Pop-Up hotel revolution by JDP Architects

POP UP HOTEL REVOLUTION

WHICH IS MOVING: PEOPLE OR ARCHITECTURE?

Chiara Butta

In an era where nomadism is the keyword that relates people to the rest of the world, architecture is seeking for a concrete response to the recent needs, result of the rise of mobility and worldwide travels. The proposal of new modular structures for the hospitality market defines the tendency to think movable, modular, flexible.

Joseph Di Pasquale Paola Zatti

ISBN 978-88-904447-9-1

90000

9 788890 444791

POP UP HOTEL REVOLUTION The to

architectural come

Chiara Butta

the

innovation

about

hotel

industry

Joseph Di Pasquale

Paola Zatti

P O P - U P R E V O L

H O T E L U T I O N

t h e a r c h i t e c t u r a l i n n o v a t i o n a b o u t t o c o m e i n t h e h o t e l i n d u s t r y C hiara Butta

Jose ph Di Pa s q ua l e

Pa o l a Z a t t i

Copyright ÂŠ <2015> by <Chiara Butta, Joseph Di Pasquale, Paola Zatti> All rights reserved. This book or any portion thereof may not be reproduced or used in any manner whatsoever without the express written permission of the publisher except for the use of brief quotations in a book review or scholarly journal. First Printing: <2015> ISBN <978-88-904447-9-1> <Jamko Edizioni> <Galleria Unione 4, 20123 Milano, Italy>

Cover photo ÂŠ Cricklewood Town Square, a project by Spacemakers, structure designed by Kieren Jones. Photography by Theo Simpson

I N D E X

INDEX

PREFACE

p.9

INTRODUCTION

p.10

POP-UP HOTEL REVOLUTION

p.14

1 | LIVING IN A CLOUD

p.25

The architectural innovation about to come in the hotel industry

1.1 | The city as a network 1.2 | A cloud of unpredictable uses

2 | ADVANCED MODULAR ARCHITECTURE

p.37

p.69

4 | CREATIVE SOLUTIONS FOR HOTEL TYPOLOGY 4.1 | Study cases: Settled units

p.95

Container Hotel Citizen-M Tubotel 4.2 | Study cases: Nomadic units

p.89

p.195

Snoozebox Sleeping around Sleepbox 4.3 | Study cases: Yet to come

p.227

M-Hotel Detroit Container Hotel

5 | POP UP HOTEL IN MILAN

p.239

5.1 | EXPO 2015 5.2 | Tourism market analysis relating to Milanâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s hotel offer 5.3 | Learning from the past

6 | CONCLUSIONS

p.265

Summary Timeline Detailed Timeline

BIBLIOGRAPHY

p.280

AUTHORS BIOGRAPHIES

p.289

PREFACE

In an era where nomadism is the keyword that relates people to the rest of the world, Architecture, as well as other disciplines, is seeking for a concrete response to the recent needs, result of the rise of mobility and worldwide travels. Just like people move, architecture moves. However, even nowadays, the temporary aspect of modular constructions contributed to qualify them less than other constructions because of their cheap manufacture and precariousness. A critic to this common perception demonstrating its anachronistic position is brought about by the proposal of an innovative advanced modular system: the Pop Up Hotel. It is a structure composed by modular room units produced in factory and then assembled directly on site, sharply reducing the time of site construction. These modules are designed to fit the dimensions of a truck, reason why they can be shipped to a new destination when the hotel changes location. The research investigates the innovative concept of the Pop Up Hotel for hospitality use through the support of study cases that have been chosen according to their features in order to give a wider understanding of the current international background of modular systems. Due to the different natures these hotels have been divided in three macro groups: Settled Units, Nomadic Units and Yet to come. They all have strengths and weaknesses that can help to draw the specific development of the Pop-Up Hotels to come. A Pop-Up Hotel has been conceived as an efficient proposal for the EXPO that will be held in Milan in 2015 due to the lack of enough hospitality structures in the city. Given that the key point consists in considering all the life cycle of the building, what will happen next? Where will the Pop Up Hotel move after the EXPO? Is it worth investing in such an innovative project in the city of Milan during an event that will attract 21 million international visitors? The aim of this study is to demonstrate the architectural innovation and economical value of a new challenge where architecture seeks to keep up with its nomadic society.

INTRODUCTION

â&#x20AC;&#x153;Human beings are flexible creatures. We move about a will, manipulate objects and operate in a wide range of environments. There was a time, not too long ago in evolutionary terms, when our existence was based on our capacity for movement and adaptability; indeed it is to this we owe our survival as a species [..]â&#x20AC;?1 During our university course we had the pleasure to deal with every kind of project task, from interior to urban design. The interest towards advanced modular architecture for the hotel industry arose during the Building Construction Studio of Professor Joseph Di Pasquale, during the last year of attendance to the Master degree classes. During the lessons we had the chance to face the up-to-date topic of building with prefabricated elements which immediately affected our interest. The theme of designing a new hospitality structure for EXPO 2015, thought to be built entirely with modular units and conceived as a transportable and reusable accommodation, was an innovation, a task we had never faced in our university career. Above all, the goal was to study our modular hotels in detail, starting from a strong conceptual design (shape, dimension and interior design) and finishing with a complete detailing of the structural and junction elements of the unit and the aggregation. We also had the chance to approach structure calculation and ap-

praise the thermal performances of our modules, accompanied by the course collaborators. Designing with modular architecture is a theme connected with the modern times and is intended to expand evolve more and more in the near future. Citizens of the world are constantly moving and living has become flexible, so architecture in following the trend, with the help of prefabrication and of the new technologies developing every day in this sector. The approach to this research was an exciting and unanimous decision, since it would have allowed us to demonstrate the importance and the functionality of this new way of making architecture and to continue the study we started during the academic year and deepen into it to arrive to a complete and realistic result: the Pop Up Hotel for EXPO 2015. Our work started with a deep research of material concerning the theoretical part of our thesis, which then was collected in this book. The topic that we investigated may seem modern enough not to have many difficulties in finding books and articles concerning it, but it is not so. Because of the specificity of our study, we had to focus on collecting information on certain types of study cases, data, articles and tables, and we met several obstacles during this phase. Fortunately, we managed to recover the books and data we needed in libraries and online, we retra-

1. Kronenburg Robert, Flexible, Laurence King Publishing, London, 2007

ced some of the drawings with the help of the material kindly sent from the people in charge of the case studies design and the permanence of Paola in one of the studied structures in Kuala Lumpur. The most challenging part was without doubt the retrieval of all the material we needed and, afterword, choosing what to include in the research in order to make it clear and effective. The work finishes, after a long journey through a generic-to-specific theory of modular architecture, with our own design of two distinct versions of a Pop Up Hotel, which recall the process started in the Building Construction Studio. We tried, while working on our design proposals, to keep in mind all the information we achieved during the entire previous phase and to reach the goal of creating a project that carried all the positive features we found in the study cases. Our book is divided in five main chapters, starting from general themes and concluding with our ending comments on the works. The first chapter offers an interesting view of the city nowadays, how its living individuals have adapted to the changes of technology and how this changed their way of living. Technological instruments of communication were, since a decade ago, a lot less of common use than today. In a new era of “hyper-connectivity” everything is in live streaming: information, vocal and phone communication and so on. The direct consequence is the evolution of the city itself, which is no longer isolated, but

rather part of a growing and interactive network. Inevitably, this means that a shift is necessary also in the architectural nature of the changing cities, which have to be prepared for less predictable uses, like Hong Kong’s rooftops use as shelters for informal communities growing with the overpopulation or, on the other hand, the incredible changes of location of the offices, which are transformed in public living rooms from where anyone can work online. In the second chapter a 360 degree view of all the basic features of modular architecture is given. The purpose was not to create a small manual of prefabricated designing, but to highlight which are the characteristics we looked for in this type of architecture. After a brief but concise timeline of the evolution of living units, the chapter offers an interesting description of today’s common thoughts on prefabricated architecture. Modular homes and cells are not well considered because prefabrication is easily connected, as a term, to objects not meant to last long or, anyhow, very cheap. Fortunately, as explained in the paragraphs, modular architecture has met design in the past decade, in order to combine the high technology with a better sense of aesthetics. To design a unit, we have to learn to deal with the features that characterise it. The following paragraphs highlight the importance of considering that modular architecture faces small spaces, therefore furniture and rooms have to be as flexible as possible to guarantee the best 11

way of living even in a compressed area, the necessity of thinking these cells as moving and temporary constructions and the conception of new ways of producing prefabricated rooms in the future with the 3D printing. The third section concerns the analysis of the new international travel trends supported by the data taken from the reports developed by the United Nations World Tourism Organisation (UNWTO). At the same time the power of youth travel is demonstrated by the fact that around 20% of the 940 million international tourists travelling the world in 2013 were young people. Along with this background a new figure of international traveller is given by the Modern Nomad enhancing our increasingly nomadic life style. The new nomads don’t cross the desert from one oasis to another in difficult conditions risking their lives to survive but rather roam the city in search of a job to earn their living wearing a suite and carrying a hand-luggage. The research about tourism is then completed with an overview about the latest hotel trends with a focus on the recent low cost solutions such as budget hotel chains, Airbnb, Couchsurfing and Capsule Hotels. The fourth chapter is the section dedicated to the study cases and is divided into three main parts. The first one describes the hospitality structures composed by “Settled units”, meaning they were not thought to be moved to other locations, and it contains three distinct hotels: Container Hotel in Kuala Lumpur, CitizenM 12

hotels, powered by an architecture group based in Holland, and the original TuboHotel in Mexico, composed by double rooms obtained from recycled drain pipes in concrete. In the second part were placed those structures composed by “Nomadic units”, in other words, the best examples of hotels which actually move from one place to the other. This research includes the Snoozebox hotel, composed of stacked shipping container divided into four double or triple rooms, Sleeping Around, a set of seven shipping containers which is now travelling around Antwerp for different events, and Sleepbox, a series of capsules designed for interiors such as stations, airports, to host travellers for a short period. The last section of the case studies is dedicated to those hotels we found interesting but that are “Yet to come”, meaning that, for different reasons, their physical building hasn’t been done yet, such as the MHotel in London, composed by stacked units with container dimensions which have the characteristic of expanding to create a more comfortable space inside the mini apartments, and the Container Hotel in Detroit, a complex of hotel rooms mixed with art e co-working spaces designed fully with shipping containers. In the last research chapter was made a general analysis of the EXPO 2015 event and a precise research on the tourism market in Milano. This section was important to understand how the city is inserted in the market, so which are the annual presences

and arrivals that concern the hotel offer. The result of the analysis was positive because the data gathered demonstrates the activeness of the sector in Milan, but also in the whole country. The question that arose spontaneous after this was: which will be the future of our Pop Up Hotel? The

conclusion stress the lifecycle thinking of the hotel providing solutions for the possible future locations connected to international events that represent an opportunity. We finally managed to demonstrate the architectural and economic value of investment in this innovative hotel.

POP-UP HOTEL REVOLUTION The architectural innovation about to come in the hotel industry

What is nowadays happening in the touristic market worldwide is likely to be one of the biggest social revolution in human history. We will probably be able to fully appreciate the effects of this phenomenon only in the future decades. As usual we are not completely able to clearly analyse what is happening under our eyes. If most of the significant changings in cultures development have been caused by contacts between people due to commercial exchanges, explorations, travels and even troops movements during wars, what is happening now in terms of moving people as peaceful tourists will definitely change, and is already changing, the social habits of most of the people on this planet. Never in the past as it happens todays such a big percentage of mankind is moving every year to visit another country in the world. Almost two people out of ten considering the world inhabitants are doing at least one travel abroad every year. Almost one billion people travelled for touristic purpose in 2014. This phenomenon has been caused by the low cost airlines companies started at the end of the 70s in the USA and spread in the rest of the world in the 90s of the last century. Travel abroad is nowadays possible for potentially half of the world inhabitants. We can’t imagine which kind of 14

changes this global mobility will generate, but we can guess what is already happening in the touristic world at the moment. The way a tourist is nowadays organizing his trip is completely different from just ten years ago. In a decade the old travel agencies have almost disappeared substituted by global Internet websites that provide a complete package with flight, hospitality, car hiring and even suggestions for restaurants or touristic places to visit. Today is possible to organise and pay visits just using a computer at home, but the new trend consists in doing it from a mobile device as a smartphone or a tablet on the go. This means that people can start with the flight reservation and only once at destination they can make their booking of the room using the “proximity” feature of the apps in order to find the location where to stay for the night. Moreover the nature of hospitality is definitely changing as well. What is happening in the hotel rooms market is that the number of “traditional” rooms booked hasn’t changed that much, instead what has absolutely spread out nowadays are the “not traditional” rooms as a way to solve the problem of hospitality. The global diffusion of websites such as Airbnb.com or Housetrip.com and many others has provided a contact between private owners that share their

own house or just one room of their apartment to travellers; they also give the possibility to use the kitchen for a rate which is definitely lower than the hotel rate. However the most promoted feature of this kind of solution is the “house feeling” opposed to the impersonal and unfriendly atmosphere of the traditional hotel, along with the “social promise” that derives from meeting the owners and other people that share the apartment and living like a real local citizen. These two aspects: the “house feeling” and the “social promise” are key factors in the diffusion of this hospitality conception. In opposition to the traditional hotels, the budget hotel has registered a sharp increase of the occupancy rate up to over 90% and the new philosophy in revenue management has been able to catch part of this huge flow of new travellers reducing the rates of the unoccupied rooms in traditional hotels. On the other hand the traditional hotel in general seems to have a structural limit to lower the rates and this leaves wide range for the untraditional hospitality to go ahead growing. Another new trend in tourism flows are the yearly targets related to global events such us Olympic Games, EXPOs, Football Championships, and many others like fashion or design weeks spread all over the world, that could cause a specific concentration of certain kind of tourists in a precise limited amount of time.

As a consequence this concentration brings a collapse of the “traditional offer” of hotel hospitality in every city in the world. Moreover this causes the rise of rates, which means basically a reduction of the visitors and limitations for the actual benefit of the city that is hosting the event. The network of non-traditional rooms could absorb part of these extra tourists, however this typology has still some limits and recently also has presented many problems in terms of taxes income for the local governments. A possible way to bring out the hotel industry from the struggle for capturing the potential leisure tourist invasion is based on the following principles: 1 BUILDING TECHNOLOGY: INSTANT TEMPORARY BUILDINGS Using a building technology that can reduce the building costs up to at least 50% and that can set and dismantle a new building in one week. 2 URBAN CONCEPT: REUSE JUNK OR UNCONVENTIONAL SPACES Generating an urban model of building that can temporarily use some left out or unconventional spaces of the city centres. 3 NEW HOTEL BUSINESS MODEL Separating Real Estate logics from the hotel service business. 4 HOUSE-TEL FEELING Creating a hotel typology that can be a cohesion between a house 15

and a hotel with the maximum of the privacy and the maximum of the sharing, just like having a very well equipped room in a very big house. The aim is to create a sort of â&#x20AC;&#x153;urban feelingâ&#x20AC;? inside the building itself. There is no more a lobby but a living room, not a restaurant but a dinning area or a kitchen to be shared. BUILDING TECHNOLOGY: INSTANT TEMPORARY BUILDINGS It is a matter of fact that the building technology used nowadays also in the most advanced Western countries has a huge conceptual lack in comparison with all the other fields of technology. If we consider the house just as a consumer good, the actual offer is absolutely unacceptable for a XXI century consumer. Nowadays no one is willing to wait to get what he has decided to buy. The XXI consumer wants to switch on his tablet or smartphone to find what he needs and get it just clicking on it. Then he expects to receive the good as soon as possible, eventually the day after, already finished and just like what he has seen on the website page. The housing market is very far from this ideal commercial paradigm, almost one hundred years late. Nowadays it takes years from the will to enter a house to the actual moment, taking in consideration also the works that need to be done in the new house after moving in it. Even when some kind of refurbi16

shment is needed, it is hard to deal with the work of different craftsmen while living in the house. All this to say that the building technology is far behind and it needs a change of scale towards progress on the conceptual level. We should start thinking that a building could take few days to be built on site. We should start thinking that entire parts of the building could be replaced in few hours after ordering them on the web, previously choosing all the finishing materials. We need to start thinking that it would be faster and cheaper substituting a building rather than refurbishing it. And this would be possible only if we push the thinking towards a full industrialisation process of the building. What is happening nowadays in a building site is a logical absurdity: dozens or hundreds of craftsmen arrive every day on site to do their work as a single piece every time. What if all these people became workers in a factory doing the same thing not like a single piece but as an industrial process using more efficient and precise machines? They would probably do the same work better and faster which means also cheaper for the consumer. The whole problem consists then in rethinking the building not more as a single piece but as a combination of industrialised plug and play modules, fully finished, that can be built in a

Image 1. CitizenM Hotel factory | © Richard Powers

factory and just transported and installed on site in few hours. This is the technological assumption that precedes the research done in this book. For the hotel industry this is a new key factor: to skip the real estate problem and separate it from the hosting service. Real estate is nowadays the biggest obstacle for the traditional hotel companies to follow and catch the flows of leisure tourism, which is the only one that is hugely increasing its numbers worldwide also in the last crisis decade.

feeling, as inside there is no visible difference in comparison with a traditional building.

The new technology allows to conceive a building just as a consumer good which can be installed and disassembled instantly. This is not only an advantage in terms of costs and therefore in terms of reduction of the room rate, but it has even very important consequences on the urban point of view. Actually these constructions are temporary in technology and permanent in interior

This completely new kind of building can’t be ruled by a system of regulations that was born more than 100 years ago to regulate a totally different kind of constructions. It is just like if we expected to control nowadays urban traffic using rules that regulated horse carriages in the XIX century. This new permanent-temporary construction should be treated

If the old urban approach was considering a building as a permanent modification of the environment, this technology should totally change this idea and have to be considered as an “equipment” temporarily placed somewhere to fulfil a specific need. URBAN CONCEPT: REUSE JUNK OR UNCONVENTIONAL SPACES

Image 2. The Cube in Milan by Park Associati | © Park Associati, photo by Andrea Martiradonna

in a different way considering the actual differences in terms of environment modification and footprint. The concentration of all the manufacturing operations and workmen in a single industrial site for hundreds of buildings means drastically reducing the transportation of materials and workers needed to built a single construction. Moreover a similar consequence is the reduction of the construction times. The use of city services around the site can be reduced to the only ones the building needs during its working life because at the end of the cycle the entire construction will be completely disassembled, restoring the original situation of the site. All this should allow this new kind of construction to configure a new urban model featured as follows: 1. Urban junk spaces or unconventional urban spaces can be used as location for installing these buildings: parking areas for instance will be more and more available in the city due to the new model of mobility represented by the car sharing or the car pooling, which are gradually replacing private cars. Moreover urban factories that need to be reconverted can use this new typology of construction as a tool to get a new value and be reintroduced into the life network of the city. 2. This new idea of construction, due to its temporary nature and its fully dismountable technolo-

gy, should also be considered in a different way for what concerns the urban approval process in comparison with traditional buildings. First of all this kind of “light construction” has some differences in terms of volume rate. The purpose of these buildings is to avoid the Real Estate logics: the new structure doesn’t benefit from the added value of the land, acquired after the construction of the building. According to the new model, the property of the land remains public and the user pays the rent for it just during the life cycle of the building. At the end of this period the land is restored to the original situation. It could happen that in the meanwhile the value of the neighbourhood increases, also thanks to the presence of the temporary building. In this case this added value remains connected to the public property of the land. Of course this would happen also if the property of the land was private, however the added land value at the end of the process would be much lower than in a traditional real estate exploitation. Therefore the volume rate is a concept that can’t be applied to this new kind of buildings. The new construction would skip in this way every limit of volume and would be subjected only to dimensional (height and distance) restrictions and to an architectural quality approval. NEW HOTEL BUSINESS MODEL The reduction of costs given by the industrialisation and the lack of traditional fiscal charges of 19

real estate would allow the new hotel model to achieve the goal of drastically reducing the room rate fitting and catching the hotel leisure market. But what happens when the “life cycle” of the building is over? How long does the “life cycle” of a hotel building last? It is considered that a traditional hotel needs to be heavily refurbished every eight years. According to the new model, at the end of this time span, or at least half of this time, the building will be fully replaced instead of being refurbished. The advantages are absolutely clear: few weeks for disassembling and few weeks for reinstalling the new building instead of months for refurbishing. This means minimise the non-operating time of the structure. But what happens after the first four years if the land agreement expires? During the first eight years the structure needs two locations available instead of just one, but the good news is that the entire building can be reused and the costs will be reduced to just the disassembling and reinstalling operations in the second location. HOUSE-TEL FEELING What is evident from nowadays trends in housing and in hospitality is that the two are converging towards a unique model that shares many features. Contemporary guests expect from their hotel to find something very similar to a house in terms of feeling but also in terms of operational functions and common spaces. 20

At the same time the trend in housing is going in this direction. Due to the increase of singles and to the new habits of people, more and more are expecting the house to be equipped with some common spaces and services that often are the same they imagine to find in a hotel: common kitchens where people can share knowledge and experience in eating and preparing food, spaces for co-working where it is possible to have a Wi-Fi connection and some common services to practice free lance activities individually and at the same time share ideas and find new business contacts, common living rooms and space for socialisation, but also for healthcare, home cinema and so on. The aim of all these functions is to minimise the individual space, certainly with different standards in housing compared to hotels, and on the other hand increase spaces for social contacts and common activities. Further important feature for the new concept of pop up hotel is that it is no more equipped with a reception with lobby and lounge bar or restaurant, but with an entrance with soft ristobar-kitchen and urban living room, and most of the common spaces are equipped with food products dispensers, workstations, fitness areas and other kind of services such as laundry, bookshop-library and workshop spaces. The great expansion of websites such as HouseTrip or Airbnb are the evidence that “house feeling”

Image 3. Mama Shelter Hotel Istanbul interiors | ÂŠ Starck Network Image 4. Mama Shelter Hotel Istanbul | ÂŠ Starck Network

is the most attractive feature together with the opportunity for people to hire a real house instead of a traditional hotel room. Of course there are many problems connected to this kind of service: often the pictures are different compared to the real features of the house. In many countries the law is starting to regulate more strictly the use of this service for instance allowing only to hire a room in a house and not the entire house, but the tax responsibility of the owner is not well emphasised, being source for many disagreements and disputes. What is absolutely clear is that these websites have set the feature of the hosting expectations of the consumers definitely towards the house more than the traditional hotel. Thatâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s the reason why we call the target feeling of the new kind of hotel, the house-tel feeling. All the observations included in this book are the basic knowledge that has supported our ideas

to assume that hotel industry needs this conceptual revolution to catch the huge touristic leisure market that at the moment has been absorbed by unconventional hosting products. Our proposal is a combination of technological, urban and economical interventions featuring solutions starting from the huge gap that construction and architectural technology have to fill to update their main characteristics to actual standards. These have indeed drastically changed by the impressive spread of information technology devices, which are nowadays available for everyone and that in the last ten years have totally changed the habits and the expectations of the human population. This revolution is visible in a sharp increase of the leisure touristic market in terms of number of people that are travelling and it is urgently asking the hotel industry to self revolutionise to challenge the new scenario.

4 23

LI VING

C LOUD

1.1 THE CITY AS A NETWORK The nomadic lifestyles that are rising around the world have nothing to see with those of a decade ago. Fixed phones and mobile phones were mainly used for calls and they were hard to be connected to the Internet or to computers. Laptops needed to be connected via cable to the Internet and Wi-Fi was not easy to find in public spaces. Sending e-mails by the phone was a prerogative of Blackberry and was used just by businessmen. Now international airlines are introducing Wi-Fi available on board of flights in order to ensure that businessmen can be traceable all the time and they are able to work even during flight. The synchronisation of documents thanks to several applications and the storage of personal datas on online platforms were unheard before the last decade. There have been gadgets but the connectivity between people and information that we are reaching now is a recent achievement.

The new city is not based on fixed spaces but is made of worldwide connections, in a sense of hyper-connectivity. In the Internet age brick walls are no more an obstacle, people can be connected without being face to face. We can now be in far away places in a very short time or we can cross thousands of kilometres just with a click on the Skype window of our laptop. The Flight Radar image shows the number of airplanes flying over Europe in real time. It is shocking to see how many people are moving around the world at the same time in different directions. â&#x20AC;&#x153;The city is no longer in isolation, but rather is part of an interconnected matrix that transcends space and timeâ&#x20AC;?1. Connectivity is nowadays part of our lives and it feels normal to have information at our disposition so easily. Nobody renounces to have a phone or a television: even in the poorest slums, whe-

POP-UP HOTEL REVOLUTION | Chiara Butta | Joseph Di Pasquale | Paola Zatti

1. Beekmans J. and de Boer J., Pop-Up City, BIS, Amsterdam, 2014 Image 1. Airplanes flying over Europe in real time | 12.10.14 | by http:// www.flightradar24. com/43.63,11.46/7

re living conditions are unbearable, people still prefer to be connected to the world rather than having a solid roof over the head. This need of being always “on-line” produces a series of socio-psychological consequences such as a lack of interest to the physical world that is surrounding us. People waiting on the metro bench or sitting in a far away public space prefer to interact with their online contacts rather than with foreigners nearby. One of the first to study interactions acting in the city was the International Situationists: a

group whose name comes from the creation of situations in the city. They wander around the city letting psycho-geographical factors influence their mood, behaviour and choice of route. In their mapping project, The Naked City, they aim at expressing the identity of the city that is hidden. The process consists in destroying Paris city map, separating some areas and reconnecting them later with arrows exploring the act of creation. They are guided by pushes and inputs coming from the built environment analysing the city’s structure and use.

“ T h e ci ty i s n o l on g e r i n i s o lati o n, bu t r a th e r i s p a r t of a n inter co n n ec ted tra scen ds

s pa c e

ma t r i x and

that t i me ” 1

1. 1 Living in a cloud | The city as a network

500 yea rs a g o p e o p l e w o r k e d in fie ld s 100 yea rs a go p e o p l e w o r k e d in facto rie s 50 y ea rs a go p e o p l e w o r ke d in o ffice s

now people work everywhere

POP-UP HOTEL REVOLUTION | Chiara Butta | Joseph Di Pasquale | Paola Zatti

2. Popupcity.net, Beekmans J., Portraits from above, 2010 Image 2. PinkCloud, PopUp Hotel, 2013 | by http://www.pinkcloud.dk

1.2 A CLOUD OF UNPREDICTABLE USES As long as people change and connections between them evolve, there is a need of thinking the city in a new way. The new perception of reality makes necessary a shift in the way architects cope with the city and its architectures. Contemporary cities are designed by old masterplans that don’t allow temporary activities. Public and private spaces are now used in less predictable ways. The city needs to be prepared to the most inconceivable use. An example of unpredictable use of the space is represented by the informal communities on the top of Hong Kong roofs.2 They started appearing 50 years ago on high-rise building in the old urban areas of the city. This is the consequence of land shortages due to the overpopulation of the city that happened after the Cultural Revolution in China. In this period Hong Kong experienced a huge migration of marginalized people with low-income and

precarious situation from Mainland China. These rooftop communities are built illegally with poor materials, however they are tolerated by authorities. Around 4000 people who couldn’t afford private accommodation or were not eligible for public housing decided to become rooftop dwellers accepting to live in small spaces in uncertain conditions. Nowadays is therefore essential to react to social appropriation of the space. Further phenomenon that is spreading right now in cities is the thin boundary between offices and coffee bars. Work is conceived in a completely new way. “Nobody could have missed the impressive renaissance of the coffee bar over the past decade. Coffee bars have gradually become the new office for young urban professionals; individuals who not only want to escape the

1. 2 Living in a cloud | A cloud of unpredictable uses

POP-UP HOTEL REVOLUTION | Chiara Butta | Joseph Di Pasquale | Paola Zatti

1. 2 Living in a cloud | A cloud of unpredictable uses

POP-UP HOTEL REVOLUTION | Chiara Butta | Joseph Di Pasquale | Paola Zatti

3. Beekmans J. and de Boer J., Pop-Up City, BIS, Amsterdam, 2014

Image 3, 4. PinkCloud, PopUp Hotel, 2013 | by http://www.pinkcloud.dk

confines of the cubicle, but also wish to make their flexible working habits an important part of their increasingly nomadic lifestyle. The swift rise in appreciation of high-quality coffee in that sense could be a direct result of this drastic change in work styles: these workers want there to be perks for being at work, and an enjoyable cup of coffee can be one of them. For many urbanites, working means hanging out and showing off, besides earning a living in a footloose economy. The restraining environment of the office is being replaced by inspiring new public urban arenas and living rooms.[..] Co-working spaces are the most prevalent new concept that suits the needs of the urban nomads seeking these multifunctional spaces. Some co-working chains, such as NextSpace, The Hub, and Urban Station, have expanded to multiple cities [..]. These spaces minimise overhead costs for workers and place individuals from a wide variety of disciplines at the same table.”3 This happens because Cloud-based data storage removes the need for physical presence at the office, leading to new types of entrepreneurship, based on online connections as well as immense expansion of international travel networks. It is the case of PinkCloud, an architectural collective that has been founded by four young international architects and uses the web as on office. They work worldwide and they give positive responses to urban problems with flexible solutions.

Manhattan’s Midtown is in a real estate crisis where 21.6% of offices are vacant. Due to the rise of rents, tenants choose to move to New Jersey or other areas where they can afford to pay the rent. The famous business hub that everybody knows as chaotic and hectic is being transformed in an area of post-economical recession decline. In response to this problem PinkCloud developed a concept of Pop-Up Hotel in 2013. The idea is to transform office vacancies in Pop-Up Hotels, avoiding therefore a waste of space and taking advantage of the 2012 record year in tourism with 52 million visitors that visited New York City. They combined the problem of high vacancies with the opportunity of creating a new kind of hospitality . All the elements that the hotel needs are transported by trucks in shipping containers after being packed respecting transportability dimensions. Another project of re-appropriation of the spaces is represented by Cricklewood Town Square in North West London. The problem of this town is that it has no public spaces, no civic facilities such as a library or a town hall. Even the urban furniture that should be provided along the street is insufficient and inadequate. How can citizens use the spaces if they don’t even have a bench to sit on? The project conceived by Spacemakers and structurally designed by Kieren Jones is a public space provided with wheels that

1. 2 Living in a cloud | A cloud of unpredictable uses

can move around the town in order to give a new meaning to the spaces and to invite the citizens to use them. The “square” is composed by a volume that is carried around the town with a bicycle, while the common ground used and filled with tables and chairs could be a garden, an empty pavement or even a rooftop car park.

initiatives, takes also inspiration from Archigram’s works. Their ideas about moving cities are now even more contemporary than ever before. In fact in 1964 Ron Herron published an article in the Archigram magazine about The Walking City. This project showed cities transformed in huge mobile robotic structures that can wander around the world with their own legs where needed. The connection between

The project aims to help local people not just providing a new sense of community and different approach to the empty spaces, but also allowing them to understand what kind of public space they are looking for and where they can find it. The design of temporary and movable aspects of projects like this is in a way following the unpredictable uses of the people that may guide to the best solution. This project, along with other

POP-UP HOTEL REVOLUTION | Chiara Butta | Joseph Di Pasquale | Paola Zatti

Image 5, 6. Cricklewood Town Square, a project by Spacemakers, structure designed by Kieren Jones. Photography by Theo Simpson | © Theo Simpson

Image 7. Ron Herron, The Walking City, 1964 | by Sadler Simon, Archigram: Architecture without architecture, MIT Press, Cambridge, 2005

multiple walking cities would be able to generate walking metropolis. Everything in the project is moving, from individual buildings to structures, where they were needed. This approach shows the avantguard look to the future changings. It is clearly an utopian project that however reveals an attempt to forecast urban evolution. Even if their project remained on pa-

per, they were a group of visionaries of the last sixties whose 900 drawings inspired many architects of the next generation. One of the most evident can be represented by Richard Rogers and Renzo Pianoâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Centre Pompidou where the exposure of the infrastructural elements reverses the traditional building hierarchies.

1. 2 Living in a cloud | A cloud of unpredictable uses

ADVANCED MODULAR ARCHITECTURE

2.1 EVOLUTION OF LIVING UNITS The concept itself of modular architecture is actually very far from being a modern innovation. Prefab modular architecture dates more than 400’000 years ago. When “nomads” were populations which didn’t have a permanent territory of living, so a quite instable situation, living camps were transferred from one place to another. To make this possible, it was necessary to use shelter components that were transportable and could be disassembled. They had to be light, easy to handle, and composed of very few pieces. Basically, it is in these very old and elementary structures that we recognise the first steps towards building in systems and the ancestors of modern modular units. Let’s think about the primitive cabin: theorists of architecture from 17th, 18th and 19th centuries consider it immediately when discussing the origins of architecture, because it really has all of the main features of modern modular units. It is a mere example of how it’s always necessary to return to roots to explain something. In the past, prefabrication catered time-effectiveness and effective cost of the house construction. Taking some steps forward in time and to make a slightly different example from the American Indian’s cabin, in 1624, in Massachusetts a fishing fleet was organized (and many other events in the country like gold rushes and other competitions) and the demand of houses that could be quickly constructed and 38

then reshipped to another territory was really high. So what happened was that wood modular houses were shipped from England to the American state for the occurrence. From the 30’s-60’s, famous architects and designers started to develop an interest in the topic, for example Le Corbusier, with his first designs of living units in 1925 (Immeubles Villas and Dom-ino system, based on the mass production of housing) and with his “Modulor” studies of 1946. Later example is Archigram’s utopic Plug-in city of 1965, a city created of cells called “Capsule Homes”, composed by very simple elements and high tech systems video and audio, or their Living Pod, designed one year later, a capsule able to transform and to engage to the megastructures but, at the same time, to be independent. These are only some introductive examples of the evolution of nowadays modular advanced architecture. The timeline best describes the most important stages of this evolution by showing the most relevant “units” built during the years.

POP-UP HOTEL REVOLUTION | Chiara Butta | Joseph Di Pasquale | Paola Zatti

Image 1. The Mongolian Ger | by http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yurt

1 Vitruvius, De Architectura libri decem, Book II, Chapter I.

Image 2. The primitive huts | by http://arquitecturahuachafa.blogspot.it Image 3. Time Line | by Casabella 836

“I n th e a ss em b l y [ . . . ] t h e y w e r e le d to th e co n si d e r a t i on of s h e l ter i n g th em s el v e s f r om t h e s e a so n s , s o m e by ma k i n g a r b ou r s wi th th e bo u ghs of t r e e s , s ome by ex c a va ti n g c a v e s i n t h e mou n ta i n s , a n d o the r s i n i mi t a t i on o f th e n es ts a n d h a b i t a t i on s of swa l l o ws , by ma ki n g d w e l l i n g s o f twi gs i n ter w ov e n a n d c ov e red wi th m u d or c l a y. Fr om ob ser va ti o n o f a nd i mp r ov e me n t o n ea ch o th er s ’ e x p e d i e n t s f or sh el ter i n g th e ms e l v e s , they so o n bega n to p r ov i d e a b e t t e r 1 spec i es o f h u ts . ” Vi t r u v i u s

2.1 Advanced modular architecture | Evolution of living units

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POP-UP HOTEL REVOLUTION | Chiara Butta | Joseph Di Pasquale | Paola Zatti

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2.1 Advanced modular architecture | Evolution of living units

2.2 COMMON THOUGHTS ON PREFAB ARCHITECTURE During history, the temporary aspect of modular constructions contributed to qualify them less than other constructions, to the point, in some cases, that they weren’t even considered as architecture. Why even nowadays portable/modular constructions are not quite considered as a relevant branch of architecture? Because it is “factory made architecture”, it is architecture coming out from an industry. People struggle to accept this. Also, the term “prefabrication” created, and creates nowadays, confusion, because in common imagination prefabricated objects are manufactured in the most economical way, as they are meant to last for a certain and sometimes limited amount of time. Common perception is prone to classify this design typology as “convenient tools”. In fact, in the years between the 40’s and the 60’s, when the systems started to gain importance in the new architectural studies, movable buildings weren’t at all thought with particular designs, so the

aesthetical and physical results were poor and “bad looking”. To redeem the reputation of modular architecture, there are some facts and argumentations that cannot be left out. First of all, portable architecture is thought to be temporary in location, NOT in use. Actually, just the fact that can be reused responds to the discredit that it is produced to last for a small amount of time; for this reason, modular units are designed with a special care, featured by high quality materials. Therefore temporariness is not at all a feature that can compromise the functional and aesthetical value of an architecture. Every construction, despite of its dimension, if it is destined to serve men, even if for a short period, deserves all of the attention that a permanent architecture requires: from research, to design, to construction. Furthermore, modular prefab architecture is potentially recyclable for other constructions; these days designers of the branch are using containers as a starting point to

POP-UP HOTEL REVOLUTION | Chiara Butta | Joseph Di Pasquale | Paola Zatti

Image 4. Prefab Housing in 1964 | by http://www. edinphoto.org.uk

Image 5. The Pompidou Centre | by http://www. archdaily.com Image 6. Hong Kong and Shanghai Bank Headquarters | by http:// www.fosterandpartners.com Image 7. Nakagin Tower | by http://www.skyscrapercity.com Image 8-15 by http://smallhousedesign.net/10-modern-small-modular-homes

arrive at small and creative housing solutions. Studying the history of prefabrication (see time line 2.1) brings us to achieve the fascinating aspects of the process and the results, from the relation between architecture, handicraft and industry, to how the design comes to life. In conclusion, we should not forget that even in static, heavy and absolutely permanent architectures of whichever historical period, elements and systems composing these buildings were all prefabricated or pre-casted, as for istance the Pompidou Centre in Paris, by Renzo Piano and Richard Rogers, or The Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation by Norman Foster. An example more in line with the prefab modular constructions is the well-known Nakagin Tower in Shimbashi, designed in 1972 by

the architect Kisho Kurokawa, following the metabolist movement of Japanâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s post World War II period. The tower, even though its appearance was completely new for the time, is one of the first high rise constructions to take advantage of modular and prefabricated units, which are anchored to a load-bearing structure in reinforced concrete, but can be removed and placed elsewhere. Due to the aforementioned reasons, modular architecture has some difficulties in being well seen, especially by common perceptions. Fortunately, in the last few years, modular architecture has met design, therefore its aesthetical value will surely help to make the judgment of observers and possible users gain positivity, and for this reason they will be well-disposed to accept it.

2.2 Advanced modular architecture | Common thoughts on prefab architecture

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POP-UP HOTEL REVOLUTION | Chiara Butta | Joseph Di Pasquale | Paola Zatti

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2.3 DESIGNING SMALLNESS A typical feature of the modular construction is smallness. When a construction is small, it is almost like saying it has been reduced from its original size, basically, it has been scaled. Generally, even if miniaturised, whichever object has to maintain the characteristics that define it in the specific category of its original type. What about architecture? A small house is actually not at all a miniature house. It is very important to identify those fundamental parts of the whole human living system and reply them in a space that is much smaller than a normal one. Smallness had to sum up men’s living needs and identify the necessary ones in order to create a space as much comfortable as possible. Obviously, what happens in these spaces is that functions overlap.

As Japanese “narrow houses”2 teach us, designers must take the maximum advantage of the available space, so furniture must be very versatile and make the spaces as flexible as possible. Another Japanese term used to define these buildings is “pet architecture”, because they are “pets in a jungle of buildings, just like animal pets are in the world of human beings” 3. Nowadays human kind is becoming more and more attracted by smallness. Why? Because it’s a human scale feature, with which everyone can easily interact. Small buildings are physically and psychologically accessible, and it allows the architects and designers to study and explore the details of the construction, the “joy of materials” and the achievement of simplicity.

2. In Japanese “kyoushou jyuutaku”, they are typically built in plots of land that are less than 50 square meters. Narrow homes we now know them started appearing in the 1950s and the 1960s. Architects like Takamitsu Azuma helped define the narrow home in the decades after World War II. | by http:// kotaku.com 3. by Atelier Bow-Wow, Pet Architecture Guide Book, World Photo Press, Japan, 2002

Image 16. Sakai’s Cramped House by Seiji Fujihara. Osaka, Japan | by http://kotaku.com Image 17. Garden House by Ryue Nishizawa. Tokyo, Japan | by http://kotaku.com Image 18. Tokyo’s “Pet Architecture” | by Atelier Bow-Wow, Pet Architecture Guide Book, World Photo Press, Japan, 2002

POP-UP HOTEL REVOLUTION | Chiara Butta | Joseph Di Pasquale | Paola Zatti

2.3 Advanced modular architecture | Designing smallness

POP-UP HOTEL REVOLUTION | Chiara Butta | Joseph Di Pasquale | Paola Zatti

4. http://www.thetinylife.com

Image 19. House in Nada by Fujiwaramuro Architects | by http://kotaku.com

The trend of living in a smaller home is growing very much in the last years and, as shown in the very interesting blog “The Tiny House Movement”, it has its advantages. The blog connect

people living in small houses, which have the freedom to post videos, photos and stories about their experience of living in such spaces.

What Is The Tiny House Movement? What are Tiny Houses? What is Tiny Living? “Simply put it is a social movement where people are downsizing the space that they live in. The typical American home is around 2600 square feet, while the typical small or tiny house is around 100-400 square feet. Tiny Houses come in all shapes, sizes and forms but they focus on smaller spaces and simplified living. People are joining this movement for many reasons, but the most popular reasons are because of environmental concerns, financial concerns and seeking more time and freedom. For most Americans 1/3 to 1/2 of their income is dedicated to the roof over their heads; This translates to 15 years of working over your life time just to pay for it and because of it 76% of Americans are living paycheck to paycheck. So what is the alternative? One might be to live smaller [..]. This is a growing movement, that is for sure! [..] Every month I have thousands and thousands of readers come to my site and I know other sites experience the same. This site focuses on Tiny Living or living The Tiny Life. Which Tiny Houses are the focal point in a broader system to address issues, concerns and problems of current day [..].” 4

2.3 Advanced modular architecture | Designing smallness

2.4 LIVING IN FLEXIBLE SPACES Flexibility is a concept which goes hand in hand with smallness. How can we define the ideal flexible building? It’s the one which “might be moved from one place to another or change in shape or structure - the walls might fold, floors shift, staircases extend, lighting, colours and surface textures metamorphose”. 5 Flexibility is a feature that started to come missing in the last three centuries, mostly in Europe, where a new way of living in houses with rooms that have dedicated function (kitchen, living room, bedroom, and so on, all have their own closed space) took hold. On the opposite, like said for the “smallness” section, in Japan flexible living is still quite used for many different reasons, as for convention or simply lack of space in the city homes. The solution is creating a flexible space with mobile furniture, which allow to give different uses to the same rooms according to the time of the day. All the spaces have to be interconnected but also possibly divided by sliding doors and walls. In Japanese culture, “the actual flexibility and adaptability of the house is thereby completely dependent upon the active participation of the users (as well as a specific type of furniture): by pulling out futons from a storage cupboard, a room that was used as a dining or sitting room can be transformed into a bedroom; the minimal approach to furnishings, and the relative lack of other clutter, demands a discipline to 50

achieve flexibility that may be beyond normal living patterns, but nonetheless the principle remains and has fascinated generations of architects. Flexibility is also enabled through a modular approach to design. The size of the rooms is based on the standard measure of tatami mats, with rooms made up of a set of these mats i.e. 6 or 8; these and other building components are thus interchangeable.”6 Finally, let’s think about what is really positive about this feature of buildings. Permanent ones complete their life cycle and are usually completely demolished to make room for a future “event”, and very little of their old fabrics can be reused. With this, flexible buildings certainly gain some more points, even in the sustainable purview. The world is becoming more and more aware of the limitation of natural resources, so the need of recycling every type of fabric is becoming extremely necessary. The Mima House by Mima architects is a clear and rappresentative example of the flexible house.

POP-UP HOTEL REVOLUTION | Chiara Butta | Joseph Di Pasquale | Paola Zatti

5. Kronenburg Robert, Flexible, Laurence King Publishing, London, 2007 6. h t t p : / / w w w. afewthoughts.co.uk/

Image 20. Mima House, Mima Architects | by José Campos

Image 21, 22. Drawings | by http:// www.dezeen.com Image 23, 24. Mima House interiors | by JosĂŠ Campos

ELEVATION

PLAN

2.4 Advanced modular architecture | Living in flexible spaces

2.5 CUSTOMIZATION: THE FUTURE OF ARCHITECTURE?

7. http://www.wikihouse.cc 8. Beekmans J. and de Boer J., Pop-Up City, BIS, Amsterdam, 2014

Customization of architecture is a topic which “scares”. The question that comes immediate when handling the argument is: will we still be building houses in the future? Will there still be the figures of architects and designers? To answer the questions we must take into account the recent opening of online design communities, which make good design available to many. The figure of the architect looks no longer autocratic and powerful because everyone can be part of the design of a house and its building process. Let’s make some examples to underline which is todays level of development in the sector. Considering the online platforms we can quote WikiHouse. “WikiHouse is an open source construction set. The aim is to allow anyone to design, download and ‘print’ CNC-milled houses and components, which can be assembled with minimal formal skills or training”7. Basically, users take advantage of each other’s knowledge to plan a house, downloading the design directly from the site and modelling it with Google Sketch Up. Platforms like WikiHouse are a complete diversion compared to the classic development (design, 52

building, finance, and so on) of a project today. In some years, architecture will probably be available on line, downloadable with just a click and produced taking advantage of modern technology as for 3D printers and laser cut printers. At the moment, architectural companies willing to invest in this area are not many in the world, but let’s say it catches on… Whose going to lose its job position? In the construction fields so many actors play a role; if the forecasts on 3D printing are correct, of course we have to think about who will be discredited. Will it be the architect or the construction company? Or maybe the property developer? Like the authors of “Pop-up City” underline, “In any case, it will not be the person with the printer”.8 DUS architecture studio, based in Amsterdam, decided they would be one of those firms to produce architecture instead of only designing it, so they built their own 3D printer, which is a giant version of an UltiMaker 3D printer. This particular machine can print very large scale object, even entire rooms. “While building a house is not yet as simple as hitting the print button

POP-UP HOTEL REVOLUTION | Chiara Butta | Joseph Di Pasquale | Paola Zatti

Image 25. Advantages of the WikiHouse construction set | by http://spacecraf t. co.nz

9. http://www.wikihouse.cc

Image 26. WikiHouse construction set instructions | by http:// www.wikihouse.cc

on your keyboard and the technology remains underdeveloped, 3D printing could offer architects and would-be homeworkers a quicker and easy way to build the house of the clients’ dreams”.9 Another example of start-up dealing with this kind of evolution is

Amsterdam based 3D Hubs. The network connects suppliers companies with the client demanding 3D printers. The 3D Hub project shows how the topic is developing including production and retail.

Image 27. 3D Hubs’ browser for 3D Printers in Amsterdam | by http:// www.3dhubs.com Image 28. WikiHouse construction set steps | by http://www. wikihouse.cc

2.5 Advanced modular architecture | Customization: the future of architecture?

POP-UP HOTEL REVOLUTION | Chiara Butta | Joseph Di Pasquale | Paola Zatti

10. http://stats.oecd.org 11. http://www.resourcesforlife.com

2.6 TEMPORARY SOLUTIONS FOR ALL NEEDS

“A temporary housing unit refers to a structure that, by the way that it has been built, is not expected to maintain its durability for as long a period of time as, but has some of the facilities of, a conventional dwelling.”10 “Any tent, trailer, motor home or other structure used for human shelter and designed to be transportable and not attached to the ground, to another structure or to any utilities system on the same premises. Such temporary housing may occur for no more than twenty one consecutive days nor exceed a total of forty five days in any calendar year.”11

Nowadays, new ways of living which recall a nomadic life request specific kind of spaces, that should be private but at the same time flexible, transformable and, of course, movable. This typology of units has to be releasable from the ground in any moment without hardly damaging the structure or the envelope, because they are meant to be reused for equal or different functions. Temporariness today is a feature regarding many different branches of modular architecture, such as commercial, residential (social evolution), informative points, emergencies, and so on. This last branch is probably the most connected to the movable feature. Emergency architecture has to be simple, quickly transportable and be able

to be reused. Statistically speaking, every year the world is stricken with more or less 400 disasters, caused by human actions or by natural phenomena. During the years between 1999 and 2008 the cost of the damages of the disasters grew of 160 billion compared to the previous decade. The phenomena which bring to a state of serious emergency are many (Asia’s Tsunami 2004, Pakistan’s earthquake 2005, USA’s hurricane Katrina 2005, Bolivia’s flood 2007, Burma’s typhoon 2008, Italy’s earthquake and flood 2009, Haiti’s earthquake 2010, and many other more till 2014) and it’s still not possible to estimate how many people don’t have a safe home to live. Let’s briefly analyse a few examples. Shigeru Ban Architects have

2.6 Advanced modular architecture | Temporary solutions for all needs

designed, a couple of years ago, blocks of temporary homes made of stacked shipping containers, meant to host victims of natural disasters. The project provides 188 houses, in Onagawa, mostly for all the victims of the Tsunami and the earthquake. For this reason the units were thought to be put on whichever terrain (narrow, unlevelled, flat and so on) and resist eventual future earthquakes. They can be stacked up to three levels, always leaving space between one another.

Another similar project, equally involved in providing homes for the victims of the tsunami, is the Ex-Container project by Yasutaka Yoshimura Architects, firstly a Marina in Bay Side, Japan. Their shipping containers are designed to be a low cost shelter, a disaster relief, and, if needed, they can be turned into longer period residences. The architectâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s association is currently raising more and more money to send other containers to the displaced citizens.

POP-UP HOTEL REVOLUTION | Chiara Butta | Joseph Di Pasquale | Paola Zatti

Image 29. Shigeru Banâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s disaster relief project in Onagawa | http:// www.designboom. com

Image 30. Interiors | http:// www.designboom. com Image 31,32,33. Drawings | by http:// www.designboom. com Image 34. Installation view | by http://www.designboom.com Image 35. Building and aggregation process | by http://www.designboom.com Image 36. Building and aggregation process | by http://www.designboom.com

EXPLODED AXONOMETRY

2.6 Advanced modular architecture | Temporary solutions for all needs

SITE PLAN

POP-UP HOTEL REVOLUTION | Chiara Butta | Joseph Di Pasquale | Paola Zatti

PLAN

2.6 Advanced modular architecture | Temporary solutions for all needs

Image 37,38. Bayside Marina Drawings (installation 1) | http://www. inthralld.com Image 39. Final aggregation | by http://www.inthralld.com

SECTION

PLAN

POP-UP HOTEL REVOLUTION | Chiara Butta | Joseph Di Pasquale | Paola Zatti

Image 40, 41, 42. Drawings (installation 2 - Bayside Marina proptotype) | by http://housevariety. blogspot.it

SECOND FLOOR PLAN

Image 43. Assembly process | by http://housevariety.blogspot.it

FIRST FLOOR PLAN

SECTION

2.6 Advanced modular architecture | Temporary solutions for all needs

2.7 THE OXYMORON OF MOVABLE CONSTRUCTIONS The concept of “movable buildings” can seem an oxymoron at first, because buildings are historically the most permanent of human artefacts. However, if we go deeper inside this topic, we may learn that movable architecture is actually very common and also has always existed. Moreover, it was one of the first typologies of housing (tents, house wagons, trailers, and so on). So “why doubt man’s first form of building?”12. These constructions are meant to be moved from one place to another and, in some cases, mobility is a necessary condition for them to give sense to their function. In the past decade, citizens have become, for some reasons, nomads of all types. The nomad figure is no more related to a person of low class or without sufficient means to live in a house, but whatever individual that travels, moves around the world for work, tourism, culture, and many other reasons. Briefly, our lives are becoming more and more movable. What happens to these people’s ‘homes’? Architecture cannot seem to resist to become movable and lighter, just like its users: mobile technology frees us from the limits of place. And what about the definition of space? Is it always defined by

something permanent? In Japanese culture place making is not associated with permanent structures: the act of making a home or, generally, a place with a sentimental meaning, is something we do ‘along the way’, it’s a developing act. This concept is very similar to an Australian conception which states that a place may find its definition by “travelling” along a prescribed way that can be related to future generations and in history. Thus, many cultures already sustain movable constructions and flexible spaces in their culture and believe that a place is not necessarily defined by the creation of fixed buildings: portable buildings can create the same sense of place of permanent ones. Comparing static and movable constructions is unavoidable. Not by chance, static structures have indeed created the legacy that has formed the main source of architectural history. But, with the 20th century, recognition of value changed and new parameters were used to define what was “legacy” and what was not. Movable buildings can do mostly all of that static ones can, and can, in addition, fulfill other functions from the pre-established one.

“ s o ciety i s n ever s ta t i c , h u m an civili z a ti o n h a s a n i n t e g r a l t en dency to wa r ds c h a n g e ” 13 62

POP-UP HOTEL REVOLUTION | Chiara Butta | Joseph Di Pasquale | Paola Zatti

12. Kronenburg Robert, Houses in Motion, Academy Editions, London, 2002 13. Kronenburg Robert, Flexible, Laurence King Publishing, London, 2007

14. Richard Rogers | in Kronenburg Robert, Portable Architecture, Architectural Press, Oxford, 1996 15. Architect and senior lecturer in the School of Architecture and Building Engineering at the University of Liverpool, he wrote many books and publications on the “modular architecture” theme 16. Kronenburg Robert, Houses in Motion, Academy Editions, London, 2002

Another term used to define this category of architecture is “ephemeral buildings”. Robert Kronenburg15 divides them in three main types: - Portable buildings, those that are transported whole and intact - Relocatable buildings, those that are transported in parts but are assembled at the site almost instantly into a usable built form - Demoutable buildings, those that are transported in a number of parts for assembly on site16 Always according to Robert Kro-

nenburg, to make sure portable buildings can be easily erected and transportable to a site which is not their manufacture place, we have to relate to three main strategies: - Buildings are transported in one piece for instant use - Buildings are constructed by factory made elements, transported in packages and quickly assembled on site - Buildings are formed by transportable and easy to assemble modular parts.17

17. Kronenburg Robert, Portable Architecture, Architectural Press, Oxford, 1996

Image 44. Little Tag Along | © Kevin Cyr

“Pr esen t-da y co n c e r n s f or s t a tic o bj ects wi l l b e r e p l a c e d by co n c er n f or r e l a t i on s h i p s . Sh el ter s wi l l be n o l on g e r s t a tic o bj ec t bu t d y n a mi c ob j e c t s sh el ter i n g a n d e n h a n c i n g h u man even ts . A c c omod a t i on wi l l be r es po ns i v e , e v e r- c h a n gi n g and e v e r- a d j u s t i n g . ” 14

2.7 Advanced modular architecture | The oxymoron of movable constructions

POP-UP HOTEL REVOLUTION | Chiara Butta | Joseph Di Pasquale | Paola Zatti

44 2.7 Advanced modular architecture | The oxymoron of movable constructions

One example of typology of building which stays in one place then moves to another one is what we nowadays call “parasite architecture”. A parasite unit is forced to have a relation with a host building in order to complete himself. This is possible if the host building has a surplus energy or/and a structural support to donate to the parasite unit which could not ‘exist’ by itself. Basically this typology of construction is usually attached to a façade or

a roof to harvest the energy that comes from it; if needed, and as it usually happens, the parasite unit can be transported, taking advantage of its small dimensions, in another site on whichever hosting structure. Artist Michael Rakovitz designed a series of inflatable shelters called ‘paraSITE’ for the homeless which function in this exact way, only the end of the shelter is attached to a hot air ventilation shaft of an adjacent building.

POP-UP HOTEL REVOLUTION | Chiara Butta | Joseph Di Pasquale | Paola Zatti

Image 45. The paraSITE unit | by http://michaelrakowitz.com

18. The Everland Hotel is an indipendent unit which takes advantage only of a host building structure to carry its weight for the expected time of permanence

A more concrete example, even if â&#x20AC;&#x153;less parasiticâ&#x20AC;?18 is the Everland Hotel, designed by artist-duo L/B (Sabina Lang and Daniel Baumann). The unit is a double hotel room with all the comforts of a 4

star hotel, and it was meant to be a travelling unit. For now it has been in Yverdon (Switzerland), Leipzig (Germany) and Paris (France).

Image 46. The paraSITE unit | by http://michaelrakowitz.com Image 47. The Everland Hotel in all its locations | by http://www.dealchecker.co.uk

2.7 Advanced modular architecture | The oxymoron of movable constructions

CONTEMPORARY

NOMADISM

3.1 WORLD TRAVEL TRENDS

1. UNWTO Tourism Highlights, 2014 Edition

Over the past six decades tourism has become one of the largest and fastest growing economic sectors in the world. The number of destinations increased thanks to the development of new emerging countries. Tourism revealed itself as a way for creating jobs, developing infrastructures and exporting revenues. It doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t just enrich travellers but also the visited countries: economically and socially. International tourist arrivals showed a continuous growth from 25 million in 1950 to 278 million in 1980, 528 million in 1995, and 1087 million in 2013. UNTWO (United Nations World Tourism Organization) forecasts that international tourist arrivals are expected to increase by 3.3% a year from 2010 to 2030 reaching 1.8 billion by 2030. 1

international tourism receipts in US $

5% 1159 billion in 2013 1078 billion in 2012

international tourist arrivals

(1800 million in 2030)

1 0 8 7 million in 2013

528 million in 1995 278 million in 1980 25 million in 1950

6% Asia and Pacific 5% Europe and Africa 3% Americas 0% Middle East world top tourist arrivals in 2013

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

FRANCE USA SPAIN CHINA ITALY TURKEY GERMANY UK

+.. (still to be reported) +4,7% +5,6% -3,5% +2,9% +5,9% +3,7% +6,4%

world top tourism receipts in $ in 2013

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

USA SPAIN FRANCE CHINA MACAO ITALY THAILAND GERMANY

+10,6% +7,4% +4,8% +3,3% +18,1% +6,6% +24,4% +8,1%

POP-UP HOTEL REVOLUTION | Chiara Butta | Joseph Di Pasquale | Paola Zatti

Image 1. International Tourist arrivals in 2013 and international tourism receipts, source UNWTO Tourism Highlights, 2014 Edition

2. UNWTO Tourism Highlights, 2014 Edition Image 2. International Tourism 2013, source UNWTO Tourism Highlights, 2014 Edition

International tourism in 2013 – key trends and outlook2 • International tourist arrivals (overnight visitors) grew by 5% worldwide in 2013, reaching a record of 1087 million arrivals, after topping the 1 billion mark in 2012. • Asia and the Pacific recorded the strongest growth with a 6% increase in arrivals, followed by Europe and Africa (both +5%). • In the Americas, international arrivals grew by 3%, while in the Middle East they were flat. • International tourism receipts reached US$ 1159 billion worldwide in 2013, up from US$ 1078 billion in 2012. • With a 5% increase in real terms, the growth in international tourism receipts equalled the growth in arrivals. • China has consolidated its position as the number one tourism source market in the world, spending US$ 129 billion on international tourism. • Forecasts prepared by UNWTO in January 2014 point to growth of 4% to 4.5% in international tourist arrivals in 2014 – above The Tourism Towards 2030 long-term forecast of 3.3% a year. • By UNWTO region, prospects for 2014 are strongest for Asia and the Pacific (5% to 6%), followed by Africa (4% to 6%).

3.1 Contemporary nomadism | World travel trends

According to the World Travel Trends Report 2013/2014 prepared by IPK International world travel and tourism registered a growth of 4% in international trips and China and Russia showed to be again the new emerging markets for outbound tourism.3 The forecast for 2014 is supposed to have a gradual rise up to 4-5%. Europe and Asia on the other hand are still the preferred destinations. Further development of international tourism will reflect the slow global economy recover. IPK International presented the World Travel Monitor (WTM) at the Pisa Forum revealing that outbound travel will increase to 947 million in 2013 and the number of overnight stays to over 7.5 billion. The survey results showed that average length of international trips didn’t exceed 8 nights, however this is the first year that this statistic data didn’t decrease. Along with this growth tourists tend lately to spend more money for international trips registering a growth of 6% reaching US$ 1,571 billion. Despite the financial crisis and a weak resilience in economy, travelling keeps being a global trend where “already today, one-third of the human race is travelling”4. This rate is going to increase as the new world middle class is expected to double in 2030 having 1.5 million more people travelling around the globe. Asia travel market is going to reach western countries numbers while there will be a substantial increase in outbound travel from 72

nations such as India and Brazil. Emerging economies are the main character in 2013 regional travel markets. This can be said for Asia, South America and Middle East regions, and especially new middle class countries such as China and Brazil. Here the profile of the first-time traveller is emerging and becoming important for the tourism economy. This year bookings through internet reached 65% and rose of 10% while travel agency bookings just by 4%. The travel agencies are supported mainly in those emerging countries where the first-time travellers still feel the need of support for planning and booking a new trip overseas.

POP-UP HOTEL REVOLUTION | Chiara Butta | Joseph Di Pasquale | Paola Zatti

3. ITB World Travel Trends Report 2013/2014 | IPK International (International Tourism Consulting Group _World Travel Monitor®_the world’s largest provider of primary int’l tourism & travel data ) 4. ITB World Travel Trends Report 2013/2014 | IPK International Image 3. World travel trends, source World Travel Monitor 2013 | IPK International Image 4. World regional travel trends, source World Travel Monitor 2013 | IPK International

world travel trends (change in% over respective previous year) 2010

2011

2012

2013

2010-2013

outbound trips

+7%

+5%

+4%

+22%

outbound nights

+5%

+4%

+2%

+4%

+16%

outbound spending in USD

+7%

+8%

+4%

+5%

+28%

world regional outbound trips 2010

2011

2012

2013

2014 forecast

+7%

+5%

+4%

+4-5%

europe

+4%

+2%

+2.5%

+3-4%

north america

-1%

+3%

asia pacific

+6%

+7%

+8%

+9%

south america

+7%

+12%

+6%

WORLD

3.1 Contemporary nomadism | World travel trends

3.2 YOUTH TRAVEL Living standards have risen in the last decades and even the population of developing countries starts to have an important role in the travel industry. In fact some people are travelling for the first-time and they are mainly young. Nowadays young are more informed, more connected and more mobile than people used to be. They are adventurous and curious of visiting far away places, even discovering new destinations. The World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) revealed that around 20% of the 940 million international tourists travelling the world in 2013 were young people.5 Thanks to their travels and experiences young people come back home with a wider cultural baggage, leaving in the places that they visited friends as well as important economic benefits for local communities. In fact this category of travellers spend more than many other tourists because generally travelling for a longer period. Moreover young tend to support small and local businesses as they are usually more convenient and typical. Young travellers are the future of international travel industry and local economies: they generated 165 billion USD towards global tourism receipts of 2010.6 Young demonstrated once again to be a vital resource for innovation and change in the international sphere. The global youth travel industry is now estimated to represent 74

almost 190 million international trips a year, and the youth travel industry has grown faster than global travel overall. By 2020 there will be almost 300 million international youth trips per year, according to UNWTO forecasts.

5. The Power of Youth Travel | WYSE Travel Confederation (World Youth Student and Educational Travel Confederation is a global not-for-profit membership organisation dedicated to promoting and developing opportunities for the youth, student and educational travel industry) | 2013 6. The Power of Youth Travel | WYSE Travel Confederation| 2013

What drastically changed in the last five years is the fast growth of social media and communication which revolutionized the way people travel and get information. “Travel is no longer solely dependent on the infrastructure of the old economy – airline seats, hotel beds and travel agents’ shelves. We are entering a new, flexible, networked economy in which ICT, local culture and society, education, work and play become part of the tourism value chain. In fact, the inter-relationships between travel, other economic sectors and society as a whole have become so integrated that we might conceive of a “value web” rather than the old value chain. In the new tourism value web, value is created by linking actors inside and outside the tourism sector in different combinations to create and exploit new opportunities. Young people are often at the forefront of such innovation, because they are willing to cross boundaries and make new links. As early-a-

POP-UP HOTEL REVOLUTION | Chiara Butta | Joseph Di Pasquale | Paola Zatti

Image 5. The Power of Youth Travel | WYSE Travel Confederation| 2013

7. The Power of Youth Travel | WYSE Travel Confederation| 2013 Image 6. New Horizons III | WYSE Travel Confederation | 2013

dopting, heavy users of new technology, young people are pioneering the use of social networking sites and mobile media in searching for travel information and purchasing products.”7 Young travellers push themselves far away breaking boundaries for many reasons. First of all travelling is a way of learning, therefore many of them travel for study. The money that local institutions earn from international students gives them the possibility to offer a higher quality in facility and offer. Another reason for travel is that they want to get in touch with other cultures and people, making new friends and learning to know better their identity putting themselves on the line. They take the travel as a challenge to find their nature. At the same time young travel to find a job or using their experience as a source of career development. Travel becomes an essential part of their life, not just a short escape from

47% holiday

22% language

15% job 15% study

reality. The main purpose of trip remains holiday with 47%, even if it decreased in the last decade. People travelling to learn a language are 22%, while to find a job (15%). Young going overseas to study are just 15% but the number has increased. This seems to underline a more instrumental approach to travel at a time of youth unemployment. Those going on holiday tended to have relaxation related motives, but those travelling for work or study were more likely to be increasing their knowledge. “The changing nature of youth travel is also reflected in shifts in travel style and behaviour. The traditional ‘backpacker’ is no longer such a dominant figure, having been joined by other traveller types, notably the flashpacker. The rise of the flashpacker in particular is linked to the gradual aging of the ‘youth traveller’, underlining the fact that youth travel is increasingly a lifestyle rather than a specific age group. People who are attracted to the flexible and social nature of travelling when young increasingly want to hang on to this travel style into their 30s or even longer. This is also an important factor driving the expansion of youth travel and the youth travel industry, which is also becoming more professional as the demands of young travellers with higher levels of travel experience become greater. For the youth traveller, hostels are just as important as hotels, and the supply of hostel-type accommodation is growing in response

3.2 Contemporary nomadism | Youth travel

to increased demand.”8 “The guest mix is dominated by individual travellers, either staying in dorms (29%) or in private rooms (39%). Groups account for 17% of guests on average. The main age group of guests targeted by YTA operators is 2534 (61%). Student residences cater predominantly for 19-24 year olds, whereas bed and breakfast operations are more focused on older clients. Business travellers made up over 11% of guests in 2013, slightly lower than in 2011. The level of business guests in hostels is lower than in other types of accommodation. Guests predominantly stay 2-3 days in youth travel accommodation. The main booking source for YTA operations are third party hostel booking sites (29%), email (20%) and the accommodation’s own website (18%). For hostels the most important third party booking channel is Hostelworld, whereas for hotels Booking.com tended to be more important. The top travel agents/ wholesalers indicated by YTA operators were Hostelworld, Booking.com and Hostelbookers. Hostelworld was particularly important in the Americas and Asia and Hostelbookers most important for Oceania and Africa. Booking lead times have declined since the previous report, with 50% of new booking being made between one and three weeks in advance. [..] The global average revenue per available bed in 2013 was €23.50, around the same level as recorded in the 2011 survey. The average bed rates for a single room in peak season were just over €40, 76

and €24 for a peak season dorm bed. These average rates have also changed little since the previous report.[..] The results of the 2013 STAY WYSE survey indicates that the YTA sector continues to be resilient in the face of challenging market conditions. In particular, the supply of YTA accommodation continues to grow, underlining the confidence of operators and investors in the sector. In spite of the growth in capacity, average bed occupancy levels were maintained in 2013 at a global level of 59%. Continued expansion also continues in the face of the considerable investments required by many operators to license their properties. For those forced to make adaptations in order to meet licensing requirements the average investment was €32,000. These increased investments include more environmental and safety measures, which will also help to secure the sustainability of the industry.”9

POP-UP HOTEL REVOLUTION | Chiara Butta | Joseph Di Pasquale | Paola Zatti

Y O U T H

M A R K E T

T R E N D S

2 0 1 3

The 2013 STAY WYSE global survey of YTA providers attracted an increased 59% in 2013 number of responses, with 1071 surveys 59% in 2011 covering 2231 establishments in 100 countries. Over 60% of the respondents were 57% in 2010 hostels in 2013, followed by guesthouses (12%) and bed and breakfast operations (11%). Most of the reporting establishments (62%) were located in urban areas. student acThe world regions with the comodation most responses were BED RATES facilities have Western Europe (31%), in peak season the highest average guest Asia (18%) and to 40â&#x201A;Ź for a single room n u m b e r s Latin America (17%). to 24â&#x201A;Ź for a dorm.bed Within these regions, certain countries with strong youth travel sectors were particularly well The guest mix is represented, notably Thailand, dominated by individual Ireland and Australia. travellers, either staying in dorms (29%) or in private rooms (39%). Groups account 61% for 17% of guests NIGHTS of travellers average length on average. targeted by of stay YTA were 2-3 nights BED OCCUPANCY

25-34 Y E A R S

BOOKINGS

29%

through third party websites booking.com hostelworld.com

OLD

FACILITIES

en-suite facilities in 2/3 establishments and 19 rooms a v e r a g e

3.2 Contemporary nomadism | Youth travel

POP-UP HOTEL REVOLUTION | Chiara Butta | Joseph Di Pasquale | Paola Zatti

M o d e r n “A n y o n e

who

N o m a d hasn’t

lived

in one place more than 3 years in the last decade of their life and has no idea when

where

they

will

ever settle down for good. Moder n Nom ad s c a nno t c a l l t hem se lv es

“ locals”

a nywhe r e

bec a u-

se they hav en’t be e n t he r e l o ng enoug h and pr oba bl y wo nt be. ” 10

3.3 Contemporary nomadism | Modern nomads

3.3 MODERN NOMADS Nowadays people’s lifestyle has become more and more flexible. New needs and social behaviours brought about changes also in the places where people stay. The environment in which they live doesn’t satisfy their requests anymore, with the consequent seeking for change. In the United States the average of stay in the first-house used to be 16 years, while now it decreased to 11 years. Even after college, when moving to the first house, rent is the preferred way, rather than buying one. More and more people tend to adopt this lifestyle: from house families to retired to single professionals. Extreme situations where people move frequently rental is reduced to years or even just months. This is the case of the Modern Nomads: these people generally haven’t lived in the same place for more than three years considering the last ten years. They work for their living and have not a clear idea of where they will move next. Therefore they never consider themselves locals in any place and always feel as foreigners. The name “nomads” resembles the lifestyle of Bedouin communities that travel in the desert from one oasis to another in difficult conditions risking their lives to survive and get food for the group. There is a subtle connection between the original nomads and their modern configuration. Urban nomads travel from one city to the other adapting themselves 80

to the situations they find and relying on temporary and flexible conditions. On the other hand they don’t risk their lives to survive but they roam the city in search of a job to earn their living. The modern nomad is dressed with a suite and carries a hand luggage, practical for international flights. Rather than sleeping in a tent he wanders from one hotel to another. The new era brought about two new travelling classes.11 The first one is the upper class of society which is able to benefit from the comforts of international travel. The second group is composed by people who can’t draw fully from the travel market, however they still manage to visit the world thanks to low cost flight companies, last minute or cheap offers. These two groups differ enormously in their nomadic lifestyle relying on different travel opportunities and resources. While the first group is mainly composed by people travelling with a suite and hand luggage the lower class counterpart travels with a backpack and is more adventurous. However they have in common flexibility and mobility which are the keywords of the modern traveller. Since they settle temporarily both groups look for adaptable living arrangements.

POP-UP HOTEL REVOLUTION | Chiara Butta | Joseph Di Pasquale | Paola Zatti

10. The Urban Dictionary http://www. urbandictionary.com 11. Beekmans J. and de Boer J., Pop-Up City, BIS, Amsterdam, 2014 Image 8. “My infinite home tool” project by Jolien Hanemaai | © Jolien Hanemaai Image 9. Modern nomads of contemporary society

T B M B M D A S G D G A O D S M T L E C S M C

TRAVELMODERNUR BANHOMERENT MOVELOCALGLO BALFARNOMADFA M I LY S O C I A L F R E E DOMTIMELIMITPE ACEJOBREL ATION SFEXIBILITYFEELIN GRESTLESSNESSA D A P TA B I L I T Y L U G GAGEBEDTRAIND AYSWORKPL ACE OBJECTSWORL DTEMPORARINES SFOREIGNERDREA MEASYACCOMODA TIONBACKPACKERA LONEBOOKINGSPE EDSUITCASENAPMI CROOFFICECITYSU STAINABLEGREEN MOVEMENTCHANGE CITYTOURISTYOUNGC HOW? international flights

mobility

SLEEPING WHERE? hotels capsules

OUTFIT? tailored business suite hand luggage or brief cases

IN SEARCH OF WHAT? place to work to earn a living

temporariness

flexibility

mobility

temporariness

IN SEARCH OF WHAT? experience knowledge job/study

HOW? low cost flight companies

OUTFIT? backpack jeans great sense of adventure

flexibility

SLEEPING WHERE? hostels guest houses

WHEN? last minute

In 2008 The Economist published several articles about the topic of the rising of the urban nomad. In particular the writer Andreas Kluth interviewed in the article “Nomads at last” precisely depicts his figure. “Urban nomads have started appearing only in the past few years. Like their antecedents in the desert, they are defined not by what they carry but by what they leave behind, knowing that the environment will provide it. Thus, Bedouins do not carry their own water, because they know where the oases are. Modern nomads carry almost no paper because they access their documents on their laptop computers, mobile phones or online. Increasingly, they don’t even bring laptops. Many engineers at Google, the leading internet company and a magnet for nomads, travel with only a BlackBerry, iPhone or other “smart phone”. If ever the need arises for a large keyboard and some earnest typing, they sit down in front of the nearest available computer anywhere in the world, open its web browser and access all their documents online. Another big misunderstanding of previous decades was to confuse nomadism with migration or travel. As the costs of (stationary) telecommunications plummeted, it became fascinating to contemplate “the death of distance” (the title of a book written by Frances Cairncross, then on the staff of The Economist). And since the early mobile phones were 82

aimed largely at business executives, it was assumed that nomadism was about corporate travel in particular. And indeed many nomads are frequent flyers, for example, which is why airlines such as JetBlue, American Airlines and Continental Airlines are now introducing in-flight Wi-Fi. But although nomadism and travel can coincide, they need not. Humans have always migrated and travelled, without necessarily living nomadic lives. The nomadism now emerging is different from, and involves much more than, merely making journeys. A modern nomad is as likely to be a teenager in Oslo, Tokyo or suburban America as a jet-setting chief executive. He or she may never have left his or her city, stepped into an aeroplane or changed address. Indeed, how far he moves is completely irrelevant. Even if an urban nomad confines himself to a small perimeter, he nonetheless has a new and surprisingly different relationship to time, to place and to other people. “Permanent connectivity, not motion, is the critical thing,” says Manuel Castells, a sociologist at the Annenberg School for Communication, a part of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles. This is why a new breed of observers is now joining the ever-present futurists and gadget geeks in studying the consequences of this technology. Sociologists in particular are trying to figure out how mobile communications are changing interactions between people. Nomadism, most be-

POP-UP HOTEL REVOLUTION | Chiara Butta | Joseph Di Pasquale | Paola Zatti

12. The Economist, Nomads at last, by Andreas Kluth, 2008

lieve, tends to bring people who are already close, such as family members, even closer. But it may do so at the expense of their attentiveness towards strangers encountered physically (rather than virtually) in daily life. That has implications for society at large. Anthropologists and psychologists are investigating how mobile and virtual interaction spices up or challenges physical and offline chemistry, and whether it makes young people in particular

more autonomous or more dependent. Architects, property developers and urban planners are changing their thinking about buildings and cities to accommodate the new habits of the nomads that dwell in them. Activists are trying to piggyback on the ubiquity of nomadic tools to improve the world, even as they worry about the same tools in the hands of the malicious. Linguists are chronicling how nomadic communication changes language itself, and thus thought.â&#x20AC;?12

3.3 Contemporary nomadism | Modern nomads

3.4 NEW HOTEL TRENDS During the World Travel Monitor forum held in Pisa this year the discussion brought about concerned the condition of low cost accommodation in nowadays society and the consequences of the rise of low cost flights. The topic of hospitality was supported by surveys that revealed that over the last four years the total number of international overnight stays has increased by 16% to 7.5 billion nights. Within these additional nights private and alternative accommodation has grown by 31%, budget accommodation by 15% while luxury 19%. On the other hand mid-market accommodation grew just by 8%. “One major reason for this divergence is the sheer expansion of luxury and budget hotels on the market, according to hotel trade journalist Maria Puetz-Willems, founder of hotel industry information platform hospitalityInside.com. Tighter financing due to the global financial crisis has resulted in investors playing safe by focusing on strong markets, well-known brands and successfully established business

models to ensure their return on investment. This means that hotel operators are being driven into new extremes, such as luxury or budget,” she commented. “Investors are less interested in new operators, new ideas or concepts at  present. They prefer projects that  are easy to understand, to calculate  and to finance. That means that  standardisation is increasing and  hotels are becoming more commoditised.”13 The gap between the two extremes is rising along with the strong focus on brands and value-for-money. We can’t talk anymore about guests but rather about customers or clients. The individual and personal experience in unique locations has been replaced by chain hotels. In particular Budget hotel chains are expanding rapidly thanks to low cost flights and technological development of internet and social media. Young people are those who are taking advantage of this new trend. In fact according to IPK International young

POP-UP HOTEL REVOLUTION | Chiara Butta | Joseph Di Pasquale | Paola Zatti

13. ITB World Travel Trends Report 2013 | 2014 | IPK International 14. ITB World Travel Trends Report 2013 | 2014 | IPK International

Image 10. World outbound accommodation choice, source World Travel Monitor 2013 | IPK International

Image 11. Capsule Inn Osaka | by http://go.bloomberg.com

under 25 tend to prefer hostels while the rest of travellers rely on hotels. Hostels on the other hand are improving providing better facilities and getting closer to hotel offer. “This trend was underlined by David Chapman, Director General of the World Youth, Student and Educational Travel Confederation (WYSE). Hostels are moving away from their image as cheap mass accommodation and are diversifying their markets, to target young travellers such as ’flashpackers’ and business users”, he explained. “Hostels today have better facilities, social spaces and more free Wi-Fi. In fact, the difference between a hostel and a hotel is simply the ’s’ - which stands for the ’social’ aspect,” Chapman declared.”14 Other forms of low-cost hospitality are represented by the brand Airbnb. This is a trusted community marketplace where people can offer or book accommoda-

tions worldwide. All the process can be done on the web or with the mobile phone. The offers can vary in typology and in length of stay: from an apartment for a night, to a castle for a week or a villa for a month. Guests can choose between more than 190 countries at different prices and Airbnb has more than 800’000 listings around the world with about 20 million guests. Another way to travel saving money is Couchsurfing, which is a network based on a hospitality exchange. The average guest age is 28 years old and this global community has reached 9 million of members. This kind of travellers share their lives and their culture with the local people that they meet. It is not just a way to travel saving money but also to meet new people and experience in depth local traditions.

3.4 Contemporary nomadism | New hotel trends

Capsule hotel カプセルホテル For those who are in desperate need of rest for a few hours the solution is the Capsule Hotel. This typology emerged in Japan in 1979 with the first in its genre the Capsule Inn in the city of Osaka designed by Kisho Kurokawa. It is composed by a high number of really small rooms or capsules in order to provide cheaper accommodation without all the conventional comforts and facilities that hotels are used to have. The architect made the most out of a limited space, which is also the concept which characterises the city. The room is a fiberglass module 2x1x1,25 metres. It contains a television and Wi-Fi connection in every capsule. The units are placed one next to the other on two levels and the top level is accessible by steps. The room is closed by a fiberglass door and a curtain in other to give privacy to the guest. These hotels arose in Japan in the late seventies as a cheap solution for businessmen who worked until late night or for those who were too drunk to go back home safely. The Capsule Hotel didn’t have much favour outside Japan because the rooms where considered too small, inhumane spaces and claustrophobic. The city compression brought also to the popularity of the Love Hotels in the Edo period. At the beginning they were used mainly by prostitutes but after a while it had a diffusion between young who couldn’t stand living with 86

Image 12. Capsule Hotel by Container Hotel | by Paola Zatti

plywood walls that allow to hear every noise. Even paying for their own apartment became unbearable. A modern configuration of the Capsule Hotel is the Capsule Hotel in Kuala Lumpur by Container Hotel realized in 2014 with a 3300 square feet site area inside the international terminal of Kuala Lumpur Airport. The space in each capsule is bigger than the Japanese traditional ones. The developer of the project, after experimenting Japanese capsule hotels, decided to give more space to the rooms in order to make the space less claustrophobic. In this way the guests can sit comfortably and also work on the foldable desk on one side. The rooms are obtained thanks to the reuse of containers which are placed on two levels, the ground floor with two capsule decks and the mezzanine floor. The size of the capsules of the ground floor is 4 x 6,5 x 4 feet. The bed is 6 feet in length and then

POP-UP HOTEL REVOLUTION | Chiara Butta | Joseph Di Pasquale | Paola Zatti

Image 13. Capsule Hotel by Container Hotel | by Paola Zatti

there is half feet of space to put the shoes. The capsules are one on top of the other and accessible through vertical steps. On the mezzanine floor the capsules are higher, about 5 feet, suitable for taller people. There are 79 capsules which are prized by hour

(11€ 3 hours, 17€ 6 hours, 22€ 12 hours). The capsules are divided in female and male and the common toilets as well. The percentage of occupancies every night is about 80% of the total capacity, while during day-time is 50%.

3.4 Contemporary nomadism | New hotel trends

4 CREATIVE SOLUTIONS FOR HOTEL TYPOLOGY

POP

UP HOTEL

accommodation that will only be around for a short while and will then move to a new location according to the demand, usually made of prefab modules assembled together

POP-UP HOTEL REVOLUTION | Chiara Butta | Joseph Di Pasquale | Paola Zatti

modularity

flexibility smallness

movability prefab

temporariness

4.1 Creative solutions for hotel typology

4.1 STUDY CASES The choice of the case studies was made in order to create, in the end, a research containing an interesting variety of hospitality structures which have one basic feature in common: the modularity of their main units, so, their prefabricated nature and all the economic advantages that this implies. Aside from the main common aspect, the case studies happened to have many differences regarding all the other features: dimensions, aggregation, location, stability and so on. With these premises, the selection of the most interesting hospitality modular structures was chosen and classified in three macro groups. The first one, “Settled Units”, contains structures that are finished and already fully and internationally inserted in the hospitality market. In this section were placed three structures, starting from the Container Hotel of Kuala Lumpur, brightly described in the lines of Paola Zatti’s interview to its operation manager, Mr. Gan Kian Fatt, by her metric and photographic survey on site and, finally, with a detailed retrace of all the drawings. The second settled structure is the CitizenM Hotel, powered by a Dutch architect’s company which created in just a few years an amazing chain of hotels composed by fabric-made units, now spread worldwide. The analysis is enriched by texts, pictures and drawings kindly provided by Concrete Architecture and Richard Powers and by 92

Chiara Butta’s faithful retrace of a part of the material. The section ends with the eccentric Tubohotel in Mexico, which offers quite interesting rooms contained in recycled drain pipes. The material was provided by Architect Alfredo Raymundo Cano and the drawings retraced in detail by Paola Zatti. The second section of the research concerns the structures made of “Nomadic Units”, in other words, those hotels that change location every once in a while, following the events they need to serve. The hotels at issue are again three. The Manser Practice’s Snoozebox consists in a 40 ft. container converted into four essential double rooms (occasionally triple) which can be transported easily and aggregated in many different ways, as it proved to do in the last past years, serving many English music festivals and sport events. The architects and designers forwarded us important material for the analysis, including pictures and drawings, retraced by Chiara Butta. Sleeping Around also moves with its seven container village, for now in the lovely Belgian city Antwerp, hosting fair visitors, competition winners and tourists. Finally, the last nomadic unit analysed is SleepBox, designed by the Russians “Arch Group”. The capsules of the hotel are normally placed in public areas, such as airports or train stations, serving travellers which need to rest between one trip and

POP-UP HOTEL REVOLUTION | Chiara Butta | Joseph Di Pasquale | Paola Zatti

the other and would rather sleep in a bed than on a bench. The third and final section of the case study research is the “Yet to come”; the hotels analysed in this part still haven’t been constructed, for time or money issues. Tim Pyne’s MHotel in London works on the idea of creating units with container dimensions, which can expand of the double their area to create a more comfortable accommodation, while the future Container Hotel in Detroit will mix sleeping areas featuring rooms, vertical and horizontal connections, with spa-

ces reserved for co-working and art galleries. The aim of this detailed research is to understand which is the current level of today’s “Pop Up Hotel” international scene and which are the main features and the relevant aspects of its facilities. Furthermore, it is incredibly useful to recognize which are the positive and the negative faces of all these different facilities, in other words, what works and what doesn’t, in order to learn from these concrete examples and to go on with the development of this typology of hotels.

4.1 Creative solutions for hotel typology

POP-UP HOTEL REVOLUTION | Chiara Butta | Joseph Di Pasquale | Paola Zatti

4.1 Study cases: settled units Container Hotel Citizen-M Tubohotel

4.1 Creative solutions for hotel typology | Study cases: settled units

POP-UP HOTEL REVOLUTION | Chiara Butta | Joseph Di Pasquale | Paola Zatti

CONTAINER HOTEL

DEVELOPER

Mr. Ryan Loo

LOCATION

Kuala Lumpur [ Malaysia ]

2013

T I M I N G

2 ½ months

350 000€ [22 000€/room]

465 m2

TYPOLOGY

12 containers and 7 concrete tubes

CAPACITY

50 people in 16 rooms

L E V E L S

SERVICES

toilets, bar, common area

ROOM

36€|27€|8€ [ low cost ]

COST

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1. Kyosho Jutaku | by Freeman Michael, Space. Japanese design solutions for compact living, Universe, New York, 2004 Image 1. Container Hotel | © Container Hotel Image 2. Container Hotel lobby | by Paola Zatti Image 3. Container Hotel corridor between drain pipes and container rooms | © Container Hotel

CONVERSATION WITH MR. GAN KIAN FAT T [Container Hotel Operation Manager] by PAOLA ZATTI 01.08.2014 Kuala Lumpur Lately one of the main trends is to build houses with containers. This time they are applied for the hotel typology. Can you talk us about how the owner Mr. Ryan Loo came up with the idea of such an unusual hotel? Mr. Ryan Loo is the Chief Executive of the entire Container Hotel group, which includes also the Capsule Hotel in the International Airport of Kuala Lumpur. His first goal was to create a place where people could share and enjoy their stay thanks to a positive and innovative design. The idea was to create a structure that would have been appreciated not just for its facilities but also as a piece of art itself. This was possible because the concept of using containers for a hotel has never been applied before in Malaysia. He intensively researched about the topic and directed into the project the Japanese principle of Kyosho Jutaku: “Living large on a tiny footprint, by building a nice and compact house utilising only a very small space”.1

How did he manage to obtain a hotel in the heart of Kuala Lumpur? Did he limit the design to the use of containers? The land space that he had available was 5000 square feet, about 465 square meters, in a central position of the city within the “Golden Triangle” of Kuala Lumpur. As the lot was quite tiny for a hotel he decided to use containers for the building structure using all the space available without compromising the comfort of the guests. The containers were not the only recycled element that he used as a room module: he also transformed concrete drain pipes. How did he organize the units in order to arrange them in an intelligent way that maximazed the compressed spaces? The hotel masterplan is therefore combined by the use of 6 container double rooms and 7 pipe rooms on the ground floor, and other 3 container-dormitories on the first floor, with a total built up space of 3500 square feet, 325 square meters. During the design Mr. Ryan Loo noticed that 20 feet container rooms were too long for the size of the lot and would have caused a reduction of the corridor in front of the pipe rooms and the space of the lobby. Therefore he chopped the 40 feet container in three pieces, obtaining rooms about 4

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meters long. The dormitories are obtained by the combination of two of these modules and can host 8 people. The total capacity of the complex is 50 people with 16 rooms. One of the advantages of the use of containers consists in saving up time during the construction on site. How did he cope with this topic? It took two years to get approval from the City Council for this hotel because it was the first container hotel in Malaysia, therefore also the Federal Government didnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t know which references to follow for this kind of construction. When it got approved the project had already been designed entirely, so they started to construct immediately. The entire process took two and a half months from the laying of the foundations to the installation of the containers on site. After the concrete foundation, the concrete pipes and wires had been done on site, the modules were shipped by truck already completed, placed in the land

and attached to the wires, plumbing system and air-con system. The corridors and the rooftop which covers all the lot were assembled on site. Were all the rooms assembled in the factory? The rooms, including the dormitories, were prefabricated in the factory. The pipe rooms, made of precast reinforced concrete, were the only ones that have been done on site. He bought 7 rings, kept them in the factory and then moved them to the site when everything was done. It took two weeks to complete the adventure rooms. How did you ship the modules? The transportation of the container rooms was made by truck from the factory, using 13 trailer trucks in total: 12 for the six rooms and 1 for the staircase. The inauguration was set for 31st July 2013.

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Image 4. Container Hotel construction | by The Birth of Container Hotel https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MMXiPVRto9g

Image 5. Conservative Room entrance | by Paola Zatti Image 6. Adventure Room entrance | by Paola Zatti

Sleeping in the Container double room I felt that the space was well organized, avoiding any waste of space. Can you explain how the Kyosho Jutaku concept was applied to the design of the rooms? The rooms have many space-saving furniture like the foldable table, sliding shelves in the open wardrobe and a double sized bed, which is around 1 foot smaller than the king sized bed. This compressed spaces are conceived for backpackers and young guests in general, who are able to adapt to small spaces without denying quality. They also usually wake up early so they donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t spend much time in the room. I have noticed that there is a difference between the different kinds of rooms. For example, the pipe rooms donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t seam to have a private toilet. Can you describe the main features? The 6 container rooms are called Conservative and are double en-suites. The toilet is a tiny wet

room where sink, wc and shower are disposed in order not to waste any space; it is separated from the room by a sliding door. The 3 container dormitories, called Out Going, are on the upper level, accessible by a staircase, and contain 8 double deck beds as well as 8 lockers. The toilet is pretty much like in the previous ones but in this case the wc is separated from the rest, in order to allow usage at different times. Container rooms are made by the original external metal sheet, and interior insulation layer for noise and heat made of Fiberglass or rockwool with 2 inches thickness. The drain pipe rooms were named Adventure because of their extremely tiny dimensions. For this reason they have external toilets that are to be shared within the 7 rooms. The space underneath the bed is conceived for the suitcases, while the big luggage can be left in the storage under the staircase. I was surprised when I realised that the staircase is a container

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as well. How did Mr. Ryan Loo conceive it? There is a 40 feet container placed in vertical position which contains the staircase: it is the only uncut 40 feet piece. The door of the container is still on the top, opened up and contains the water tank. Under the stairs there is a small space for luggage storage available for the guests. There is no lift because for three levels it is not necessary in Malaysia and also it is not environmental friendly. At the entrance of the hotel there is a container bar. Is it used just by the guests or is it open to the public? The bar is a 20 feet uncut container with another one on top containing a common space with tables. The module is bigger than the rooms because more space was needed for this business. On one side of the container bar at the ground floor the corrugated sheet is cut in two parts in order to make a retractable shutter. So that it can be opened and used

as shelter for rain or sun and then closed when the bar is shut down. This business is separated by the hotel but can be used by guests and public as well. Both containers are kept very raw, the room on the first floor for example is just painted and the floor is in original condition, 10-15 years old. It would be a pity to remove it because it is very durable. Nowadays many backpackers travel alone, so they appreciate to have a friendly environment in the hospitality structures, having the opportunity to meet other people during their stay. I am thinking for example about Australian hostels where you can usually find a lobby, a common area with sofas and a kitchen, Do you have spaces with these features? The Container Hotel has a lobby at the entrance where on few small tables is offered an essential breakfast. There is no common kitchen: the guests can use the bar. There is also a common space on the second floor for the guests use.

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Image 7. Lobby-breakfast area | by Paola Zatti

What is Mr. Ryan Loo position about sustainability and recycling materials? The reuse of containers and drain pipes is the first element that show the desire to use recycled materials instead of building a new structure. Moreover other elements have been recycled. For example, the flooring of the lobby is the wooden foundation of the railway tracks. In Malaysia the wooden railway tracks foundation are being substituted by the concrete ones so Mr. Ryan Loo got them from a constructor that was substituting them. The toilets of the dormitories have a green feature: the water used for the sink is redirected in the top part of the wc where the fresh water is used for the next flush. The recycled materials used in the construction had to meet the requirements from LEED. I have noticed that in my room, the Conservative, the floor close to the sliding door of the toilet was a bit wet. Did you find problems in the separation between the wet room and the room? Is there something else that you would like to improve? The bathroom is always wet and a few times a small quantity of water leaks in the room because we realized that there is no gradient and that specific sliding door gasket may be not enough. The floor is a precast fibreglass board without considering that it needed a gradient for the water to go away. As it was slippery we put a rubber layer on the fibre-

glass board. Another thing that we noticed is the sliding window of the containers: there is a small gap that lets the noise come inside. So we are thinking about adding a rubber that can stop the noise. Which kind of guests do you have? Are they just locals? At the beginning we had many locals, but after two months many backpackers started to arrive. They were mainly from UK, Japan, Australia, Indonesia and Canada. They found out about the hotel through the website. Can you give us a percentage of occupancy? Occupancies depend from the season but generally we have 6070% during week days and 80% in weekends (from Friday to Sunday). During public holidays we reach 100% of the hotel capacity. We started to see the trend after two months from the opening. I payed 40€ for the Container Room. Which is the price for each room? The cost depends on the season but the average is around 36 € per night for the Conservative Room, 27 € for the Adventure and 8 € for the dormitory. How much was the cost for the entire construction? The Container Hotel cost less than 1.5 million Malaysian Ringgit, which is around 350.000 Euro. The containers were bought from

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the shipping Malaysian company or the port: the 20 feet container costs about 6-9000 MYR and the 40 feet 13-16000 MYR. The shipping company can use the container for shipping just from 10 to 15 years, so the container in the hotel were not being used anymore. I found the Container Hotel on the web while doing my research about the use of containers for the hotel typology. How did you make the hotel visible? We became known in Malaysia mainly thanks to bloggers and travel writers. Our guests are young and like to share information of their stay on the web. Container Hotel is very famous in Taiwan because most of the guide books gave a positive fee-

dback about us. We became famous also in the Philippines. Is Mr. Ryan Loo planning to extend the business to other places or countries? The owner wants to have a strong base here in Malaysia first, then after two years of activity, he is planning an extension to south Asia. He doesn’t think just about hotels but he also wants to build the very first container shopping mall (like London’s Box Park) starting from the third year. It wouldn’t be too big, around 10000 square feet. He firstly wants to learn how to work with containers in hotels, understanding the mistakes and problems and trying to improve. They are still on discussion with the Council about this possibility.

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Image 8. Hotel entrance | © Container Hotel Image 9. Rooms corridor | © Container Hotel Image 10. Kuala Lumpur | by Google maps Image 11, 12, 14, 15, 16. Retrace of drawings based on in situ measurements | by Paola Zatti Image 13. Hotel axonometry | © Container Hotel

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petronas towers

KL tower kelab golf

bukit bintang

container hotel

city center

KUALA LUMPUR

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GROUND FLOOR 1:200

FIRST FLOOR 1:200

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HOTEL CROSS-SECTION 1:200

HOTEL ELEVATION 1:200

ADVENTURE ROOMS ELEVATION 1:100

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CONSERVATIVE ROOM

recycled containers (one third of 40 feet) 6 rooms 6,5 m 2 room+1,7 m 2 toilet = 8,5m 2 1-2 people private toilet queen bed around 36 â&#x201A;¬ per night air-conditioning

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CONSERVATIVE ROOM CROSS-SECTION

CONSERVATIVE ROOM PLAN 0

112

0,25

0,5

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Image 17. Conservative Room interiors | ÂŠ Container Hotel Image 18, 19, 22. Retrace of drawings based on in situ measurements | by Paola Zatti Image 20. Conservative Room furniture | by Paola Zatti Image 21. Conservative Room bathroom | ÂŠ Container Hotel

CONSERVATIVE ROOM LONG SECTION

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ADVENTURE ROOM

recycled drain pipes 7 rooms 4,7 m 2 1-2 people exterior common toilet super single bed around 27 â&#x201A;¬ per night air-conditioning

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ADVENTURE ROOM CROSS-SECTION

ADVENTURE ROOM PLAN 0

116

0,25

0,5

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Image 23. Adventure Room interiors | ÂŠ Container Hotel Image 24, 25, 28. Retrace of drawings based on in situ measurements | by Paola Zatti Image 26. Adventure Room bathrooms | by Paola Zatti Image 27. Adventure Room | by Paola Zatti

ADVENTURE ROOM LONG SECTION

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OUTGOING ROOM

2 recycled containers (one third 40 feet) 3 rooms: 2 mixed, 1 female 14,7 m 2 room+2,2 m 2 toilet = 17 m 2 8 people private toilet double deck beds around 8 â&#x201A;¬ per night air-conditioning lockers

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OUTGOING ROOM CROSS-SECTION 1:50

OUTGOING ROOM PLAN 1:50

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Image 29. Outgoing Room interiors | © Container Hotel Image 30, 31, 34. Retrace of drawings based on in situ measurements | by Paola Zatti Image 32. Outgoing Room double deck beds | © Container Hotel Image 33. Outgoing Room bathroom | by Paola Zatti Image 34. Corridor between Conservative Rooms and Adventure Rooms | by Paola Zatti

OUTGOING ROOM LONG SECTION 1:50

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CITIZEN-M

DEVELOPER

Concrete Architectural Associates

LOCATION

2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014| 2013

T I M I N G

12 months

4400 m2 to 7740 m2

TYPOLOGY

Stacked modules

CAPACITY

302 to 460

L E V E L S

5 to 18

SERVICES

ROOM

COST

69€ to 199€ [ luxurious ]

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BUSINESS

126

CITIZEN

CULTURAL

CITIZEN

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F A S H I O N

C I T I Z E N

P A R T Y

C I T I Z E N

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1. © Concrete Architectural Association

TO ALL WHO ARE MOBILE CITIZEN OF THE WORLD, CITIZENM WELCOMES YOU Welcome to a new kind of luxury hotel

Image 1. CitizenM’s facade in Schipol | © Richards Powers Image 2. CitizenM’s citizens | © Richard Powers Image 3. Rooms factory | © Richard Powers Image 4. CitizenM’s billboards in London | © Richard Powers

The true philosophy of the new ducth hotel group named citizenM is “affordable luxury for the people”1. The main concept, in fact, of the brand new line of luxurious hotel is to give the tourists “more for less”, to cut off all of the hidden costs and remove the unnecessary items, so the guests may feel comfortable and “coodled” for an affordable price. The Concrete Architect’s design provides prefabricated rooms which are produced in series in citizenM’s own factory. For this feature, rooms are very easy to transport on site and are quickly stacked on top of a dynamic lobby to create the needed levels. Starting in 2008 with their first hotel in Schipol Airport (Amsterdam), the brand started to notice a good success and decided to expand as much as possible in the following years, with the set goal to reach over 20 hotel.

After the first installation came Amsterdam City, in 2009, then Glasgow the year after, London in 2010, and finally the freshest arrivals: Rotterdam 2013, New York and Paris in 2014. All the hotels have an extremely wide range of services, going from lounge bars and restaurants, gyms, open spaces for art expositions and much more.

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THE ROOM The design focus on the architect’s research and acknowledgment on what do actually travellers need in their hotel room: a great bed and a simple and clean bathroom. The space is equipped with a pad that controls the lights, the shading and cooling system and the TV channels, all in one single device! This item is called the “mood pad”, because it allows guests to choose between six pre-programmed moods (such as “romance”, “business”, “surprise me”, etc.) and other six pre-programmed functional light settings (such as “work”, “shower” and “read”). Furthermore, every guest is provided with a citizenM card that memorizes all the personal settings and reproduces them at the next visit in one of the brand’s hotels. To better understand the functioning and the design of this unique sleeping accommodation, let’s deepen into some of the elements that compose it. THE BED The bed is located in front of the window, which goes top to bottom and wall to wall. Since the sleeping area had to function also as a living room and a “couch” where guests could watch TV or simply chill out during the day, designers chose the largest bed they could fit inside the module: a king size 2.2x2m bed, big enough to lay down in every direction. The piece of furniture is provided with two night tables on the sides, containing shaded laps. 130

Underneath the bed is located a wide drawer for clothes and personal belongings. The modern furniture includes a small desk with sockets to charge whichever mobile device, a LCD screen and a “art screen”, a digital frame which guests can personalise choosing a piece of art. THE BATHROOM The wet room is placed separately in the room, in order to create a private space divided from the night area. It contains a hand shower and a toilet, while the vanity including a make-up mirror, a storage place and a minibar, is kept outside the bathroom. As designers remind: doing your makeup or brushing your teeth is a social action and has nothing to do with going to the toilet. The bathroom is composed by a semi-circular cabin located at the entrance of the room, on the side, and its main fabric is frosted glass, which creates lightness in the inside, but maintains a certain level of privacy. The lights on the ceiling can be set with any colour. THE LIGHTING SYSTEM The variable light sources in the room are many, all adjustable in different ways. They include LED ceiling spots above the day-night area, LED stripes pointing on the shadings of the windows, LED lights on the make-up mirror, RGB LED lights above the translucent ceiling to create a colour atmosphere, and, finally, shaded bed lamps on the night tables.

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Image 5. Room interior | © Richard Powers

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SCHIPOL [Amsterdam] 2 Jan Plezierweg, Schipol Airport Y

2008

6 0 0 0 m2

CAPACITY

384

L E V E L S

ROOM

132

COST

89â&#x201A;¬

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Image 6. CitizenM in Schipol | © Richard Powers Image 7. Entrance | © Richard Powers Image 8. CanteenM | © Richard Powers Image 9. Schipol and Amsterdam | by Google Maps

Image 10, 11, 13. Drawings | © Concrete Architectural Association Image 12. Facade frames | © Richard Powers

CONCEPT The Schipol citizen hotel was the group’s first hotel to open, in the year 2008. CitizenM offers a 230room luxury hotel just a few minutes from the Schipol Airport of Amsterdam. In fact, the distance is a four-minute walk from gate 3 of the airport. Architects also designed a roof construction of steel plates to create a covered walkway, illuminated by PowerLED lamps on the ceiling, which brings from the airport terminal directly to the hotel entrance. The entrance is marked by a red glass box, which leads towards the check in terminals and the common spaces. These follow the same concepts of all the 134

other brand’s hotels, creating a cosy, homely and inviting environment that allows guests to relax after a long journey or simply enjoy the rest of the day. The Food and Beverage area is mostly self-service and it is marked by a 11-meter long cabinet containing refrigerating boxes for drinks, salads and any type of snack. The food area functions as a bar during the night and provides many types of sitting furniture.

POP-UP HOTEL REVOLUTION | Chiara Butta | Joseph Di Pasquale | Paola Zatti

City Centre

citizenM hotel Schipol Airport SCHIPOL

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GROUNDFLOOR

ROOM FLOOR

WEST ELEVATION

136

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SOUTH ELEVATION

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AMSTERDAM

30 Prinses Irenestraat

2009

6 0 0 0 m2

CAPACITY

430

L E V E L S

ROOM

138

COST

89â&#x201A;¬

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CONCEPT For Holland’s historical capital city, architects decided to design a 215-room hotel that offers affordable luxury to the mobile citizens on tour in the beautiful Amsterdam. Its location is at just two minutes’ walk from the lively streets surrounding the World Trade Centre and the RAI Convention Centre, while the historical canals and squares of the centre are just five minutes away by foot. Because of the development of the environment, the whole building is lowered from the ground. In fact, ground floor is 90 cm below street level. The entrance problem is solved with a concrete area in front of the main facade containing two staircases and a ramp for disabled people. The difference of height is also smartly used to create a street level bar in one of the living rooms.

Its physical features recall the other citizenM hotels of the world: the open and dynamic living rooms, the self-service day-night canteens, the art panels on the facade, together with the movement created by the different depth of the steel frames of the windows, and, of course, the luxury prefabricated rooms: 14 sqm of net surface able to guarantee all the comforts of a 5 star hotel. The table in the living room is positioned at the same height of the external pavement, which gives an interesting view of the people walking in the street.

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city centre Van Gogh Museum Vondelpark citizenM hotel RAI center

AMSTERDAM

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141

0 2 10 20 m

beethovenstraat

prinses irenestraat

noord

prinses irenestraat

beethovenstraat 0

142

20 m

noord

GROUNDFLOOR

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GLASGOW

60 Renfrew Street

2010

5 9 1 5 m2

CAPACITY

460

L E V E L S

ROOM

144

COST

69â&#x201A;¬

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CONCEPT The building is located in the city centre and it is the third hotel of the citizenM family. It is finished with natural granite stone which stays in harmony with the context in which it was built. To give more movement to the main facade, the aluminium frames of the rooms change depth (concept that will be repeated in mostly all of the citizenM buildings). Another common feature of citizenM’s hotels is the facade decoration: in many cases at least one part of a storey is covered with a giant text or image. For the Glasgow hotel, designers thought about art itself, and so decided to place on the facade two huge art works, created by a local artist and printed on PVC mesh fabric. Within a few years these artworks will travel to other hotels. As for some physical details, the entrances on ground floor open on the commercial and more public area, which is a double height space. Just like most of the other hotels, the check in desk does not exist, instead you can find the self-check-in terminals

where you can easily complete the procedures. With the purpose of creating a homely environment, the common spaces are divided in areas called living rooms, which can be working areas, dining areas or sitting areas. The canteen, whose heart is a red service bar and beverage area, is mainly self-service. The bar is surrounded on one side by a long bookcase where you can find magazines, newspapers, drinks, sandwiches, sushi, breakfast and so on. The canteen changes at night becoming a bar area, emphasized by the light themes which create a nice ad peaceful atmosphere.

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Kelvingrove Park Kelvingrove Art gallery and Museum

citizenM hotel University of Strathclyde

George Square

GLASGOW

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GROUNDFLOOR

FIRST FLOOR

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ROOM FLOOR

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150

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WEST ELEVATION

SOUTH ELEVATION

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LONDON

20 Lavington Street

2012

5 8 0 0 m2

CAPACITY

396

L E V E L S

ROOM

152

COST

108â&#x201A;¬

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CONCEPT The Hotel in London is located in the upcoming neighbourhood of Southwark, an area traditionally denominated by industrial warehouses. The principal fabric of these buildings was the sand coloured stock brick, which inspired the finishing of the hotel’s facade: concrete panels with brick patterns. The area allowed the building to have two lines of stacked room modules facing each other, which made possible the presence of a courtyard puncturing the entire height of the hotel. On ground floor, the courtyard is designed as an outdoor living room, while on the upper levels it transforms into terraces that can be used for drink or fresh air moments. The common areas are divided in several themes that allow guests to work, socialise, have a drink or simply relax. Furthermore, there are some areas reserved to art. The hotel has two entrances, one towards the check in area (check in procedu-

re takes only 30 seconds!) and one towards the canteen. This particular area of the building is featuring a new food offer, presented in an open kitchen, where guests can pick goods, drinks, breakfast and much more, throughout the whole day. Close to the canteen we find the island bar, the real heart of the building’s open spaces. The space innovation in the London accommodation lays in “societyM”, a business centre located at the first floor. It includes seven creatively designed rooms placed around the courtyard. The idea was to create a space for those guests that citizenM calls “business nomads”, workers who don’t have urgent meetings or convention and who are just willing to work and co-work in a comfortable and peaceful place. The centre opens towards the courtyard so it is possible to take a break in fresh air and socialise with other guests.

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Image 30. CitizenM’s facade in London | © Richard Powers Image 31. Courtyard | © Richard Powers Image 32. Livingrooms | © Richard Powers Image 33. London | by Google Maps Image 34, 35, 36, 37, 38. Retrace of drawings based on © Concrete Architectural Association‘s material

British Museum

Hyde Park

Saint James Park

citizenM hotel

Victoriaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Station

LONDON

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BEDROOM FLOOR

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SOUTH ELEVATION

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CROSS SECTION 1:50

PLAN 1:50

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LONG SECTION 1:50

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ROT TERDAM

50 Gelderse Plein

2013

4 4 0 0 m2

CAPACITY

302

L E V E L S

ROOM

160

COST

69â&#x201A;¬

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CONCEPT CitizenM’s Rotterdam accommodation was the fifth to open, precisely in 2013, one of the youngest with Paris’ and New York’s. It is the first of citizenM’s hotels to be a lease: the development of the building was actually realised by the Rotterdam based Maasstede Group. The hotel is located right next to the Blaak Station, which makes it perfect for a city trip in the Holland city. It counts 151 rooms, stacked on top of each other to create a 5-storey building. On the opposite side of the hotel we find the Binnenrotte Market, one of the biggest markets in the Netherlands. Furthermore, it is part of a bigger complex hosting a commercial space on ground floor and an office wing on the north side. Finally, the hotel structure offers a wonderful view on one of the few remaining historic areas of Rotterdam: De Oude Haven. Again, the facade is decorated with an artwork called “Squeezen sun &

Image 39. CitizenM’s facade in Rotterdam | © Richard Powers Image 40. Room Interior | © Richard Powers Image 41. Billboard in Rotterdam | © Richard Powers Image 42. Rotterdam | by Google Maps

streched ship”, created by artist Gijs Frieling. Just like the other structures of citizenM’s group, the common spaces are divided in themed areas thanks to open cabinets filled with a wide range of objects, including the Vitra design furniture. Some other points in common with the hotel brand are the red-box entrance, the big spiral staircase and the canteenM, featuring an island bar, a semi-open kitchen, refrigerated glass cabinets and very well trained bar tenders!

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Image 43, 44, 45. Drawings | © Concrete Architectural Association Image 46. Spiral staircase | © Richard Powers

citizenM hotel city centre

Blaak Station

ROTTERDAM

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GROUND FLOOR

FIRST FLOOR

BEDROOM FLOOR

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NEW YORK

218 West 50th Street

2014

7 7 4 0 m2

CAPACITY

460

L E V E L S

ROOM

166

COST

199â&#x201A;¬

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Image 47. CitizenM’s entrace in New York | © Richard Powers Image 48. Terrace with Bird Hotel | © Richard Powers Image 49. New York city centre | by Google Maps

CONCEPT Last year citizenM arrived in New York, with an innovative hotel structure counting 230 rooms and 18 levels. The difference with the other buildings of the brand lays in the structure: it is the only citizenM hotel which is not built with prefabricated modules, because of the height and the location. For its central position, designers thought to elevate the rooms two floors up from ground, creating an extremely dynamic ground floor which, combined with the set-back position of the structure, creates a small plaza. This space, together with the bar on the rooftop, is built as a glass volume, with the purpose of distinguishing the social functions in the hotel. Furthermore, a small volume is placed on ground floor, perpendicular to the building and functioning as a small library clearly visible from the sidewalk of the tangent street. The entrance is double-height to ensure that the living room plaza is well connected with the outside space and the internal courtyard. The common area at the entrance functions also as a culturally expressive space that connects locals and foreign guests: all of 168

the functions are contained inside the entrance cabinet, from eating, to working, playing, meeting and so on. All the furniture is filled with design objects, art panels, books, and all that is needed to inspire guests. The public area continues and ends inside the courtyard, which is a green patio closed by brick-finished walls that continue until the canteen. The novelty of one of the newest of citizenM’s structures is the gym, a space characterised by a classical gym floor with sport field stripes all over it and also on the walls. The gym is provided with a small terrace that has a yoga platform and a gymnastic mat. Surely because of the incredible location of the hotel, the bar is located on the rooftop, characterised by a pocket park, an “urban oasis to escape the hustle of the city”, but still offers a spectacular view of New York’s skyline. The theme of the bar is clearly nature along with peacefulness, highlighted by the wooden ceilings, the plants, the picnic tables, the green sofa, a cosy fire place and, of course, a bird hotel on a tree trunk!

POP-UP HOTEL REVOLUTION | Chiara Butta | Joseph Di Pasquale | Paola Zatti

Image 50. concept schemes | © Concrete Architectural Association Image 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56. Drawings | © Concrete Architectural Association

central park

citizenM hotel Times Square Manhattan

NEW YORK

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POSITION ON PLOT

MASS

tower mass POSITION ON PLOT

MASS

The position of the building is determined by a 20’ deep garden in the rear. As a result an entrance plaza is created at the front.

tower mass

VIEW FROM BROADWAY To attract people coming from Broadway an additional lower volume is placed in the open first floor, extends to the street and houses a coffee table.

ROOFTOP

A public program is placed on top. The rooftop bar and a large terrace is placed under the bulkhead, providing 360 degrees views in a pocket parc type of environment.

VIEW FROM BROADWAY To attract people coming from Broadway an additional lower volume is placed in the open first floor, extends to the street and houses a coffee table.

DAYLIGHT LIN

The position of the The daylight line building is determined by a 20’ dictate the top of deep garden in the rear. As and the set-back LINES INVITING aDAYLIGHT result an entrance plaza is FIRST FLOOR The daylight lines By introducing a double height created at the front. dictate the top of the volume transparent first floor the urban and the set-back floors.

life continues into the building and is connected with the garden in the rear.

FRAMES

ART

Window frames are ‘pushed’ out of the main volume to express each individual room.

Large bespoke works of art on the facade and in the interior express the cultural identity of citizenM.

ROOFTOP

A public program is placed on top. The rooftop bar and a large terrace is placed under the bulkhead, providing 360 degrees views in a pocket parc type of environment.

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FRAMES

Window frames of the main volum each individual r

171

CELLAR10m

cellar 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

women restroom men restroom vanity table corridor elevator

3 2

west 50th street

5 A10

STRETCH

9 6

groundfloor

GROUNDFLOOR 5m 10m

1. entrance 2. check-in area 3. living room area 4. iconic sofa 5. bar 6. kitchen & buffet 7. cafe / library 8. terrace 9. elevator 10. canteen M 11. cabinet wall 12. luggage room

west 50th street

open to below

6 1

1 5

7 5

mezzanine 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

balustrade table pick nick table work table mirror frame elevator artwork around core terrace green wall managers office

172

10m

MEZZANINE

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west 50th street

BEDROOM FLOOR 5m

10m

typical bedroom floor 2

elevator rooms corridor linen room

west 50th street

1. 2. 3. 4.

6 3

1 6

GYM 5m

10m

gym floor 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

2 6

gym bird hotel crash mat yoga platform elevator restrooms towel cabinet

3 PIN

west 50th street

RFID

4 5

5 7

CLOUD BAR

cloud bar 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

lounge sofa small sofa bar cabinetwall with fireplace pick nick table

10m

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PARIS

Charles de Gaulle Airport

2014

7 1 8 0 m2

CAPACITY

460

L E V E L S

ROOM

174

COST

79â&#x201A;¬

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Image 57. CitizenM’s in Paris Charles de Gaulle | © Richard Powers Image 58. Interior bar | © Richard Powers

CONCEPT After the recent opening in New York, citizenM opened a new structure in Paris, in June 2014. The location is the Charles de Gaulle airport of Paris, which is only 30 minutes away from the city. The position is strategic because of the proximity of terminal 3, of the RER metro station and of the exhibited Concorde, the world famous supersonic aircraft. The hotel is a perfect home for travelling citizens and guests who have early morning flights from the airport. With its 230 rooms, stacked to form a 6 levels building, it is a perfect and welcoming hotel structure serving both airport and city centre. The entrance of the building is signed with the typical red box entrance and an entire facade covered by an art panel commissioned to artist Julian Opie (who also created an art work for New York’s citizenM hotel). On the facade the cladding consists in black basalt perforated with a series of black aluminium frames: the prefabricated rooms’ windows. The common spaces on ground floor reflect the concept of all the brand’s hotels: they are the social heart of the structure. The glazed windows surrounding ground flo176

or create an open and fully transparent atmosphere. As usual, the space is divided in different living rooms, composed of large floor-to-ceiling cabinets partially opened which allow to create more private spaces keeping the connectivity in the entire common area. All the cabinets are filled with different objects: books, design pieces, accessories, and so on. In specific, the living rooms can be divided in two areas: an intimate space with large sofa and the “French Corner”, a room with furniture made by French designers like Ronan&ErwarnBouroullec, Jean-Luis Domecq and Jean Prouve. The remaining common spaces are dedicated to common working tables, relax areas and the canteen. The CanteenM consists in a large island bar with a large bottle shelf next to the elevator. The style is compliant with the other hotels: open kitchen, partially self-service, shelves full of every good and bar atmosphere during the evening.

POP-UP HOTEL REVOLUTION | Chiara Butta | Joseph Di Pasquale | Paola Zatti

Image 59. Livingroon | © Richard Powers Image 60. Paris and Charles de Gaulle airport | by Google Maps Image 61, 62. Drawings | © Concrete Architectural Association Image 63. Livingroom | © Richard Powers Image 64. Plaza entrance in New York summing CitizenM’s concept | © Richard Powers

citizenM hotel Charles de Gaulle airport

City Centre

PARIS

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P 140

P 190

P 140

P 180

P 90

3 1 5 #3

2 11

10m

GROUNDFLOOR

groundfloor 1. entrance 2. check-in area 3. living room 2area 4. bookcase bench 5. bar 6. kitchen & buffet 7. working area 8. terrace 9. elevator 10. restrooms 11. swing bench

BEDROOM FLOOR

typical bedroom floor 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

elevator rooms corridor linen room ADA room

178

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10m

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TUBOHOTEL

ARCHITECT

T3arc

LOCATION

Tepoztlan, Morelos [ Mexico ]

2010

T I M I N G

3 months

78 000€ [3 250€/room]

220 m2

TYPOLOGY

Concrete drain pipes

CAPACITY

48 people in 24 rooms

L E V E L S

SERVICES

common toilets, swimming pool

ROOM

35€ [ low cost ]

COST

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Image 1. ÂŠ Luis Gordoa

CONCEPT The Tubohotel is located in the Pueblo Magico of the pre-Columbian town of Tepoztlan in the Mexican state of Morelos close to El Tepozteco National Park. The area is about 45 minutes south of Mexico City and is a travel destination not just for the beautiful panoramas but also for the archaeological site El Tepozteco. The site is a small Aztec temple dedicated to the god of the local alcoholic beverage Pulque called Tepoztecatl. It has always been an important stop for pilgrims from far away, even from Guatemala. The Tubohotel comes from the reinterpretation of the concept of hotel made of recycled drain pipes developed by the German pioneer Das Park Hotel. The Mexican architectural firm T3arch used 24 concrete drain pipes with a diameter of 2,44 m and 3,50 m wide. Each module is a room with a queen bed, a spa-

ce underneath the bed for luggage storage, a small desk with a light and a fan. The rooms are closed with a glass and screened by curtains. A more interesting feature in comparison with Das Park Hotel is that Tubohotel is developed on two levels in order to take advantage of the ground floor available. The rooms create a pyramid in a group of three units, therefore the room above is accessible by a metal staircase fixed on the facade. The hotel was built on site after the transportation of the empty drain pipes. In the open space among the units there is also a pool, while common toilets and showers are located in a conventional building close to the rooms. Further difference with its pioneer is represented by the fact that Das Park Hotel rooms were done in the factory and placed on the ground already finished with a crane. Moreover the toilets as well are included in a drain pipe, using the same language.

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Image 2, 3. Tubohotel | by http:// t3arc.blogspot.it

Image 4. Tubohotel | by http:// t3arc.blogspot.it

The rooms are not insulated and the concrete is left very rough.

Image 5. Das Park Hotel | by http://www.dasparkhotel.net

The aim of the hotel is the creation of a very social environment where people can sleep while

meeting new friends during their stay. Its clients are backpackers travelling alone, as well as groups of friends or families. The prices of the rooms are around 35â&#x201A;Ź per night.

Image 6. Tubohotel bathrooms| by http://t3arc. blogspot.it Image 7. Das Park Hotel bathrooms| by http:// www.dasparkhotel. net Image 8. Tepoztlan, Mexico by Google Maps Image 9. Tubohotel Masterplan | ÂŠ T3arc Image 10-13. Retrace of drawings based on given dimensions and pictures

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national park el tepozteco

tepotzlan

tubohotel

TEPOZTLAN, MORELOS [ MEXICO ]

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TUBOHOTEL MASTERPLAN

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190

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TUBOHOTEL ELEVATION 1:100

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ROOMS CROSS-SECTION

ROOMS PLAN 0

192

0,5

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ROOMS LONG SECTION

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194

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4.2 Study cases: nomadic units Snoozebox Sleeping around Sleepbox

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SNOOZEBOX

DEVELOPER

The Manser Practise

LOCATION

Mobile

2011

T I M I N G

48 hours

220 m2

TYPOLOGY

Stacked containers

CAPACITY

8 people/container

L E V E L S

1-2

SERVICES

variable

ROOM

80â&#x201A;¬ [ luxurious ]

COST

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Image 1. Snoozebox installation | by http://elliott-blog.aquanota. com/case-studies/ snooze-box Image 2. 3D view| © The Manser Practice Image 3. Snoozebox installation in Edinburgh | by http://www.snoozebox.com/ Image 4. Open container | © The Manser Practice Image 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10. Drawings for the Silverstone installation | © The Manser Practice

ZZZzzzzzz CONCEPT Snoozebox is a unique portable hotel, which can be built and demounted in a few days, it can literally pop up just anywhere, according to the order. In the last years, it has mostly been used as accommodation for festivals and for sport events as races and gran prixes (Santander British Gran Prix in Silverstone, 2011). It can be easily loaded and transported quickly by road, rail, air or sea. Its single module is a 40 feet shipping container, which is converted in four small double bedrooms, composed by a wet room (WC and shower), an entrance area with a wardrobe, and the night area, provided with a large double bed (2x1,4m); a variant of this unit is the option of having an extra bed located as a bunk on top of the bottom of the double bed. Every container is connected to another container housing hot and cold water (the “motherhood”), to which can be connected a maximum of 80 rooms. To form each dormitory, the compartments are created inside the container just as bathroom pods are made. The material used are cold rolled metal sections, plywood and Farmacell boards, while the insulation is mineral wool for the inside boxes and extruded polystyrene for the external container. The sound insulation is improved thanks to air gaps dividing the boxes. The secret to maintain the best conditions inside the container

is to modify the original shape as less as possible. SnoozeBox acts exactly in this way, limiting the modifications to openings for the four doors, ventilation holes on the opposite side and the brackets necessary for the walkways added on the front. This type of changes don’t weaken significantly the structure of the containers, so they can be stacked to create a multi-floor hotel. It’s interesting to notice that the footprint of the single bedroom is not rectangular, but trapezoid. To allow four double beds to fit in four rooms in only one container, the shape of the beds is not regular: the head ends wider than their foot’s. Each room has all the comforts of a normal hotel room: conditioning, Wi Fi, LCD TV screen and so on. Furthermore, if needed, balconies and meeting areas can be set up, together with a restaurant and a bar container where guests can relax and enjoy meals near their room. This type of portable hotel is quite ideal for events, festival, but also for emergency situations.

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200

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GROUNDFLOOR 1:200

ELEVATION 1:200

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202

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CONTAINER ELEVATION 1:50

CONTAINER PLAN 1:50

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ROOM PLAN 1:20

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ROOM SECTION 1:20

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SLEEPING AROUND

DEVELOPER

Stampaert, Opdebeeck and Wezenbeek

LOCATION

Mobile

2012

400 m2

TYPOLOGY

7 single 20 feet container units

CAPACITY

8 people

L E V E L S

SERVICES

lounge and sauna containers

ROOM

199â&#x201A;¬ [ luxurious ]

COST

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Image 1, Sleeping Around room | © Frederik Herregods Image 2. Sleeping Around room | © Frederik Vercruyssen Image 3. Sleeping Around factory | © Frederik Herregods

CONCEPT Flexibility, comfort and innovation are the key words of Sleeping Around concept. This hotel is thought for people who want to experience their stay in foreign cities in a new way without compromising comfort and quality. The recent Belgian brand developed this Pop Up Hotel concept following the new tourism trends that seek for unexpected and ready-made answers. Sleeping Around, believing in green and responsible use of recycled materials, imagined to transform containers into their hotel project. Lately many containers are used for residence purpose, much less for hospita-

lity purposes. They transformed a problem of the Belgian harbour into a resource: there are too many Chinese sea containers used worldwide and then abandoned in the port of Antwerp after 10/15 years of usage because there is no advantage in sending them back empty. Therefore they gave them a new destination of use transforming them in mobile hotel rooms. Even keeping their rough appearance the containers are equipped with every comfort resembling a conventional luxurious hotel. The rooms are 20 feet containers and include a comfortable bed, high-quality sanitary facilities with rain shower, iPod docking station and air conditioning. The cost for one night in a container is 199€, reflecting the luxurious ambitions. Each cluster of hotel rooms has 7 containers, where two of them are the breakfast/lounge container and the sauna one.

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LOCATIONS Sleeping Around is a village of 7 single 20 feet containers occupying a lot of land of around 400 m2, generally looking over a fabulous view. The complex has to be supplied with drinking water and electricity on site. However they have a system that takes care of their waste and water treatment. The containers are transported by truck to one destination to another.

20.09.12 | Villa Van Thilt | Eilandje, Antwerp Its first temporary location was during TV show Villa Vanthilt. Marcel offered free accommodation in his Villa to competition winners. The first visitors to the MAS Museum and the yacht harbour were thereby treated to an overnight stay in the very heart of the city courtesy of the pop-up hotel.

20.11.12 - 28.11.12 | Interior design fair | Kortrijk, Antwerp Sleeping Around took root at a spectacular location for the Interieur Extra trade fair in Kortrijk. BUDA island â&#x20AC;&#x201C; or more specifically BUDA beach on the banks of the river Lys â&#x20AC;&#x201C; provided the ideal backdrop for 4 double rooms and 1 breakfast container. Members of the press and visitors to Interieur were able to book accommodation in a container room all week long. Major sponsors were also given the opportunity to organise original events for their clients and stakeholders at the pop-up hotel, ranging from press events to receptions.

17.11.12 - 05.01.13 | Scheldt river bank, Antwerp Then it was located on the Scheldt river bank opposite Waagnatie at Rijnkaai 150 in Antwerp, offering stunning views of the Scheldt, the left Bank and the port.

current location | Kastanjedreef, Antwerp Now located at the Pop-Up Restaurant Glow From Wout Bru on the left bank of the river.

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TYPES OF CONTAINERS Driving up to the container there is a first blue container on the right hand with clean, fresh water sipping out of it. Starting from this water treatment container to the left there are four white containers (the sleeping rooms), the next one is the blue lounge bar. At the right end of the village appears a wellness container.

Image 4. Sleeping Around village | © Sleeping Around Image 5,6. Sleeping Around room | © Frederik Vercruyssen

container 1 - water treat. container 2, 3, 4 - room container 5 - lounge bar

Image 7. Sleeping Around on the river bank | © Wanda Detemmerman

container 6 - room container 7 - wellness

Image 8. Lounge Bar | © Frederik Herregods

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SLEEPBOX

ARCHITECT

Arch Group

LOCATION

Mobile for interiors

2009

PRODUCTION

2 months

DELIVERY

2-4 weeks

7000€ /unit

1,2 m2/box

TYPOLOGY

Capsules for interiors

C A PA C I T Y

1-2 people/box

L E V E L S

SERVICES

use of location services

ROOM COST

15€ /hour [ luxurious ]

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CONCEPT Sleepbox is a sleeping capsule producer based in Moscow. It is a leading company that proposed a new concept for travellers who need to rest in public spaces. Sleepbox units are small accommodations that include essentially one bed (or more) and a few more facilities. Sometimes happens that travellers or workers travelling to a new city may need to take a break or to wait for a transport connection. Sleepbox helps them providing an innovative solution for taking a nap, rather than sleeping in public, which rises privacy, security and hygiene issues. The units have a contemporary design giving a luxurious experience to the customers and providing simple but high quality comfort features. The aim of the project is to provide better urban infrastructures, allowing to escape from the crowd without the need of loosing time in search of a hotel far away. The units can be installed for interiors but also for external spaces, and can be purchased for a public space or a private as well. The first Sleepbox Hostel made just of these units opened in Moscow in 2013.

INSTALLATION The delivery can take from 2 to 4 weeks depending on the destination, while the production is about 2 months. The installation of the units is followed by qualified specialists able to assemble them on deli216

very. However 4 additional local workers are needed. Before installation regulations must be verified with the installation place, such as airport or train station authorities. Sleepbox can be applied for interiors as well as for exteriors, however these are special units modified upon request.

COST Sleepbox can be ordered in large orders at the starting price of 7000€ per unit. In addition it has to be calculated the shipping cost that depends on the country, however it can be defined that the price would increase on 10-20%. The industry manufacturing facilities, located in Moscow, guarantee that it is cheaper to have the units delivered rather than starting a local production close to the final destination.

APPLICATIONS RIORS

FOR

INTE-

Airports Hospitals Offices Capsule Hotels Arenas Universities Conferences Railways

POP-UP HOTEL REVOLUTION | Chiara Butta | Joseph Di Pasquale | Paola Zatti

Image 1. Sleepbox twin room | © Arch Group Image 2-15. Drawings and renderings of the units | © Arch Group Image 16. Sleepbox twin room | © Arch Group

UNIT STANDARD FEATURES Eight-piece soundproof body 2 windows (3 in triple unit) Door with mechanical lock and 3 keys Sleeping space with mattress for each person nightstand with lockable draws Flip-out table above the bed (n/a on triple unit) wall mounted mirror Main illumination lamps + reading lamps Bedside mains sockets Electric powered roller blinds on the windows horizontal hanger for clothing Clothing hooks Luggage space under the bottom bed Durable floor carpet Exhaust fan in the roof Air inlets under the bottom bed 2 hatches for electrical connections (roof and floor) Adjustable height legs + additional extras can be purchased

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STANDARD ROOM

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POP-UP HOTEL REVOLUTION | Chiara Butta | Joseph Di Pasquale | Paola Zatti

SINGLE ROOM

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TWIN ROOM

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DOUBLE ROOM

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DISABLED UNIT

STANDARD FLOOR PLAN

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SLEEPBOX HOTEL MOSCOW [ RUSSIA] 2013

Image 17. Sleepbox Hotel | © Arch Group

Single Sleepbox

Double Room

Compact capsule room with LED television, single bed, ventilation and place for luggage and belongings. The price starts from 64€ . Individual bathrooms are available on each floor. Complementary facilities are high speed Wi-Fi, lockers, iPads at the information desk, self-catering laundry.

Cosy attic standard room with en-suite private bathroom with transparent ceiling. They have a queen size bed or 2 twin beds, LED television, big mirror and air conditioning. The cost starts from 94€.

Twin Sleepbox Combines functionality and comfort. The wooden capsule room contains 2 single beds. Automatic blinds, noise insulation, comfortable beds. The cost of the room is from 58€. They share the same facilities with the single rooms.

Family Room The room is available for up to four people. It contains a working table, a wardrobe, and a private bathroom. Big kingsize bed and another queen size bed under the ceiling The cost of a room starts from 110€.

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Image 18. Twin room interiors| © Arch Group Image 19. Sleepbox Hotel | © Arch Group

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4.3 Study cases: yet to come M-Hotel Detroit Container Hotel

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M-HOTEL

ARCHITECT

Tim Pyne

LOCATION

London

2008

500 m2

TYPOLOGY

stacked modules

C A PA C I T Y

2-4 people/apartment box

L E V E L S

SERVICES

none

ROOM COST

[ luxurious ]

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CONCEPT The M-hotel accommodation is more like a residence composed of many apartments than a hotel itself. Its purpose is to give a comfortable house to travellers who, for some reasons, need to stay in London for a couple of months. The project dates 2008, but works have not started yet. The modules are produced in shipping container dimensions which need a steel frame structural support for the stacking process. The whole structure is meant to be movable, and the single modules reused for any eventuality (emergency, student housing and so on). The exterior facade is thought to be dynamic and it offers different kind of finishing, from stainless steel to a digitally printed film designed to suit individual branding requirements. The single units are constructed out of steel and deal with rigo-

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rous tests to meet all the ISO requirements and those for shipping. The particularity of these units is that they are self-contained structures, even for what concerns heating and cooling, so once lifted into place, they simply plug into services. M-Hotel produces two sizes: the 250S sq ft (23,22 mq) and the 500 sq ft (46,44 mq). The 250S ft unit has a variant named 250, which is a proper hotel room, while the other two (250S and 500) are classifiable as apartments. All of the units are transported with the Intermodal system of transportation, thanks to the shrinking system that turns the units to half of their normal size, becoming in this way standard containers. In other terms, transportation results very easy and cheap, and the transformation of the units takes approximately a 3 man-days work.

POP-UP HOTEL REVOLUTION | Chiara Butta | Joseph Di Pasquale | Paola Zatti

Image 1. 3D view | ÂŠ Tim Pyne Image 2. Possible facades | ÂŠ Atelier One

Image 3. 3D plan | ÂŠ Tim Pyne Image 4. Living room | ÂŠ Tim Pyne

The 250 unit is transported as a single 20 foot container and is provided with a luxurious bathroom, a king side bed and a wide living area furnished with a desk and a small relax area. The whole unit is fully air-conditioned.

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Image 5. 3D plan | ÂŠ Tim Pyne Image 6. Bedroom | ÂŠ Tim Pyne

The 250S unit is also transported as a single 20 feet container, but it is structured to function more as a small apartment. The unit includes a luxurious bathroom, a king size bed and a living area which disposes of a dining space, a kitchenette and a small relax area. The space is organised ingeniously to appear much larger than the its actual size.

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Image 7. 3D plan | ÂŠ Tim Pyne Image 8. Living room | ÂŠ Tim Pyne

The 500 unit is the largest of the M-Hotel units and it is designed to function as a short-long stay apartment. It is transported as two single containers and doubles its size once brought to the site. The space includes a luxurious bathroom, a double room with a king size bed, a small kitchen with a dining area, a living room furnished with sofas giving two extra temporary places to sleep, a small office room and a tripartite corridor, offering extra space for cabinets, sitting areas and so on.

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DETROIT CONTAINER HOTEL

ARCHITECT

Koop Architecture + media

LOCATION

Detroit

2011

400 m2

TYPOLOGY

stacked containers

C A PA C I T Y

L E V E L S

SERVICES

co-working, events, galleries

ROOM COST

[ low cost ]

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CONCEPT

Collision Works is a Detroit community that mainly works in a no-profit direction. Their last project is a hotel made of shipping containers. The accommodation area will be part of a bigger structure, still composed of containers, which includes co-working spaces, exhibitions and event spaces. Unfortunately, works are now stationary because the funds collected until now have not reached the set amount, necessary for the hotel’s build up. This project of the community is based on a hybrid profit/no profit mixed-use model and designed for complete sustainability. Just three blocks away from the

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future hotel area, Collision Works decided to place a 8x40 feet container. This parallel project was called “First Container”, and its purpose was to create a first approach between citizens (users) and container facilities. Inside the container was prepared a Wi Fi area functioning as a meeting place with a different theme every time: Art, History, Food, Kids, and so on. In this way people could start having confidence with “pre-fabricated spaces”, learning and, in the meanwhile, getting to know all about Collision Works and their hotel project and, why not, contribute to the initiative.

POP-UP HOTEL REVOLUTION | Chiara Butta | Joseph Di Pasquale | Paola Zatti

Image 1. 3D view | by http:// koop.am/DHP Image 2. Functional scheme | by http://koop.am/ DHP

Image 3. First container | by http://koop.am/DHP Image 4. First container | by http://koop.am/DHP

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POP

HOTEL

MILAN

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Image 1. ticket of the 1906 exposition in Milan | by http://www.panorama.it Image 2. EXPO 2015 logo |by http://www. expo2015.org/

5.1 EXPO 2015 Since its naissance, the Universal Exposition left a great mark in every city it was hosted. From the first in London, year 1851, the exhibition had the power to influence numerous aspect of our society, like arts, education, commerce and international relationships. Furthermore, many examples of cities which hosted the event now feature buildings that have become symbols of the city itself, for example Paris with the majestic Tour Eiffel, or London’s Crystal Palace (destroyed by a fire accident in 1937). The principal attraction of these events are the pavilions of the different countries and the thematic pavilions, powered by the organization. According to the latest rules for World Exhibitions, an EXPO is characterized by:

For this year’s EXPO in Milan, opened from the 1st May 2015 until the 31st October 2015, the expectations are high. The operators will be: 130 countries, 60 Corporate Participants and 10 World Organizations. At a urban and regional level, the total investment is about 11,8 billion euros, while for the site of the exhibition 1,7 billion euros; the economic benefits estimated for the territory are around 37 billion euros.

- a 5 year frequency - a maximum duration of months

- the buildings of pavilions of each country - a general theme for all the exhibitions 240

POP-UP HOTEL REVOLUTION | Chiara Butta | Joseph Di Pasquale | Paola Zatti

Image 3. Expo Numbers | by Ansa Centimetri Symbols: people | © Reza Mostmand world |© Pablo Bravo bed | © Christopher T. Howlett

Image 4. 3D view of masterplan | by http://www. stefanoboeriarchitetti.net

21 mln the visitors expected 6-7 million foreigners [1 million from China]

110 ha

1,1 mln of m2

145 the countries that joined

150’000 day-beds needed in Milan 87’105 day-beds offered by Milan more than 60’000 day-beds missing!

CITIES INVOLVED WITH THE EVENT Milano

Roma

Napoli

Venezia

Torino

Firenze

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The theme Milan chose for its second EXPO (the first was in 1906) is “Feeding the planet, Energy for life”, so the main topics of the event will be on the problems of nutrition and on the resources of our planet. The main and final purpose is to create a major debate on nutrition and food, and on how our choices of today will infect the generations of tomorrow on this theme. Everything that concerns EXPO2015 will spin around this incredibly important topic, from the expositions, to the sub-themes, the Clusters, to the architecture itself of the fair and of the new buildings and open spaces in the city. This is why the whole area is in complete harmony with nature, to stick with the main theme of the event. In the pavilions, every country will have its own space to expand the theme in the way and with the facilities they want. Because of its food culture, of which Milan is the main representative, Italy aims at the revival of the brand (the “Made in Italy”) and gain positions in the CBI1 rank, in which the country lost many positions during the last years. The EXPO area will be located in the north-west part of the city, right next to the new faire of Rho-Pero. The two areas will be connected by a footbridge, as well as for the new Cascina Merlata residencial-commercial area. The location measures complexly 1,1 million sqm and 110 ha. The main plan is composed by two perpendicular axes, the Cardo and the Decumano. The events will be thousands in the six months periods, some of 242

them may actually be out of the city of Milan and maybe even out of the region. Another aim for the event is to stimulate the use of public transports, so the site has been strategically located in order to be accessible on different fronts and ways: regional trains, high speed trains, subway, buses, private cars and taxis.

POP-UP HOTEL REVOLUTION | Chiara Butta | Joseph Di Pasquale | Paola Zatti

1. CBI is a preeminent global study of country brands. It’s the measurement and ranking of global perceptions around the world’s nations from their cultures, to their industries, to their economic vitality and public policy initiatives

Image 5,6. Italian food flag, presented at the International Food Festival of Sidney 2015, and Expo coffee cup | by http://www.repubblica.it/

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The Masterplan includes:

- the pavilions of the countries participating along the Decumano (long axis) - the pavilions of the regions along the Cardo (short axis) - a central axis, composed of a boulevard and a water channel connecting two artificial lakes - thematic pavilions - one amphitheatre - one auditorium - one open space for shows - children’s areas - green areas - event areas ( over 50000 sqm) - commercial areas (over30000 sqm) - exhibition spaces for participants (200000 sqm) - services for visitors (over 20000 sqm) - accommodations for participants – Staff Village, Expo Village2

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2. h t t p : / / w w w. expo2015.org

Image 7. Expo’s and Italy’s flag with the Duomo in the background | http://www.archello. com/ Image 8. Expo2015 Masterplan and renders | by http://www. expo2015.org

8 5.1 Pop Up Hotel in Milan |

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5.2 TOURISM MARKET ANALYSIS RELATING TO MILAN’S HOTEL OFFER We suggest an analysis of the main data concerning tourism (arrivals, presences, capacity of the structures, percentages and so on) starting from a small introduction which concentrates on Europe’s general position in world tourism, and concluding more specifically with Italy’s and Milan’s situation. The data refers mostly to 2013’s annual reports and, in some cases, to the first semester and trimester of 2014. EUROPE Internationally speaking, in 2013, like the years before, international tourism had an interesting growth, forgetting once and for all 2009’s decrease. International tourists arrived at 1,087 million, increasing in 5% compared to the year before, according to United Nations World Tourism Organization. In 2013 Europe is once again classified as first international

5% Africa

tourist attractor, with 563,8 million visitors, followed by Asia (248,7 mln), North and South America (16,2 mln), Africa (55,9 mln), and Middle East ( 50,8 mln). Furthermore, the first four months of 2014 demonstrated a 8% increase of arrivals in North and South Europe. ITALY Let’s now analyse where Italy is located in the many rankings regarding international and national tourism. According to UNWTO3 Tourism Barometer, Italy is in 5th position in the arrivals classification (after France, USA, Spain and China) and 6th in the revenue classification. Despite its low position in 2012-2013 CBI rankings, Italy maintains its absolute primacy in tourism, because it is the first destination in the world in which a tourist declares he wishes to go, the first for “Food and Wine” tradition and 5% Middle East

15% America

52% Europe

23% Asia and Pacific

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3. World Tourism Organization

Image 9. Pie chart of international tourist attractors | data by http:// www.enit.it/

Image 10. Table of principal destinations of international tourism | by http://www.enit.it/

historical-artistic heritage and, finally, the third in shopping, after France and USA. According to the CBI index, our country excels

in tourism, culture and population, but loses points when speaking of attraction for new workers and “young talents”.

Image 11. Table of Top Country Brands | by Italian Corporate Annual Report 2012-13 Principal destinations of international tourism International arrivals (million) Incomes (miliards of US$) Ranking

Country

2012

2013

var. %

Country

2012

2013

126,2 56,3 53,6 50

139,6 60,4 56,1 51,7

var. % loacal value 10,6 3,9 1,3 3,3

1 2 3 4

France USA Spain China

83 66,7 57,5 57,7

n.d 69,8 60,7 55,7

n.d 4,7 5,6 -3,5

USA Spain France China

Italy

46,4

47,7

2,9

Macao (China)

43,7

51,6

18,1

6 7

Turckey Germany

35,7 30,4

37,8 31,5

5,9 3,7

Italy Thailand

41,2 33,8

43,9 42,1

3,1 23,1

United Kindom

29,3

31,2

6,4

Germany

38,1

41,2

4,5

Russia

25,7

28,4

10,2

United Kindom

36,2

40,6

13,2

Thailand

22,4

26,5

18,8

Hong Kong (China)

33,1

38,9

17,7

2012-13 Top Country Brands

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Outputs of foreign visitors – historic series Outputs of foreign visitors – historic series Incomes Variation Incomes Year (millions Variation % Year (millions of euros) % 2008 31.090 -0,1of euros) -0,1 2009 28.856 2008 -7,2 31.090 2009 28.856 -7,2 2010 29.257 1,4 1,4 2011 30.891 2010 5,6 29.257 2011 30.891 5,6 2012 32.056 3,8 2012 32.056 3,8 2013 33.064 3,1 2013 33.064 3,1 jan-apr 7.931jan-apr 5,3 2014 7.931 5,3 2014

2008 € 93,67

Image 12. Table of outputs of foreign visitors in Italy | by by http://www. enit.it Image 13. Table of daily expenditure per capita of foreign visitors | by http://www.enit.it

Daily expenditure per capita of foreign visitors Daily expenditure per capita of foreign visitors 2009 2008 2010 2009 20112010 20122011 2013 2012 € 91,76 € 93,87 € 94,38 € 97,78 € 102,77 € 93,67 € 91,76 € 93,87 € 94,38 € 97,78

Istat data show that 2013 brought an increase of international arrivals which where around 50,2 million, 3,1% more compared to 2012, a number which actually continued to increase in the first four months of 2014, with a +3,6% in arrivals and a +3,4% in presences.4 As shown in the tables from Istat, arrivals and presences have constantly increased until reaching really high values in 2013, and also 2014 seems to have a great start. In addition, the most interested areas are the cities with historical and artistic heritage, followed by marine resorts. One of the last monitoring (summer 2014) shows that 59,7% of Tour Operators in Italy upgraded their sales, 29,6% declared they stayed steady, while only 10,7% claims the decreased compared to the year before. In Europe the Operators which registered an increase or a stabi250

4. arrivals: number of clients, Italians and foreigners, hosted in the structures | presences: number of nights spent by clients in the structures

lity in sales concerning Italy are: Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Netherlands, UK, France, Spain and Portugal, Scandinavia, and some of East Europe. In the rest of the world, the positive sales are from North and South America, Asia and Australia. Let’s have a look now at the incomes stated from the outgoings of foreigners in Italy. In 2013, visitors have brought in total 33,064 million of euros, with a calculated 3,1% increase compared to 2012, which, in other terms, means the average daily outgo of a tourist in Italy is now around 102,77 euros. The total outgo of foreigners in Italy in January 2014 is 1.782 million euros (+9% compared to January 2013).

POP-UP HOTEL REVOLUTION | Chiara Butta | Joseph Di Pasquale | Paola Zatti

Image 14. 2013 Scheme of the most wanted italian desti€ 102,77 nations Image 15. Pie chart of the tourist presences in Italy | data by by http:// www.enit.it

M O S T WA N T E D D E S T I N AT I O N S

cities with cultural and historic heritage

1st

seaside locations

lake resorts

2nd 3rd 24% seaside 33% heritage cities

13% lake resorts

11% others 3% termal locations

11% mountain resorts 5% hill locations

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5. by Italian Corporate Annual Report 2012-13

Image 16. Charts of capacity of tourist accomodation establishments in Italy | by http://www. ontit.it Image 17. Table of room occupation per typology | by http://www.ontit.it

One last point concerning Italyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s general tourism is its hospitality sector. In the whole country exist 157.228 hospitality structure between hotels and complementary structures, which include camping, villages, rented apartments, farm structures, hostels, vacations homes, alpine huts, bed and breakfasts, and others. In total, the capacity of each of these structures summed up together arrives at a total of 4.762.601 beds. ONTIT researches also concen-

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trated on which are the structures that attract mostly tourists. In the hotels, an average of 47,5% of the rooms were rented during 2013, with a +3,5% compared to 2012. In this class of hospitality, 5 stars hotels (with 58,3% of rooms rented) and 4 stars hotel (with 54,9% of rooms rented) are the most selected from visitors. In complementary structures, after a low income first semester, the final balance of the year was in line with 2012â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s.

POP-UP HOTEL REVOLUTION | Chiara Butta | Joseph Di Pasquale | Paola Zatti

T h e

R e a d e r s ’

T r a v e l

A w a r d s

2 0 1 2

“What is it about Italy that most captures your imagination? Well, you say it has the best climate of any country in the world, and also the finest restaurants and the friendliest people. And if that isn’t enough, you also think it deserves top marks for culture. All of which cemented its position as your favorite country in this year’s R e a d e r ’ s Tr a v e l A w a r d s . ” 5

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MAGAZINE AWARDS 2012

TRAVEL + LEISURE C o n f i r m s I ta ly a s 1st i n E u r o p e a n r a nking a n d i n t h e ca teg o r y “ B e s t H oneym o o n De s t i na tio n”

C O ND E ’ NA S T T R AV E LE R “Reade r ’ s Tr a v e l l e r s A w a r d” f ir s t i n f a v o u r i t e cou n t r y r a n k i n g

LONLEY PLANET MAGAZINE “ B e s t d e s t i n atio n f o r f o o d a n d dr ink”

NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC TRAVELER “ Wo r l d Be s t C u l t u r e D e s t in a t i o n”

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W W W. TRAVE L .RU “z v e z da tr a vel.r u” p r iz e f a v o r i t e r ussia n to u r i s m destina tio n

TRAVEL AGE WEST “Destination with t h e h i gh e s t s a t i s f a c t i o n o f e u r o pe an tourists”

BRIDES “ Mo st Req uested H o neym o o n De stina tio n “

LIFE STYLE MEDIA GROUP “ Be s t D e s t i n at i o n f o r i n D e pt h LEISURE GROUP TRAVEL

To u r ”

P l a tinum Awa r d

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Image 18. Table of average prize of double room | by http://www.ontit.it

MILAN In 2013 hospitality structures in the city of Milan grew of the 8.55% (787 structures , compared to 725 of 2012). The higher increase concerns the complementary structures, which extended of the 20,49% (341 structures against 283 of 2012), while the hotel sector remained more or less unchanged (446 structures, compared to 442 of the year before). The new structures to open in the complementary sections are 37 (mostly rooms to rent or holiday apartments); furthermore, hostels grew from 8 to 11. In the surrounding districts of the city, we find an increase of the 10,05% of the structures (in one year from 438 to 398 structures). The complementary sector confirms its increase going from 204 to 240 structures (17,15%), while hotels grew from 194 in 2012 to 198. If we sum the data coming from the city and the surroundings in 2013, the total number of hospitality structures results 1225, with an increase of the 8,5% compared to the year before. The hotels count 644 structure (+1,09% than 2012), while the complementary sector counts 581 structures (+18,08% than 2012). To see the numbers in a different way, basically Milan and its sur256

roundings has 43568 bedrooms, meaning 87105 beds. Hotels are the 52,58% of total hospitality structures, while complementary ones are the 47,42%. Analysing more deeply the two main sectors of hospitality, we can better define the specific percentages. HOTEL STRUCTURES: 5 stars – 3,10% 4 stars – 32,76% 3 stars – 29,65% 2 stars – 12,57% 1 star – 12,88% residences – 9% COMPLEMENTARY RES

STRUCTU-

Bed and Breakfast – 47,5% rooms to rent and CAV (nota) – 41,65% holiday houses – 8,77% hostel – 1,89%

POP-UP HOTEL REVOLUTION | Chiara Butta | Joseph Di Pasquale | Paola Zatti

Image 19. Tables of accomodation capacity of the city of Milan | http:// www.visitamilano.it/ turismo/operatori/ Osservatorio_del_turismo Image 20. Tables of accomodation capacity of Milanâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s districts | ht t p : / / w w w. v i s i tamilano.it/turismo/ operatori/Osservatorio_del_turismo

For what concerns the fluxes of tourists, Milan and surroundings registered a total of 6299854 arrivals and 13573602 presences, with a really slight increase for the arrivals (+1,7%) and an 8,20% growth for the presences compared to 2012. The light flexion of arrivals of the first semester was exceeded during the second semester, from June to December. Comparing the city of Milan and the surrounding districts, the city confirms its primacy for both arrivals (74,79% against 25, 21%) and presences (73,10% against 26,90%). In fact, in the districts arrivals lowered of 4,87%, while presences increased of 6,23%, while the city registered a growth

both in arrivals and presences (respectively 4,55% and 8,94%). The researchers also elaborated the numbers of the arrivals and presences of Italian tourists and foreign tourists. The total arrivals from Italy in 2013 were 2853087, while presences were 6189933. The tourists arriving from Italy come mostly from Lombardia, Lazio, Veneto and Emilia-Romagna, in this order. On the other hand, the total of arrivals for the rest of the world, always in 2013, were 3446767, while presences were up to 7383669. The foreign tourist come mostly from Russia, followed by United States of America, China and France.

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Image 21. Table of Milan and districts tourist flows | http://www.visitamilano.it/turismo/ operatori/Osservatorio_del_turismo Image 22. Tables of the city of Milanâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s tourist flows | http://www.visitamilano.it/turismo/ operatori/Osservatorio_del_turismo Image 23 Table of the districtsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; tourist flows | http:// www.visitamilano.it/ turismo/operatori/ Osservatorio_del_turismo

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Finally, it’s interesting to notice which type of structures do tourists prefer. HOTEL STRUCTURES:

COMPLEMENTARY RES

STRUCTU-

5 stars – 5,10%

Bed and Breakfast – 10,28%

4 stars – 63,65%

rooms to rent and CAV (nota) – 32,95%

3 stars – 22,87% holiday houses – 10,96% 2 stars – 3,20% hostel – 36,88% 1 star – 2,40% camping – 8,93% residences – 2,78%

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THE NUMBERS OF EXPO Expo2015 will be a very big attractor for tourists from all around the world, so it’s important to analyse also the “numbers” that concern the exhibition. For the event is estimated a number of visitors equal to 20 million, among which 6/7 million will be coming from out of Italy (1 million from China). Italians will be the 70% of the total of visitors, so basically 1 Italian citizen out of 4 will take part at Expo2015. The visiting period are different according to the nationality of visitors. It’s estimated that the 80% of Italians will visit Expo in May-June and September-October, while the 46% of the European and the 56% of extra-European will visit Expo during the summer months, mostly July and August. With an average of 1,6 number of entries for person, the total of entrances is estimated to be 24 million6. Every day the exhibition will attract 160000 visitors, 250000 in the top days. But where will the visitors stay? If we consider that the visitors

that will need a place to stay will be around 11 million and that their average stay is calculated to be 2,5 days, they will generate an accommodation request equal to 27,5 million, in other terms, 150’000 day-beds. Milan and its districts offer 87’105 beds in total, thus it will not be able to host all the visitors in its structures. The city will need to “ask for help” to the next door territories which remain at a maximum distance of three hours from Milan. In the radius of 90 minutes of journey from the city there are 500’000 day-beds, in which visitors will have to stay during the event period. Let’s just think about the fact that in a radius of 10 km from the Expo area, the hospitality structures are around 300, while the whole area of Milan and its districts counts 1225 hotels and complementary structures. The visitors will surely need to count on the hospitalities out of the city to find accommodation and visit the Expo2015.

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POP-UP HOTEL REVOLUTION | Chiara Butta | Joseph Di Pasquale | Paola Zatti

6. Data from “Expo 2015 e turismo: un’occasione unica per la destinazione Italia” by Magda A. Corigliano; the analysis of the tourist flows has been reviewed because of the persistent economic crysis. According to the 2007 analysis, Expo would have attracted 21 million visitors with a total of 29 million entrances in the exposition site.

Image 24. Render of the Cascina Merlata residential project | by h t t p : / / w w w. c a s c i na-merlata.it

Image 25. Expo Lisboa ‘98 Gare do Oriente by Calatrava | by www.milanexpotours.com

5.3 LEARNING FROM THE PAST

Image 26. Chinese Pavillion in Shanghai http://wikipedia.org Image 27. Abandoned monorail cars from the Seville ’92 Expo | by https:// simotron.wordpress. com Image 28. Faliro Olympic Beach Volleyball Centre in Athens | by https://www.today.com Image 29. Beijing Olympic Stadium “Birds-nest” by Herzog & de Meuron | by http://www.deathandtaxesmag.com

E X P O 1 9

L I S B O A 9 8

S E V I L L A 9 2

The Expo site called La isla de la Cartuja was left to become a derelict space after the conclusion of the event. The site is still in a condition of abandonment and decay that is visible just walking through the empty pavilions, example of futuristic architecture.

The post Expo didn’t leave an abandoned area. Every building had been sold before the beginning of the event to avoid the Sevilla ‘92 experience. The Expo gave the opportunity to give back to the city an area along the river Tago which is now widely visited by tourists.

O LY M P I C A T H 2 0

G A M E S N S 0 4

240 millions Euros were spent for Olympic venues, which are now completely abandoned and in state of decay.

E X P O S H A N G H A I 2 0 1 0

O LY M P I C G A M E S B E I J I NG 2 0 0 8

The former 2010 Shanghai World Expo site designed by Schmidt Hammer Lassen, will become the Green Valley project centred around a spine of parks, gardens and vegetation. The event was catalyst for tourism bringing investments for the city.

With 32 billion Euros spent Beijing Olympic Games were the most expensive games ever. Now the Olympic Stadium designed by Herzog & De Meuron and other venues are abandoned.

5.3 Pop Up Hotel in Milan | Learning from the past

261

It is indispensable to consider the legacy of EXPO structures and their impact on the cities right after the event. There are different examples that demonstrate the importance of this topic such as the abandoned futuristic pavillions of Sevillaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Expo held in 1992. Even in Greece for Athens 2004 the stadium and other venues have been used just during the event and then left empty till now. A clear example of bad managing of structures for big events can be found also in Milan In fact the Hotel Mundial, located in the Parco Agricolo Sud of

262

Milan, has been until few years ago a huge abandoned ruin of the city. This concrete accommodation structure was built to serve the 1990 World Football Championships, hosted by Italy. The luxurious Hotel would have provided 300 rooms for partecipants of the sport event. The Hotel was never finished and, since there was no need in finishing it once the tournament was over, it was abandoned to decay. In 2012, after more or less 20 years, the process of demolishment finally ended and left space to a wide park, part of the Parco Agricolo Sud.

POP-UP HOTEL REVOLUTION | Chiara Butta | Joseph Di Pasquale | Paola Zatti

Image 30. Hotel Mundial, Milano, 2010 | by http:// www.skyscrapercity. com Image 31. Hotel Mundial, Milano, 2012 | by http:// www.skyscrapercity. com

5.3 Pop Up Hotel in Milan | Learning from the past

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264

CONCLU S ION

265

CONCLUSION

The main goal of this entire research process was to achieve a high level of knowledge of the world of modular architecture, mainly related to the hospitality venues, and to prove with the EXPO2015 case that temporary events require temporary structures, in order to avoid an economical loss. The target was reached throughout a research on all the chosen topics, from the general worldwide hotel trends and market analysis to the deep investigations on the case studies. Making choices wasn’t easy when selecting the study cases for the analysis. So many examples of prefabricated architecture were found, but which of them was really useful for the purpose? Which existing hotel had all, or almost all the features of a “Pop Up Hotel”? The search focused on accommodations that are made of prefabricated units, that are easy to aggregate and dismount in order to “travel” in the easiest and cheapest way and that combine factory construction with aesthetical value. The hospitality sector doesn’t seem to have yet a similar case. Many working hotels built with modular and prefabricated elements seemed perfect at first sight, but maybe they were lacking some features which a Pop-Up Hotel requires, for example they were never meant to be transported to another site. Therefore, after making a precise selection of the examples

266

considered satisfying at least some of these characteristics, the case studies were divided into three main groups, according to their movability and their actual construction. The static hotels (“Settled Units”) more than others looked interesting from the very beginning: they have the innovation, the aesthetics, the originality and a appropriate taste of modernity. Clearly they work, but it’s impossible to not ask ourselves “what if they could move?”. This is where the “Nomadic Units” took their place in the study case sections. The examples found were coherent with the prefabricated features and they were also thought to be moved around the world, serving any kind of event or need. Still, something was missing. The nomadic hotels had the Pop-Up quality, but sometimes weren’t meant to work as aggregations, but just as single units. Therefore, in order to widen the research, a third section was added including the structures which also showed big potentials in terms of functions and technology but that had still not shown their material construction, for one reason or the other. In the end it was stated that all the case studies inserted in the research did come to the best material solution for their own purposes, and that ideally the fusion of these three wide categories, including technologies, aesthetics, aggregation, movability,

POP-UP HOTEL REVOLUTION | Chiara Butta | Joseph Di Pasquale | Paola Zatti

flexibility, and so on, will bring to the perfect Pop-Up Hotel project in the future. Most of the material needed to draft a complete and newsworthy analysis was granted for the cause by many of the architects and designers of the projects: we take this opportunity to thank Concrete Architectural Associates, Richard Powers, T3Arch, The Manser Practice, Ellen Wezenbeek and Koop Architecture, Container Hotel. Finally, analysing the data was another quite delicate phase, as much as keeping it updated the most possible. The careful and planned review of all the information gathered led to create a sensible order to be assigned to the research. The goal the research wanted to achieve has been reached completely. Starting from very general and theoretic considerations on the modern city, which is nowadays working as a dynamic network of connections and no more as static reality, the book ends with the idea of putting into practice what has been learnt in all the previous chapters for an event as EXPO2015 in Milano, taken as example because of its proximity in time. Ideally, a Pop-Up Hotel could work for this event, because of EXPO’s incredible power of attracting tourist flows from the entire globe. Furthermore, in Italy this sector works and is always active. But what about when EXPO ends? What is the actual future of this particular hospitality structure? Nowadays it is im-

portant to think about all the life cycle of a building, not just to its design and construction. This can be even more determinant when talking about temporary or movable buildings: they should always be considered as a living system in continuous change. In the case of the Pop Up Hotel therefore it is crucial to understand what can happen next. The hotel can be shipped to another city by trucks, each one containing multiple units. The aim is to find a city where there are new big events and where there is a lack in hospitality facilities offer. In this case Milano is a good opportunity because it will not be able to host all the visitors in its structures. The accommodation request will be around 150’000 day-bed while Milan and its districts offer just 87’105 beds in total. Therefore the visitors will surely need to count on the hospitalities out of the city to find accommodation and visit Expo2015. Ideally, there are so many other events in Milan that a hotel could serve for a while after EXPO. For example the Design Week, known as Salone Del Mobile, which takes place in the Rho Fiera pavilion but also all around the city and has around 300’000 international visitors in just one week. It is a great opportunity to take advantage of this event and also other events such as the EICMA in November that attracts 550’000 visitors with its motorcycles exhibition. The next stop of the ideal Pop-Up Hotel for EXPO could be Paris at the beginning of June 2016 just before the European Football Championship

6. Conclusion

267

that will take place from June 10th until July 10th. This event is estimated to attract more than 1.8 million visitors from all over the world to see the games. Moreover, along with this event, Paris has many other events all over the year that need facility support. One example is the Mondial de Lâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;Automobile, a very famous car exhibition that attracts around 1.2 million international visitors every year in October. This time excursus wants to show all the potentials of a similar structure, created not only for one event with the risk of being abandoned in its own state of decay, but for many. What the timeline wants to underline is how many events already planned for the next years are extremely big attractors for visitors, which obviously need a place to stay. Why create decay, demolition, and, consequently, economical loss situations, when with the help of new technologies and modular architecture we can think of a building that can be reused and recycled? In the end we believe that this work contributes not only to the presentation of a wide knowledge of modular architecture, in all its faces, but also to prove that it is worthy and advantageous to deal with the temporary concept. The graphics, tables, data, and so on, explain and demonstrate what was hoped to achieve from a part of this analysis: countries hosting temporary events should carefully think about what should be built to stay and what to relocate somewhere else. There is no reason why this concept should not be taken into consideration or, 268

even more, applied. Architecture should not be the means with which man ruins the economical balance of a city, or of a country, after an important event, and not only architecture, nothing should be. For temporary events, we should think temporary.

POP-UP HOTEL REVOLUTION | Chiara Butta | Joseph Di Pasquale | Paola Zatti

6. Conclusion

269

S U M MA R Y january

february

TIME L I NE march

april

may

MILAN

2015

HOMI

MI ART SALONE delMOBILE

U E F A CHAMPIONS F I N A L

FASHION W E E K

MI ART

MADE EXPO

SALONE delMOBILE

P A R I S MARATHON

2017

FASHION W E E K

I C E HOCKEY WORLD C U P ROLAND GARROS

P A R I S MARATHON

2018

270

july

EXPO

FASHION W E E K MADE EXPO

2016

june

FASHION W E E K

ROLAND GARROS

POP-UP HOTEL REVOLUTION | Chiara Butta | Joseph Di Pasquale | Paola Zatti

PARIS

E U R O U E F A

august

september

october

november december

EICMA FASHION W E E K

ROCK EN SEINE

BIENNALE desA N T I Q UA I R E S DESIGN W E E K

ROCK EN SEINE

L’ARTIGIANO I N F I ER A

MONDIAL deL’AUTO MOBILE

FASHION W E E K

WORLD WRESTLING C U P

MONDIAL deL’AUTO MOBILE

DESIGN W E E K FASHION W E E K

BIENNALE desA N T I Q UA I R E S

R Y D E R C U P ROCK EN SEINE

MONDIAL deL’AUTO MOBILE

DESIGN W E E K FASHION W E E K 6. Conclusion

271

DE TAIL ED

T I M EL I NE

POP UP HOTEL m i l a n

2015 january

february

march

april

may

june

1 17

HOMI milan

10 12

FASHION W E E K

MI ART

milan

R H O FIERA

milan

RHO FIERA

80.000 visitors

40.000 visitors

FASHION H U B n

EXPO

milan R

21 million visitors

C I T Y 200.000 visitors

SALONE delMOBILE

milan

R H O FIERA 18 21 MADE EXPO

milan RHO FIERA

C I T Y 300.000 visitors

200.000 visitors

272

POP-UP HOTEL REVOLUTION | Chiara Butta | Joseph Di Pasquale | Paola Zatti

july

august

september

october

november

december

FASHION W E E K

milan FASHION H U B a

C I T Y 200.000 visitors

EICMA milan R H O FIERA

550.000 visitors

Lâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;ARTIGIANO IN FIERA

milan

R H O F I E R A 300.000 visitors

6. Conclusion

273

POP UP

p a r i s

2016 january

february

march

april

may

june 28

HOMI milan R H O FIERA

80.000 visitors

FASHION W E E K

milan FASHION H U B a

C I T Y 200.000 visitors

U E F A CHAMPIONS F I N A L

10 12 MI ART

milan RHO FIERA

milan

S.SIRO STADIUM 100.000 visitors

40.000 visitors

SALONE delMOBILE

milan MADE EXPO

milan RHO FIERA

R H O FIERA a

C I T Y 300.000 visitors

200.000 visitors

274

POP-UP HOTEL REVOLUTION | Chiara Butta | Joseph Di Pasquale | Paola Zatti

july

E U R O U E F A

paris

Parc des Pr i n c e s a

FRANCE 1.8 million visitors

HOTEL

august

september 08

october

november

december

BIENNALE desA N T I Q UA I R E S

paris ROCK EN SEINE

paris

Domaine National de SaintCloud 110.000 visitors

Grand Palais

MONDIAL deLâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;AUTO MOBILE

100.000 visitors

paris

Po r t e de Versailles

DESIGN W E E K

1million visitors

paris

C I T Y 100.000 visitors

FASHION W E E K

paris

Carrousel du Louvre a

C I T Y 200.000 visitors 6. Conclusion

275

2017 january

february

march

april

P A R I S MARATHON

paris C I T Y

80.000 visitors

FASHION W E E K

paris

Carrousel du Louvre a

C I T Y 200.000 visitors

276

may 5

june 21

I C E HOCKEY WORLD C U P

paris

Bercy Arena 600.000 visitors

ROLAND GARROS

paris

Stade Roland Garros 100.000 visitors

POP-UP HOTEL REVOLUTION | Chiara Butta | Joseph Di Pasquale | Paola Zatti

july

august ROCK EN SEINE

paris

september

october

november

december

WORLD WRESTLING C U P

paris

Domaine National de SaintCloud

Bercy Arena MONDIAL Lâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;AUTO 200.000 de MOBILE visitors

110.000 visitors

Po r t e de Versailles

paris

DESIGN W E E K

1.2million visitors

paris

C I T Y 100.000 visitors

FASHION W E E K

paris

Carrousel du Louvre a

C I T Y 200.000 visitors 6. Conclusion

277

2018 january

february

march

april

may

P A R I S MARATHON

paris C I T Y

80.000 visitors

FASHION W E E K

paris

Carrousel du Louvre a

C I T Y 200.000 visitors

278

ROLAND GARROS

paris

Stade Roland Garros 100.000 visitors

POP-UP HOTEL REVOLUTION | Chiara Butta | Joseph Di Pasquale | Paola Zatti

june

july

august

september

october

november

december

BIENNALE desA N T I Q UA I R E S

paris

Grand Palais

MONDIAL deLâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;AUTO MOBILE

100.000 visitors 1

paris

Po r t e de Versailles

R Y D E R C U P

paris

1.2million visitors

FRANCE ROCK EN SEINE

paris

1 million visitors

Domaine National de D E S I G N Saint- W E E K Cloud paris 110.000 C I T Y visitors 100.000 visitors

FASHION W E E K

paris

Carrousel du Louvre a

C I T Y 200.000 visitors 6. Conclusion

279

280

BIBLIOGRAPHY

BOOKS Albrecht Donald, New hotels for global nomads, Merrell, New York, 2002 Atelier Bow-Wow, Pet Architecture Guide Book, World Photo Press, Japan, 2002 Balducci Alessandro, Mäntysalo Raine, Urban Planning as a Trading Zone (Urban and Landscape Perspectives, Springer, 2013 Beekmans J. and de Boer J., Pop-Up City, BIS, Amsterdam, 2014 Blaine Brownell, Matter in the Floating World: Conversations with Leading Japanese Architects and Designers, Princeton Architectural Press, 2011 Di Pasquale Joseph, La Città Densa. Identità urbana e densità edilizia. Un’ipotesi per risanare le periferie metropolitane. (Dense City- Urban identity and building density. An hypotesis to restore suburbs), with Cesare Maria Casati, Elisabetta Colombo, Carlo Masseroli, Emilio Pizzi e Andrea Poggio, Lulu, 2009 Di Pasquale Joseph, Pop-up hotel Expo 2015. Temporaneità come condizione permanente, Jamko Edizioni, 2014 Di Vita Stefano, Milano EXPO 2015: un’occasione di sviluppo sostenibile, FrancoAngeli, Milano, 2010 Foti Massimo, L’abitazione provvisoria e adattabile, Facoltà di Architettura di Torino, Torino, 1983 Freeman Michael, Space. Japanese design solutions for compact living, Universe, New York, 2004 Galfetti Gustau Gili, Casas Refugio, Gustavo Gili, 2002 Garud Raghu, Kumaraswamy Arun, Langlois Richard N. , Managing in the Modular Age: Architectures, Networks, and Organizations, 2002 Giardello Paolo, smallness: abitare al minimo, CLEAN, Napoli, 2009 Hayes David K. , Miller Allisha, Revenue Management for the Hospitality Industry, 2010 Heriwg Oliver, Featherwieghts: Light, Movable and Floating architecture, Prestel Publishing, 2003 Jackson Helen, Hickey Adrian, Tourism in the midst of a mobile revolution, Northern Ireland Tourist Board, 2013 Jodidio Philip, Temporary architecture now!, Taschen, Cologne, 2011

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Kronenburg Robert, Flexible, Laurence King Publishing, London, 2007 Kronenburg Robert, Houses in Motion, Academy Editions, London, 2002 Kronenburg Robert, Portable Architecture, Architectural Press, Oxford, 1996 Kunz Martin Nicholas, Modular Houses, Avedition Gmbh, 2005 Masotti Clara, Manuale di Architettura di emergenza e temporanea, Esselibri – Simone, Napoli Medaille John C., Toward a Truly Free Market: A Distributist Perspective on the Role of Government, Taxes, Health Care, Deficits, and More (Culture of Enterprise), 2011 Pechlaner Harald, Smeral Egon, Tourism and Leisure: Current Issues and Perspectives of Development, 2014 Phyllis R, XS: Big Ideas, Small Buidlings, Lucas Dietrich, Berlin, 2001 Rifkin Jeremy, La società a costo marginale zero. L’internet delle cose, l’ascesa del “commons” collaborativo e l’eclissi del capitalismo, Mondadori, Milano 2014 Rossi Piergiorgio, Progettare l’Albergo nelle città, FrancoAngeli, Milano, 1994 Sadler Simon, Archigram: Architecture without architecture, MIT Press, Cambridge, 2005 Sassen Saskia, Territory, Authority, Rights: From Medieval to Global Assemblages, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 2006 Schwartz-Clauss Mathias, Living in motion: design and architecture for flexible dwellings, Vitra Design Museum, 2002 Siegal Jennifer, Mobile: the Art of Portable Architecture, Princeton Architectural Pr, New York, 2002 Siegal Jennifer, More Mobile portable architecture for today, Princeton Architectural Pr, New York, 2008 Staib G, Rosenthal M. and Doorhofer A., Atlante della Progettazione modulare, UTET, Italy, 2010 Watson Howard, Hotel revolution, Wiley-Academy, Chichester, 2005 Willemin Veronique, Maisons mobiles, Ed. Alternatives, Paris, 2004

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ARTICLES A+D+M n°49, Ferrario P., I Pop Up Hotel: soluzioni per trasformare la temporaneità in condizione permanente, 2014 Antonioli Corigliano M. (2010), Analisi dei flussi turistici connessi ad Expo Milano 2015 -aggiornamento di verifica al gennaio 2010, Università Bocconi, Milano Antonioli Cordigliano M. , Expo 2015 e turismo:un’occasione unica per la destinazione Italia Casabella n°836, Vercelloni M., Rifugi, giocattoli, divertimenti, ripari, capanne, pp.44-65, 2014 Popupcity.net, Beekmans J., Portraits from above, 2010 Segantini Maria Alessandra, Spazi minimi, Federico Motta Editore, Milano, 2004

REPORTS Enit, La congiuntura Mondiale, 2013 Enit, Monitoraggio Estate 2014, 2014 IPK International, ITB World Travel Trends Report 2013/2014 IPK International, World Travel Monitor, 2013 Ontit, Le performance di vendita delle imprese nel ricettivo, Gennaio 2014 Ontit, Turismo in cifre n°35, giugno 2014 Osservatorio del Turismo della Provincia di Milano, Flussi turistici di Milano e Provincia, 2013 STAY WYSE, The Youth Travel Accomodation Industry Survey, 2013 UNWTO, UNWTO Tourism Highlights, 2014 UNWTO, Annual Report, 2013 WYSE Travel Confederation, New Horizons III, 2013 WYSE Travel Confederation, The Power of Youth Travel, 2013

WEBSITES http://www.airbnb.it http://www.archdaily.com http://www.archello.com

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284

http://www.thetinylife.com http://www.treehugger.com http://www.tripadvisor.com http://www.tubohotel.com http://www.urban-reuse.eu http://www.urbandictionary.com http://www.visitamilano.it http://www.wysetc.org http://www2.unwto.org/

VIDEOS CitizenM says: welcome to a new kind of hotel by CitizenM hotels | http:// www.youtube.com/watch?v=EKJtUlvttos&list=PLSKY8FvOkAkSjcM4eOuRuLpYBmbBLSBx3 Malaysia First Container Hotel | http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dyJLQmrS5jo Sleeping around in Belgium | http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lz65x507ng4 SnoozeBox portable hotel by Snoozebox | http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PaH2RlgFY48 The birth of Container Hotel by Container Hotel | http://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=MMXiPVRto9g

Welcome to hotel container by The Star | http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0TBV4QryBSU Youâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;re the boss with the citizenM room tablet by CitizenM hotels | http:// www.youtube.com/watch?v=XXx_BJ3YOdQ&index=3&list=PLSKY8FvOkAkSjcM4eOuRuLpYBmbBLSBx3

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THANKS

Arch Group Concrete Architectural Association Container Hotel Frederik Herregods Frederik Vercruyssen Gan Kian Fatt Jolien Hanemaai Kevin Cyr Park Associati Pink Cloud Richard Powers Sleepbox Sleeping Around Spacemakers Starck Network T3arc Theo Simpson Tim Pyne Tubhotel Wanda Detemmerman

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288

A U T H O R S BIOGRAPHIES Joseph di Pasquale Architect, urban designer, director and teacher of practice and technology of architecture at Politecnico di Milano. Since 2013 Vice Director of Lâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;Arca International magazine. In his studies he explored the sign value in architectural figuration, the link between density and identity in urban design, the cultural sustainability in a globalised society, and the impact of a wide diffusion of hybrid systems of modular architecture technology approach in architecture and urban design. He won several national and international architectural and urban design competitions, he writes on national and international architectural magazines, and since 2008 he has delivered lectures and speeches in different Universities and forums in Europe, China, Brazil and United States.

Paola Zatti Graduated with honours from the Master of Architecture at Politecnico di Milano in Italy in 2014. She loves travelling, in fact she also studied architecture in Australia and worked in Brazil at Indio da Costa office in Rio de Janeiro. She speaks five languages and she wants to bring her architecture with her around the world. Temporary and transportable architecture is her passion, she believes that architecture as well needs to travel and change, being brought where most needed. She is currently doing an internship at the Atelier Christian de Portzamparc in Paris and who knows where she will go next.

Chiara Butta Young architect who graduated from the Master of Architecture at Politecnico di Milano in Italy in 2014. She knows perfectly English and Italian, and has a decent level of spoken French. She believes in portable architecture for temporary events and for emergency situations, because having a shelter is a human right. In fact, her bachelor thesis was a reaserch on the Brasilian Favleasâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; architecture and society. Her biggest passions are travelling and photography: one day she will travel the world with a backpack and her camera. Nowadays she works as an intern in a publishing house in Milan, in which she performs tasks such as videomaking and graphic works for the magazines.

289

POP UP HOTEL REVOLUTION

WHICH IS MOVING: PEOPLE OR ARCHITECTURE?

Chiara Butta

Joseph Di Pasquale Paola Zatti

ISBN 978-88-904447-9-1

90000

9 788890 444791

POP UP HOTEL REVOLUTION The to

architectural come

Chiara Butta

the

innovation

about

hotel

industry

Joseph Di Pasquale

Paola Zatti