STUDIO AIR DESIGN JOURNAL 2017, SEMESTER 2, MATTHEW DWYER JASON LEUNG
INTRODUCTION Hi, my name is Jason. I am currently a second year Architecture student in the Bachelor of Environment program. Before having the university study in Melbourne, I grew up and was educated in Hong Kong, one of the international metropolis. Living in this city with the highest density of population in the world, I have deeply influenced by lots of amazing high-rise buildings and skyscrapers since I was a kid. These buildings are not just masterpieces of art, but also wonderful living examples of how buildings perform as different capacitors in our daily life. I admire how architecture has shaped a place, and our life as well. This is my original belief and reasons to get interested in Architecture. Studio Air is my second design studio in my Bachelor of Environment. In last semester, I was doing Studio Earth and Digital Design Fabrication as my design subjects. These subjects have trained me to develop the technique in computer-aided design and fabrication, which are very helpful in design process. For this subject, I believe algorithmics design will be extremely useful for designing some complicated but parametric structure after I learn Grasshopper in this design studio.
“We shape our buildings; thereafter they shape us.� WINSTON CHURCHILL
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Final design project from Studio Earth
Final product from Digital Design Fabrication
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CONCEPTUALIZATION
[A.1] DESIGN FUTURING [A.2] DESIGN COMPUTATION [A.3] COMPOSITION/GENERATION [A.4] CONCLUSION [A.5] LEARNING OUTCOME [A.6] APPENDIX
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Fig.1: Future City 6
[A.1] DESIGN FUTURING
Background
Design as an act of futuring
Nowadays, different kinds of natural disasters have become more frequently happen at everywhere in the world. Scientists have investigated and proved what we are now suffering is caused by the climate change due to unduly consumption by human being.1 After the era of industrial revolution, human beings started to apply advanced technology wisely into every part of daily life with the innovation of mechanism and electricity. From that moment, human keep pursuing their endless desires to facilitate a better living standard. However, the natural resources are limited and can never satisfy all human’s need. Such self-centered behavior has not only over-consumed existing resources, but also interrupted the cycle of eco-system. This creates a potential risk in future human development with the problem of resource shortage.
With the power of design, we are definitely capable to shape our future as what we want in the manner of sustainable development. The rapid innovation of technology is a two-edged sword. It was the catalyst for over-spending our nature, but it has become our tool of design intelligence. With the aid of computerization, we can analysis and clarify our actual needs, kind of big data, as a design belief. Digital design can not only speed up the progress of futuring, but also help us to specifically tackle the social need.
At this critical moment, no one is an island. People seem to be awaken by the existing declining and dangerous situation.1 The idea of sustainability was introduced as a proposed vision in our environmental development. By a pattern of good resource use, human can still meets their needs without compromising their future needs. This concept is widely adopted in every part of the society as a remedy for our built environment.
As a building designer, architects plays important role in designing future and city. By using different design approaches and critiques, the most preferable design for futuring could be picked out from various possible design. That’s the magnificence of design. 2 To manipulate into a better environment in futuring.
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Design is a journey of exploration, to critique countless uncertainties with our imagination and innovation. 2 Throughout such natural selection process, evolution occurs and generates what we desire for. That’s how we future our future.
Fry, Tony (2008). Design Futuring: Sustainability, Ethics and New Practice (Oxford: Berg), pp. 1–16 Dunne, Anthony & Raby, Fiona (2013) Speculative Everything: Design Fiction, and Social Dreaming (MIT Press) pp. 1-9, 33-45
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CASE STUDY 01 CRYSTAL ISLAND TOWER
Architect: Foster + Partners Location: Moscow, Russia Status: Postponed in construction
This stunning architecture is designed as ‘A city within a Building’. It consists of 3000 hotel rooms, 900 serviced apartments, offices and shops, which totally provides living space for around 30,000 people. It was supposed to be finished in 2014, but unfortunately is still under delay in construction due to the global financial crisis in 2008. 3 This 450m tall building was designed as a selfoperating system. It has a ‘breathable smart skin’ and thermal buffer as its superstructure of glass panels, which can effectively moderate the building temperature by elimination of heat loss in winter and enhancement of natural cooling in summer. Besides, solar panels and wind turbines will also be installed to generate electricity for the building.4 As it is located on the Nagatino Peninsula, edged by the Moscow River, natural water resources can be easily obtained from the river. Thus, a food self-supply chain can possibly formed within this building.
Fig.2: Conicial Tower At Sunset
As a design for futuring our living pattern, this will be definitely a revolutionary project if it is really built. In terms of sustainability, this intelligent building can achieve zero carbon footprint (even negative) by reproducing natural and conserved resources into its self-supply. Furthermore, it also compressed the existing city size into a single building without compromising the living standard. It could be one of the solution addressing the housing problem with rapid population growth in the world. Most importantly, the innovative energy strategy can still be workable under any climate extremes.
Fig.3: Facilities Allocation Yergaliyev, K. and Yergaliyev, K. (2007). World’s Biggest Building Coming to Moscow: Crystal Island. [online] Inhabitat.com. Available at: http://inhabitat.com/tallest-skyscraper-in-the-world-coming-to-moscow/ [Accessed 1 Aug. 2017]. 4 Tabb, P. and Deviren, A. (2013). The greening of architecture. London: Routledge, pp.133-135. 3
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Fig.4: Preliminary View of Crystal Island Tower 9
CASE STUDY 02 SLUISHUIS HOUSING DEVELOPMENT
Architect: BIG, Barcode Architects Location: Steigereiland, The Netherlands Status: Proposed design
Fig.5: Interior of the public courtyard space
Fig.6: Exterior of the building
This project is a winning urban development proposal for a multi-function building in Steigereiland, an emerging district in Amsterdam. Providing 380 zeroenergy residences and around 4,000 square meters of commercial and public area, Sluishuis is conceived as a ‘floating city block’ in the IJ lake. To achieve the goal of sustainability, this green building is designed in a sloping form that can enhance sunlight going through. As a vertical green community, pollutant emissions will be reduced during construction and renewable energy will be used throughout this complex. 5 Sluishuis has demonstrated a thought on how we alternately form our city when most of the land is flood. The rise of sea level due to greenhouse effect is an uncontroversial problem we are now facing. Holland, as a country located at low sea level, has a foreseeable emergency to transform themselves into such floating community as a future pattern of living. Furthermore, the self-sustaining model will be a trend for architecture. When the idea of ‘floating cities’ is expanded into a large network, future residents can conveniently travel inter-city with houseboat.6 This proposal seems to be a salute to Ark of Noah, both use idea of floating object to overcome the flooding issue. This is also an obvious evidence proving we are worth to have a look back on how our ancient had designed their futuring when we are design our futuring.
Fig.7: Public Paths Diagram Designboom(2016). bjarke ingels group to build floating sluishuis in amsterdam. [online] Available at: https://www.designboom.com/ architecture/bjarke-ingels-group-sluishuis-barcode-architects-floating-development-amsterdam-11-29-2016/ [Accessed 1 Aug. 2017]. 6 ArchDaily. (2016). BIG and BARCODE Win Competition for the Sluishuis Housing Development in Amsterdam. [online] Available at: http://www.archdaily.com/800457 [Accessed 1 Aug. 2017]. 5
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Fig.8: Preliminary View of Sluishuis 11
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Fig.9: Matter Design Computation 12
[A.2] DESIGN COMPUTATION
Background
Computaion as a continuum of design
Before the time of invention of computer, pen and paper was the only design medium for people to document their idea and be used as the communication platform to let people understand their concept. At that age, design process was inefficient and limited by many physical constraints, thus people could just relies on some mathematics techniques for assisting their design. Anything that can go wrong will go wrong, it also happens in design. Because of the heart resisting any failure may happen during design, most of the design preserved in some simple and regular geometry, rather than intricate composition.
The reason why man is the intelligent soul of the universe is because human are capable to create some new tools to help us addressing the unprecedented situations. That’s the way of how human tackle their limitation throughout history. With aid of digital computation, designer can innovate their thoughts and develop as a design for future.
A revolutionary breakthrough happened when computer was transformed for multi-use. The design strategy was paradigmatically shifted, computer replaces our human brain for the commutation of design geometry. Ideas with certain abstraction and complexity were liberated by computation. Furthermore, computation has also enhanced the fabrication technology, which plays a crucial role in design to convert a virtual concept into physical presentation.
Computation is a system of communication. A logic of algorithm could be evaluated by computing. By understanding the theory and principle of computation, designers are able to create new things by imitation and integration. The advantage of evaluating massive data by computing facilitates the efficiency and effectiveness of analysis, synthesis and evaluation throughout the design process. The most feasible outcome can be sorted out by setting up design rules and bounding restrictions. 7 Moreover, the digital technology has promoted our way of design representation. Parametric design and performative materiality for new age architecture can be generated infinite variability digitally. Evidenceand performance-oriented designs are more achievable in both design and fabrication practice by differentiating their specific parametric principal. 8
Kalay, Yehuda E. (2004). Architecture’s New Media: Principles, Theories, and Methods of Computer-Aided Design (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press), pp. 5-25 8 Oxman, Rivka and Robert Oxman, eds (2014). Theories of the Digital in Architecture (London; New York: Routledge), pp. 1–10 7
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CASE STUDY 01 ZA11 PAVILION
Designer: Dimitrie Stefanescu, Patrick Bedarf, Bogdan Hambasan Location: Cluj, Romania Status: Finished in 2011
Fig.10: Process Diagram
Fig.11: Assembly Scheme
This parametric-designed pavilion was assembled by 746 unique pieces. By using a particular geometrical configuration, an organic ring is formed and subdivided into deep hexagons. After the computation of final design outcome, pieces with exact shape were exported for CNC milling fabrication and assembled into a single model with corresponding labelling by logic of notching.9 This project is a showcase for computational architecture. The computing technique dominates not only the design process, but also the fabrication. Throughout the entire computational design process, geometric pattern was generated and varied into multiple options. These outcome were finalized by evaluating specific criteria to determine the best solution eventually. Furthermore, computation can effectively reduce the necessity of repetitive and difficult tasks. In this case, the interlocking angles for every hexagonal plates are impossible to be figured out by our naked brain. Computation has also presented its powerful feature for determining an optimized geometrical pattern for shading the internal space of pavilion and facilitating visitors to enjoy activities there.10 Besides, the actual assembly process wouldn’t have been possible to trim the raw material into the designed shapes by using traditional method, rather than computation.
Fig.12: Details of Assembly Designplaygrounds. (n.d.). CLJ02: ZA11 PAVILION - Designplaygrounds. [online] Available at: http://designplaygrounds.com/deviants/ clj02-za11-pavilion/ [Accessed 7 Aug. 2017]. 10 ArchDaily. (2016). 5 Ways Computational Design Will Change the Way You Work. [online] Available at: http://www. archdaily.com/785602/5-ways-computational-design-will-change-the-way-you-work [Accessed 7 Aug. 2017]. 9
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Fig.13: Perspective View of ZA11 15
CASE STUDY 02 ICD-ITKE RESEARCH PAVILION 2015-16
Architect: ICD-ITKE University of Stuttgart Location: Stuttgart, Germany Status: Finished in 2016
Fig.14: Structural Diagram
Designed based on the anatomy of a sea urchin, this laminated plywood pavilion was molded and stitched segmented timber shells together with robotic textile fabrication techniques . This research project involved multi-disciplinary knowledge from architecture, engineering, biology and palaeontology. In terms of tectonics, it comprises 151 wooden components in varying dimensions with double-layered structure, which were made of sheets of custom-laminated beech plywood.11 This is another good example presenting the potential of computational design, simulation and fabrication processes in architectural design with initial foundation from other professional disciplines.12 With referring to the synthesis of biological principles and the complex reciprocities between material, form and robotic fabrication, researchers figured out the way to alternate the material performance of timber with an innovative timber jointing and bending techniques after lots of material stiffness trials.11 Therefore, computation can make our design and construction to be more concise and precise in practice. It has slightly loosened the restriction of material properties in some way that we had before, and also boarded our design possibilities. Furthermore, the application of computation converts some complicated design into a comprehensive presentation nowadays.12
Fig.15: Material Differentiation Diagram
Mairs, J. (2016). Robotically fabricated pavilion by University of Stuttgart students. [online] Dezeen. Available at: https://www.dezeen. com/2016/05/05/robotically-fabricated-pavilion-university-of-stuttgart-students-plywood-icd-itke/ [Accessed 7 Aug. 2017]. 12 Menges, A. and Ahlquist, S. (2011). Computational design thinking. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons. 11
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Fig.16: Perspective View of Pavilion 17
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Fig.17: Fractal 18
[A.3] COMPOSITION/ GENERATION
From Micro-composition To Macro-generation
Generation as an approach of design
Composition and generation are two main approaches that we adopt in our design process. After the popularization of computational design, the architectural design paradigm has significantly shifted from analogue composition to digital generation by computing. Although computing provides a more efficient performance in generating designs, two ways of approaches are still having their respective functions and advantage. Composition dominates how an elementary component is formed from a root point, whilst generation determines how elementary components are networked in a large scale. The shift between composition and generation establishes an interdependent relationship, but not a hierarchy over another. This gives designers a certain degree of flexibility and freedom to utilize their design under changeable circumstance. By scripting different algorithmic logic with various parameters, designer can explore a range of possibilities in breadth and depth from generative modelling. From different variations in this approach, the optimized result could be found out.
After the popularization of digital computation, the use of generative approach becomes more common implied in architectural design process. One of the obvious advantage is architect don’t have to process some repetitive but complicated task when they just intend to design some similar element in their design. If we consider architecture is a system of communication, autopoiesis, refers to self-production, can perform an overarching, allencompassing function by analyzing some social data and converting them into the parameters of the design. The outcome generated from this parametric model can really satisfy our actual social need in practice.13
Fractal is one of the physical phenomenon embodies the idea of self-generation. Once a small component is formed somehow, it will undergo a process of cell division, to regenerate and accumulate into a huge network. This evolution in nature is difficult to be under control, as it is self-motivated composition. But for generation, human can program a language for the system to learn for its self development. That is the principle of computational design.
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However, there is no needle with both ends pointed. Generative design is only valid to create what we desire when its algorithmic logic is clearly defined. However, algorithmic design requires certain level of understanding about mathematical representation in geometry and space. As it is not a common knowledge for everyone, designer may not fully control and interfere its automation. Occasionally, geometrical constraints will cause some unexpected outcome from generative process.14
Schumacher, Patrik (2011). The Autopoiesis of Architecture: A New Framework for Architecture (Chichester: Wiley), pp. 1-28 Peters, Brady. (2013) ‘Computation Works: The Building of Algorithmic Thought’, Architectural Design, 83, 2, pp. 08-15
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CASE STUDY 01 NINETY NINE FAILURES
Architect: The University of Tokyo Digital Fabrication Lab Location: Tokyo, Japan Status: Finished in 2013
Fig.18: Design Flow Diagram
Fig.19: Curvature Analysis Diagram
‘99 failures for 1 pavilion’ not only concludes how this research project was done, but also summaries how the pavilion is developed from composition to generation. The object of this project is to explore possibilities in geometry to design a stable pavilion structure that could be unfold into a flat, twodimensional surface from its target shape. An inflated metal ‘pillow’ component in Ninja StarShape, composed of three layers of very thin stainless steel sheets, was fabricated as the final prototype after tested by an algorithmic-programed simulation tests on roughly 50 variations of geometries. With referring to the structure and curvature analysis, the global composition was generated from multiple set of complex parametric coordinates. Eventually, a coherent, integrated structural system was formed from the network of 255 unique metal pillows.15 As a precedent of using generation in architectural design, this pavilion has showcased the magnificence of generating a structure from algorithmic scripting by computation. Parametric modeling is a process of autopoiesis, means self-production. It can logically generate a design from sets of algorithm, which replaces a complex and complicated job done by our naked brain. Although digital generation presents its benefits throughout the design process, it still has its restrictions that bother our innovation. Errors in generation are often occurs during the algorithmic scripting. In this project, some undesirable overlap and conflicts between component coordinates happened in the global composition trial due to their geometrical constraints.16 The problem was solved by refining its parameters in script.
Fig.20: Prototype Fabrication Wang, L. (2014). Ninety-Nine Failures Pavilion is Built from Ninja Star-Shaped Steel Pillows. [online] Inhabitat.com. Available at: http:// inhabitat.com/ninety-nine-failures-pavilion-is-built-from-ninja-star-shaped-steel-pillows/ [Accessed 9 Aug. 2017]. 16 ArchDaily. (2014). Ninety Nine Failures / The University of Tokyo Digital Fabrication Lab. [online] Available at: http://www. archdaily.com/469193/ninety-nine-failures-the-university-of-tokyo-digital-fabrication-lab [Accessed 9 Aug. 2017]. 15
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Fig.21: Perspective View of Pavilion 21
CASE STUDY 02 FIBERWAVE PAVILION
Architect: Carbon_Lab @ IIT Location: Illinois, USA Status: Finished in 2014
Fig.22: Bi-valve shell structure form diagram
Fig.23: Connection and Assembly Diagram
This student-led project is a practice of study in performative and adaptive physical fabrication. Influenced from bi-valve shell structures, the shape of carbon fiber panels were developed from various iterations aided by parametric modeling as its elementary component. 86 panels were fabricated from 6 molds. By using Rhino and Grasshopper as their parametric design software, they explored possibilities of tessellations of the single shell form. A wave-like canopy form was generated and finalized as the final outcome.17 Although this project doesn’t have a visually complex structure, which is normally expected as parametric design, it is still a relevant precedent showing the inter-relationship between composition and generation in architectural design. After decided the shape of component panel, the use of digital generation facilitated the designer to sort out some details about the global composition, such as the curvature of optimized arch, and number of panels required. Furthermore, algorithmic scripting helped to figure out the way and position of connections which fits the design. Even through the design was basically generated by digital parametric modelling, student had also simulated various small-scale prototype to examine the workability of such algorithmic generation.18 That's one of the loophole for using generative design, that some physical failure could not be realized digitally, but for handon fabrication can test it out.
Designboom. (2014). IIT design studio fabricates pavilion of carbon fiber panels. [online] Available at: https://www.designboom.com/ architecture/iit-carbon-lab-fiberwave-pavilion-07-21-2014/ [Accessed 9 Aug. 2017]. 18 Archpaper.com. (2014). IIT Students Explore the Potential of Carbon Fiber. [online] Available at: https:// archpaper.com/2014/07/iit-students-explore-the-potential-of-carbon-fiber/ [Accessed 9 Aug. 2017]. 17
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Fig.24: Perspective View of Pavilion 23
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[A.4] CONCLUSION In general, Part A study gives me a brief understanding on how computational design becomes the mainstream of architectural design. Through the case study researches, the most important insight for me is not just on what innovative invention is to be created for our futuring, but is how design is to be created sustainably for our futuring. The presence of computation is the life-saving cable that keeps human being to survive from the edge of species existence. With the assistance of computation in present design workflow, probably algorithmic design and parametric modelling are the best choice, among all design approaches, that we all should closely follow. Computational design revolutionarily shifts the design paradigm from analogue to digital. This change enables designers to explore potentials and possibilities by establishing a complex algorithmic system. Inter-disciplinary collaboration has been boosted after the emergence of parametric design. The participation of professions from different fields can enhance the performance of the design from multiple perspectives. Massive innovative ideas could be generated from such design approach, with the aid
of digital computation. Furthermore, algorithmic modelling allow a high liberty in modifying the design by varying the parameter input in the system. After trials and testing, the most feasible outcome could be sorted out from iterations and satisfy our actual demands. In the coming design tasks, computational design is undoubtedly my design approach, because it enables me to generate innovative geometrical concept by scripting some complex but parametric models in algorithm. Some data collected from analysis may be converted as the algorithm of design. It definitely strengthens the bonding between the design and concept. Moreover, the parametric characteristic allows reproducing various iterations by different inputs. By the comparison between variations, the most suitable design could be sorted out from such selection.
Fig.25: Shi-An | Katagiri Architecture+Design 25
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[A.5] LEARNING OUTCOME After learning about the theory and practice of architectural computing in these three weeks, I feel especially impressed and amazed by the implication in my chosen six case studies, which completely open my mind on the algorithmic design. Each of them has their particular outstanding features integrated by computational design. These precedents not only persuade me on its crucial function of algorithmic modeling on modern architectural design, but also guide me to appreciate more on some renowned modern architectural masterpieces. The weekly readings have offered me a firm theocratic foundation to understand ideas in academic perspective, and let me have a better comprehension on those precedent study. In the aspect of learning Grasshopper, it definitely is a bitter journey to get familiar in scripting
my algorithmic design process, but it is worth to spend time in learning this powerful plug-in. Fortunately, I am now quite getting used to these command keys and understand how it works. Once I can rectify the error and complete the whole algorithmic script, the variations generated by different sets of parameters brings me satisfaction. I feel interested in varying those parameters to obtain some surprising results. Furthermore, the experience of learning grasshopper has also developed my algorithmic mindset to think issue in logic, which facilities a better sequence on design generation. If there were a time machine that can take me back to refine my past design, I would definitely use the Grasshopper techniques to build a parametric modelling, and it would save me lots of time for going back and forth in revising the design.
Fig.26: “Out Of The Box� | Nudes 27
[A.6] APPENDIX ALGORITHMIC SKETCHES
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IMAGE LIST 1/ TheFutureOfEuropes Wiki. (n.d.). Future-cityamazing-hd-desktop-wallpaper-for-backgroundin-high-resolution.jpg. [online] Available at: h t t p : // t h e f u t u r e o f e u r o p e s .w i k i a . c o m / w i k i / File:Future-city-amazing-hd-desktop-wallpaper-forbackground-in-high-resolution.jpg [Accessed 1 Aug. 2017]. 2/ Alchetron.com. (n.d.). Crystal Island - Alchetron, The Free Social Encyclopedia. [online] Available at: https://alchetron.com/Crystal-Island-2298016-W [Accessed 1 Aug. 2017]. 3/ Welch, A., Welch, A., Lomholt, I. and Welch, A. (2008). Crystal Island Tower - Moscow Building, Russia - e-architect. [online] e-architect. Available at: https://www.e-architect.co.uk/moscow/crystalisland-tower [Accessed 1 Aug. 2017].
14-16/ ArchDaily. (2016). ICD-ITKE Research Pavilion 2015-16 / ICD-ITKE University of Stuttgart. [online] Available at: http://www.archdaily.com/786874/icditke-research-pavilion-2015-16-icd-itke-universityof-stuttgart?ad_medium=widget&ad_name=morefrom-office-article-show [Accessed 7 Aug. 2017]. 17/ Tophdimgs.com. (2015). 3662x2400px 8307.17 KB Fractal #380498. [online] Available at: http:// tophdimgs.com/380498-fractal.html [Accessed 9 Aug. 2017]. 18-21/ ArchDaily. (2014). Ninety Nine Failures / The University of Tokyo Digital Fabrication Lab. [online] Available at: http://www.archdaily.com/469193/ n i net y-n i ne-fa i lu re s-t he-u n iversit y- of-tok yo digital-fabrication-lab [Accessed 9 Aug. 2017].
4/ Megapolis Wiki. (n.d.). Crystal-Island-Russia-6. jpg. [online] Available at: http://sqmegapolis.wikia. com/wiki/File:Crystal-Island-Russia-6.jpg [Accessed 1 Aug. 2017].
22-24/ Designboom. (2014). IIT design studio fabricates pavilion of carbon fiber panels. [online] Available at: https://www.designboom. c o m /a r c h i t e c t u r e /i i t- c a r b o n - l a b -f i b e r w a v e pavilion-07-21-2014/ [Accessed 9 Aug. 2017].
5-8/ ArchDaily. (2016). BIG and BARCODE Win Competition for the Sluishuis Housing Development in Amsterdam. [online] Available at: http:// w w w.a rchd a i ly.com /8 0 0 457/ big-a nd-ba rcodew i n- c o mp e t i t i o n-f o r-t h e - s lu i s hu i s -h o u s i n gdevelopment-in-amsterdam [Accessed 1 Aug. 2017].
25-26/ Rethinking The Future - RTF. (n.d.). Rethinking The Future Awards 2017 – Results Rethinking The Future - RTF. [online] Available at: http://www.re-thinkingthefuture.com/rethinkingthe-future-awards-2017-results/ [Accessed 10 Aug. 2017].
9/ Matter Design Computation. (n.d.). Home. [online] Available at: https://www.matterdesigncomputationaap.com/#intro [Accessed 7 Aug. 2017]. 10-13/ Designplaygrounds. (n.d.). CLJ02: ZA11 PAVILION - Designplaygrounds. [online] Available at: http://designplaygrounds.com/deviants/clj02za11-pavilion/ [Accessed 7 Aug. 2017].
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Bibliography ArchDaily. (2014). Ninety Nine Failures / The University of Tokyo Digital Fabrication Lab. [online] Available at: http://www.archdaily.com/469193[Accessed 9 Aug. 2017]. ArchDaily. (2016). BIG and BARCODE Win Competition for the Sluishuis Housing Development in Amsterdam. [online] Available at: http://www. archdaily.com/800457 [Accessed 1 Aug. 2017]. ArchDaily. (2016). 5 Ways Computational Design Will Change the Way You Work. [online] Available at: http:// www.archdaily.com/785602[Accessed 7 Aug. 2017]. Archpaper.com. (2014). IIT Students Explore the Potential of Carbon Fiber. [online] Available at: https:// archpaper.com/2014/07/iit-students-explore-thepotential-of-carbon-fiber/ [Accessed 9 Aug. 2017]. Designboom(2016). bjarke ingels group to build floating sluishuis in amsterdam. [online] Available at: https://www.designboom.com/architecture/bjarkeingels-group-sluishuis-barcode-architects-f loatingdevelopment-amsterdam/ [Accessed 1 Aug. 2017]. Designboom. (2014). IIT design studio fabricates pavilion of carbon fiber panels. [online] Available at: https://www.designboom.com/architecture/iit-carbonlab-fiberwave-pavilion/ [Accessed 9 Aug. 2017]. Designplaygrounds. (n.d.). CLJ02: ZA11 PAVILION - Designplaygrounds. [online] Available at: http:// designplaygrounds.com/deviants/clj02-za11-pavilion/ [Accessed 7 Aug. 2017]. Dunne, Anthony & Raby, Fiona (2013) Speculative Everything: Design Fiction, and Social Dreaming (MIT Press) pp. 1-9, 33-45 Fry, Tony (2008). Design Futuring: Sustainability, Ethics and New Practice (Oxford: Berg), pp. 1–16
Kalay, Yehuda E. (2004). Architecture’s New Media: Principles, Theories, and Methods of Computer-Aided Design (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press), pp. 5-25 Mairs, J. (2016). Robotically fabricated pavilion by University of Stuttgart students. [online] Dezeen. Available at: https://www.dezeen.com/2016/05/05/ robotically-fabricated-pavilion-university-of-stuttgartstudents-plywood-icd-itke/ [Accessed 7 Aug. 2017]. Menges, A. and Ahlquist, S. (2011). Computational design thinking. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons. Oxman, Rivka and Robert Oxman, eds (2014). Theories of the Digital in Architecture (London; New York: Routledge), pp. 1–10 Peters, Brady. (2013) ‘Computation Works: The Building of Algorithmic Thought’, Architectural Design, 83, 2, pp. 08-15 Schumacher, Patrik (2011). The Autopoiesis of Architecture: A New Framework for Architecture (Chichester: Wiley), pp. 1-28 Tabb, P. and Deviren, A. (2013). The greening of architecture. London: Routledge, pp.133-135. Wang, L. (2014). Ninety-Nine Failures Pavilion is Built from Ninja Star-Shaped Steel Pillows. [online] Inhabitat.com. Available at: http://inhabitat.com/ ninety-nine-failures-pavilion-is-built-from-ninjastar-shaped-steel-pillows/ [Accessed 9 Aug. 2017]. Yergaliyev, K. and Yergaliyev, K. (2007). World’s Biggest Building Coming to Moscow: Crystal Island. [online] Inhabitat.com. Available at: http://inhabitat. com/tallest-skyscraper-in-the-world-coming-tomoscow/ [Accessed 1 Aug. 2017].
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