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History
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Smoking tobacco has thought to of been around since 50003000 BC. During these times smoking played a huge part in religious ceremonies and rituals by Catholics, Israelites and Orthadox Christian churches. It was also a staple part within Ancient Greek healing practices, with apparent use of cannabis. Smoking made its way to Europe through a French gentleman called Jean Nicot (where the term nicotine
comes from) and then made its way to England through a Bristolian sailor in 1556. It was told that a gentleman was seen emitting smoke from his nostrils. Tobacco, along with tea, coffee and opiums, were seen as medicines. Humorism was still widely practised through medical sciences in Europe at the time. The four humors of Hippocratic medicine are black bile, yellow bile, phlegm and blood.
COMMERCIAL CROP CULTIVATION
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Smoking was commercialised when Sir Walter Raleigh bought Virginia tobacco back to the United Kingdom in the 1600s. From early doors the law clocked on that the tobacco trade would be popular hence every pound of tobacco was heavily taxed. The first successful commercial crop was cultivated in Virginia in 1612 by Englishman John Rolfe. Within seven years, it was the countries largest export. Over the next two centuries, the growth of tobacco as a cash crop fueled the demand in North America for slave labor. To start with tobacco was mainly used for chewing, smoking through pipes and in the form of snuff, a fine brown powder. Cigarettes, which had been around in crude form since the early 1600s, didn’t become widely popular in the United Kingdom until around 1865.
The negative health effects of tobacco were not initially known; in fact, most early European physicians subscribed to the Native American belief that tobacco can be an effective medicine.
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CUSTOME LOTHSOME TO THE EYE,
HATEFULL TO THE NOSE,
HARMEFULL TO THE BRAINE, DANGEROUS TO THE LUNGS,
AND IN THE BLACKE STINKING FUME THEREOF, NEEREST RESEMBLING THE HORRIBLE STIGIAN SMOKE OF THE PIT THAT IS BOTTOMELESSE”.
A Counterblaste to Tobacco King James I of England Polemic 1604
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Commer —cialised smoking. Commercialised cigarette smoking only became popular in 1885 after James Buchanan Duke commissioned a $75,000 reward for a cigarette rolling machine to be designed and made. Previous to this, prerolled cigarettes were a luxury item, cigarettes were rolled by hand and even the most skilled cigarette roller could only roll 4 in a minute. This is where James Albert Bonsack came into play. He dropped out of school to concentrate on the production of the machine. In 1880, he had a first working prototype, which was destroyed by a fire while in storage. Bonsack rebuilt the machine and was ready for commercial use in 1881.
The machine that Bonsack made could produce 200 cigarettes per minute (120,000 in 10 hours), revolutionising the cigarette industry. This meant that pre-rolled cigarettes went down in price due to no skilled labour needed to produce them, resulting in pre-rolled cigarettes becoming the norm.
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FIRST WORLD WAR SMOK —ING 10
During the war, the men were issued with weekly rations of up to 2oz of tobacco. There were countless varieties of cigarettes and loose tobacco.
Year on year cigarette sales rose dramatically, so that by the end of the First World War (1914-18) - a war synonymous with By drastically reducing production costs, these images of smoking machines provided mass production for new soldiers - cigarette mass markets. sales exceeded those of pipe tobacco. Smoking, previously seen as something of a male preserve, now appealed to women too.
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By 1949 it is estimated that 81% of men and 39% of women smoked. No longer a luxury item, cigarettes were part of everyday life.
After the tobacco company’s realisation of how they were basically aiming their products at half of the world they decided to re-think their strategies. This lead to a change in marketing and advertising within the smoking industry. Tobacco companies started aiming their products at women and introducing advertisements that would appeal to women such as the advert lead by Marlboro. “Has smoking any more to do with a woman’s morals than has the color of her hair?”.
Previous to this advert a woman who smoked was considered to have dubious morals and the subject was frowned upon. Other leading tobacco companies begin the pursuit of female smokers. American Tobacco Company tempts women to try Lucky Strike cigarettes with the slogan, “Reach for a Lucky instead of a sweet” which boasted that smoking them would give them a slender figure. These advertisements and campaigns had a drastic effect on the UK public and resulted with the highest rate of lung cancer in the whole world.
Cigarettes smoked per person per year 4000
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In the year 1915.
In the year 1930.
In the year 1945.
150% increase. 43% increase.
Average cigarettes smoked per year.
97 % 13
Average percentage increase.
Britain had the highest lung cancer rate in the world.
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Smoking Advertisements
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Before there was any solid scientific proof behind how bad smoking is, advertisements used to promote tobacco and smoking. Many adverts had slogans that claimed they were the next big thing to hit the market, or help cure that mysterious cough that they had caught. It couldn’t be anything to do with what they were smoking could it? *cough, cough*, excuse the pun.
But lets be fair, science wasn’t as advanced as it is now. People were more inclined to believe the manufacturers because why wouldn’t they? They had no reason not to. And since a huge proportion of people were smoking, it seemed like the normal thing to do.
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Taste Is What Smoking’s All About.
Smoking makes you taste less.
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More Doctors smke Camel than any other cigarette.
Smoking makes you taste less.
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Pall Mall - Guard against throat scratch.
Smoking causes more than four in five cases of lung cancer.
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In-direct Promotion
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Whether people like it or not they were influenced by smoking. Whether it be peerpressured into it or seeing their idol smoking and wanting to be like them, in one way or another they felt inclined to smoke. In the 90s it was common to be surrounded by smokers and it was just a minor thing. Even though there was research and studies provided at the time, many people still didn’t trust them and smoking was still widely accepted in daily life.
Influence, Peer-pressure, Idol, Inclined, Common, Minor, Research, Trust, Accepted.
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Jack Charlton
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Jack Charlton was a famous footballer who played for Leeds utd. from 1950 to 1973. Jack is the older brother of the ‘66 world cup winner Bobby Charlton. Back in the day smoking used to be accepted on the football pitch and players were known to have a few ciggies here and there followed by a few beers, it was just the norm. As you can see from the photograph, Jack is posing with the cigarette in his mouth, nowadays if a football is spotted smoking it’s normally from a paparazzi hiding in a bush.
In an interview conducted by Metro they open with asking how he is, he responds with ‘I’m good, but will be better when I light a cigarette’. Later on in the interview he gets asked if he’d be able to get away with smoking if he was still playing today, which he responds with ‘No. I’m smoking more than I normally do now I’m sitting about. I’ve been off them for years and back on them for months’. This is solid proof that in todays society smoking is frowned upon.
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Cruella De Vil
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In 1962 Disney released the original copy of 101 Dalmations. An affluent character within the film was Cruella De Vil who was the ‘baddie’. Throughout the film she is seen surrounded by smoke cloud with a cigarette in her hand. Bearing in mind that the film was aimed at children it shows how times have changed. Nowadays all programs/films with smoking in have to be played after the watershed. So to see a childrens film showing a constant image of a character smoking displays how peoples views have changed.
Cruelle De Vil is seen smoking throughout the film to give the appearance of a mysterious “villain”.
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Pulp Fiction
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During a scene of the film the camera pans to a packet of Drum tobacco which would have been paid by the company as a product placement.
Throughout Pulp Fiction cigarettes are being smoked left, right and centre. At one point two of the main characters, Vincent Vega (John Travolta) and Mia Wallace (Uma Thurman) go into a restaraunt together and light up a ciggie whilst eating their meal. Even as a smoker myself I consider smoking at the meal table a bad manner, so it shows how even the etiquette of smoking has changed over the past years.
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Smoking Studies
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Nazi Germany saw the first modern anti-smoking campaign, the National Socialist government condemning tobacco use, funding research against it, levying increasing sin taxes on it and in 1941 tobacco was banned in various public places as a health hazard. The anti-tobacco campaign was also associated with racism and antisemitism, Jews being blamed for its initial import, and the need to keep the “Master Race� healthy being cited for the effort to squelch its use.
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Nicht er sie, sie friĂ&#x;t ihn. He does not devour the cigarette, it devours him.
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As spoke about on the previous pages, Nazi Germany were the first people to recognise the dangers and health warnings surrounding smoking. In 1939, German scientist Franz Müller presented the first epidemiological study linking tobacco use and cancer. In 1943, a paper prepared by German scientists Eberhard Schairer and Erich Schöniger at Jena University confirmed this study, and convincingly established for the first time that cigarette smoking is a direct cause of lung cancer.
Research by German doctors also brought to light the harmful effects of secondhand smoke for the first time, and coined the term “passive smoking.” Because of the antismoking campaign it made smoking in public a taboo because of the wide-spread acknowledgements of how bad it was for you.
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Top A photograph of two “New Women� of 1920s Germany, by Marianne Breslauer. Bottom Just an elderly lady smoking a cigarette.
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A true breakthrough came in 1948, when the British physiologist Richard Doll published the first major studies that proved that smoking could cause serious health damage.
Richard Doll was the first physiologist that proved the relationship between smoking and lung cancer. As spoke about in previous pages there was studies before Dolls however they didn’t have any concrete evidence backing up their statements. When Doll published his findings in the medical journal many people didn’t believe the results, people thought his findings were too simple. Even the most eminent health officials refused to believe that lung cancer was largely selfinflicted. “This wasn’t a result of pressure from the tobacco industry,” Doll says, “although they did make sure that if ever there was an article about it, it was accompanied by another one from a doctor who said that the link was a load of nonsense.”
Doll and his partner, Hill, thought there was little use repeating their survey among other lung cancer patients, so they chose another group of people whom the medical profession might regard as more reliable: doctors. In October 1951, they wrote to 59,600 doctors asking simple questions about whether they smoked, and, if so, when they began and how much they consumed — and 40,500 replied. They kept a close track of their health in the following years. By 1954 Doll and Hill were getting similar results to their hospital patients, and they published their first findings in the British Medical Journal.
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Black Tar Death Smoker Nicotine Lungs Hospital Pickled Pain Cancer Hurt Lost
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Interviews
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When I first started it was hidden from both of my parents. I didn’t used to smoke at home, it used to be a social thing that I’d only do when I was surrounded by my friends. I used to buy a pack of 20 before a night out, smoke half and then save the other half until I went out the next time. Gradually I started smoking the left over cigarettes from the night before and then that lead to me smoking all throughout the week.
To get a better view of why people smoke and whether or not they think it’s a taboo I decided to interview some smokers.
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Do you think that smoking has become more of a taboo over the past few years?
Erm, not particularly no...
Ok, so the government are trying to approve a law to stop smoking in Trafalgar Square, so it’s not just the indoor smoking ban, they’re trying to stop smoking outside too Yeah, I suppose it’s quite a public place so that’s why they’re trying to do it. It’s a public place, the same as indoor places,
Well years ago you were allowed to smoke while working in offices, in police stations, hospitals and stuff, but now you’re not... Yeah well it’s all because of the second hand smoke isn’t it and health related shit.
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How did you start smoking? Basically all my friends started smoking and one day just tried one, kinda became a habit from there
When you first started smoking did you tell your parents? Not at all. They still don’t know that I’m a full time smoker, they know I smoke socially though...
Do you still think of smoking as a taboo then? Because I think of a taboo as something you don’t really talk to people about? Well I guess in that sense it is kind of a taboo. As I said, they know I smoke socially but we don’t really talk about it or anything.
Do you think that smoking has become more of a taboo over the past few years? Not really, I guess peoples views have changed but I wouldn’t consider smoking a taboo.
In 1979 45% of adults in the UK smoked, in 2013 that figure dropped to 19.3%, why do you think this happened? It’s probably from research into smoking and people realising the negative effects it has on your health.
Does any of your family smoke? My sister smokes and my mum used to. I try not to smoke around my family, it’s not really fair on my mum who’s quit.
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Isn’t it a bit of taboo if you have to hide it from your family? I guess so, they both think it’s a waste of money. I kinda feel a bit embarrassed when I smoke around them so I try not to. So yeah, I guess it is a taboo for me.
Would you say you’re a full time smoker or just a social smoker? It varies really. I’ll have a few cigarettes throughout the day but it’s never more than 5. However, I smoke a lot more after I’ve had a drink. I smoke because I like it.
[I smoke because I like it]
Sam Porter 21 Macclesfield
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Judging by my results it appears that people don’t class smoking as a taboo, but when faced with facts and figures from smoking and cancer studies they realise that in fact there is a ‘hidden’ taboo. Many younger smokers hide their habit from their parents because they feel embarrassed and ashamed.
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Birds of Baldwin St.
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Hi, I was wondering if I could ask you a few quick questions about whether or not you think smoking has become a taboo over the past years? No, I can’t speak to you about my views or answer any questions or anything. It’s classed as publicity. Oh ok, sorry I didn’t know. Do you think it would be possible to take a few photos please? I won’t take them directly of you or anything if you don’t want me to. I’d prefer it if you didn’t.
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I’d prefer it if you didn’t.
The fact that the tobacconist couldn’t even talk to me shows there’s a taboo behind smoking. Laws have changed so drastically that the tobacconists aren’t even allowed to talk about their opinions and just have to ‘put up or shut up’.
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E-Cigs
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