STEERING PROTECTIVE Protecting water in an unplanned and rapidly growing city Arnavutk�y | Istan�ul | turkey Dirk Harden & Jeroen Castricum
Wageningen University
12 July 2013
229 million in 2000, and 447 million by 2025. Yet whereas Europe, North America and Oceania became mostly urban before the 1950s and Latin America during the 1960s, Asia will only hit that mark in 2024 and Africa in 2030. Even more challenging is the fact that today’s urban growth is concentrated in areas where poverty and deprivation are rife, where cities have the potential to either integrate or separate. According
Fascination “Rapid population growth has overwhelmed the capacity of many cities to provide essential goods and services” (Harel, 1997) (Cohen, 2006)
Mumbai
2005. It includes an overview about urban trends in Istanbul and places it in a comparative context with other world cities, including New York, Shanghai, London, Johannesburg, Mexico City, Berlin, Mumbai and São Paulo. By investigating differing patterns of urban density, transport and governance, together with a wide range of social and economic indicators, the information provides unique insight into the DNA of cities today.
São Paulo Mexico City New York London
10
5
Johannesburg Berlin
0 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020
URBAN POPULATION GROWTH AROUND THE WORLD
36
21
This effect is even stronger for landscape resources and landscape services, when these landscapes are urbanized
21 14
ISTANBUL 12 16
10
19
CHICAGO NEW YORK
These resources and services are crucial for the liveability of a city
LOS ANGELES
SÃO PAULO 21
10
BERLIN
TOKYO
TEHRAN
RIO DE JANEIRO 13 BOGOTÁ
12 KOLKATA MANILA
LAGOS
14
KINSHASA 10
Total projected population by 2025 (in millions)
SEOUL 10
17 CAIRO
10
SHANGHAI BEIJING 19 15
GUANGZHOU 12 15
MOSCOW
KARACHI MEXICO CITY
DHAKA 22 21
10
3
LONDON 16
Challenge is to maintain quality of living during growth
MUMBAI DELHI 26 22
11 PARIS 9 10
JAKARTA
4
LIMA
Projected population by 2025 Population in 2005
Istanbul is one of these fast growing cities
JOHANNESBURG
Population in 1950
BUENOS AIRES
This world map shows the evolution of population growth and the United Nations’ projected population for the urban agglomeration in 2025 for the Urban Age cities and some of the largest and fastest growing urban centres around the world. URBAN AGE ISTANBUL CONFERENCE, NOVEMBER 2009
“Landscape architecture for combining the preser�ation of landscape resources with urban growth” Exploration
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Research framework
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Analysis
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Vision
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Project area
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Design
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Conclusion/Discussion
H+N+S Landscape Architects envisions a city where the surrounding landscape is maintained as a water resource during urbanisation of the landscape.
“Landscape architecture for combining the preser�ation of landscape resources with urban growth” Exploration
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Research framework
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Analysis
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Vision
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Project area
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Design
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Conclusion/Discussion
Istanbul, city of intersections
Center of water and land routes (AD 200)
Exploration
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Research framework
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Analysis
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Vision
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Project area
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Design
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Conclusion/Discussion
Istanbul, city of intersections
Center of in�estments
Exploration
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Research framework
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Analysis
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Vision
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Project area
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Design
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Conclusion/Discussion
0
10 km
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Population: 13,8 million (2012) 40%-90% increase in built-up area by 2030
S�� �� M������
Exploration
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Analysis
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Vision
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Design
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0
10 km
‘Chaotic unplanned growth without long-term �ision’
Exploration
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Research framework
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Analysis
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Vision
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Project area
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Design
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Conclusion/Discussion
The landscape resource at stake: water ISKI density regulations for dammed watersheds
Source
Storage
Purification
Transport
User
sazlidere basin
Exploration
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Research framework
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Analysis
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Vision
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Project area
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Design
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Conclusion/Discussion
Sazlidere basin
Exploration
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Research framework
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Analysis
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Vision
| Project area
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Design
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Conclusion/Discussion
Urban growth and the water resource Urban growth in the basins 2010
Fresh water basin in use Polluted fresh water basin Exploration
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Research framework
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Analysis
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Vision
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Project area
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Design
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Conclusion/Discussion
Urban growth and the water resource
Projection of urban growth in the basins 2030, without �ision
Fresh water basin in use Polluted fresh water basin Exploration
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Research framework
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Analysis
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Vision
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Project area
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Design
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Conclusion/Discussion
Urban growth and the water resource
Projection of urban growth in the basins 2030, without �ision
sazlidere basin
Drinking water basin in use Polluted drinking water basin Exploration
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Research framework
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Analysis
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Vision
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Project area
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Design
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Conclusion/Discussion
H+N+S Landscape architects: How to preser�e the water resource while allowing urban growth? Design for the Sazlidere basin, Arnavutkoy: -
Add urban layer to the ISKI zoning, where urbanization is promoted: “The ridge city”
-
Creating opportunities for better public transport and facilities
-
Adjust the ISKI zoning to local geomorphology
-
Create a visible zoning by differentiating land-use and by designing physical borders
-
Local use and treatment of wastewater
sazlidere basin
Exploration
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Research framework
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Analysis
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Vision
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Project area
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Design
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Conclusion/Discussion
Expected urban growth without �ision for 2030, by H+N+S
Exploration
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Research framework
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Analysis
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En�isioned growth for 2030, by H+N+S
Vision
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Project area
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Design
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Conclusion/Discussion
Starting points for further research Sazlidere basin
Land-use: Many of the basins contain parts of the forest belt The decision to interrupt the urban ridge for the forest, is not incorporated in the map showing envisioned growth for 2030 The location of urban development and the location of the forests are conicting in forested basins.
Alibey basin
In this thesis, the forested Alibey basin is researched
Exploration
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Analysis
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Vision
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Design
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Conclusion/Discussion
Knowledge gap H+N+S landscape architects created a vision for the Sazlıdere basin, Istanbul. This vision shows how fresh water resources can be preserved while allowing urban growth. However, ‘The ridge city concept’ can not be directly expanded to the forest basins due to the importance of the forests for the fresh water resource.
Exploration
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Analysis
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Vision
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Design
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Conclusion/Discussion
Research structure Research question: How to preserve fresh water resource of Istanbul while allowing urban growth in a basin that contains parts of the forest belt of Istanbul? Orientation [Map studies, field studies, literature studies] Subquestion 1: What is the behaviour of the unplanned city? Subquestion 2: What landscape services does the forest belt provide for the city?
Theoretical framework [Literature studies] Subquestion 3: Can spatial design steer the organization of urban growth? Subquestion 4: Can spatial design contribute to the balance between growth and protection of resource landscapes?
Analysis [Map studies, interviews, field studies, literature studies] Subquestion 5: What are the challenges for urban development and the fresh water resource in the Alibey basin?
Design pro�ect area [Research through design] Design question 6: How can a spatial design for Alibey basin create a plan that combines a protected fresh water resource with urban growth?
Exploration
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Research framework
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Analysis
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Vision
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Project area
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Design
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Conclusion/Discussion
Landscape architectural lens
By considering the city a complex adaptive system, which is dependent on resources provided by the landscape as infrastructure, urban development and the water resource are investigated
[Allen, 1997, Batty, 2007, Roggema, 2012, BĂŠlanger, 2009]
Exploration
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Research framework
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Analysis
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Vision
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Project area
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Design
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Conclusion/Discussion
Exploring the forest belt [Map studies, ďŹ eld studies, literature studies] Many of the resources and landscape services provided for the city are indirect or invisible
Istanbul pro�ince 2013 Exploration
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Research framework
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Analysis
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Vision
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Project area
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Design
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Conclusion/Discussion
Climate control Recreation Maintaining soil conditions High biodiversity Provision building materials PuriďŹ cation of water
Elmali basin Exploration
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Research framework
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Analysis
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Vision
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Project area
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Design
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Conclusion/Discussion
Exploring the urbanizing landscape [Map studies, Literature studies]
Explaining urban form -
City as complex adaptive system
-
A search for spatial elements guiding and organizing urban growth: ‘Magnets’
-
Magnets are not a precondition for urban development like landscape resources. However, they can accelerate and guide urban growth.
Three types of magnets: -
Geomorphological magnets
-
Large infrastructural magnets
-
Small scale magnets
Exploration
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Analysis
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Vision
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Design
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Conclusion/Discussion
> 15th century 14,000 - 500,000 inhabitants
Constantinople
Exploration
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Research framework
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Analysis
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Vision
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Design
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Conclusion/Discussion
19th century 500,000 inhabitants
Dusk on the Golden Horn - I�an Ai�azo�sky, 1845
Exploration
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Research framework
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Analysis
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Vision
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Design
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Conclusion/Discussion
1950 1 million inhabitants
Cars appear in the streets, 1950
Changes in the urban fabric in Barbaros, 1950
Exploration
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Research framework
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Analysis
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Vision
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Project area
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Design
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Conclusion/Discussion
1970 2 million inhabitants
1st Bosphorus Bridge, 1973
Exploration
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Research framework
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Analysis
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Vision
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Project area
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Design
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Conclusion/Discussion
1990 6,5 million inhabitants
Creating a polycentric city, 1980
2nd Bosphorus Bridge, 1988
Exploration
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Research framework
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Analysis
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Vision
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Project area
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Design
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Conclusion/Discussion
2000 8,5 million inhabitants
Strong increase in highway network
Exploration
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Research framework
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Analysis
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Vision
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Project area
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Design
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Conclusion/Discussion
2010 13 million inhabitants
Construction D010 in the northern forest, 2008 present
Earth嚙線ake Izmir, 1999
Exploration
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Research framework
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Analysis
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Vision
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Design
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Conclusion/Discussion
2030 Projected urban growth 20-22 million inhabitants
Exploration
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Research framework
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Analysis
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Vision
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Project area
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Design
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Conclusion/Discussion
Magnets can explain the beha�iour of the unplanned city
Exploration
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Research framework
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Analysis
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Vision
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Project area
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Design
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Conclusion/Discussion
Theoretical framework [Literature studies]
Magnets can explain the beha�iour of the unplanned city . . Magnets in landscape architecture literature: Design guidelines for landscape protection
Design guidelines for guiding urban growth
Casco concept (Sijmons, 1991)
Education by readability (Hill, White et al. 2002) (Clayton, 2009)
Spatial incenti�e planning (Duchhart, 2007)
Accessibility (Clayton, 2009)
Swarm planning (Roggema, 2012)
Multifunctionality (Lovell, 2009) Making borders (Nassauer, 1995)
Attractor Exploration
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Research framework
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Analysis
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Vision
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Project area
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Design
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Conclusion/Discussion
Magnets can explain the beha�iour of the unplanned city . . Magnets in landscape architecture literature: Design guidelines for guiding urban growth
Design guidelines for landscape protection
Casco concept (Sijmons, 1991)
Education by readability (Hill, White et al. 2002) (Clayton, 2009)
Spatial incenti�e planning (Duchhart, 2007)
Accessibility (Clayton, 2009)
Swarm planning (Roggema, 2012)
Multifunctionality (Lovell, 2009) Making borders (Nassauer, 1995)
Attractor Exploration
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Repeller Research framework
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Analysis
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Vision
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Project area
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Design
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Conclusion/Discussion
Exploring the forest basin [Map studies, interviews, literature studies]
0
Exploration
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Research framework
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Analysis
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Vision
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Design
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10 km
Conclusion/Discussion
Land-use map
Forest
Ridge
Agriculture
River/Stream
Former mine areas
Basin Alibey/ Sazlidere
Urban areas Iski zoning Water Road working as magnet
Arnavutk繹y
Sazl覺dere Alibey
Exploration
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Research framework
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Analysis
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Vision
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Project area
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Design
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Conclusion/Discussion
Water challenges Alibey basin
Downstream
Upstream
Sedimentation & evaporation
Exploration
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Research framework
Pollution by development
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Analysis
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Vision
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Strong erosion in (former) mining areas
Project area
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Design
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Conclusion/Discussion
0
Urban fabric of the growing city
100 m
Starting points for growth Traces of the traditional turkish fabric (Oktay, 2009)
Private green areas
Private roads
Collective green areas
Collective roads
Public green areas
Public roads
Local sense of identity, harbouring a sense of place
Irregular streets Dead-end streets ‘Mahalles‘ seperated by groups of trees Many smaller and bigger squares
“The traditional Turkish urban form is of interest, because its qualities arose despite of its unplanned structure” (Oktay, 2009)
Exploration
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Research framework
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Analysis
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Vision
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Project area
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Design
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Conclusion/Discussion
designing new interfaces for megacity istanbul: arnavu
Urban fabric of the growing city High density urban sprawl
Low density urban sprawl
designing new interfaces for megacity istanbul: arnavutkรถy
open city, istanbul may 2010
Mass social housing (TOKI)
Exploration
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Research framework
Gated communities
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Analysis
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Vision
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Project area
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Design
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Conclusion/Discussion
Urban fabric of the growing city Main characteristics: Isolated high-class neighbourhoods in scenic areas Initiati�e: Project developers
Private green areas
Private roads
Collective green areas
Collective roads
Public green areas
Public roads
Ownership of land: Private and state property Location: In the forest (edge), near the sea Magnets: Scenic landscapes, earthquake safe areas, near highway exits. Type of buildings: Villa’s and small luxurious apartment blocks. Green structure: Public parks and private gardens with swimming pools. Urban structure: Gated, uniform, and standalone urban fabric. Most of the time the neighbourhood has only one entrance and is closed from the world. Fragmentation: Causes fragmentation of the forest belt.
Exploration
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Analysis
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Vision
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Conclusion/Discussion
Expected urban fabric in case of de�elopment
0
5km
Mass social housing Gated communities Low density urban sprawl designing new interfaces for megacity istanbul: arnavutkĂśy
open city, istanbul may 2010
High density urban sprawl
Uncertainty The location of magnets will determine the location of development
Exploration
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Research framework
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Analysis
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Vision
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Project area
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Design
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Conclusion/Discussion
Expected urban fabric and large infrastructural magnets
0
5km
Mass social housing Gated communities Low density urban sprawl open city, istanbul may 2010
designing new interfaces for megacity istanbul: arnavutkรถy
High density urban sprawl
Exploration
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Research framework
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Analysis
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Vision
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Project area
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Design
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Conclusion/Discussion
Expected de�elopment and water challenges
Downstream
Upstream
open city, istanbul may 2010
Sedimentation & evaporation Exploration
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Research framework
designing new interfaces for megacity istanbul: arnavutkĂśy
Pollution by development (H+N+S) |
Analysis
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Vision
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Project area
Strong erosion in (former) mining areas |
Design
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Conclusion/Discussion
Vision for the Alibey basin
Maintain the forest as a crucial resource landscape Use high-class development in landscapes that can revitalized for water resource production
Arnavutköy
In those areas density can surpass ISKI density regulations when the water quality is not affected.
Sazlıdere Alibey
Exploration
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Research framework
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Analysis
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Vision
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Design
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Conclusion/Discussion
project area
Arnavutk繹y
Sazl覺dere Alibey
Exploration
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Research framework
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Analysis
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Vision
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Design
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Conclusion/Discussion
Analysis project area [Map studies, interviews, literature studies]
Magnets in the project area The scenic landscape with many possibilities for recreation Only 30 min.
D010, and connecting roads
ARNAVUTKĂ–Y
TAKSIM SQUARE, centre Istanbul
Existing facilities in Arnavutkoy
Exploration
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Analysis
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Vision
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Design
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Conclusion/Discussion
History of the landscape
B A
1970 Arnavutköy
2010
Former mine area
Forest
Arnavutköy
Dumptruck landscape
Mine lake
300-800 m
B |
Research framework
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Analysis
Forest
300-800 m
A Exploration
Cliff
|
Vision
A |
B Project area
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Design
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Conclusion/Discussion
Appearance of the landscape Water purifying forests
Former mine area ArnavutkĂśy
Dumptruck landscape
Mine lake
Cli
Forest
300-800 m
Exploration
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Research framework
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Analysis
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Vision
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Project area
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Design
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Conclusion/Discussion
Appearance of the landscape Scenic mine lakes and cliffs
Former mine area Arnavutköy
“Water of the mining lakes is of a good quality”
Dumptruck landscape
Mine lake
Cliff
Forest
300-800 m
Exploration
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Research framework
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Analysis
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Vision
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Project area
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Design
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Conclusion/Discussion
Appearance of the landscape Disappearing lakes
Former mine area Arnavutköy
“A lake of 1 km² can be filled within 3 years...”
Dumptruck landscape
Mine lake
Cliff
Forest
300-800 m
Exploration
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Research framework
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Analysis
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Vision
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Project area
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Design
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Conclusion/Discussion
Appearance of the landscape Dump truck landscape
Plateau
130 Small pond
m
Steep slope height 2-10 meters Former mine area
Gullies (erosion) Arnavutköy
“The soil consists of muddy clay with a very low permeability”
Dumptruck landscape
Mine lake
Cliff
Forest
300-800 m
Exploration
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Research framework
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Analysis
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Vision
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Project area
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Design
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Conclusion/Discussion
Appearance of the landscape Dump truck landscape
New pine trees are planted in a grid, to ‘restore‘ the forest
Former mine area Arnavutköy
Herding of small groups of cows is the only productive land-use
Dumptruck landscape
Mine lake
Cliff
Forest
Pine forest with low biodiversity 300-800 m
Exploration
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Research framework
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Analysis
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Vision
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Project area
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Design
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Conclusion/Discussion
Mapping the project area
Forest Cli Mine lakes Cultivated land Dumptruck area Steep slope in dumptruck landscape Stream Road Buildings Mine ake that will be ďŹ lled with construction waste in the coming years
Exploration
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Research framework
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Analysis
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Vision
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Project area
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Design
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Conclusion/Discussion
Mapping the project area
Exploration
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Analysis
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Vision
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Project area
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Design
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Conclusion/Discussion
Current situation in a model
- Model is based on one of the centripetal lakes - Later, this model will be used to �isualize the design principles in steps
Exploration
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Analysis
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Vision
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Project area
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Design
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Conclusion/Discussion
Expected future
- Disappeared lakes - Smaller or disappeared cliffs - Pine tree forests - Vulnerable for gated communities
Exploration
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Research framework
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Analysis
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Vision
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Project area
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Design
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Conclusion/Discussion
Design
The landscape analysis and the theoretical framework are combined in an abducti�e perspecti�e to generate a new strategy, illustrated by a design.
Exploration
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Research framework
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Analysis
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Vision
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Project area
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Design
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Conclusion/Discussion
Theory in design
Design guidelines for guiding urban growth
Design guidelines for landscape protection
Casco concept (Sijmons, 1991)
Education by readability (Hill, White et al. 2002) (Clayton, 2009)
Spatial incenti�e planning (Duchhart, 2007)
Accessibility (Clayton, 2009)
Swarm planning (Roggema, 2012)
Multifunctionality (Lovell, 2009) Making borders (Nassauer, 1995)
Attractor Exploration
|
Repeller Research framework
|
Analysis
|
Vision
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Project area
|
Design
|
Conclusion/Discussion
Concept for design
Design guidelines for guiding urban growth
Design guidelines for landscape protection
Casco concept (Sijmons, 1991)
Education by readability (Hill, White et al. 2002) (Clayton, 2009)
Water framework
Spatial incenti�e planning (Duchhart, 2007)
Potential ur�an area
Swarm planning (Roggema, 2012)
Magnets
Accessibility (Clayton, 2009) Multifunctionality (Lovell, 2009) Making borders (Nassauer, 1995)
Exploration
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Research framework
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Analysis
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Vision
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Project area
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Design
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Conclusion/Discussion
Design principles in a model
Low dynamic water framework co�ers the project area Higher locations in the dump truck landscape gi�e opportunities for potential urban areas The water framework is able to impro�e water �uality, despite of the degree of urban de�elopment
Exploration
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Research framework
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Analysis
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Vision
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Project area
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Design
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Conclusion/Discussion
Differentiating design solutions for erosion control Vegetated earth-banked terraces Stone retention walls (using construction waste)
Exploration
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Research framework
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Analysis
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Vision
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Project area
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Design
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Conclusion/Discussion
Differentiating design solutions for run-off control and water purification Orifice weirs A嚙線educts Constructed wetlands Drains Retention ponds
Exploration
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Research framework
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Analysis
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Vision
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Project area
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Design
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Conclusion/Discussion
Adding magnets Infrastructure: roads, power lines, water pipes, sewers (Incenti�e planning) facilities, prepared plots, and public spaces recreation routes and spots (accessibility and multifunctionality) recreants are an additional target group recreation is based on design solutions for erosion and run-off control (education)
Exploration
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Research framework
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Analysis
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Vision
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Project area
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Design
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Conclusion/Discussion
Plan map for North-Arna�utk�y
0
1km
A water framework as extention of the water-purifying forests First developments can be close to the facilities of Arnavutköy, as well have a view on the scenic landscape.
Illustration 15.8: Plan map Forest on top of cliff with new aqueducts Lake with a reed bank Existing city Framework landscape with vegetated earth-bank terraces Potential urban area with retaining walls Ridge Dam to control water outflow of the lakes Reed along stream Main road to potential urban area in the former mine area towards Arnavutköy and Istanbul Placed magnets Filled area, planted with forest
Exploration
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Analysis
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Vision
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Project area
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Design
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Conclusion/Discussion
Plan map for North-Arna�utk�y
0
1km
Original centripetal water system
Exploration
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Analysis
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Vision
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Project area
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Design
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Conclusion/Discussion
Plan map for North-Arna�utk�y
0
1km
Adjusted centripetal water system, with control of outflow
Exploration
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Research framework
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Analysis
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Vision
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Project area
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Design
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Conclusion/Discussion
The water framework
0
200 m
- Vegetated earth-banked terraces - Orifice weirs - Constructed wetlands - Aqueducts Potential urban areas: - Stone retention walls - Drains - Retention ponds - Landscape form
Retaining wall that defines the hilltop Retaining wall between the potential urban area and the framework landscape Retaining wall inside the potential urban area Vegetated earth-banked terrace Retention ponds in drain Left over pond Orifice weir Lake with reed Cliff with forest on top Drain
Exploration
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Research framework
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Analysis
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Vision
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Project area
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Design
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Conclusion/Discussion
Vegetated earth-�anked terraces
Exploration
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Research framework
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Analysis
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Vision
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Project area
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Design
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Conclusion/Discussion
Retention walls in the potential ur�an areas
Exploration
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Research framework
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Analysis
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Vision
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Project area
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Design
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Conclusion/Discussion
Placing magnets
0
200 m
Magnets that attract development - Infrastructure - Prepared plots - Reserved space for facilities Magnets that repel development: - Paths create recreation landscape - Connecting water elements - Additional recreation points - Scenic views - Near recreation area
Retaining wall that defines the hilltop Retaining wall between the potential urban area and the framework landscape Retaining wall inside the potential urban area Access road from Arnavutköy towards the hilltop Retention ponds Gralux recreation path Wooden recreation path Mosque directed towards Mecca as spatial incentive to attract development Place reserved for local shop Orifice weir with recreation route on top Aqueduct on the cliffs along recreation path
Exploration
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Research framework
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Analysis
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Vision
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Project area
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Design
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Conclusion/Discussion
Aqueduct along the cliffs, with recreation path - creating unique views
Exploration
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Research framework
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Analysis
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Vision
| Project area
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Design
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Conclusion/Discussion
Jetty in the lake, with small teahouse - a destination point in a route
Exploration
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Research framework
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Analysis
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Vision
| Project area
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Design
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Conclusion/Discussion
Orifice weir, designed to visualize the water flow - educational element along the route
Exploration
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Research framework
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Analysis
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Vision
| Project area
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Design
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Conclusion/Discussion
Phase 1 0
100 m
DeďŹ ning spaces Reserved space for facilities
Exploration
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Research framework
|
Analysis
|
Vision
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Project area
|
Design
|
Conclusion/Discussion
Phase 1 0
100 m
Retention ponds provide water for public spaces
Exploration
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Research framework
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Analysis
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Vision
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Project area
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Design
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Conclusion/Discussion
Phase 1 0
100 m
Retention ponds in plots are a magnet for enhanced retention, and an extension of green space. Links to the traditional Turkish city
3
2
1
Exploration
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Research framework
|
Analysis
|
Vision
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Project area
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Design
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Next phases 0
100 m
Stone-walled landscape with extensive grasslands Drains, retention ponds and walls are again used to deďŹ ne spaces.
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Development in time Visualization of the plan in 2015 0 Inhabitants
aangeplante bomen toevoegen
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Development in time Visualization of the plan in 2020 15.000 Inhabitants
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Development in time Visualization of the plan in 2030 25.000 Inhabitants
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Recommendations regional scale The design shows the usabilty of local landscape forms for making clear and readable borders. Many mining lakes and cliffs define a very clear border for the narrowest parts of the forest belt. Projected large infrastructural magnets do not always match with the proposed edge of lakes and cliffs. By attracting development areas can be revitalized
Illustration 18.1: Cliffs and lakes as large scale borders
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Illustration 18.2: Bending projections
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Conclusion and discussion Research �uestion: How to preserve the fresh water resource while allowing urban growth in the Alibey basin, which contains parts of the forest belt of Istanbul? Arnavutköy
The �alue of the constructed �ision The Alibey vision shows how a vision can be responsive to projections for urban development, while providing guidelines for local design.
Sazlıdere Alibey
This is in contrast to the Sazlidere vision, which shows how ISKI zoning, and geomorphology of the basin, can provide guidelines for the definition of new locations for urban development.
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The ďż˝alue of the local design The design makes use existing large infrastructural magnets, and locally adjusts the projection of this development by small scale magnets and creating borders. These magnets can attract or repel development. By doing this, space can be created for the valuable water resource. Essential addition to the vision: It shows how landscape architectural theory can be used. The design uses an adapted version of the casco concept: A low-dynamic framework can proďŹ t from urban development
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The �alue of the local design Water quality can be improved at different degrees of urban growth, without losing landscape readability, and attractiveness. However, this means there are limits to growth. Design can be used to communicate ‘limits for growth’ to people. The design makes use of readable borders in the landscape at multiple scales
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Limitations The recreational function is not a requirement The Alibey vision is expected not to give a complete solution to accomodate all of the expected urban growth in this basin. Principles have never been tested, or applied to a Turkish context. Vulnerability to newly planned large infrastructural magnets, not based on the underlying landscape.
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In disrupted resource landscapes, high-class development can create protection and improvement of these resource landscapes. Unique living places are created, while the city as a whole can profit from the preservation of the landscape resources.
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A special case is current speculation on the location of the new canal.
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Research structure 1.
2.
I���������� I������� Chapter 1
F���������
Research question: How to preserve fresh water resource of Istanbul while allowing urban growth in a basin that contains parts of the forest belt of Istanbul?
L�������� ������������� ����
Protecting landscape resources with landscape architecture while allowing growth
Chapter 4
Q2
Chapter 2
3.
MRQ
P������ ����������
Landscape services provided by the forest belt
Theoretical framework Subquestion 3: Can spatial design steer the organization of urban growth? Subquestion 4: Can spatial design contribute to the balance between growth and protection of resource landscapes?
The unplanned city as complex adaptive system, landscape as infrastructure
Chapter 2
E�������� ��� ������ ����
Orientation Subquestion 1: What is the behaviour of the unplanned city? Subquestion 2: What landscape services does the forest belt provide for the city?
T���������� F��������
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Q1
E�������� ��� ���������� ��������� �� I�������
R������� ���������
Growth guided by magnets
Landscape architecture for combining preservation of landscape resources and urban growth
E�������� ��� ������������� Chapter 10
Q5
Q5
Chapter 9
C������ �� ��� ����� ���������
W���� ���������� �� ��� A����� �����
Q5
U���� ���������� �� ��� A����� �����
Exploring the spatial composition of two different basins
Exploring the effects of urbanization on the forest belt and water resources
Chapter 12
Chapter 11
DQ6
Exploring the causes and effects of differences in urban fabric
Q4
E��������� ������������� �� � �������� ������� Spatial design for protecting resource landscapes
Chapter 7
V����� ��� ��� A����� �����
Analysis Subquestion 5: What are the challenges for urban development and the fresh water resource in the Alibey basin?
Chapter 6
Q3
S������� ��� ��������� ����
Revitalise weak forest areas as the former mine area to preserve drinking water resource and allow urban growth
Spatial design for the unplanned city
Chapter 14
Q5
������ ������ ���������
Design project area Design question 6: How can a spatial design for Alibey basin create a plan that combines a protected fresh water resource with urban growth?
Chapter 12
S����� ������� ��������
DQ6
Q5
L���� ������� Define important local magents
Define landscape characteristics and challenges
4.
Chapter 13
D����� Chapter 15,16,17
D����� �� ������ ���� ����
DQ6
Protected water resources in an attractive urbanized landscape
DQ6
Chapter 18
I����������� �� ��� ������ �����
4.
C��������� ��� D��������� Chapter 19
MRQ
C���������� ��� ��������� Combining the protection of landscape resources with urban growth, the next steps
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Istanbuls car-free neighbourhoods
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17.3 Readability on the small scale: materials
Illustration 17.6: Gralux and wooden paths in the water framework
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Illustration 17.7: Concrete, with stone pattern, in the potential urban areas
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17.4 Readability on the small scale: Passages
Illustration 17.9: Passage in the potential urban area, when entering the high density area on the hilltop
Illustration 17.10: Passage on the border of potential urban area and water framework Exploration
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Intermezzo A study on the Turkish city The traditional Turkish urban form has several characteristics that can be used as an inspiration when designing sustainable neighbourhoods.
“The traditional Turkish urban form is of interest, because its qualities arose despite of its unplanned structure.�
(Derya Oktay, 2009)
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Downloaded by [Wageningen UR Library] at 03:04 04 A
Street pattern:
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Intermezzo A study on the Turkish city
‘Organic‘ networks with irregular and dead-end streets Informality: no formal public spaces or monumental axes Streets used to be not an appropriate place for social contact (courtyards of the houses had this function) Residential areas often only pedestrian. Building organisation:
Compartmentalization by mahalles (quarters), formed by groups with the same ethnic background or religion. Each mahalle had a core area, with one or more facilities Borders consisting of tree groups or gardens separated the different mahalles. The courtyards of the houses and fountain squares were often the only green places.
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Intermezzo A study on the Turkish city Main public spaces: - Courtyard Friday mosque - Fountain places
Today, Taksim meydani is still the most important square for speeches, discussions and protests
- Meydan (large open space for speeches and discussions)
Public space around the Bolluca mosque
Due to many western-inspired redevelopments and the impact of the globalizing economy, the urban fabric of Istanbul lost most of its traditional urban form. (Derya Oktay, 2009)
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İstiklal Caddesi, an large shopping street, with a Western atmo-
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Intermezzo Some experiences from Istanbul
- Green public space is very scarce - Green places are literally resting places in the crowded city - Watersides of the Bosphorus bring cool and fresh air, but are not always accessible. - Walking is important in public space - Stairs and walls can be triggers for meeting places - A local shop, small restaurant or teahouse can be enough to create an popular meeting place
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Intermezzo Some experiences from Istanbul
- Many inhabitants have to travel long distances to reach recreation areas - In the weekends many Turks go to the picnic sites in the forests - The Prince’s islands are a popular location for recreation
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