Steering Protective Growth - MSc thesis presentation

STEERING PROTECTIVE Protecting water in an unplanned and rapidly growing city Arnavutk�y | Istan�ul | turkey Dirk Harden & Jeroen Castricum

Wageningen University

12 July 2013

229 million in 2000, and 447 million by 2025. Yet whereas Europe, North America and Oceania became mostly urban before the 1950s and Latin America during the 1960s, Asia will only hit that mark in 2024 and Africa in 2030.

Even more challenging is the fact that today’s urban growth is concentrated in areas where poverty and deprivation are rife, where cities have the potential to either integrate or separate. According

Fascination “Rapid population growth has overwhelmed the capacity of many cities to provide essential goods and services” (Harel, 1997) (Cohen, 2006)

Mumbai

2005. It includes an overview about urban trends in Istanbul and places it in a comparative context with other world cities, including New York, Shanghai, London, Johannesburg, Mexico City, Berlin, Mumbai and São Paulo. By investigating differing patterns of urban density, transport and governance, together with a wide range of social and economic indicators, the information provides unique insight into the DNA of cities today.

São Paulo Mexico City New York London

10

5

Johannesburg Berlin

0 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020

URBAN POPULATION GROWTH AROUND THE WORLD

36

21

This effect is even stronger for landscape resources and landscape services, when these landscapes are urbanized

21 14

ISTANBUL 12 16

10

19

CHICAGO NEW YORK

These resources and services are crucial for the liveability of a city

LOS ANGELES

SÃO PAULO 21

10

BERLIN

TOKYO

TEHRAN

RIO DE JANEIRO 13 BOGOTÁ

12 KOLKATA MANILA

LAGOS

14

KINSHASA 10

Total projected population by 2025 (in millions)

SEOUL 10

17 CAIRO

10

SHANGHAI BEIJING 19 15

GUANGZHOU 12 15

MOSCOW

KARACHI MEXICO CITY

DHAKA 22 21

10

3

LONDON 16

Challenge is to maintain quality of living during growth

MUMBAI DELHI 26 22

11 PARIS 9 10

JAKARTA

4

LIMA

Projected population by 2025 Population in 2005

Istanbul is one of these fast growing cities

JOHANNESBURG

Population in 1950

BUENOS AIRES

This world map shows the evolution of population growth and the United Nations’ projected population for the urban agglomeration in 2025 for the Urban Age cities and some of the largest and fastest growing urban centres around the world.

URBAN AGE ISTANBUL CONFERENCE, NOVEMBER 2009

“Landscape architecture for combining the preser�ation of landscape resources with urban growth” Exploration

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Research framework

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Analysis

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Vision

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Project area

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Design

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Conclusion/Discussion

H+N+S Landscape Architects envisions a city where the surrounding landscape is maintained as a water resource during urbanisation of the landscape.

“Landscape architecture for combining the preser�ation of landscape resources with urban growth” Exploration

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Research framework

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Analysis

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Vision

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Project area

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Design

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Conclusion/Discussion

Istanbul, city of intersections

Center of water and land routes (AD 200)

Exploration

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Research framework

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Analysis

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Vision

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Project area

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Design

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Conclusion/Discussion

Istanbul, city of intersections

Center of in�estments

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Analysis

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10 km

B���� S��

B�������� ������ A���������

Population: 13,8 million (2012) 40%-90% increase in built-up area by 2030

S�� �� M������

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Analysis

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10 km

‘Chaotic unplanned growth without long-term �ision’

Exploration

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Research framework

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Analysis

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Vision

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Project area

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Design

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Conclusion/Discussion

The landscape resource at stake: water ISKI density regulations for dammed watersheds

Source

Storage

Purification

Transport

User

sazlidere basin

Exploration

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Research framework

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Analysis

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Vision

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Project area

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Design

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Conclusion/Discussion

Sazlidere basin

Exploration

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Research framework

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Analysis

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Vision

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Design

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Conclusion/Discussion

Urban growth and the water resource Urban growth in the basins 2010

Fresh water basin in use Polluted fresh water basin Exploration

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Research framework

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Analysis

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Vision

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Project area

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Design

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Conclusion/Discussion

Urban growth and the water resource

Projection of urban growth in the basins 2030, without �ision

Fresh water basin in use Polluted fresh water basin Exploration

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Research framework

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Analysis

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Vision

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Project area

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Design

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Conclusion/Discussion

Urban growth and the water resource

Projection of urban growth in the basins 2030, without �ision

sazlidere basin

Drinking water basin in use Polluted drinking water basin Exploration

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Research framework

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Analysis

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Vision

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Project area

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Design

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Conclusion/Discussion

H+N+S Landscape architects: How to preser�e the water resource while allowing urban growth?

Design for the Sazlidere basin, Arnavutkoy: -

Add urban layer to the ISKI zoning, where urbanization is promoted: “The ridge city”

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Creating opportunities for better public transport and facilities

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Adjust the ISKI zoning to local geomorphology

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Create a visible zoning by differentiating land-use and by designing physical borders

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Local use and treatment of wastewater

sazlidere basin

Exploration

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Research framework

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Analysis

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Vision

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Project area

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Design

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Conclusion/Discussion

Expected urban growth without �ision for 2030, by H+N+S

Exploration

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Research framework

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Analysis

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En�isioned growth for 2030, by H+N+S

Vision

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Project area

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Design

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Conclusion/Discussion

Starting points for further research Sazlidere basin

Land-use: Many of the basins contain parts of the forest belt The decision to interrupt the urban ridge for the forest, is not incorporated in the map showing envisioned growth for 2030 The location of urban development and the location of the forests are conicting in forested basins.

Alibey basin

In this thesis, the forested Alibey basin is researched

Exploration

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Research framework

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Analysis

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Design

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Conclusion/Discussion

Knowledge gap H+N+S landscape architects created a vision for the Sazlıdere basin, Istanbul.

This vision shows how fresh water resources can be preserved while allowing urban growth.

However, ‘The ridge city concept’ can not be directly expanded to the forest basins due to the importance of the forests for the fresh water resource.

Exploration

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Analysis

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Conclusion/Discussion

Research structure Research question: How to preserve fresh water resource of Istanbul while allowing urban growth in a basin that contains parts of the forest belt of Istanbul?

Orientation [Map studies, field studies, literature studies] Subquestion 1: What is the behaviour of the unplanned city?

Subquestion 2: What landscape services does the forest belt provide for the city?

Theoretical framework [Literature studies] Subquestion 3: Can spatial design steer the organization of urban growth?

Subquestion 4: Can spatial design contribute to the balance between growth and protection of resource landscapes?

Analysis [Map studies, interviews, field studies, literature studies] Subquestion 5: What are the challenges for urban development and the fresh water resource in the Alibey basin?

Design pro�ect area [Research through design] Design question 6: How can a spatial design for Alibey basin create a plan that combines a protected fresh water resource with urban growth?

Exploration

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Research framework

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Analysis

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Vision

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Design

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Conclusion/Discussion

Landscape architectural lens

By considering the city a complex adaptive system, which is dependent on resources provided by the landscape as infrastructure, urban development and the water resource are investigated

[Allen, 1997, Batty, 2007, Roggema, 2012, BĂŠlanger, 2009]

Exploration

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Research framework

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Analysis

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Vision

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Project area

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Design

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Conclusion/Discussion

Exploring the forest belt [Map studies, ďŹ eld studies, literature studies] Many of the resources and landscape services provided for the city are indirect or invisible

Istanbul pro�ince 2013 Exploration

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Research framework

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Analysis

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Vision

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Project area

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Design

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Conclusion/Discussion

Climate control Recreation Maintaining soil conditions High biodiversity Provision building materials PuriďŹ cation of water

Elmali basin Exploration

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Research framework

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Analysis

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Vision

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Project area

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Design

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Conclusion/Discussion

Exploring the urbanizing landscape [Map studies, Literature studies]

Explaining urban form -

City as complex adaptive system

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A search for spatial elements guiding and organizing urban growth: ‘Magnets’

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Magnets are not a precondition for urban development like landscape resources.

However, they can accelerate and guide urban growth.

Three types of magnets: -

Geomorphological magnets

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Large infrastructural magnets

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Small scale magnets

Exploration

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Analysis

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Vision

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> 15th century 14,000 - 500,000 inhabitants

Constantinople

Exploration

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Research framework

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Analysis

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Vision

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Design

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19th century 500,000 inhabitants

Dusk on the Golden Horn - I�an Ai�azo�sky, 1845

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Analysis

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Vision

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Design

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1950 1 million inhabitants

Cars appear in the streets, 1950

Changes in the urban fabric in Barbaros, 1950

Exploration

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Research framework

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Analysis

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Vision

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Project area

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Design

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Conclusion/Discussion

1970 2 million inhabitants

1st Bosphorus Bridge, 1973

Exploration

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Analysis

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Vision

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Design

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Conclusion/Discussion

1990 6,5 million inhabitants

Creating a polycentric city, 1980

2nd Bosphorus Bridge, 1988

Exploration

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Analysis

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Vision

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Design

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Conclusion/Discussion

2000 8,5 million inhabitants

Strong increase in highway network

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Analysis

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Vision

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Project area

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Design

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Conclusion/Discussion

2010 13 million inhabitants

Construction D010 in the northern forest, 2008 present

Earth嚙線ake Izmir, 1999

Exploration

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Analysis

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Vision

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Design

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Conclusion/Discussion

2030 Projected urban growth 20-22 million inhabitants

Exploration

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Research framework

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Analysis

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Vision

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Project area

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Design

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Conclusion/Discussion

Magnets can explain the beha�iour of the unplanned city

Exploration

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Research framework

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Analysis

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Vision

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Design

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Conclusion/Discussion

Theoretical framework [Literature studies]

Magnets can explain the beha�iour of the unplanned city . .

Magnets in landscape architecture literature: Design guidelines for landscape protection

Design guidelines for guiding urban growth

Casco concept (Sijmons, 1991)

Education by readability (Hill, White et al. 2002) (Clayton, 2009)

Spatial incenti�e planning (Duchhart, 2007)

Accessibility (Clayton, 2009)

Swarm planning (Roggema, 2012)

Multifunctionality (Lovell, 2009) Making borders (Nassauer, 1995)

Attractor Exploration

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Research framework

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Analysis

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Vision

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Project area

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Design

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Conclusion/Discussion

Magnets can explain the beha�iour of the unplanned city . .

Magnets in landscape architecture literature: Design guidelines for guiding urban growth

Design guidelines for landscape protection

Casco concept (Sijmons, 1991)

Education by readability (Hill, White et al. 2002) (Clayton, 2009)

Spatial incenti�e planning (Duchhart, 2007)

Accessibility (Clayton, 2009)

Swarm planning (Roggema, 2012)

Multifunctionality (Lovell, 2009) Making borders (Nassauer, 1995)

Attractor Exploration

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Repeller Research framework

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Analysis

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Vision

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Project area

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Design

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Conclusion/Discussion

Exploring the forest basin [Map studies, interviews, literature studies]

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Exploration

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10 km

Conclusion/Discussion

Land-use map

Forest

Ridge

Agriculture

River/Stream

Former mine areas

Basin Alibey/ Sazlidere

Urban areas Iski zoning Water Road working as magnet

Arnavutk繹y

Sazl覺dere Alibey

Exploration

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Research framework

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Analysis

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Vision

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Design

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Conclusion/Discussion

Water challenges Alibey basin

Downstream

Upstream

Sedimentation & evaporation

Exploration

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Research framework

Pollution by development

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Analysis

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Vision

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Strong erosion in (former) mining areas

Project area

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Design

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Conclusion/Discussion

0

Urban fabric of the growing city

100 m

Starting points for growth Traces of the traditional turkish fabric (Oktay, 2009)

Private green areas

Private roads

Collective green areas

Collective roads

Public green areas

Public roads

Local sense of identity, harbouring a sense of place

Irregular streets Dead-end streets ‘Mahalles‘ seperated by groups of trees Many smaller and bigger squares

“The traditional Turkish urban form is of interest, because its qualities arose despite of its unplanned structure” (Oktay, 2009)

Exploration

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Analysis

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Vision

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Conclusion/Discussion

designing new interfaces for megacity istanbul: arnavu

Urban fabric of the growing city High density urban sprawl

Low density urban sprawl

designing new interfaces for megacity istanbul: arnavutkรถy

open city, istanbul may 2010

Mass social housing (TOKI)

Exploration

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Research framework

Gated communities

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Analysis

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Vision

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Project area

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Design

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Conclusion/Discussion

Urban fabric of the growing city Main characteristics: Isolated high-class neighbourhoods in scenic areas Initiati�e: Project developers

Private green areas

Private roads

Collective green areas

Collective roads

Public green areas

Public roads

Ownership of land: Private and state property Location: In the forest (edge), near the sea Magnets: Scenic landscapes, earthquake safe areas, near highway exits.

Type of buildings: Villa’s and small luxurious apartment blocks.

Green structure: Public parks and private gardens with swimming pools.

Urban structure: Gated, uniform, and standalone urban fabric. Most of the time the neighbourhood has only one entrance and is closed from the world.

Fragmentation: Causes fragmentation of the forest belt.

Exploration

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Expected urban fabric in case of de�elopment

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5km

Mass social housing Gated communities Low density urban sprawl designing new interfaces for megacity istanbul: arnavutkĂśy

open city, istanbul may 2010

High density urban sprawl

Uncertainty The location of magnets will determine the location of development

Exploration

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Analysis

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Vision

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Expected urban fabric and large infrastructural magnets

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5km

Mass social housing Gated communities Low density urban sprawl open city, istanbul may 2010

designing new interfaces for megacity istanbul: arnavutkรถy

High density urban sprawl

Exploration

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Research framework

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Analysis

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Vision

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Design

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Conclusion/Discussion

Expected de�elopment and water challenges

Downstream

Upstream

open city, istanbul may 2010

Sedimentation & evaporation Exploration

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Research framework

designing new interfaces for megacity istanbul: arnavutkĂśy

Pollution by development (H+N+S) |

Analysis

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Vision

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Project area

Strong erosion in (former) mining areas |

Design

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Conclusion/Discussion

Vision for the Alibey basin

Maintain the forest as a crucial resource landscape Use high-class development in landscapes that can revitalized for water resource production

Arnavutköy

In those areas density can surpass ISKI density regulations when the water quality is not affected.

Sazlıdere Alibey

Exploration

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Analysis

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project area

Arnavutk繹y

Sazl覺dere Alibey

Exploration

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Analysis

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Vision

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Analysis project area [Map studies, interviews, literature studies]

Magnets in the project area The scenic landscape with many possibilities for recreation Only 30 min.

D010, and connecting roads

ARNAVUTKĂ–Y

TAKSIM SQUARE, centre Istanbul

Existing facilities in Arnavutkoy

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History of the landscape

B A

1970 Arnavutköy

2010

Former mine area

Forest

Arnavutköy

Dumptruck landscape

Mine lake

300-800 m

B |

Research framework

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Analysis

Forest

300-800 m

A Exploration

Cliff

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Vision

A |

B Project area

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Design

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Conclusion/Discussion

Appearance of the landscape Water purifying forests

Former mine area ArnavutkĂśy

Dumptruck landscape

Mine lake

Cli

Forest

300-800 m

Exploration

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Research framework

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Analysis

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Vision

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Design

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Conclusion/Discussion

Appearance of the landscape Scenic mine lakes and cliffs

Former mine area Arnavutköy

“Water of the mining lakes is of a good quality”

Dumptruck landscape

Mine lake

Cliff

Forest

300-800 m

Exploration

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Research framework

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Analysis

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Vision

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Design

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Conclusion/Discussion

Appearance of the landscape Disappearing lakes

Former mine area Arnavutköy

“A lake of 1 km² can be filled within 3 years...”

Dumptruck landscape

Mine lake

Cliff

Forest

300-800 m

Exploration

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Research framework

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Analysis

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Vision

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Design

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Conclusion/Discussion

Appearance of the landscape Dump truck landscape

Plateau

130 Small pond

m

Steep slope height 2-10 meters Former mine area

Gullies (erosion) Arnavutköy

“The soil consists of muddy clay with a very low permeability”

Dumptruck landscape

Mine lake

Cliff

Forest

300-800 m

Exploration

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Research framework

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Analysis

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Vision

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Conclusion/Discussion

Appearance of the landscape Dump truck landscape

New pine trees are planted in a grid, to ‘restore‘ the forest

Former mine area Arnavutköy

Herding of small groups of cows is the only productive land-use

Dumptruck landscape

Mine lake

Cliff

Forest

Pine forest with low biodiversity 300-800 m

Exploration

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Analysis

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Conclusion/Discussion

Mapping the project area

Forest Cli Mine lakes Cultivated land Dumptruck area Steep slope in dumptruck landscape Stream Road Buildings Mine ake that will be ďŹ lled with construction waste in the coming years

Exploration

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Analysis

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Mapping the project area

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Conclusion/Discussion

Current situation in a model

- Model is based on one of the centripetal lakes - Later, this model will be used to �isualize the design principles in steps

Exploration

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Analysis

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Expected future

- Disappeared lakes - Smaller or disappeared cliffs - Pine tree forests - Vulnerable for gated communities

Exploration

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Analysis

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Conclusion/Discussion

Design

The landscape analysis and the theoretical framework are combined in an abducti�e perspecti�e to generate a new strategy, illustrated by a design.

Exploration

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Research framework

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Analysis

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Vision

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Project area

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Design

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Conclusion/Discussion

Theory in design

Design guidelines for guiding urban growth

Design guidelines for landscape protection

Casco concept (Sijmons, 1991)

Education by readability (Hill, White et al. 2002) (Clayton, 2009)

Spatial incenti�e planning (Duchhart, 2007)

Accessibility (Clayton, 2009)

Swarm planning (Roggema, 2012)

Multifunctionality (Lovell, 2009) Making borders (Nassauer, 1995)

Attractor Exploration

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Repeller Research framework

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Analysis

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Vision

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Project area

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Design

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Conclusion/Discussion

Concept for design

Design guidelines for guiding urban growth

Design guidelines for landscape protection

Casco concept (Sijmons, 1991)

Education by readability (Hill, White et al. 2002) (Clayton, 2009)

Water framework

Spatial incenti�e planning (Duchhart, 2007)

Potential ur�an area

Swarm planning (Roggema, 2012)

Magnets

Accessibility (Clayton, 2009) Multifunctionality (Lovell, 2009) Making borders (Nassauer, 1995)

Exploration

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Research framework

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Analysis

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Vision

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Project area

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Design

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Conclusion/Discussion

Design principles in a model

Low dynamic water framework co�ers the project area Higher locations in the dump truck landscape gi�e opportunities for potential urban areas The water framework is able to impro�e water �uality, despite of the degree of urban de�elopment

Exploration

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Research framework

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Analysis

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Vision

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Project area

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Conclusion/Discussion

Differentiating design solutions for erosion control Vegetated earth-banked terraces Stone retention walls (using construction waste)

Exploration

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Analysis

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Vision

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Project area

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Design

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Conclusion/Discussion

Differentiating design solutions for run-off control and water purification Orifice weirs A嚙線educts Constructed wetlands Drains Retention ponds

Exploration

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Analysis

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Vision

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Project area

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Conclusion/Discussion

Adding magnets Infrastructure: roads, power lines, water pipes, sewers (Incenti�e planning) facilities, prepared plots, and public spaces recreation routes and spots (accessibility and multifunctionality) recreants are an additional target group recreation is based on design solutions for erosion and run-off control (education)

Exploration

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Analysis

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Conclusion/Discussion

Plan map for North-Arna�utk�y

0

1km

A water framework as extention of the water-purifying forests First developments can be close to the facilities of Arnavutköy, as well have a view on the scenic landscape.

Illustration 15.8: Plan map Forest on top of cliff with new aqueducts Lake with a reed bank Existing city Framework landscape with vegetated earth-bank terraces Potential urban area with retaining walls Ridge Dam to control water outflow of the lakes Reed along stream Main road to potential urban area in the former mine area towards Arnavutköy and Istanbul Placed magnets Filled area, planted with forest

Exploration

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Analysis

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Plan map for North-Arna�utk�y

0

1km

Original centripetal water system

Exploration

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Analysis

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Conclusion/Discussion

Plan map for North-Arna�utk�y

0

1km

Adjusted centripetal water system, with control of outflow

Exploration

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Analysis

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Conclusion/Discussion

The water framework

0

200 m

- Vegetated earth-banked terraces - Orifice weirs - Constructed wetlands - Aqueducts Potential urban areas: - Stone retention walls - Drains - Retention ponds - Landscape form

Retaining wall that defines the hilltop Retaining wall between the potential urban area and the framework landscape Retaining wall inside the potential urban area Vegetated earth-banked terrace Retention ponds in drain Left over pond Orifice weir Lake with reed Cliff with forest on top Drain

Exploration

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Analysis

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Vision

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Design

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Conclusion/Discussion

Vegetated earth-�anked terraces

Exploration

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Research framework

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Analysis

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Vision

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Project area

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Design

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Conclusion/Discussion

Retention walls in the potential ur�an areas

Exploration

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Analysis

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Design

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Conclusion/Discussion

Placing magnets

0

200 m

Magnets that attract development - Infrastructure - Prepared plots - Reserved space for facilities Magnets that repel development: - Paths create recreation landscape - Connecting water elements - Additional recreation points - Scenic views - Near recreation area

Retaining wall that defines the hilltop Retaining wall between the potential urban area and the framework landscape Retaining wall inside the potential urban area Access road from Arnavutköy towards the hilltop Retention ponds Gralux recreation path Wooden recreation path Mosque directed towards Mecca as spatial incentive to attract development Place reserved for local shop Orifice weir with recreation route on top Aqueduct on the cliffs along recreation path

Exploration

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Analysis

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Vision

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Design

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Conclusion/Discussion

Aqueduct along the cliffs, with recreation path - creating unique views

Exploration

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Analysis

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Vision

| Project area

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Design

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Conclusion/Discussion

Jetty in the lake, with small teahouse - a destination point in a route

Exploration

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Analysis

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Vision

| Project area

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Design

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Conclusion/Discussion

Orifice weir, designed to visualize the water flow - educational element along the route

Exploration

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Analysis

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Vision

| Project area

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Design

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Conclusion/Discussion

Phase 1 0

100 m

DeďŹ ning spaces Reserved space for facilities

Exploration

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Analysis

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Vision

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Project area

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Design

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Conclusion/Discussion

Phase 1 0

100 m

Retention ponds provide water for public spaces

Exploration

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Analysis

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Design

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Conclusion/Discussion

Phase 1 0

100 m

Retention ponds in plots are a magnet for enhanced retention, and an extension of green space.

Links to the traditional Turkish city

3

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Next phases 0

100 m

Stone-walled landscape with extensive grasslands Drains, retention ponds and walls are again used to deďŹ ne spaces.

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Development in time Visualization of the plan in 2015 0 Inhabitants

aangeplante bomen toevoegen

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Development in time Visualization of the plan in 2020 15.000 Inhabitants

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Development in time Visualization of the plan in 2030 25.000 Inhabitants

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Recommendations regional scale The design shows the usabilty of local landscape forms for making clear and readable borders.

Many mining lakes and cliffs define a very clear border for the narrowest parts of the forest belt.

Projected large infrastructural magnets do not always match with the proposed edge of lakes and cliffs.

By attracting development areas can be revitalized

Illustration 18.1: Cliffs and lakes as large scale borders

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Illustration 18.2: Bending projections

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Conclusion and discussion Research �uestion: How to preserve the fresh water resource while allowing urban growth in the Alibey basin, which contains parts of the forest belt of Istanbul?

Arnavutköy

The �alue of the constructed �ision The Alibey vision shows how a vision can be responsive to projections for urban development, while providing guidelines for local design.

Sazlıdere Alibey

This is in contrast to the Sazlidere vision, which shows how ISKI zoning, and geomorphology of the basin, can provide guidelines for the definition of new locations for urban development.

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The �alue of the local design The design makes use existing large infrastructural magnets, and locally adjusts the projection of this development by small scale magnets and creating borders.

These magnets can attract or repel development.

By doing this, space can be created for the valuable water resource.

Essential addition to the vision: It shows how landscape architectural theory can be used.

The design uses an adapted version of the casco concept: A low-dynamic framework can proďŹ t from urban development

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The �alue of the local design Water quality can be improved at different degrees of urban growth, without losing landscape readability, and attractiveness.

However, this means there are limits to growth.

Design can be used to communicate ‘limits for growth’ to people.

The design makes use of readable borders in the landscape at multiple scales

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Limitations The recreational function is not a requirement The Alibey vision is expected not to give a complete solution to accomodate all of the expected urban growth in this basin.

Principles have never been tested, or applied to a Turkish context.

Vulnerability to newly planned large infrastructural magnets, not based on the underlying landscape.

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In disrupted resource landscapes, high-class development can create protection and improvement of these resource landscapes.

Unique living places are created, while the city as a whole can profit from the preservation of the landscape resources.

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A special case is current speculation on the location of the new canal.

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Research structure 1.

2.

I���������� I������� Chapter 1

F���������

Research question: How to preserve fresh water resource of Istanbul while allowing urban growth in a basin that contains parts of the forest belt of Istanbul?

L�������� ������������� ����

Protecting landscape resources with landscape architecture while allowing growth

Chapter 4

Q2

Chapter 2

3.

MRQ

P������ ����������

Landscape services provided by the forest belt

Theoretical framework Subquestion 3: Can spatial design steer the organization of urban growth?

Subquestion 4: Can spatial design contribute to the balance between growth and protection of resource landscapes?

The unplanned city as complex adaptive system, landscape as infrastructure

Chapter 2

E�������� ��� ������ ����

Orientation Subquestion 1: What is the behaviour of the unplanned city?

Subquestion 2: What landscape services does the forest belt provide for the city?

T���������� F��������

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Q1

E�������� ��� ���������� ��������� �� I�������

R������� ���������

Growth guided by magnets

Landscape architecture for combining preservation of landscape resources and urban growth

E�������� ��� ������������� Chapter 10

Q5

Q5

Chapter 9

C������ �� ��� ����� ���������

W���� ���������� �� ��� A����� �����

Q5

U���� ���������� �� ��� A����� �����

Exploring the spatial composition of two different basins

Exploring the effects of urbanization on the forest belt and water resources

Chapter 12

Chapter 11

DQ6

Exploring the causes and effects of differences in urban fabric

Q4

E��������� ������������� �� � �������� ������� Spatial design for protecting resource landscapes

Chapter 7

V����� ��� ��� A����� �����

Analysis Subquestion 5: What are the challenges for urban development and the fresh water resource in the Alibey basin?

Chapter 6

Q3

S������� ��� ��������� ����

Revitalise weak forest areas as the former mine area to preserve drinking water resource and allow urban growth

Spatial design for the unplanned city

Chapter 14

Q5

������ ������ ���������

Design project area Design question 6: How can a spatial design for Alibey basin create a plan that combines a protected fresh water resource with urban growth?

Chapter 12

S����� ������� ��������

DQ6

Q5

L���� ������� Define important local magents

Define landscape characteristics and challenges

4.

Chapter 13

D����� Chapter 15,16,17

D����� �� ������ ���� ����

DQ6

Protected water resources in an attractive urbanized landscape

DQ6

Chapter 18

I����������� �� ��� ������ �����

4.

C��������� ��� D��������� Chapter 19

MRQ

C���������� ��� ��������� Combining the protection of landscape resources with urban growth, the next steps

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Istanbuls car-free neighbourhoods

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17.3 Readability on the small scale: materials

Illustration 17.6: Gralux and wooden paths in the water framework

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Illustration 17.7: Concrete, with stone pattern, in the potential urban areas

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17.4 Readability on the small scale: Passages

Illustration 17.9: Passage in the potential urban area, when entering the high density area on the hilltop

Illustration 17.10: Passage on the border of potential urban area and water framework Exploration

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Intermezzo A study on the Turkish city The traditional Turkish urban form has several characteristics that can be used as an inspiration when designing sustainable neighbourhoods.

“The traditional Turkish urban form is of interest, because its qualities arose despite of its unplanned structure.�

(Derya Oktay, 2009)

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Street pattern:

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Intermezzo A study on the Turkish city

‘Organic‘ networks with irregular and dead-end streets Informality: no formal public spaces or monumental axes Streets used to be not an appropriate place for social contact (courtyards of the houses had this function) Residential areas often only pedestrian.

Building organisation:

Compartmentalization by mahalles (quarters), formed by groups with the same ethnic background or religion.

Each mahalle had a core area, with one or more facilities Borders consisting of tree groups or gardens separated the different mahalles.

The courtyards of the houses and fountain squares were often the only green places.

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Intermezzo A study on the Turkish city Main public spaces: - Courtyard Friday mosque - Fountain places

Today, Taksim meydani is still the most important square for speeches, discussions and protests

- Meydan (large open space for speeches and discussions)

Public space around the Bolluca mosque

Due to many western-inspired redevelopments and the impact of the globalizing economy, the urban fabric of Istanbul lost most of its traditional urban form.

(Derya Oktay, 2009)

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İstiklal Caddesi, an large shopping street, with a Western atmo-

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Intermezzo Some experiences from Istanbul

- Green public space is very scarce - Green places are literally resting places in the crowded city - Watersides of the Bosphorus bring cool and fresh air, but are not always accessible.

- Walking is important in public space - Stairs and walls can be triggers for meeting places - A local shop, small restaurant or teahouse can be enough to create an popular meeting place

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Intermezzo Some experiences from Istanbul

- Many inhabitants have to travel long distances to reach recreation areas - In the weekends many Turks go to the picnic sites in the forests - The Prince’s islands are a popular location for recreation

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