland/ dublin-christ-church-cathedral. 25. “Jerpoint Abbey.” Accessed January 20, 2015. http:// www.visitkilkenny.ie/jerpoint_abbey. 26 “St. Audoen’s Church, Dublin.” Accessed January 20, 2015. http://www.sacred-destinations.com/ireland/ dublin-st-audoen-church. 27. “St. Patrick’s Cathedral.” Accessed January 20, 2015. http://www.sacred-destinations.com/ireland/dublin-stpatrick-cathedral.

heritage/monastic-city/. 29. “Travelmania Ireland - St. Mary’s Collegiate Church, Church of Ireland, Gowran, County Kilkenny.” Accessed January 20, 2015. http://www.travelmania-ireland.com/ place.php?id=464. 30. “Kilmallock Churches.” Accessed January 20, 2015. http://www.limerickdioceseheritage.org/Kilmallock/ AbbeyKilmallock.htm. 31 “Rock of Cashel,” January 20, 2015. http://www. heritageireland.ie/en/south-east/rockofcashel/. 32 “The Thingmount of Dublin.” Askeladden, to 2004. http://www.geocities.ws/heatheneurope/thingmount 33. “Donegall Square Methodist Church (1874).” Accessed January 20, 2015. http://ukwells.org/ locations/displaylocations/1744. 34. “1807 - Chapel Royal, Dublin Castle - Architecture of Dublin City.” Archiseek.com. Accessed January 20, 2015. http://archiseek.com/2010/1807-chapel-royaldublin-castle/. 35 “Gardiner Street Parish.” Jesuits Ireland. Accessed January 20, 2015. http://www.jesuit.ie/where-we-are/ spirituality-where-we-are/gardiner-street-parish/. 36 “Davernport Hotel Dublin.” Archiseek.com. Accessed January 20, 2015. http://archiseek.com/forum/topic/ davernport-hotel-dublin/. 37. “1863 - Findlater’s Church, Parnell Square, Dublin - Architecture of Dublin City.” Archiseek.com. Accessed January 20, 2015. http://archiseek.com/2010/1863findlaters-church-parnell-square-dublin/. 38. “Religious Buildings.” Accessed January 20, 2015. http://dublincitypubliclibraries.com/taxonomy/ term/185/all?page=6. 39. “Our Lady Mother of Divine Grace, Howth Road, Raheny, Dublin 5 | Built Dublin.” Accessed January 20, 2015. http://builtdublin.com/our-lady-mother-ofdivine-grace-howth-road-raheny-dublin-5/. 40. “holy-trinity-church-belfast.” Accessed January 20, 2015. http://gregoryarchitects.com/portfolios/holytrinity-church-belfast/

28. “Monastic City | Glendalough, Co. Wicklow, Ireland.” Accessed January 20, 2015. http://www.glendalough.ie/ Typologies and Change

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Figure References Figure 1 “Mine Howe.” The Megalithic Portal. Accessed January 20, 2015. http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article. php?sid=4142. Figure 2 : “Eileach an Naoimh - History, Travel, and Accommodation Information.” Britain Express. Accessed January 20, 2015. http://www.britainexpress.com/ attractions.htm?attraction=4759. Figure 3: “.St. Oran’s Chapel Isle of Iona Argyll.” Accessed January 20, 2015. http://www.isle-of-iona.net/ attractions/historical/st-orans-chapel/. Figure 4: scruss. “My Homecoming Scotland 2009.” We Saw a Chicken …. Accessed January 20, 2015. http://scruss.com/blog/2009/09/09/my-homecomingscotland-2009/. Figure 5: “Dalmeny Parish Church Reviews - Dalmeny, Edinburgh Attractions - TripAdvisor.” Accessed January 20, 2015. http://www.tripadvisor.co.uk/Attraction_ Review-g5561768-d5533860-Reviews-Dalmeny_ Parish_Church-Dalmeny_Edinburgh_Scotland.html. Figure 6: “Collegiate Church of St Mary the Virgin, Haddington.” Random Thoughts from Pencefn. Accessed January 20, 2015. https://pencefn.wordpress. com/2010/01/23/st-marys-haddington/. Figure 7: Cochrane, Alan. “Whether High Kirk or Cathedral, St Giles’ Can Shine Once Again,” November 29, 2010, sec. Comment. http://www.telegraph. co.uk/comment/columnists/alancochrane/8166596/ Whether-High-Kirk-or-cathedral-St-Giles-can-shineonce-again.html. Figure 8: “Rosslyn Chapel - Dragons and Green Men and Templars, Oh My!” A Fish and a Bicycle. Accessed January 20, 2015. http://afishandabicycle. com/2013/05/28/rosslyn-chapel-dragons-and-greenmen-and-templars-oh-my/. Figure 9: “Scotland Inspired: Malcolm Fraser.” BBC, May 8, 2012, sec. Scotland. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/ukscotland-17909612. Figure 10: “Lauder Old Church.” Accessed January 20, 2015. http://www.undiscoveredscotland.co.uk/lauder/ oldchurch/. Figure 11: “File:Wfm St Andrews Cathedral Glasgow.jpg.” Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Accessed January 20, 2015. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wfm_st_ andrews_cathedral_glasgow.jpg. Figure 12: “Arts Philanthropist Snaps up St Stephen’s Church.” Accessed January 20, 2015. http://www.

scotsman.com/lifestyle/arts/news/arts-philanthropistsnaps-up-st-stephen-s-church-1-3323349.

Buildings: The First Phases and the Romanesque v. 1. Dundalk: Dundalgan Press, 1955.

Figure 13: http://www.edinburghnews.scotsman. com/news/rockstar-north-chief-buys-st-stephen-schurch-1-3458879

Figure 28: Leask, Harold G. Irish Churches and Monastic Buildings: The First Phases and the Romanesque v. 1. Dundalk: Dundalgan Press, 1955.

Figure 14: “Queen’s Cross Church.” People Make Glasgow. Accessed January 20, 2015. /index.php?option=com_lis tings&view=listing&id=1818&Itemid=286.

Figure 29: “Kilmallock Churches.” Accessed January 20, 2015. http://www.limerickdioceseheritage.org/ Kilmallock/AbbeyKilmallock.htm.

Figure 15: “Barclay Viewforth Church.” Accessed January 20, 2015. https://www.triposo.com/poi/N__21307088. Figure 16: “St Patrick’s, Greenock.” Accessed January 20, 2015. http://www.scotlandschurchestrust.org.uk/ church/st-patricks-greenock.

Figure 30: “Rock of Cashel,” January 20, 2015. http:// www.heritageireland.ie/en/south-east/rockofcashel/.

Figure 17: “St Paul’s Church, Glenrothes.” Accessed January 20, 2015. http://www.scotlandschurchestrust. org.uk/church/st-pauls-church-glenrothes. Figure 18: “MORTONHALL CREMATORIUM,” n.d. http:// basilspence.org.uk/worship/buildings/mortonhallcrematorium. Figure 19: Leask, Harold G. Irish Churches and Monastic Buildings: The First Phases and the Romanesque v. 1. Dundalk: Dundalgan Press, 1955.

Figure 31: “The Thingmount of Dublin.” Askeladden, to 2004. http://www.geocities.ws/heatheneurope/ thingmount. Figure 32 “Donegall Square Methodist Church (1874).” Accessed January 20, 2015. http://ukwells.org/ locations/displaylocations/1744. Figure 33: “1807 - Chapel Royal, Dublin Castle Architecture of Dublin City.” Archiseek.com. Accessed January 20, 2015. http://archiseek.com/2010/1807chapel-royal-dublin-castle/.

Figure 20: “Labbamolaga - Church Ruins.” Accessed January 20, 2015. http://www.corkpastandpresent.ie/ history/irishbuilder/labbamolaga-churchruins/.

Figure 34: 27, Maria Fiore Pilon on October, and 2014 at 1:29 Pm Said. “About.” Gospel Reflection. Accessed January 20, 2015. https://gardinerstparish.wordpress. com/about-2/.

Figure 21: Jim, Dempsey. “St Caimin’s Church.” Accessed January 20, 2015. http://www.megalithicireland.com/ St%20Caimin’s%20Inishcealtra.html.

Figure 35: http://img.photobucket.com/albums/v219/ Dublin1/Archiseek/DavenportHotel25-5-20061.jpg.” Accessed January 20, 2015.

Figure 22: “St. MacDara’s Stone-Roofed Oratory, Roundstone.” Accessed January 20, 2015. http://archives. library.nuigalway.ie:8080/balfour/photographs/0026.

Figure 36: “1863 - Findlater’s Church, Parnell Square, Dublin - Architecture of Dublin City.” Archiseek. com. Accessed January 20, 2015. http://archiseek. com/2010/1863-findlaters-church-parnell-squaredublin/.

Figure 23: “Christ Church Cathedral.” Accessed January 20, 2015. http://www.sacred-destinations.com/ireland/ dublin-christ-church-cathedral. Figure 24: “Jerpoint Abbey.” Accessed January 20, 2015. http://www.visitkilkenny.ie/jerpoint_abbey.

Figure 37: “Religious Buildings.” Accessed January 20, 2015. http://dublincitypubliclibraries.com/taxonomy/ term/185/all?page=6.

Figure 25: “St. Audoen’s Church, Dublin.” Accessed January 20, 2015. http://www.sacred-destinations.com/ ireland/dublin-st-audoen-church.

Figure 38: “Our Lady Mother of Divine Grace, Howth Road, Raheny, Dublin 5 | Built Dublin.” Accessed January 20, 2015. http://builtdublin.com/our-lady-mother-ofdivine-grace-howth-road-raheny-dublin-5/.

Figure 26: “St. Patrick’s Cathedral.” Accessed January 20, 2015. http://www.sacred-destinations.com/ireland/ dublin-st-patrick-cathedral.

Figure 39: “Google Image Result for Http:// gregoryarchitects.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/ Holy-Trinity-Church-2.jpg.” Accessed January 20, 2015.

Figure 27: Leask, Harold G. Irish Churches and Monastic Typologies and Change

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The Wallace Monument and the Empire Exhibition are displays of nationalism through iconic, highly visible structures, albeit the former has outlived the latter.

One approach to extension involves post-modernist references to classicism and the city grid, while the other is an unashamed imposition of volume, material and space.

Designed by the same architect, the exact same language is mirrored in two different cities, in two different countries, for two different (albeit similar) purposes.

Celtic and Rangers Football Clubs have a long rivalry

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associated with both football, religion and nationality. It is a feature in both Scotland and Ireland despite being a Glaswegian rivalry. As discussed above the typology of the football stadium does not reflect the cultural associations of these two institutions.

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Both an international exhibition and Commonwealth Games are means of expressing a nations identity to the world, and what it offers. This is typically done through deliberately provocative architecture that is dramatic and easily remembered.

International Exhibitions demonstrated the influence of the cultures that were hosting the exhibitions, and used the latest construction methods and architectural styles as part of this demonstration. Ulster Hall demonstrates the typology of the auditorium can have broad cultural and political influences in gathering people of like mind together for a single purpose, almost in spite of the architecture.

The language of iron and glass, first used in international exhibition halls is demonstrated at a similar scale in a Harland & Wolff industrial building in Glasgow.

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The Ballymun Housing development, slated for development was temporarily re-used as a hotel, demonstrating the possibilities of re-use in novel ways, even if only temporarily. A cultural event, the Venice Biennale was used to demonstrate the importance of industry and infrastructure in shaping the built environment. Many Universities were initially founded funded and run by the church. During the age of enlightenment far more universities were founded on private ventures and by the state. The University of Glasgow is associated with the Glasgow School of Arts which it uses as its main arts and design department.

Edinburgh University has contributed a number of additions to the city mainly being the two oldest concert halls in Scotland and the oldest purpose built student union in the world. Starting by providing working man skills to the industries Heriot-Watt University was inspired by Andersonian Institute which also taught ‘useful skills’. The founding of this college ties in with the development of ‘Silicon Glen’, Scotland’s digital and electronics development that replaced much of the countries heavy industry, although the architecture of both remained largely utilitarian. Queen’s University Belfast was founded as a non denominational option to trinity.

Queen’s University Belfast not only has inner city ties but associations with Cork University and Galaway University. The sharing of knowledge by institutions became more common in the age of enlightenment.

Dublin City University has a strong industrial history and continues to teach and support new industrial techniques. Typologies and Change

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Given that there is an expansion by Harland & Wolff into developing and manufacturing renewable energy technologies it is appropriate that educational establishments follow course. Belfast Metropolitan College was key in Belfast during the industrial revolution. It taught a wide variety of skills needed in the local industries. Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh began life as an inner city hospital being founded by the church. As part of the NHS it has now been moved to the little France suburb as a large general hospital typology. Similar to the housing movement in the modernist era centralisation was a key driver spilling over into the hospital typology. The Royal Hospital for Sick Children was also once an inner city hospital now being moved to the little France suburbs integrated into the large super hospital.

Glasgow Royal Infirmary was founded in the 18th century but received extensions from Sir Basil Spence who designed the Red Road housing estate in Glasgow. Glasgow Royal Infirmary is also affiliated with the university of Glasgow becoming its main teaching hospital. The development of the sciences in the age of enlightenment greatly increased the number of universities and hospitals. It became common for hospitals to become integrated into the university as a teaching hospital. Western General Hospital received the first Maggieâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Centre designed by Richard Murphy which specialises in cancer care. It is an interesting typological development as it distinctly rejects the typical hospitalised institutions in favour of a smaller more domestic environment. Southern General Hospital is another hospital integrated as a university teaching hospital.

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Glasgow Dental Hospital and School is a teaching hospital for Glasgow University and has interestingly stayed within the city. Possibly due to it specialising in Dentistry or being integrated with the university at an early date. Gartnavel General Hospital received the second Maggieâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s centre in the region. The hospital was relatively new being built in the 1970s but the typological difference between OMAâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s scheme and the hospital are distinct with OMA specifically avoiding long scary corridors. Similar to housing the idea of centralisation has meant that the hospital typology has also been centralised. Many of the regions hospitals have been moved out of the cities to the suburbs in a one size fits all typology. But more importantly unlike housing the integration of hospitals back in the cities is not as evident. One example of hospitals moving back into the urban setting is Leith Community Treatment Centre. This hospital integrates into the existing city fabric but is a more specialist unit. Rotunda Hospital is one of Trinity University Dublinâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s main teaching hospitals. Royal Victoria Hospital like Rotunda Hospital suffered from poor ventilation causing a large number of infant deaths. The new design utilised the industry of the area to create revolutionary ventilation systems. Royal Victoria Hospital utilised the industry of the area to create revolutionary ventilation systems.

Mater Infirmorum Hospital is made of a variety of buildings including Victorian buildings. Like Royal Victoria Hospital during the Victorian era the external garden spaces for patients were just as important as internal ones on the road to recovery. Royal Victoria Eye and Ear Hospital is a key two service specialist hospital affiliated with Trinity University. Again it is of Victorian design with strong connections to external spaces.

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Belvoir Park Hospital is an example of a specialist hospital being closed and integrated into large central hospitals, specifically Belfast city hospital. Cork University Hospital is a primary university hospital. The original building was encased to increase thermal performance and daylighting for patients. Beaumont Hospital is a key teaching hospital for Dublin City University.

A large number of early hospitals began life as asylums. Niall Mclauglin’s Orchard Respite Centre creates a safety and security for dementia patients. It also focuses on the use of gardens and external spaces as a therapeutic element to the design. Early Neolithic housing consisted of small stone dwellings with one or two rooms located around a central hearth. This typology remained relatively unchanged until early Romano periods with timber roofs being introduced. The Broch of Mousa was an early example of defensible structures within Scotland stacking the formal living arrangement vertically later to be developed as tower houses. Provand’s Lordship was used as accommodation for the workers of the church and St. Nicholas’s Hospital next door. The first hospitals within the region were founded, funded and run by the church with few being founded by the state. Similarly as the church was the main body of power at the time many of the oldest universities were founded by the church primarily catering for the upper classes. Provand’s Lordship and John Knox’s House in Glasgow and Edinburgh respectively are two of the oldest houses in Scotland being preserved for their traditional Scottish architectural merit and now as key tourist attractions to the area. re-Think the Region

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Traquair House house shows a development from the traditional tower houses as a defensible country house reflecting the expanding wealth of the small percentages within the region. Traquair House house still exists to this day and has been interestingly converted to a brewery reflecting its industrial size and formal arrangement. Whilst the rich got richer the Black House shows a persisting typology of small hut as seen in the early Romano period consisting of one to two rooms around a central hearth. Culross House reflects the increasing wealth bought by industry and how classes outside of royalty aspired to the large country houses. Shuttle Row was the first example of tenements housing multiple families in a single complex in response to industry accommodating the workers for local mills and factories. Inner city slums were always present but large increases in industrial demand created vast slum conditions of exceptionally high density where families would be confined to one or two rooms in poor conditions. After the industrial revolution the declining industry returned to focus to the issues of housing. Many inner city slums were demolished creating a new need for housing. Currently in the age of modernism the inner city slums were replaced with modernist housing estates surrounding the city. Many of these incentives failed only creating vertical slums which became plagued by vandalism and violence due to the fundamental architectural errors in design. Today the incentive is to move people back into the cities regenerating vacated areas. This has produced the most interesting typological change where a mixture of retail and light industry dominated the lower levels with housing stacked above in response to city living. Typologies and Change

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Early Irish housing was very similar to Scottish housing consisting of a central hearth surrounded by one or two rooms. So much so that even similarly named typologies were found such as Crannogs which were small circular huts with timber roofs and central hearths. Belfast Castle was one of the earlier defensible houses today changing typology to cater for the leisure and tourism industries. Being a region in turmoil at the time Tower Houses were common as defensible houses. Unlike Scotland Tower Houses in Ireland were built in far greater numbers and said to be so dense that one could always see another for communication. Similar to Culross House, Ardgillian Castle was owned by a merchant showing the increasing wealth of the region. The castle is now used for leisure and tourism. Like in Scotland Ireland suffered from inner city slums. Before major slum demolition small cottage suburbs were built for workers of industry to relieve the slum situation. Houses were single storey and simple but catered for their needs significantly reducing the density.

Much of the major Irish cities was built in the Georgian era with grand multi- storey houses for the rich industry owners. As the slums grew the town houses were split up into one or tow rooms and reappropriated for works creating vast slums. Major slum clearances occurred in the early to mid 20th century with much of the Georgian architecture lost. The shift towards a need for housing was now prominent.

Again like Scotland the majority of slum residents were moved to the suburbs to cater for outer city industry. The proposals resulted in the more successful garden city suburbs we are familiar with today but also the high density modernist developments, many of which have now been demolished. re-Think the Region

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After the slum demolition much of the cities were left desolate. Today Belfast in particular still suffers from its degeneration. Dublin however has had a successful regeneration programme reintroducing people back into the cities with mixed use developments. A warehouse, significant for its iron and glass facade, is now a chain pub, demonstrating the flexibility of the industrial buildings and changing uses in city centres. Development of the infrastructure to provide clean water may have had a more significant affect on public health than the building of hospitals would have done. Another warehouse with a significant facade design, now planned to be converted into a hotel, a significant spatial and organisational shift within the building. Harland & Wolff were a significant employer on both sides of the Irish Sea, impacting both physically and socially on the cities. Unlike many of it distillery predecessors, the planned Glasgow Distillery has a visitor centre planned in so that it would not need to be renovated into one following a shift in industry out of the city. Like many breweries and distilleries, the cultural value of certain drinks and brands means that many industrial buildings are converted in visitors centres. Their utilitarian planning of large scale spaces means they are suitable for conversion to exhibitions. These food and drink manufacturing facilities all contained a multitude of sub-functions that contributed to the running of the whole industrial complex. Each co-existed with the other. Like many breweries and distilleries, the cultural value of certain drinks and brands means that many industrial buildings are converted in visitors centres. Their utilitarian planning of large scale spaces means they are suitable for conversion to exhibitions.

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Jacobâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Biscuit Factory went beyond the amalgamation of different industries needed to provide for the company, to include providing social and cultural facilities such as swimming baths for its workers. The described construction of the Mash House at Cassidyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Distillery bears close resemblance to ancient stone conical churches. Even when moved out of the city, developed technologies mean that old industrial facilities become unsustainable for use and thus are either lost of reused, here again as a visitors centre. Scale relative to the city, their distinctive colour and siting in a historical location mean that two industrial cranes have become cultural icons, representing the city of Belfast.

Referencing the language of a public house in the design of an office space, is an obvious and direct cultural reference that suggests that this typology is largely image based without distinct architectural language in spite of its significance within city centres. The church of Scotland assembly hall, a very historic religious building, is used for political activity. The hall was used temporarily as a debating chamber Dublin castle always had a political role but recently a very private building has opened up in parts as craft shops and restaurants, transforming from a single typology to a mixed use development. The Government Buildings previously housed the Royal College of Physicians and it now serves the Irish government since 1922. Mine Howeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s built quality of dry stone and internal qualities has a strong relation to early housing in the iron age period . The brooch of Gurness which once housed a substantial community and also the Broch of Mousa which is larger but has similar qualities . The Introduction of Christianity from Ireland in the sixth century explains the very similar early masonry built churches. re-Think the Region

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The Church is now been used for Choral concerts and music recitals. It is no longer functioning as a church. St Patrickâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Cathedral is used for more than just religious activities. It also holds events such as public national ceremonies. The ceremonies are generally political. This shows the relation that church typology has with the political. St Andrewâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Church is now the main visitor centre and tourist office. It is restored as a cultural/service typology Former Methodist Church known as the Mother Church of Belfast dates back to 1806. It was the centre for Christian Worship until 1994. The classical facade of the original Church was integrated into the Ulster Bank Group.

Preem Group buy and redevelop Merrion hall leaving only the facade. It is now the Dovenport Hotel. This shift in typology from church is a recurring theme. A Modern Church recalling the design of Irish Romanesque.

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