Modernism and Postmodernnism Research

MOD ERNI SM. 1 MODERNISM & POSTMODERNISM

Module TDF1064 Graphic Design Project: Modernism Student: James Richards Student Number: U1261281

CONTENTS PAGE Page 3-4 Book Review

Page 23 Introductions To Magazines

Page 5 What Is Modernism?

Page 24 i-D Magazine

Page 6 Iconic Modernist

Page 25 Ray Gun Magazine

Page 7 What Is Postmodernism?

Page 26 Teen Vogue Magazine

Page 8 Iconic Postmodernist

Page 27-28 Masthead Inspiration

Page 9-18 Modern and Postmodern Artists

Page 29 i-D Masthead Analysis

Page 19 Bauhaus

Page 30 Ray Gun Masthead Analysis

Page 20 The Grid System

Page 31 Teen Vogue Masthead Analysis

Page 21 Swiss Style

Page 32-33 Masthead Designs

Page 22 Helvetica

Page 34-41 Magazine Creation

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BOOK REVIEW Introduction – The book that I have read is called “What is post modernism?” and Charles Jencks wrote it. The book was written in 1996 and it is split into 14 chapters and has 4 different sections; the logic of history, post-modernism culture, post-modernism society and the universe as measure.

Part one: The logic of history – The first section is all about the history of post-modernism and who they are. Post-modernism is now a worldwide movement in all the arts and disciplines. It is also talks about the logic of history that makes the use of the term virtually inevitable today.

Part two: Post-modern culture – Part two focuses on post-modernism

culture, more particularly architecture, art, philosophy and literature.

Part three: Post-modern society – Part three looks at shifts in in postmodernism society, including the decline of the nation state, the rise of a global civilization and a series of ‘posts’ – post-industrial society, postFordism, the post-national economy and post-socialism.

Part four: The universe as measure – In part four, I conclude with an idea that most other observers of the same situation reject: the postmodern period has not seen the end of all metanarratives, but rather their proliferation.

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What is Post-Modernism?

Charles Jencks

Chiriac Space (2000) Daniel C. Chiriac

BOOK REVIEW

Conclusion – “What is post modernism?” is in four different sections: ‘the logic of history’ which discussed modernity, ‘post – modern culture’ looking at architecture, art and literature, ‘post modern society’ looking at the cultural and economic sphere and ‘the universal as measure’ which considers the move from anthropocentrism to a move

Fountain (1917) Marcel Duchamp complex and chaotic faith in the universe – an new metanarrative.

Jenks defends post modernity throughout the book and asks, “Is it a positive movement, negative condition or just plain description”. Throughout the book I was constantly confused and was unsure to what was going on but I kept reading because I was

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Marilyn Monroe (1962) Andy Warhol

interested and was learning a lot about modernism. I believe that the book was essential to my research as he is clear to distinguish between late modernism and post modernism. Overall, I found the book very intriguing and I would definitely recommend it to someone else as it contains a lot of solid information about modernism.

WHAT IS MODERNISM?

Bedroom In Arles (1888) Vincent Van Gogh ModernismModernism is associated with capitalism, it’s something that happened in the West and in Europe. It can be summed up with one of the philosophical terms “I think, therefore I am” and that phrase meant I would only believe what I can see and what I can prove.

Dora Maar au Chat (1941) Pablo Picasso Post Modernist believes that Modernism was partly based on science and truth. Science was suppose to make things better and prevent people from getting ill, instead it had the nuclear bomb and the bomb could have killed us all.

Around the time of modernism you had changes in technology,

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Hand with Reflecting Sphere (1935) MC Escher discoveries within the world, mapping, organisation and everything was institutionalised.

On that basis of a rational thought came an idea about how society worked. Modernism was a way of looking at the world because you could progress and rely on facts and prove things, modernism can also be seen as the belief progress through science, research and

ICONIC MODERNIST - KURT SCHWITTERS Kurt SchwittersKurt Schwitters was a German painter, sculptor, typographer and writer. He studied at a school for arts and crafts in Hanover for one year and then studied at Dresden Academy in 1909 until 1914. Schwitters was influenced by experssionism and cubism in 1917, in 1918 he created his own version of Dada and renamed it as ‘Merz’. The method that he used to create a ‘Merz’ piece of art consisted of using rubbish materials such as labels, bus

tickets and bits of broken wood for his collages and constructions.

Schwitters was most remembered for his construction work where he would randomly place different items onto his canvas with care.

One of his most favoured pieces was called the ‘Picture of Spatial Growths - Picture With Small Dogs’. He started creating this piece of work when he was in Germany, Swchitters then left Germany and moved to Norway

so he could carry on developping his work.

He started to add pieces of Norwegian materials to his work such as bus tickets, scraps of lace and a box with two China dogs. The different items would reflect upon the journey that the artist made to create the art.

Opened by Customs (1937) Kurt Schwitters

Picture of Spatial Growths - Picture with Two Dogs (1920-39) Kurt Schwitters

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WHAT IS POSTMODERNISM?

Map (1961) Jasper Johns Post ModernismPost Modernism can be seen in many different ways, post modernism can be seen as the calapse of modernism as post modernism carries on with some of the same projects, except with less faith.

Post modernism is more about choice now, our culture doesn’t say that you can create or can’t

Untitled (2009) William Armstrong create certain paintings. Modern culture would have told you what to do or at least would have guided you in a specific direction because they had rules and certain ways of doing things, post modern culture lets you do almost anything you want. In the modern culture if you was to create something that was completely innapropriate you would have been rejected or maybe even

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Campbell’s Soup (1968) Andy Warhol stoned. In postmodern times you can create what you want and call it art and no one will be bothered.

There isn’t any progress in post modernism, everything is repeated such as fashion and music. I believe that postmodern art contains similar aspects to modern art except it isn’t consistant, alot of the art seems random and brighter coloured.

ICONIC POSTMODERNIST - ANDY WARHOL Andy WarholConsidering that I am not a huge fan of postmodernism, Andy Warhol is definitely one of my favorite artists ever to exist.

I think that his style of art has changed the way that a lot of people look at art as well as producing it. I also believe that Andy Warhol had a huge impact on the art industry as he contributed towards the creation of Pop Art that had a huge movement for the art world.

Andy Warhol’s career taken off properly in the 1960’s after creating some of his most memorable pieces of work such as the Campbell’s Soup cans, Coca Cola bottles, portraits of Marilyn Monroe, Elizabeth Taylor, Elvis Presley, car crashes, the electric chair, flowers and so on, sometimes he displayed his artwork in rows of images.

In 1963 Warhol became increasingly active as an experimental filmmaker, he made

several different films such as Sleep, Chelsea Girls, Lonesome Cowboys and Trash. Andy Warhol created hundreds of amazing art pieces but my favourite has to be the self-portrait where he used camouflage colours with a black background.

Elvis I & II (1963) Andy Warhol

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Three Coke Bottles (1962) Andy Warhol

MODERN ARTIST - MC ESCHER

Drawing Hands (1948) MC Escher MC EscherMC Escher is remembered for being one of the most accomplished artsists of the 20th century . His style of work was very unique to other artists as his art work contained some of the most amazing illusions of all time within a piece of art. Escher is one of the most popular artists to have their artwork reproduced onto posters.

Relativity (1953) MC Escher ‘Relativity’ was definitely MC Eschers biggest piece of work he had ever created as it is known world wide. ‘Relativity’ was originally created as a lithograph print in 1953, this piece of art was a great example of Eschers ability to trick the human eye and to create illusions within a piece of art. I also really appreciate the piece of art called ‘Waterfall’ which was also a

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Waterfall (1961) MC Escher lithograph print that was created in 1961. I think that this piece of art looks crazy and really hurts the eye while trying to stare at it, I also love this piece of art . The illusion is undescribable, It is so strange how the path is straight and doesn’t have any tilts but still links up to the start and end of the waterfall.

Illusional art is amazing and never fails to impress me.

MODERN ARTIST - PABLO PICASSO well known paintings of a brothel.

The Old Guitarist (1903) Pablo Picasso - Blue Period

Garçon à la pipe (1905) Pablo Picasso - Rose Period

Les Demoiselles d’Avignon (1907)

Pablo Picasso - Afican Influenced

Pablo PicassoWhen Picasso created most of his artwork he literally threw away the rulebook and did what he wanted to do by abandoning prospective all together. Les Demoiselles d’Avignon would be a perfect example of creating his own rules as this piece of art is considered to be one of Picasso’s greatest ever paintings and is one of the most

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As an artist Pablo Picasso went through several different stages such as his ‘blue period’ which started in 1901 the majority of his paintings consisted of a blue or green tone which insisted that he could have been sad, this phase ended in 1904 as he developped a new interest. His next transition was creating ‘rose’ paintings in 1904 where his paintings did look a lot more happy as they was more of a ‘pink/ orange’ tone, this phase also didn’t last very long as he soon moved on to persue a newly found interest in 1906. His next stage was influenced by African culture where he created one of his most famous pieces ‘Les Demoiselles d’Avignon’ in 1907.

MODERN ARTIST - VINCENT VAN GOG H

Self Portrait (1887) Vincent Van Gogh Vincent Van GoghVan Gogh began drawing when we was a child and continued to draw as he got older, he eventually decided that he wanted to pursue a career as an artist. Throughout his career as an artist he produced over 2100 pieces of art, 860 of them was oil paintings and more than 1300 of them being water colours, sketches, prints and

The Starry Night (1889) Vincent Van Gogh paintings. The majority of his work was focused on specific aspects such as portraits, self-portraits, still lifes, landscapes, wheat fields and sunflowers.

Van Gogh was really well known a ot of his work but most people instantly recognise his most popular pieces of work such as ‘Starry Night’ which helped him

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Waterfall (1961) Vincent Van Gogh rise to the peak of his artistic achievments. ‘Starry Night’ is one of the most well known images in modern culture.

Another one of Van Goghs most memorable pieces is ‘Vase With 12 Flowers’ which was created in the summer of 1988.

MODERN ARTIST - LEONARDO DA VINCI Leonardo Da VinciLeonardo Da Vinci is very well known for his many talents as he has excelled in several different fields such as painting, inventing, creating music, inventing, writing, arcitechture and many more.

However, Leonardo is mainly known for the amazing art inwhich he produced during his career as an artist.

His most famous piece of art is the ‘Mona Lisa’ portrait and ‘The Last Supper’ as it is the most reproduced religious painting of all time.

Last Supper (1495) Leonardo Da Vinci

Vitruvian Man (1490) Leonardo Da Vinci

Mona Lisa (1503)

Leonardo Da Vinci

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Leonardo’s drawing of the ‘Vitruvian Man’ is also regarded as a cultral icon as it has been reproduced on to several different items such as T-shirts, textbooks and even onto the face of the Euro coin.

MODERN ARTIST - RAPHAEL

Sistine Madonna (1512) Raphael RaphaelRaphael was a very successful artist, he had his own workshop and despite the face that he died at the age of 37 there is still a lot of his work remaining.

In 1504, Raphael stopped working at his apprentership with Perugino and moved to Florence. He was then strongly influenced by the

The School Of Athens (1509) Raphael works of the Italian painters such as Leonardo Da Vinci, Fra Bartolommeo, Michelangelo and Masaccio. In Raphael’s perspective he thought that all of the artists had a achieved a whole new level within the art industry. By closely studying their work in depth he was able to develop more of a detailed and personal style which was made evident by looking at the paintings

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Galatea (1513) Raphael he created. From 1504 through to 1507, Raphael produced a series of “Madonnas” which extrapolated on Leonardo Da Vincis work.

“Time is a vindictive bandit to steal the beauty of our former selves.

We are left with sagging rippled flesh and burning gums with empty sockets.” - Raphael

MODERN POP ARTIST - ANDY WARHOL

Campbell’s Soup Cans (1962) Andy Warhol

Marilyn Diptych (1962) Andy Warhol

Andy WarholAndy Warhol’s work explores the relationship between artistic expression, celebrity culture and advertisements created in the 1960’s. Throughout the 1960’s Warhol became a very successful illustrator. His detailed drawings was also extremely popular, they consisted of “bottled ink” drawings or “monoprints” which

Self Portrait (1986) Andy Warhol

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is a technique that he used in his earlier days.

Andy Warhol is most remembered for his famous pieces of artwork such as the “Campbell’s Soup Cans”, “Marilyn Diptych” and his many self-portraits. The Campbell’s soup piece of art is very interesting due to it’s unique layout, I love the way that he has used 32 canvases of the same artwork to display it.

The Marilyn Diptych piece is laid relatively similar as he as duplicated same image several times but I think it really works as the bright colours look outstanding next to the black and white ones.

I think his work looks a lot more contemporary to the previous artists as well, but I am still a strong admirer of Andy Warhol’s work.

MODERN/POSTMODERN ARTIST - LICHTENSTEIN

Drowning Girl (1963) Roy Lichtenstein Roy LichtensteinRoy Lichtenstein was an American artist that was born in New York city, Lichtenstien became a leading figure of the new art movement, along side Andy Warhol. Lichtenstien was inspired advertisements and comic strips, his bright coloured graphics became very popular world wide.

There was also a lot of arguments

Whaam! (1963) Roy Lichtenstein about Lichtenstiens talent as a lot of people disagreed with what he did and said that it wasn’t art.

Lichtenstien used oil and magna paint in his best known works such as “Drowning Girl”. His most famous image is “Whaam!” which was one of the earliest known examples of Pop Art.

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The Living Room (1990) Roy Lichtenstein Later on in Lichtenstien’s career and he changed from recreating comic strips in a Pop Art style.

His focus then turned to creating paintings that seemed to mimic the works of Picasso, Cezanne and others. His art then took other forms such as painting of living rooms. A decade later he returned to sculpturing where he produced a 20 foot high statue.

MODENR/POSTMODERN ARTIST - JASPER JOHNS in which they found in Johns paintings of targets and maps, the paintings invited negative and positive comments from the critics.

Three Flags (1958) Jasper Johns

Numbers In Colour (1958) Jasper Johns

Painted Bronze (1960)

Jasper Johns

Jasper JohnsIn the late 1950’s Jasper Johns began to recognised as a great artist as his paintings consisted of maps, flags and targets. His work led the artistic community away from abstract expression as Johns work laid the groundwork for both pop art and minimalism.

The modern art community was searching for innovative ideas

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The majority of Johns artwork consisted of two dimensional objects such as flags, maps, targets, numbers and letters of the alphabet in simple colours. Among his best known works is “Painted Bronze” which he created in 1960.

From 1961 he started to attach objects to his canvases to create a 3D effect. In the 1970’s he produced paintings with several overlapped parallel lines that he called ‘crosshatchings’. Jasper Johns is one of the most successful living artists.

MODERN/SURREALIST ARTIST - RENE MAGRITTE

The Treachery of Images (1928) Rene Magritte Rene MagritteMagritte’s work often included objects in unusual context. In the painting “The Treachery of Images”, it shows a pipe that looks like a model for a tabacco advert.

Magritte painted below the pipe “This is not a pipe” which seems to be a contradiction to the painting.

However, Magritte once pointed out that it is not a pipe, it is an image of

The Son of Man (1964) Rene Magritte

Golconda (1953) Rene Magritte

a pipe.

Thorgerson.

Several contemporary artists have been influenced by the works of Rene Magritte. Some of the artists who have been influenced

by Magritte’s work include John Buldessari, Ed Ruscha, Andy Warhol, Jasper Johns, Jan Verdoodt, Martin Kipperberger, Duane Michals and Storm

Some of the artist’s work include direct references to Magrittes work while others offer contemporary viewpoints on his abstract. I think that Magritte’s work was a starting point for a new movement as his work was unique as he placed objects in random places such as the art piece “Golconda”.

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POSTMODERN ARTIST - JEAN M BASQUAIT

Skull (1984) Jean Michel Basquait

Untitled (1981) Jean Michel Basquait

Jean Michel BasquaitJean Michel Basquait was born in Brooklyn, New York. He first attracted attention for his graffiti under the name of “SAMO” in New York City. He then began to sell postcards and sweatshirts that featured images of his artwork on them, this was before his career taken off.

In 1977 Basquiat quit high school

Warhol and Basquait (1985) Jean Michel Basquait - New York

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a year before his graduation that is when he started to sell his work on the streets of New York. Three years of struggle finally gave way to fame in 1980, when his work was featured in a group show. His style of work received critical acclaim for the fusion of words, symbols, tick figures and animals. Soon his paintings became adored by the loving public that had no problem pay $50,000 for a Basquait original piece.

In the 1980’s he collaborated with Andy Warhol that helped take his career off. Basquait’s style of work was very unique to other artists as his drawing wasn’t immaculate, but his creativity was amazing. It was such a shame that Basquait passed away at such a young age.

THE BAUHAUS MOVEMENT

Bauhaus Poster (1923) Joost Schmidt Bauhaus Movement“The Bauhaus” is a German word for “House of building” which was a school that was founded in 1919 in Weimar, Germany by an architect called Walter Gropius When the school was created its intentions was clear, they wanted to reform the education of art and manufacturing. The school offered theoretical and practical training

The Enounter (1916) Johannes Itten in all of the fine arts such as murals, stained glass, typography, metalwork, book binding, stone sculpture and furniture making.

They then learned how to combined all of these skills with new technology that allowed them to design products that was both practical and aesthetical.

I believe that the rise of the

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On White II (1923) Wassily Kandinsky Bauhaus movement assisted all of the current artists with new ideas. The work that they was producing was clear and smooth, the ideas that people was coming up with was innovative and unique.

The period between 1924 and 1928 was the most significant for Bauhaus because the school attracted teachers of the highest calibre.

THE G RID SYSTEM

The Grid System Josef Muller-Brockmann The Grid System“The grid system is an aid, not a guarantee. It permits a number of possible uses and each designer can look for a solution appropriate to his personal style. But one must learn how to use the grid; it is an art that requires

practice.” - Josef MullerBrockmann.

keep their text and images in an organised fashion.

The grid system was made popular by the international typographic style movement and also by graphic design legends such as Josef Muller-Brockmann and Wim Crouwel, the system is an ever growing resource where graphic designers can enhance and develop their layout skills.

After the Second World War several graphic designers such as Max Bill, Emil Ruder and Josef Muller-Brockmann, influenced by the modernist ideas of Jan Tschichold’s (The New Typography), began to question the relevance of the page layout that they currently had at the time.

The grid is a two dimensional structure that is made up with several intersecting vertical and horizontal lines which are used to align content. The main purpose of the grid is to help designers

New graphic designers began to devise a more flexible and suitable system to help designers achieve consistency within their layout when laying out work onto a page.

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SWISS STYLE

Interior Spread for Listen! (1970) Paul Rand

Swiss StyleSwiss Style, also referred to as the international style of graphic design that was created in Switzerland. It became famous through the talented graphic designers from Switzerland.

However it didn’t emerge in Russia, Germany and Holland until the 1920’s. By the 1950’s this particular style of art, culture and architecture had become an international movement and was used by artists all around the world. Despite its worldwide recognition people still refer to it as the ‘Swiss Style’.

This new style of graphic design consisted of several different methods such as precision, craft skills, education, technical

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training, a high standard of printing as well as a clear refined and inventive lettering and typography laid out laid out in this new, smart way to create the Swiss movement. Emerging from the modernist ideals, the Swiss style can be looked at as a new simple and stylish version.

After reading several different sources on the Internet and looking at the ‘Swiss Graphic Design’ book I think it is amazing how much of an impact the Swiss movement had on the graphic design industry.

Typography was changing everywhere, even on train tickets, medicine labels and even on road signs.

HELVETICA HelveticaHelvetica was developped in 1957 by Max Miedinger and Eduard Hoffmann at the Haas’sche Schriftgiesserei (Haas type foundry) of Munchenstein Switzerland. The idea was to create a new Sans Serif typeface that could be

compete with the successful ‘Akzidenz-Grotesk’ in the Swiss market.

It was originally called ‘Neue Haas Grotesk’ and it’s design was based on Schelter-Grotesk and Haas Normal Grotesk. The aim was to create a neautral typeface that could be used for almost anything such as street signs, bus tickets, labels and signage.

In the 1960’s the typeface name was changed by Haas German parents company Stempal to ‘Helvetica’ in order to make the typeface more marketable internationally.

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INTRODUCTION TO MAGAZINES

The Gentlemans Magazine (1731)

Vogue Magazine (2013)

Introduction to MagazinesMagazines have come a long way since their first publication in 1663 that was in Germany.

Once the first magazine had been produced other companies decided to create magazines as the next magazine to be produced was the first modern interest magazine which was called ‘The Gentleman’s Magazine’ and was published in 1731. In 1970 the first ever woman’s magazine was created which was called ‘The Lady’s Magazine’ which included content about literary and fashion. In the 19th century almost every form of magazine had been produced and became a weekly issue instead of a one off magazine. There

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were several different magazines to choose from such as the National Geographical (1899), New Yorker Magazine (1925), News Weekly (1933), The T.V Guide began in 1953, Playboy magazine also began in 1953 with Marilyn Monroe on the front cover. Sport magazines began in 1954 and then entertainment weekly magazines were published in 1990.

As you can see the magazines started off as one off issues and eventually started producing magazines on a weekly basis.

They also included educational information such as essays, stories and poems. In the post modern days magazines usually include celebrity gossip.

i-D MAGAZINE i-D Magazinei-D is a British based magazine that includes information about fashion, music, art and youth culture. i-D magazine was created by a former Vogue art director called Terry Jones in 1980. The first ever issue was made on paper and stapled together. Over the years the magazine has developed and evolved into a glossy magazine but it is has still kept all of the same content since it started such as the street style and youth central.

i-D Magazine (2004)

i-D Magazine is definitely one of my favorite magazines as I enjoy reading it mainly because of its innovative photography and typography, over the years

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i-D magazine have made a reputation for them selves as a training ground for fresh talent.

The magazine celebrated their 250th edition at the end of 2004 and then their 25th anniversary in 2005.

The magazine is mainly known and recognised for their fashion pictures. At first they took pictures of punks and new wave youth found on the streets of England. They would simply walk up to strangers on the streets and ask them to stand against a blank wall near by so they could take pictures of them. Of course now they have a bigger budget they use more professional methods and techniques.

RAY GUN MAGAZINE Ray Gun MagazineRay Gun was published by David Carson in 1992 and was a American alternative rock and roll magazine. Ray Gun was known for their experimental typography and design that they did in the magazine.

Ray Gun Magazine (1997)

Ray Gun was also known for setting the trends, as they were always the first ones to try new things. They experimented with several different things such as their advertisements within their magazine, they usually used images of music artists on their convers such as Eminem, PJ Harvey, Flaming Lips, Beck, Bjork and Radiohead. They did this way before any of their better-known competitors. The

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covers for Ray Gun magazine were particularly unique as they laid out the text so randomly, it’s almost hard to understand at first.Ray Gun created magazines until the year 200 and during their time they produced over 70 issues. The owner/ founder/ publisher was called Marvin Scott Jarrett and he also created other magazines such as Bikini and huH. He is now the current editor in chief of Nylon which is a fashion magazine based in New York.

At first, I wasn’t much of a fan of the front cover but after looking at the inner pages of the magazine I love the way the layout is diagonal and the way text overlaps images.

TEEN VOGUE MAGAZINE Teen VogueTeen Vogue began as a version of Vogue magazine fir teenage girls which launched in 2003.

The magazines main focus is fashion and celebrity culture.

It offers information about the latest trends and also shows what clothing celebrities are wearing which persuades teenagers to but the magazine.

Teen Vogue (2013)

Teen Vogue magazine is a different size to the original Vogue magazine, the Teen Vogue magazine is 6 3/4 x 9, which is mainly for marketing strategies as the magazine will be at the front of all the other magazines on the shelf sue to it’s smaller size, therefore it will have a greater chance of being

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spotted and tehn purchased.

With the magazine being such a small and unique size they can place them on the tills where you pay to also enhance it’s chamces of being purchased.

Now for the design side, I don’t think the layout inside the magazines are amazing as all of the content is squashed into the pages and randomly laid out, they also make keywords different sizes and colours which doesn’t always look great and they only use bright colours.

However, I do like the front covers as they always tend to use celebrities and keep all of the colours consistenat with the title and text used on the front cover.

MASTHEADS

GQ Magazine Masthead

i-D Magazine Masthead

D La Repubblica Magazine Masthead

Teen Vogue Magazine Masthead

Elle Magazine Masthead

Nova Magazine Masthead

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MASTHEADS

No Magazine Masthead

Mens Fashion Masthead

Wired Masthead

Joy Masthead

Nylon Masthead

Dazed Masthead

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i-D MASTHEAD ANALYSIS

i-D Magazine Cover (2009) Masthead i-D Masthead AnalysisThe i-D mastheads are very simple yet effective and creative. The logo is turned onto its side, the i-D logo reveals a winking smiley face. Most of the magazine covers feature a model that is covering one of their eyes with an item or just having one of their eyes shut which relates to their i-D logo.

i-D Magazine Logo The wink face logo has become a big part of the magazines, it is apart of i-D magazines identity.

Over 300 different fashion models have appeared on the cover of the magazine and given them a cheeky wink to compliment the logo such as Madonna, Tom Ford, Chole Sevigny, Bjork, Drew Barrymore, Lil Kim, Kate Moss and many more fashion icons.

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i-D Magazine Cover (2012) Masthead It has become a trademark for the i-D logo to always sit in the top left corner of the magazine cover.

The logo is usually tilted onto its side to spell out ‘i-D’, however it is sometimes turned vertically to show off the wink face. The colour of the logo also changes depending on the colours used on the front cover of the magazine.

RAY GUN MASTHEAD ANALYSIS Ray Gun Masthead AnalysisThe Ray Gun was a big hit in the early 90’s before it was discontinued. I think the masthead is interesting as they always use the same font but slightly change the layout or style of it.

Ray Gun Magazine Cover Masthead

Ray Gun Magazine Cover Masthead

Ray Gun Magazine Cover Masthead

Ray Gun Magazine Cover Masthead

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As you can see in the image in the top left the writing is very spacious and very different to the usual Ray Gun mastheads. I really like the designers work for the magazine, all of the covers look very different to each other but also look similar because of the messy layout.

The cover in the top right corner also reminds me of the clothing brand ‘American Apparel’ as the font looks very similar the way it is squashed together, it also has a lot of white space like the brand.

TEEN VOGUE MASTHEAD ANALYSIS

Teen Vogue Magazine Cover Masthead

Teen Vogue Magazine Cover Masthead

Teen Vogue Magazine Cover Masthead

Teen Vogue Magazine Cover Masthead

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Teen Vogue Masthead AnalysisAs I mentioned earlier Teen Vogue magazine is an extension from the ladies fashion magazine which is just called ‘Vogue’. The masthead contains the original ‘Vogue’ logo, however the ‘Teen’ part is a different font and usually a different colour to the ‘Vogue’ part.

The front cover of the magazine usually consists of a big masthead at the top of the magazine, famous celeberity in the centre of the magazine with text flowing down the left and right side of the magazine. They also use bright coloured text and compliment it with white text to make it stand out more. The positioning of the date can also vary as it is sometimes on the right and sometimes on the left.

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33 MODERNISM & POSTMODERNISM

Issue #1 April 2013

New | Graphic | Design

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Form | Follows | Function An exploration of Modernism and Postmodernism

FRONT COVER FOR MAGAZINE

Modernism and Postmodernism

CONTENTS PAGE FOR MAGAZINE

CONTENTS PAGE #1 35 MODERNISM & POSTMODERNISM

Welcome to the New Graphic Design magazine where you can explore some of the most infuencial movements to happen to the art industry.

Page 3-4 Book Review

Page 5-6 Modernism

Page 7-8 PostModernism

Page 9-10 Bauhaus

Page 11-12 Swiss Style

Page 13 Back Cover

#2

BOOK REVIEW FOR MAGAZINE

BOOK REVIEW The book that I have read is called “What is post modernism?” and Charles Jencks wrote it. The book was written in 1996 and it is split into 14 chapters and has 4 different sections; the logic of history, po st-modernism culture, post-modernism society and the universe as measure.

Part one: The logic of history – The first section is all about the history of post-modernism and who they are. Post-modernism is now a worldwide movement in all the arts and disciplines. It is also talks about the logic of history that makes the use of the term virtually inevitable today.

Part two: Post-modern culture – Part two focuses on post-modernism culture, more particularly architecture, art, philosophy and literature.

Part three: Post-modern society – Part three looks at shifts in in post-modernism society, including the decline of the nation state, the rise of a global civilization and a series of ‘posts’ – post-industrial society, post-Fordism, the post-national economy and post-socialism.

Part four: The universe as measure – In part four, I conclude with an idea that most other observers of the same situation reject: the postmodern period has not seen the end of all metanarratives, but rather their proliferation.

Conclusion – “What is post modernism?” is in four different sections: ‘the logic of history’ which discussed modernity, ‘post – modern culture’ looking at architecture, art and literature, ‘post modern society’ looking at the cultural and economic sphere and ‘the universal as measure’ which considers the move from anthropocentrism to a move complex and chaotic faith in the universe – an new metanarrative.

Jenks defends post modernity throughout the book and asks, “Is it a positive movement, negative condition or just plain description”.

Throughout the book I was constantly confused and was unsure to what was going on but I kept reading because I was interested and was learning a lot about modernism. I believe that the book was essential to my research as he is clear to distinguish between late modernism and post modernism.

Overall, I found the book very intriguing and I would definitely recommend it to someone else as it contains a lot of solid information about modernism.

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Andy Warhol - Marilyn Monroe

Introduction –

#4

MODERNISM ModernismModernism is associated with capitalism, it’s something that happened in the West and in Europe. It can be summed up with one of the philosophical terms “I think, therefore I am” and that phrase meant I would only believe what I can see and what I can prove.

Post Modernist believes that Modernism was partly based on science and truth. Science was suppose to make things better and prevent people from getting ill, instead it had the nuclear bomb and the bomb could have killed us all.

#5 37 MODERNISM & POSTMODERNISM

Around the time of modernism you had changes in technology, discoveries within the world, mapping, organisation and everything was institutionalised. On that basis of a rational thought came an idea about how society worked.

Modernism was a way of looking at the world because you could progress and rely on facts and prove things, modernism can also be seen as the belief progress through science, research and discovery.

Ray Gun Magazine - Modernism

MODERNISM OVERVIEW FOR MAGAZINE

#6

i-D Magazine - PostModernism

POSTMODERNISM OVERVIEW FOR MAGAZINE

POSTMODERNISM Post ModernismPost Modernism can be seen in many different ways, post modernism can be seen as the calapse of modernism as post modernism carries on with some of the same projects, except with less faith.

Post modernism is more about choice now, our culture doesn’t say that you can create or can’t create certain paintings.

Modern culture would have told you what to do or at least would have guided you in a specific direction because they had rules and certain ways of doing things, post modern culture lets you do almost anything you want.

In the modern culture if you was to create something that was completely innapropriate you would have been rejected or maybe even stoned. In postmodern times you can create what you want and call it art and no one will be bothered.

There isn’t any progress in post modernism, everything is repeated such as fashion and music. I believe that postmodern art contains similar aspects to modern art except it isn’t consistant, alot of the art seems random and brighter coloured.

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#8

BAU H AUS Bauhaus Movement“The Bauhaus” is a German word for “House of building” which was a school that was founded in 1919 in Weimar, Germany by an architect called Walter Gropius When the school was created its intentions was clear, they wanted to reform the education of art and manufacturing. The school offered theoretical and practical training in all of the fine arts such as murals, stained glass, typography, metalwork, book binding, stone sculpture and furniture making.

skills with new technology that allowed them to design products that was both practical and aesthetical.

I believe that the rise of the Bauhaus movement assisted all of the current artists with new ideas. The work that they was producing was clear and smooth, the ideas that people was coming up with was innovative and unique. The period between 1924 and 1928 was the most significant for Bauhaus because the school attracted teachers of the highest calibre.

Bauhaus Movement

BAUHAUS OVERVIEW FOR MAGAZINE

They then learned how to combined all of these

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#10

Swiss Style

SWISS STYLE OVERVIEW FOR MAGAZINE

S W I S S S TYLE Swiss StyleSwiss Style, also referred to as the international style of graphic design that was created in Switzerland.

It became famous through the talented graphic designers from Switzerland. However it didn’t emerge in Russia, Germany and Holland until the 1920’s. By the 1950’s this particular style of art, culture and architecture had become an international movement and was used by artists all around the world. Despite its worldwide recognition people still refer to it as the ‘Swiss Style’.

This new style of graphic design consisted of several different methods such as precision, craft

skills, education, technical training, a high standard of printing as well as a clear refined and inventive lettering and typography laid out laid out in this new, smart way to create the Swiss movement. Emerging from the modernist ideals, the Swiss style can be looked at as a new simple and stylish version.

After reading several different sources on the Internet and looking at the ‘Swiss Graphic Design’ book I think it is amazing how much of an impact the Swiss movement had on the graphic design industry.

Typography was changing everywhere, even on train tickets, medicine labels and even on road signs.

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#12

New Graphic Design

BACK COVER FOR MAGAZINE

Created by James Luke Richards Student at Huddersfield University Studying Graphic Design U1261281

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