The third issue of jean by JEAN

東亞泉志

2016 年 07 月 July 2016 第 3 期總第 21 期 No. 3 Issue 21

THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS 中英雙語電子季刊 Bilingual (English - Chinese) Digital Quarterly

Wu Ta-ch'eng's Calligraph 吳大澄書法作品 1884 Kirin Pattern Set of Uniface Spelter Strikings(L) Standard Issue(R) 鉛錫合金樣幣（左）與正常發行的廠平銀幣（右）

Wu Ta-ch’eng and the Ancient Dragon Coins of 1884 吳大澄與 1884 年吉林廠平龍銀 A Brief Introduction of Coin Die Manufacturing 造幣模具製作簡說 Discussions about Numismatic Literature and Letter Collecting of Eminent People with Wang Guichen 王貴忱談錢幣文獻和名家書札收藏

東亞泉志

2016 年 07 月 July 2016 第 3 期總第 21 期 No. 3 Issue 21

THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS 中英雙語電子季刊 Bilingual (English - Chinese) Digital Quarterly

Advisor

Che-lu Tseng

顧問

曾澤祿

Publisher & Editor in-Chief

Michael H. Chou

出版人、總編輯

周邁可

Senior Editor

Bruce W. Smith

高級編輯

史博祿

Editor

Yuan Shuiqing

主編

袁水清

Advertising & Circulation Manager

Liu Jinling

廣告與發行經理

劉金玲

聯繫我們 Contact Us 臺北公司 Taipei Office 臺北市南京西路 163 號 1 樓 50-51 室 Room 50-51, No.163 Nan King W. Rd., Taipei 電話 (Tel)：886-2-25551761 郵箱 (Email): championghka@gmail.com

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Foreword 前言 We are extremely pleased with the response of our readers for the second digital edition of the Journal of East Asian Numismatics (JEAN). Over 4,500 digital PDF copies were sent out to our readers. We also set up an online version of JEAN on the digital publishing platform issuu for the ease of our readers who use tablets and other mobile devices.

Numismatic Collection Vault in Washington D.C. I am pleased that Thomas was able to join me on this special visit to Washington.

Vice General Engineer of the Shanghai Mint provided an interesting article about modern coin die production.

We had another very successful donation event with the Howard Bowker Collection at the Shanghai Mint. There is report of the event in the third issue.

For the Third issue of JEAN we are fortunate to add additional writers, Yin Min and Zhang Jun. Yin Min was the long time editor of the Qian Bi Bao and vice secretary of the China Association of Collectors. Yin Min is also chief editor of the modern Chinese coin book series Appreciation of Modern Chinese coins. We hope Yin Min will be able to write additional articles about Modern Chinese coins and its history. Zhang Jun, former

Our Chinese editor, Mr. Yuan, was able to interview Wang Guichen, a leading collector of numismatic literature, about his area of expertise and his collection.

My long time friend Mr. Thomas Keener gave us a timely article about our visit to the Smithsonian National

我們非常榮幸地從讀者那裏收到對第 2 期《東亞泉志》電子版肯定的反饋。第 2 期 PDF 雜誌共向世界各地發來郵箱的讀者贈送了 4500 多份，另外我們還在數字出版平臺上發佈了本期雜誌的網络線上版，以方便平板及移動設備用戶查閱。本期即第 3 期《東亞泉志》刊發了殷敏、章軍兩位新作者撰寫的文章。殷敏先生曾在原《錢幣》報擔任主編，現為中國收藏家協會錢幣收藏委員會副秘書長及《中國現代貴金屬幣賞析》叢書的執行主編。我們希望殷敏先生能夠撰寫出更多關於中國現代幣及其演變歷史方面的文章。而上海造幣有限公司原副總工程師章軍也為我刊貢獻了一篇現代幣製作方面的佳作。我們雜誌的主編袁水清先生有幸採訪了業界知名錢幣文獻收藏家王貴忱先生，並就王先生所研究的領域以及多年收藏心得撰寫了一篇專訪。托馬斯·基納所寫的《參觀美國史密森尼國立歷史博物館國家錢幣收藏館金庫》一文，講述了我們二人近期參觀華盛頓美國國家歷史博物館錢幣收藏館金庫的經歷，讀者會從中開闊視野。托馬斯是我多年的好友，非常高興他能陪我共赴此次特別的華盛頓之旅。

Robert Mish and King Chan again provided the journal with articles about modern Chinese coins and an interview report.

Our Chief Editor Bruce Smith provided us with an interesting article on a Central Bank of China Hand Signed Banknote. We have also included an interesting trip report about the early days of third party grading in China. Bruce has also helped us to increase book review and the news sections to better reflect this area of importance for our readers.

Please continue to give us feedback on how to improve the Journal. We look forward to meeting our readers at an upcoming convention. Best Regards, Michael

本刊老作者羅伯特·米什和陳景林此次分別為雜誌撰寫了一篇中國現代幣方面的文章和一篇訪談報導。

我們雜誌的高級編輯史博祿先生撰寫的關於民國中央銀行手寫簽名鈔的文章刊登在本期，值得集鈔的讀者瞭解其中原委。除此之外，本期還刊發了一篇關於早些年中國第三方錢幣鑒定的錢幣鑒賞之旅的遊記。另外，從本期起，增加了史博祿先生策劃的“圖書摘要”和“新聞縱覽”兩個欄目，以便讓讀者更多地瞭解錢幣收藏領域的有關內容。就在不久之前，上海造幣有限公司成功舉辦了一次霍華德·佛蘭克林·包克收藏的錢幣捐贈儀式，本期刊有詳細報導。希望諸位讀者能夠積極建言，多提寶貴意見，以便我們對雜誌作出改進。我們也期待能在不久的年度會議上同各位讀者朋友見面。致以最美好的祝福！周邁可

CONTENTS 目錄 Features 專題 Wu Ta-ch’eng and the Ancient Dragon Coins of 1884 吳大澄與 1884 年吉林廠平龍銀 A Brief Introduction of Coin Die Manufacturing 造幣模具製作簡說 Discussions about Numismatic Literature and Letter Collecting of Eminent People with Wang Guichen 王貴忱談錢幣文獻和名家書札收藏

Bruce W. Smith (USA) 史博祿（美國）

55 58

Zhang Jun (Shanghai)

章軍（上海）

Yuan Shuiqing (Xi'an)

袁水清（西安）

Departments 部門 Book Review

錢幣書籍推介 Recent News

新聞縱覽

Bruce W. Smith (USA)

史博祿（美國）

Bruce W. Smith (USA)

史博祿（美國）

Thomas Keener (USA)

托馬斯·基納（美國）

King L. Chan (Hong Kong)

陳景林（香港）

Yuan Fang (Xi'an)

圓方（西安）

Yin Min (Changsha)

殷敏（長沙）

Wang Xuanrui (Xuzhou)

王宣瑞（徐州）

Robert Mish (USA)

歷史悠久的美國錢幣協會中國紀念熊貓

羅伯特·米什（美國）

Howard Franklin Bowker Benefit Auction and Champion Liveauctioneers Auction

Michael Chou (USA)

周邁可（美國）

Allan Gokson and His Collection of Chinese Gold Coins

Howard F. Bowker (USA)

郭植芳及其中國金貭幣章收藏

霍華德 • 佛蘭克林 • 包克

Bruce W. Smith (USA)

史博祿（美國）

Lian Wenyu (Taiyuan)

Visit to the National Numismatic Collection Vaults of the Smithsonian’s National Museum of American History 參觀美國史密森尼國立歷史博物館國家錢幣收藏館金庫 My Shanghai Trip 上海之旅 The Third Donation of the Bowker Family to the Shanghai Mint Co. Ltd 包克家族向上海造幣有限公司第三次捐贈錢幣 A Trip to Japan of the Coin Collecting Committee of the China Association of Collectors 中國收藏家協會錢幣收藏委員會組團赴日考察交流 The First Chinese Summit Forum of Coin Collection, Yaowan, China 中國錢幣收藏首屆高峰論壇窰灣論壇成功舉辦 Rich History of ANA China Pandas

冠軍包克錢幣藏品現場義拍拍品簡介

Column 專欄

A Central Bank of China Hand Signed Note 一張民國时期中央银行手寫簽名鈔 The Reform and Innovation of Coins in the Zhao State

廉文煜（太原）

100

Wu Fuhua (Heze)

104

吳福華（菏澤）

109

Shanghai Gold Coin Investment Co., Ltd.

113

科技創新助力熊貓金銀幣事業騰飛

上海金幣投資有限公司

116

JEAN Winter Tour of East Asia Filled with Numismatic Events 冬季錢幣鑒賞東亞之旅

Bruce W. Smith (USA)

118 132

探討趙國錢幣的改革創新 Dai Zhiqiang talks in depth regarding banknote culture 聽戴志強老師談紙幣文化 Technology Innovation Boosts the Development of Chinese Panda Gold and Silver Coins

史博祿（美國）

Departments 部門

Book Review Bruce W. Smith (USA) I. A Study of Varieties of the Yuan Shih-kai Portrait Coins

1 By Wang Gang, Xi'an, Shaanxi 2015, 362 pages, color photos. Shaanxi Numismatic Society Collection (congshu) #4. Chinese text. ISBN 9787560571430 hard cover.

might be just the initial of some engraver. Another variety which appears to be a new discovery, is a Year 3 dollar with what seems to be a small star at the 3:00 o'clock position on the reverse. Wang describes this as a flying bird (page 62). One of the variations found on Year 8 and Year 10 coins which Wang calls to our attention, are secret marks hidden in the border decoration of the reverse. The border on both sides of the coin is made up of alternating thick and thin "teeth" (called denticles). On some coins, at the 12:00 or 6:00 positions, some of the thin "teeth" have dots at the end -- as few as three or as many as seven may have dots (see pages 116-117, 120, 139 and 196 for example). What is missing from the book, and what could have been easily added, are the copper coins with Yuan's portrait (only two coins), and tokens and medals with Yuan's portrait (only a few items). Perhaps these items will be added in a second edition. Nevertheless, this is a great book which any serious collector of Chinese silver coins should have. Wang Gang must have examined a huge number of coins over many years to find these 800 varieties. The Shaanxi Numismatic Society is to be commended for making this book available.

II. Aspects of Coins and Banknotes of Macau

An extremely detailed catalog of about 800 varieties of silver and gold coins bearing the portrait of Yuan Shih-kai. Most of the listings are varieties of the Year 3 (1914) dated Yuan "fat man" dollars, and similar dollars of later dates. All of the coins are illustrated with good color photographs, in some cases with enlargements to illustrate the distinguishing features or the edge of the coin. All of the coins are priced in renminbi. The coins are divided into several categories, with a reference number for each coin, but the numbering begins again in each category, making a very clumsy reference system. The categories are difficult to follow, and we find the standard issue minor coins (Yuan profile, Year 3 type, 50 cents, 20 cents and 10 cents) listed in various places in the book. The Year 3 dollars with "O" mintmark (Kann 648) are also listed in more than one place in the book. No attempt appears to have been made to attribute the varieties to specific mints. Privately made "military issues" and ordinary forgeries are also listed throughout the book. In a book with such detail, there are certain to be some newly published coins. Among these is a previously unknown Year 3 dollar with a tiny "S" mintmark hidden among the leaves to the right of the bow on the reverse. This coin is listed on page 48. The letter may indicate a specific mint or

2 Zhen Shusheng, chief editor, Macau Numismatic Society 2015, 220 pages, color photos. 1,800 copies printed. Chinese text (one article in English). ISBN 9789996593840 soft cover. This is a collection of 34 articles by various writers,

東亞泉志

THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS

Departments 部門 mostly on Macau paper money and Chinese coins and medals. The first 48 pages cover the paper money of Macau and especially the signatures appearing on those notes, with articles written by Teng Zhiming, Deng Junxiao, Zhou Xu, Zhao Kangchi and Wan Si. Champion Galleries Hong Kong Auctions contributed an article detailing the contents of the recently discovered group of dies and punches for Chinese coins made in Germany by Otto Beh in the 1890's. Lin Wenjun writes about Indo-Greek coins issued along the Silk Road in ancient times. The Chinese text of a study of the Yuan Shih-kai portrait coin known as the "Big Beard" coin, written by Bruce W. Smith (Shi Bolu), originally published in English and Chinese in the first 2016 issue of Journal of East Asian Numismatics , is presented. Zou Li contributed an article on Sun Ding and Howard F. Bowker, former owners of the two known examples of the 1904 Kiangnan flying dragon 20 cash coin. And Zhou Jie explains how to identify replacement notes issued by the Central Bank in Taiwan since 1999.

III. A Collection of Coins of the Bao Su Mint

illustrated with color photographs, and priced in renminbi. The first 425 are cast cash from various rulers, followed by 15 varieties of machine struck cash coins. The remaining listings #440 - #506 are charms believed to have been made at the Suzhzou Mint. The book concludes with a section of enlarged photos of individual coins with comments by prominent numismatists of the past and present (and their photographs) including: Chen Danong (1916 - 2016); Lo Bozhao (Lo Muyuan 1899 - 1976); (1892 - 1949); Zou Zhiliang (1944 - 2014); Zhang Jiliang (1887 - ?); Shen Zicha (1881 - 1969); Dai Baoting (1895 - 1976); Ma Dingxiang (1916 - 1991); and Sun Zhonghui (1946 - present). Also in the back of the book are biographies and photos of other prominent collectors connected with Jiangsu coins: Ding Fubao (1874 - 1952), Bao Kang (1810 - 1881), Liu Yizheng (1880 - 1956), and both of the authors. This book continues a tradition of specialized studies on money in Jiangsu Province, which began with an exhaustive article by Liu Yizheng in 1931 (reprinted in three parts in Numismatic World Bimonthly 1979). In 1995 Zou Zhiliang and Yin Guoping authored: "Bao Su Ju Qian Bi" and in 2005 Zou produced another book:"Su Zhou Jin Dai Huo Bi Lu." Other publications have followed, including one just on coins produced at the Suzhou Mint during the Xian Feng reign.

IV. China's Recent Precious Metal Coins

3 By Wang Yang and Zhao Houzhen, Shanghai 2015, 24 + 260 pages, color photos. Chinese text. ISBN 9787547825150 hard cover. A wonderfully detailed catalog of Qing Dynasty cash coins and charms from a single mint-the Pao Su Mint at Suzhou, Jiangsu (Soochow, Kiangsu), beginning with the first coins made at the mint in the late 1600's for the Kang Xi emperor. The listing is arranged chronologically and all the coins are numbered continuously, making these numbers useful as a reference tool. In all, 506 coins are listed and

東亞泉志

THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS

4 Wang Shihong editor, Beijing, Volume 1 (2014); Volume 2 (2015) 347 pages, ISBN 9787500095613; Volume 3 (2016) 351 pages, ISBN 9787500097129. Hard covers with color photos and Chinese text. The first three of what will eventually be a five volume set on China's contemporary gold and silver coins have been

Departments 部門 published in Beijing, with Wang Shihong as editor. The first volume, published in 2014, covered the years 1979 through 1990. Volume two lists the coins issued during 1991 through 1995, and volume three records the coins from 1996 through 2000. These books are professionally laid out and illustrated, with detailed background information on each issue, including the names of the designers. A chart is provided summarizing each set, noting the metal, weight, size, face value, mint and mintage limit for each coin. Most of these coins were minted in one of China's three mints, located at Shanghai, Shenyang, and Shenzhen. A few, however, were actually minted in other countries such as Australia, Switzerland, and Canada. In some cases, one set may have been made at two or more mints. This information about the mints is reason enough to own this set.

V. Research on Modern Japanese Coins #5

6 A study of the gold and silver coins minted at Sado, Japan from 1621 to 1819. Includes a two page summary in English.

VII. Japanese Currencies: A Handbook for Collecting

5 By the Japanese Modern Silver Coins Research Society, Tokyo 2015, 64 pages, black and white photos. Japanese text. Soft cover. The 10th anniversary edition. A detailed catalog of die varieties of machine struck Japanese silver coins, mostly of the Meiji period. There are many enlarged detailed photographs to aid in identifying varieties. A handbook for the specialist in Japanese silver coins.

VI. Research Into the Koban and Kirigin [Gold and Silver] Coins of Sado

By the Japanese Numismatic Dealers Association (JNDA), Tokyo 2010, 213 pages, rubbings and color photos. Japanese text. Soft cover handbook size.

By Nishiwaki Yasushi, Tokyo 2013, 253 pages, black and white photos. Japanese text with English introduction. ISBN 9784901553209 soft cover handbook size.

This is not the annual catalog of Japanese coins published by the JNDA, but a more detailed guide to the old coins, modern coins and paper money of Japan.

東亞泉志

THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS

Departments 部門

錢幣書籍推介史博祿（美國）代表着飛鳥（第 62 頁）。除此之外，作者還在書中特別提到了一種隱藏在民國八年和民國十年銀幣背面邊緣裝飾中的暗記。這種銀幣的正反兩面的邊緣都是深淺相間的齒紋花邊（齒邊）。有的錢幣在 12 點和 6 點鐘方向上刻有末端帶有小點的淺打齒邊圖案 —— 一共約有 3 到 7 條。（該內容在本書的 116-117 頁，120 頁，139 頁，以及 196 頁有所提及）。

一、《袁像銀元版別考略》

不過本書卻唯獨缺少了關於袁像銅幣（僅兩枚）、代幣以及袁像紀念章（存世數量不多）的內容。也許再版的時候作者會把這些內容增補上去吧。儘管有些許不足，但此書仍舊不失為一本中國銀幣收藏家必備的經典好書。作者王鋼花費數年心血查閱了大量的錢幣資料才將 800 多種錢幣悉數整理出來，編纂成書。而本書能夠面世也多虧了陝西省錢幣學會的鼎力相助。

二、《澳門錢鈔縱橫》

1 作者王鋼，2015 年著於陝西西安。頁數：362 頁，帶彩色插圖，陝西省錢幣學會錢幣研究叢書之四，語言中文，硬皮封面。ISBN 9787560571430 這是一本內容詳實的錢幣目錄，書中共收錄了大約 800 種帶有袁世凱頭像的金銀幣。其中大多數都是民國三年各種類型的“袁大頭”以及其他後來發行的與之類似的錢幣。書中的每一枚錢幣都附有精美的彩色照片，有的錢幣下面還有展示錢幣細節和邊緣的局部放大圖。所有的錢幣都用人民幣標示出了市場價格。作者把書中的錢幣進行了分類編號，但是每一個類目下面都是各自進行編號的，彼此之間沒有什麼關聯順序，這就為查閱工作增加了難度。我們在書中還發現了多處關於官版輔幣（民國三年袁像銀元，面值有伍角、貳角和壹角）的內容。書中也屢次提及了帶有“O”字標記的民國三年銀元，不過作者卻並未標明這些錢幣各是出自哪些造幣廠。另外，關於軍閥私鑄幣以及一般袁像銀元的偽品的內容同樣在書中有所記載。如此翔實的一本書必然會提及新近出版的錢幣，這其中就有一枚先前不為人所知的民國三年銀幣，銀幣背面左下方的麥穗圖案中隱藏了一個小小的“S”形標記。關於這枚銀幣的內容在本書的 48 頁。這個標記可能是造幣廠的標記，也有可能只是某個雕刻師姓名的首寫字母。還有一枚新近發現的民國三年銀幣，銀幣背面的 3 點鐘方向上有一個類似於小星星的圖案，作者認為這個圖案

東亞泉志

THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS

2 主編甄述聖，澳門錢幣學會 2015 年出版。頁數：220 頁，帶彩色插圖，總印刷量 1800 冊。語言中文（其中有一篇是英文），軟皮封面。ISBN 9789996593840 本書所收錄的 34 篇文章分別是由不同作者所著而成，大多都是關於澳門錢幣以及中國大陸的硬幣和紀念章的。前 48 頁介紹了澳門紙鈔，尤其對紙鈔上面的簽名做了着重介紹。這些文章的作者有滕志明、鄧浚曉、周旭、趙康池以及萬斯。香港冠軍拍賣公司為本書撰寫了一篇文章，文中詳細地介紹了 19 世紀 90 年代德國奧托拜赫公

Departments 部門司所造的中國錢幣幣模和漢字沖頭。林文君則是貢獻了一篇關於古代絲綢之路沿線發行的印度 - 希臘錢幣的文

丁福保（1874 - 1952 年）、鮑康（1810 - 1881 年）以及柳诒徵（1880 - 1956 年）。

章。書中還收錄了一篇中文版本的布魯斯﹒ W ﹒史密斯（史博祿）所寫的關於袁世凱像大鬍子錢幣的文章，這篇文章的中英雙語版本最早被刊登在 2016 年《東亞泉志》第一期上面。鄒力撰寫了一篇介紹孫鼎和霍華德﹒佛蘭克林﹒包克的文章，這兩位之前就是那兩枚知名的 1904 年江南飛龍二十文硬幣的持有者。周節則在自己的文章中介紹了臺灣中央銀行 1999 年之後發行的補號票的鑒別方法。

本書延續了專門研究江蘇錢幣的歷史傳統，這項研究始於 1931 年柳诒徵所寫的一篇內容翔實的文章（1979 年的《錢幣世界》將此文分為三個部分重新印刷出版）。 1995 年，鄒志諒和殷國清合著了《寶蘇局錢幣》；2005 年，周志廉自己又出版了一本《蘇州近代貨幣錄》；之後又陸續出版了幾本關於這方面的專著，其中還有一本專門介紹咸豐年間蘇州造幣廠所鑄錢幣的書籍。

三、《寶蘇泉匯》

四、《中國現代貴金屬幣賞析》

3 作者汪洋、趙後振，上海 2015 年出版，共計 24+260 頁，彩色插圖，語言中文，硬皮封面。ISBN 9787547825150 本書從 17 世紀康熙年間江蘇蘇州寶蘇局所打造的第一批錢幣開始，極為詳盡地介紹了寶蘇局造幣廠所鑄造的各式清代銅錢和壓勝錢。作者按照時間順序將書中的錢幣一一編號，大大方便了讀者查閱。全書一共列舉了 506 種錢幣，並附上了彩色照片以及人民幣市場價。前 425 枚是清朝各年間的鑄幣，後面又介紹了 15 種機鑄幣。剩下編號 440-505 的錢幣是蘇州造幣廠所鑄的壓勝錢。本書的最後一章展示了放大版的錢幣圖片並附上了古今知名錢幣學家（附有照片）的評價，這些錢幣學家包括：陳達農（1916 - 2016 年）、羅伯昭（羅沐園 1899 - 1976 年）、王蔭嘉（1892 - 1949 年）、鄒志諒（1944 - 2014 年）、張季量（1887 - ?）、沈子槎（1881 - 1969 年）、戴葆庭（1895 - 1976）年、馬定祥（1916 - 1991 年）以及孫仲匯（1946 - 現在）。除了介紹兩位作者之外，本書的書背處還羅列了和江蘇錢幣有關的各個知名收藏家的照片和生平，有

第一冊 (2014 年出版 )，王世宏主編，北京；第二冊（2015 年出版）347 頁，ISBN 9787500095613；第三冊（2016 年出版），351 頁，ISBN 9787500097129。語言中文，硬皮封面，附有彩色插圖。這一套由王世宏主編的中國現代貴金屬幣叢書預計共有五冊，前三冊已經在北京出版發行。第一冊出版於 2014 年，內容涵蓋了 1979-1990 年間中國發行的貴金屬幣；第二冊則收錄了 1991-1995 年間發行的錢幣；第三冊則是介紹了 1996-2000 年間的貴金屬幣。這套叢書內容專業，闡述翔實，每枚錢幣都附有詳細的背景介紹以及設計者的名字。另外還有一張匯總了每枚錢幣的金屬成分、重量、大小、面值、造幣廠以及鑄造枚數的圖表。書中大多數錢幣都出自中國的上海、瀋陽、深圳三大造幣廠。書中還有幾枚錢幣並非出自中國，而是鑄造於澳大利亞、瑞士以及加拿大這些國家。還有些成套的錢幣可能是出自兩家甚至多家造幣廠。單是這些造幣廠的資訊就讓本套叢書具有了一定的收藏價值。

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Departments 部門五、《日本近代銀幣研究》（第五冊）

西脇康著，2013 年出版於東京，253 頁，附有黑白插圖。語言日語，附帶英文介紹，軟皮封面，口袋書。ISBN 9784901553209 這是一本研究 1621-1819 年間鑄造於日本佐渡的金銀幣的手冊。書中附有兩頁英文概要。七、《日本の貨幣—収集の收引き》（日本錢幣收藏指南）

5 由日本近代銀幣研究學會編著，2015 年出版於東京，64 頁，附帶黑白插圖。語言日文，軟皮封面。這本十周年紀念版的《日本近代銀幣研究》詳細介紹了各種日本銀質機制幣幣模，多數幣模都出自明治年間。書中有很多詳細的放大版插圖，有助於更好地區分這些幣模。這是一本為專門研究日本銀幣之人所出的一本小冊子。

六、《佐渡小判·切銀の研究付佐渡銭》

7 日本錢幣經銷商協會（JNDA）編著，2010 年出版於東京， 213 頁，附帶拓本和彩圖。語言日文，軟皮封面，口袋書。本書並不是日本錢幣經銷商協會一年一度發行的目錄，而是更為翔實的一本關於日本紙幣、古錢以及現代幣的指導用書。

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Recent News Bruce W. Smith (USA) Indian Coin with Chinese Inscription Highlights Third Sale of Nicholas Rhodes Collection eight sided, silver rupee struck in Assam, India in 1648 (SE date 1570; Krause Standard Catalog KM 4). The remarkable thing about this coin is that its main design on both sides consists of Chinese characters. The obverse has the character "bao" (meaning precious or treasure or mint) and the reverse has the character "zang" (meaning Tibet). Assam borders Tibet but it is unclear why this coin is inscribed in Chinese rather than some local language. The coin is pictured on the front page of the July 2016 issue of World Coin News.

Nicholas Gervase Rhodes

Nicholas G. Rhodes (1946-2011), one of the founding members of the Oriental Numismatic Society, was a specialist in the coinage of Tibet and the surrounding areas of Nepal, Bhutan and northeast Indian kingdoms such as Assam and Tripura. His collection was so extensive that Spinks has had to divide it into several sales. The first sale, for the coinage of Tibet, was held in Hong Kong in August 2013. Later that year the first part of the coinage of northeast India was offered. In September 2016 Spink will sell the second part of the coins of northeast India, including a possibly unique,

Nick Rhodes lived in the London area and began collecting coins in the 1950's. In 1962 he began collecting oriental coins, particularly China and Tibet. During his career he wrote more than 60 articles on the coins of China and Tibet, mostly published in the ONS Newsletter, the Numismatics International Bulletin, and Spink's Numismatic Circular. One of his articles, "Moslem Rebel Coins of Sinkiang", was published in the first printed issue of the JEAN journal in 1994. In 1989 he and Karl Gabrisch produced the book "The Coinage of Nepal". By profession Rhodes was an insurance actuary and was also honorary treasurer for the ONS throughout the 1970's and 1980's. For more information on the sale, contact Spink at: www.spink.com.

Collector and Author Chen Danong Dies at Age 100 the Huzhou Christian Church and consultant on the Huzhou Christian Committee. He was a standing member of the first and second Chinese Political Consultative Conference for Huzhou City, and honorary president of the Huzhou Numismatic Society.

Mr. Chen Danong

We are saddened to report the death of Chen Danong, whose biography appeared earlier this year in the first issue of JEAN. Chen was born on 26 June 1916 in Huzhou, Zhejiang. His courtesy name is Chen Jingji, and he also styled himself as "The Old Collector Xi Sai" or "Master of the Si Xien Study." He became a Christian at the age of 19, choosing the Christian, Moses. He was a graduate of the North China Theological Seminary and served as vicar of

Chen's first book, published in 2001 was "Gu Qian Xue Ru Men" (Numimatic Fundamentals). His later books include "Xi Sai Quan Sou Ji Qian Chu Yan" (A Simple Talk on the Old Collector Xisai's Coin Collectiion); "Ta Nong Quan Chi" (Chen Tanong's Coin Collection);" Cong Cong Quan Sheng" (The Sound of Money); and "Tai Ping Tian Guo Qian Bi Gao Lue" (A Study of the Coinage of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom). In addition Chen's articles have been published in Hangzhou Qianbi (Hangchow Numismatics), Zhongguo Qianbi (China Numismatics), and Zhejiang Jinrong (Zhejiang Numismatics). Chen was eulogized by Dai Zhiqiang, first director of the China Numismatic Museum. The late Ma Dingxiang said in the 1960's that Chen had the second largest private collection of Chinese coins in China. From the China Numismatic

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THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS

Departments 部門 Society in Republican times, through the creation of the China Numismatic Society after the founding of the Peoples Reublic, to the age of the internet today, Chen has lived through a golden age of coin collecting and research.

Chen Danong died on 7 June 2016. According to the terms of his will, he will receive a simple Christian burial, reflecting his philosophy of "not seeking fame, not making friends with the powerful, and not pursuing high official position."

Chester L. Krause later reducing its format from newspaper size to magazine size. Today, World Coin News and Bank Note Reporter are the leading publications in the United States of world coins and world paper money. In 1982 World Coin News began the annual Coin Of The Year awards for world coins. A panel of judges assembled by the Krause staff votes on the coin in the year following its release (to allow time for the coin to get into circulation), then the award is made early in the next year. So the award for 1982 was actually presented in 1984. Krause Publications also founded the Numismatic Ambassador Award in 1974 to honor those who have served the numismatic community for many years. Chester Lee (Chet) Krause

Chester Lee (Chet) Krause (1923-2016), founder of Krause Publications in Iola, Wisconsin, passed away quietly on 25 June 2016. For more than 50 years, Krause has been an innovator and a powerful force in the numismatic field. He and his right hand man, Clifford Mishler, created the "Standard Catalog of World Coins" in 1972, and in 1975, with Albert Pick in Germany, created the "Standard Catalog of World Paper Money". In those days, each was a huge, one volume work, printed by the largest printer in the United States. Today the coin catalog consists of five even larger volumes, and the paper money catalog fills three volumes. Krause also originated the Coin of the Year Program, which every year honors world mints for their innovative products. The company began in 1952 when Chet and one of his friends began publishing "Numismatic News". This was a publication in newspaper format, mainly on U.S. and Canadian coins, which offered low cost classified ads, allowing collectors in remote parts of the country to buy, sell or trade coins. It was a great success and by the early 1960's had a circulation over 65,000. In 1961 the company began publication of the monthly, "Coins Magazine", which carried articles on U.S. and world coins. In December 1973 the first issue of "World Coin News" was released in newspaper format. At first WCN was published monthly, but fear that competitor "World Coins Magazine" might change to a weekly publication caused WCN to change to biweekly and then weekly. To everyone's surprise, World Coins Magazine ceased publication in early 1975. World Coin News later returned to a monthly schedule and a magazine size format. In 1978 Krause Publications acquired "Bank Note Reporter",

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Perhaps Chet's most influential contribution to the hobby was the Standard Catalog of World Coins. Previously there had been comprehensive catalogs of world coins by type only. One of the earliest in English was "Coins of the Modern World 1870-1936" by M. Comencini, which had a good listing for its time of Chinese coins. The author lived in Shanghai where he was a member of the International Settlement Police from 1905 to 1934. After this came "Coins of the World - 20th Century" in 1938 and "Coins of the World - 19th Century" in 1947, both by New York coin dealer Wayte Raymond. Howard F. Bowker provided the Chinese coin listings for these two catalogs. Whitman Publishing Company in Racine, Wisconsin later bought the rights to the Raymond catalogs and in 1957 produced the first edition of "Modern World Coins" edited by Richard S. Yeoman. This catalog listed world type coins from 1850 into the 1950's. In 1966 Whitman published the first edition of "Coins of the World 1750-1850" edited by William D. Craig, and the same year released the first edition of "Current Coins of the World" also edited by Yeoman. These three books then covered world coins from the mid 1700's to the present, but did not list dates or varieties, and did not illustrate all the coins. Chet's vision was to publish a catalog listing all the world's coins from the mid 1700's onward, by date and variety, with photographs of each type coin and mintage figures for each date. There were by that time many small catalogs listing coins of specific countries by date, mostly the coins of Europe and Latin America, but some were not illustrated. With the Whitman catalogs as a framework, Chet and Clifford personally set about expanding the catalog country by country. Some date listings were found in published books, others were found in articles scattered throughout the numismatic literature from

Departments 部門 various countries. Mintage figures came from these sources and from a set of annual U.S. Mint Reports in the Krause company library. They also had the company photographer photograph tens of thousands of coins to illustrate the work. The first edition was released in 1972 - 800 pages in large format, listing tens of thousands of coins, and illustrated with 15,000 actual size photographs. Colin R. Bruce was later hired to take over the cataloging, beginning with the 1976 third edition. Because Krause Publications was centered in the collecting world, the company was willing to publish large format books which other publishers would find too risky. In addition to the Standard Catalogs of World Coins and World Paper Money, over the years Krause has published the Standard Catalog of National Bank Notes, the Standard Catalog of United States Obsolete Bank Notes, the Standard Catalog of United States Tokens, Standard Catalog of Stocks and Bonds, Standard Catalog of United States Paper Money, Standard Catalog of World Gold Coins, Standard Catalog of Depression Scrip of the United States, Standard Catalog of Mexican Coins and Paper Money, Standard Catalog of the Coins of Spain, Portugal and the New World, and Standard Price Guide to World Crowns and Thalers. Outside the Standard Catalog series, Krause has published Latin American Tokens, Unusual World Coins, Standard Guide to South Asian Coins and Paper Money, Guide to World Notgeld, International Encyclopedic Dictionary of Numismatics, and several others. Krause Publications has since 1990 run the Chicago International Coin Fair, the most important world coin show in the midwest United States, and the Chicago Paper Money Exposition. The company also runs several other trade shows in different fields. In 1971 the company began publication of "Old Cars", covering another of Chet's collecting interests. The newspaper format weekly became wildly successful. The following year a few old car collectors were invited to display their cars during a Lions Club event in the park. Six hundred spectators showed up to view the cars that first year. Attendance rose year by year, with 10,000 showing up for the 1976 show on the grounds of the new company headquarters building. The following year attendance doubled and, since 1987, has been over 100,000 every year. Over the years Krause Publications has published more than 60 different periodicals and dozens of books in many different hobby fields. Chet's collecting of military vehicles (including a tank) led to books and magazines on that subject. The company has also published books or periodicals on comics, sports cards, record albums, movies, autographs, firearms, hunting, fishing, horses, antiques, crafts, treasure

hunting, the old west, and other topics. Perhaps out of rivalry with the company's chief competitor, Amos Press in Sidney, Ohio, Krause entered the stamp collecting field, buying the rights to the Minkus Stamp Catalog and publishing the magazine, "Stamp Collector". Krause's version of the Minkus catalog, which has its own reference numbering system, included cross-reference to Scott catalog numbers. That led to a lawsuit by the Scott Company against Krause for copyright infringement. The case was settled out of court in January 1999. Chester L. Krause was born near Iola, Wisconsin on 16 December 1923, and lived there his entire life. He never married and outlived all his brothers and sisters. He is survived by a few nieces and nephews. He graduated high school in 1941 and was drafted into the Army in February 1943. Trained as a mechanic at bases in the United States, he was sent to Europe with the 565th Anti Aircraft Artillery Battalion, part of General Patton's 3rd Army. He served in Belgium, Luxembourg and Germany, and visited the Buchenwald concentration camp at the time of its liberation. There were still hundreds of bodies scattered around the camp and ashes in the three crematory ovens. Released from the army in 1946, he returned home and began a construction business. Over the next ten years, he built numerous houses, two churches, and a ski jump. His last construction project was the building of the Krause Publications headquarters, a block off Main Street, in 1957. In1976 the company moved to a 12 acre site at the north edge of town. Not as well known as his publishing and collecting were Chet's philanthropic activities. He was a major contributor to the American Numismatic Association and the American Numismatic Society, to a health center in Marshfield, Wisconsin, to the Rawhide Boys Ranch in New London, Wisconsin, to the Wisconsin Badger State Games, and to improvements in the village of Iola. Having no immediate family to leave the company to, during 1986-1988 he set up an employee stock option plan and by 1992 turned the company over to the employees. Chet has been the recipient of many awards and honors over the years. In 1990 Krause Publications was named Wisconsin Small Business of the Year. Chet served on the board of directors of the ANA during 2007-2010. Three books have been published about Chet and the Krause company. Just Plain Chet: The History of Krause Publications by Michael J. Goc (1992) Pioneer Publisher: The Story of Krause Publications' First 50 Years by Arlyn G. Seiber (2001) I'm Chet: The Autobiography of Chet Krause by Arlyn G. Seiber (2008)

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Departments 部門

新聞縱覽史博祿（美國）帶中文銘文的印度錢幣亮相尼古拉斯 · 罗兹收藏第三次拍賣會尼古拉斯·罗兹（1946-2011 年）是東方錢幣學會的創始人之一，也是研究西藏及其周邊的尼泊尔、不丹以及印度東南部阿薩姆、特里普拉等地錢幣的專家。由於收藏量巨大，所以斯賓克公司只能將罗兹的藏品分次進行拍賣。第一次拍賣會於 2013 年 8 月在香港舉辦，拍賣的主題是西藏錢幣。之後，第一批的印度東北部的錢幣也於同一年進行拍賣。2016 年 9 月，斯賓克將會拍賣第二批的印度東南各省的錢幣，這其中就可能包括一枚罕見的八面銀質印度盧比，1648 年鑄造於印度阿薩姆省。（SE 上面標注的年份是 1570；克勞斯目錄中的編號為 KM4）。這枚錢幣的奇特之處就在於正反兩面上都刻有中文的銘文。正面刻的是中文的“寶”字，反面是“藏” 字。阿薩姆省與西藏接壤，但為什麼錢幣上會標注中文而非本地文字的原因目前尚不得而知。此枚銀幣的照片也出現在了 2016 年 7 月份的《世界錢幣新聞》頭版上。罗兹曾長期居於倫敦，從 20 世紀 50 年代開始了自己的錢幣收集之路。1962 年，罗兹開始收集東方的錢幣，尤其專注於中國及西藏錢幣的收藏。在多年的錢幣收藏生涯中，他一共撰寫了 60 餘篇關於中國及西藏錢幣的文章，其中大多文章都刊載在《东方钱币学会通讯》

尼古拉斯 · 罗兹

《國際錢幣通報》以及斯賓克《錢幣通告》雜誌上面。罗兹的一篇題為《新疆的穆斯林叛軍錢幣》還被收錄到了 1994 年首次發行的《東亞泉志》裏。1989 年，他和卡尔·加布里奇合著了《尼泊尔錢幣》一書。罗兹從事的職業是保險審計員，在 20 世紀 70-80 年代，他還擔任過東方錢幣學會的榮譽財務長。想要瞭解關於這次拍賣的更多資訊，請登陸斯賓克的網站： www.spink.com.

泉界收藏大家陳達農逝世，享年 100 歲陳達農於 2001 年出版了自己的處女作《古泉學入門》，之後又接連出版了《淙淙泉聲》《太平天國錢幣考略》《西塞泉叟集錢芻言》等著作。另外，陳先生還有多篇佳作分別刊載於《杭州錢幣》《中國錢幣》以及《浙江錢幣》等雜誌上。

陳達農對於陳達農先生的逝世我們表示哀悼和惋惜。2016 年發行的《東亞泉志》第一期曾經介紹過陳先生的生平。陳達農 1916 年 6 月 26 生於浙江湖州，字敬吉，號四顯齋主、西塞泉叟。他 19 歲皈依天主教，教名摩西。華北神學院道學士，曾任湖州市基督教堂牧師及湖州基督教兩會顧問。此外，他還先後是湖州市政協第一、二屆常委以及湖州市錢幣學會副會長、名譽會長。

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中國錢幣博物館首任館長戴志強發文悼念了陳達農先生的離世。泉學泰斗馬定祥也曾將陳達農的收藏譽為 “20 世紀 60 年代全國私人藏家第二”。從民國時期中國錢幣頂級研究社團 —— 中國泉幣學社，到新中國成立後建立的中國錢幣學會，再到 21 世紀以來移動互聯時代正在興起的各類媒體、平臺，陳老的一生見證了中國古錢幣研究和收藏的黃金時代。 2016 年 6 月 7 日，陳達農先生蒙主召喚，歸於天界，享年 100 周歲。先生家屬遵循遺訓，除必要的基督教儀式外，喪事從簡。而這正是陳達農先生“不求顯達、不交顯要、不躋顯位、不以顯聞”的“四不顯”精神的最好體現。

Departments 部門追憶切斯特 · 李 · 克勞斯的評委會會在一種錢幣發行一年之後對其進行投票（目的是為了給錢幣留出流通的時間），然後在第二年初評出獎項，這也是為什麼 1982 年的“年度硬幣”獎實際上在 1984 年才頒發的緣故。為了表彰為錢幣界奉獻多年的元老人物，克勞斯出版社還在 1974 年設立了“錢幣大使” 獎。切特在錢幣方面的最大貢獻也許就是出版了《世界硬幣標準目錄》。在這本書出版之前，市面上的多是只按種類劃分的綜合性目錄。由 M·科曼奇尼編寫的《18701936 年現代世界硬幣》是最早的英文錢幣目錄之一，書中較為詳細地收錄了當時中國的各種硬幣。此書的作者切斯特 · 李 · 克勞斯

在 1905-1947 年間曾在上海擔任過公共租界的巡捕。之後，紐約幣商韋特·雷蒙德在 1938 年和 1947 年分別出版了

克勞斯出版社（位於美國，艾奧拉鎮）的創始人切《二十世紀世界硬幣》以及《十九世紀世界硬幣》兩本目錄，斯特（切特）· 李· 克勞斯（1923-2016 年）於 2016 年 6 這兩本書中的中國錢幣的目錄均是由霍華德·佛蘭克林·包月 25 日安然離世，享年 93 歲。它不僅是一位革新家，克提供。後來，威斯康辛州拉辛市惠特曼出版公司買下還是一位縱橫錢幣界五十餘載的泉界巨擘。切斯特和他了雷蒙德這兩本目錄的版權，並於 1957 年出版了第一版的助手柯利弗德·米什勒在 1972 年共同創辦了《世界硬由理查·S·約曼所編著的《現代世界硬幣》。這本目錄收幣標準目錄》，1975 年，他又和阿爾伯特·庇克在德國創錄了 1850 年到 20 世紀 50 年代的世界硬幣。1966 年，辦了《世界紙幣標準目錄》。這兩本均為一冊的大部頭惠特曼出版公司出版了第一版由威廉·D·克雷格所編纂的著作，在當時是用全美最大的印表機列印而成的。現如《1750-1850 年間的世界硬幣》，同年出版的還有同樣出今，《世界硬幣標準目錄》已經出版了五卷，書本的體於約曼之手的第一版《當代世界硬幣》一書。惠特曼出積也比以前更大，而《世界紙幣標準目錄》也有三卷面世。版社出版的這三本書涵蓋了 18 世紀中葉之後所有的世界除了這兩部書之外，克勞斯還發起了“年度硬幣評獎” 硬幣的類型，但是書中並未標明硬幣的生產日期及種類，活動，評選每年舉辦一次，用以表彰世界各大造幣廠所而且插圖也不完整。當時市面上有很多按日期分類的特生產出的創新型錢幣。定國家的小型錢幣目錄，涉及的大都是歐洲和拉丁美洲克勞斯的事業起步於 1952 年。當時，他和一位朋友創辦了《錢幣新聞》報，主要的內容是關於美國和加拿大錢幣，報上還刊印了成本低廉的分類廣告，以方便偏遠地區的藏家之間進行錢幣的購買和交易活動。這份報紙後來取得了巨大的成功，到 20 世紀 60 年代初，《錢幣新聞》的發行總量超過了 65000 份。1961 年，克勞斯開始發行《硬幣雜誌》月刊，上面刊登的都是關於美國以及世界各地硬幣的文章。1973 年 12 月，第一份《世界硬幣新聞》報紙刊行。剛開始這份報紙是每月發行一期，後來出於擔心競爭公司的《世界硬幣雜誌》可能會改為週刊的緣故，克勞斯便將這份報紙改為了兩週一期，後來又變成了一周發行一期。但出人意料的是，《世界硬幣雜誌》於 1975 年初被停辦，於是《世界硬幣新聞》又恢復了一月一期，報紙的尺寸也改成了雜誌大小。1978 年，克勞斯出版社收購了《紙幣收藏新聞》，之後又將這份報紙改成了雜誌大小。時至今日，《世界硬幣新聞》和《紙幣收藏新聞》都已經成為了美國在世界硬幣和紙幣領域的權威報紙。1982 年，《世界硬幣新聞》開始舉辦“年度硬幣”評選活動。由克勞斯出版社職員集合成

的錢幣，但是有的目錄沒有插圖。鑒於此種情形，克勞斯遂打算出一本涵蓋 18 世紀中葉以後世界硬幣的目錄大全，按照種類和日期進行分類，每枚錢幣下面都附上插圖和發行量資訊。於是克勞斯便和柯利弗德一起，在惠特曼目錄的基礎上，私下按照國家順序擴寫了這本目錄。書中關於錢幣發行日期的資訊有的是從當時已出版的錢幣書籍中查找到的，有的則分散在各個國家的錢幣書籍中。而關於發行量的資訊除了出自上面這些管道之外，還有的是從克勞斯公司圖書館中的美國造幣廠的年度報告中查找到的。除此之外，克勞斯公司的攝影師還為書中的錢幣拍攝了數萬張照片，以供插圖之用。1972 年，克勞斯公司出版了第一版目錄，全書共 800 頁，收錄了數萬種世界硬幣，另附有 15000 張和硬幣同等大小的照片插圖。之後，克勞斯公司又招募了科林·R·布魯斯，由他接管 1976 年第三版之後的錢幣目錄的編輯工作。因為以收藏為主要業務的緣故，所以克勞斯出版社能夠出版一些其他出版商不敢冒險出版的大部頭書籍。除

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Departments 部門了《世界硬幣標準目錄》和《世界紙幣標準目錄》兩部

切斯特·L·克勞斯 1923 年 12 月 16 日生於威斯康辛州

書之外，多年來，克勞斯公司還出版了《國家銀行紙幣

的艾奧拉小鎮附近，並在此地度過了一生。他一生未娶，

標準目錄》《美國非通用紙幣標準目錄》《美國代幣標

是所有兄弟姐妹中最長壽的一個，由幾個侄子、侄女負

準目錄》《股票與債券標準目錄》《美國紙幣標準目錄》

責照料生活起居。1941 年切斯特從高中畢業，並於兩年

《世界標準金幣目錄》《大蕭條時代美國代幣標準目錄》

之後，即 1943 年 2 月應徵入伍。在美國軍事基地中切斯

《墨西哥硬幣及紙幣標準目錄》《西班牙、葡萄牙及新

特受訓成為了一名技工，之後跟隨巴頓將軍麾下的第三

大陸硬幣標準目錄》以及《世界克朗及塔勒爾錢幣標準

集團軍第 565 防空炮兵營被派往歐洲。切斯特曾先後在

價格指南》等書。除了標準目錄係列之外，克勞斯出版

比利時、盧森堡以及德國駐紮過，並在參與了解放布痕

的書籍還有《拉丁美洲代幣》《非常規世界硬幣》《南

瓦爾德集中營的行動。當部隊進入布痕瓦爾德的時候，

亞硬幣及紙幣標準指南》《世界緊急狀態幣指南》以及《國

集中營的三座焚屍爐裡面還殘留着幾百具屍體及燒完的

際錢幣學百科大辭典》，等等。

骨灰。1946 年從部隊退伍之後，切斯特回到了家鄉，並開始投身建築行業。之後的 10 年裡，切斯特建造了一大

自 1990 年開始，克勞斯出版公司就舉辦“芝加哥國

批房屋、兩座教堂以及一所跳高滑雪場。他的工程建設

際硬幣展”（美國中西部最重要的世界硬幣展覽）和“芝

收官之作就是 1957 年竣工的克勞斯出版社總部大樓，大

加哥紙幣博覽會”。除此之外，克勞斯公司還舉辦了一

樓位置距主街道只有一個街區。1976 年，克勞斯又將公

些其他領域的貿易展覽會。1971 年，該公司開始發行報

司搬遷到了艾奧拉鎮北部一處占地 12 英畝的地方。

紙《老爺車》，這也是克勞斯所感興趣的收藏領域之一。這份週報後來取得了空前的成功。次年，幾位老爺車的

和他在出版及收藏業方面取得的成就相比，切斯特的

收藏家應克勞斯公司之邀，首次在獅子會於公園裡舉辦

慈善事業並不太為世人所知。他不僅是美國錢幣協會和

的一場活動中展示自己的汽車收藏。共有 600 名觀眾參

美國錢幣學會的主要資助人，還資助了一家威斯康辛星

觀了此次的老爺車展覽。之後參觀的人數逐年增多，到

馬什菲爾德市的醫療中心、新倫敦的羅海德牧場牛仔夏

1976 年，共有 1 萬多名觀眾出席了在克勞斯公司的新總

令營、獾州（威斯康辛州）運動會以及艾奧拉村莊的修

部大樓廣場舉辦的老爺車展覽，次年的參觀人數更是翻

繕活動。由於沒有直係親屬可以繼承他的財產，切斯特

了一番。自 1987 年之後，每年的參觀人數都保持在 10

便於 1986-1988 年發起了員工股票期權計畫，到 1992 年，

萬人次以上。

切斯特公司的股權已經全部轉移到了全部職員的手上。切斯特多年來獲獎無數，1990 年，克勞斯出版公司榮獲

多年以來，克勞斯出版社一共出版了 60 多種雜誌以

了當年威斯康辛州的“年度最佳小企業”獎。除此之外，

及幾十本涉及不同愛好領域的書籍。比如因為切特喜歡

切斯特還是 2007-2010 年美國錢幣協會的董事會成員之

收集軍車（包括坦克），於是公司便出版了一些關於這

一。目前市面上一共出版了 3 本關於切特的的生平和克

方面的書籍和雜誌。除此之外，克勞斯公司還出版了涉

勞斯公司的書籍，分別是：

及漫畫、球員卡、唱片、電影、手稿、槍械、狩獵、釣魚、賽馬、古董、工藝品、尋寶、西部時代等領域的書籍和雜誌。也許是出於同勁敵阿莫斯出版社（俄亥俄州，西

《還原一個真實的切特：克勞斯出版公司的歷史》，作者：邁克爾 J. 高克（1992 年）；

德尼）競爭的緣故，克勞斯公司還涉足了郵票收藏領域。在買下《明庫斯郵票目錄》的版權之後，克勞斯出版社發行了一本名為《集郵家》的雜誌。除了自己的參考編

《出版先驅：克勞斯出版公司半個世紀的風雨歷程》，作者：愛琳 G. 賽貝爾（2001 年）；

號係統之外，克勞斯版本的《明庫斯郵票目錄》中還收錄了和斯科特目錄編號的對照表，這也導致了和斯科特公司之間的侵權糾紛。直至 1991 年 1 月雙方達成庭外和解，這樁侵權案方才畫上了句號。

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THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS

《我是切特：切特克勞斯自傳》，作者：愛琳 G. 賽貝爾（2008 年）。

Departments 部門

Visit to the National Numismatic Collection Vaults of the Smithsonian’s National Museum of American History Thomas Keener (USA) M r. M i c h a e l C h o u h a s b e e n coordinating a possible donation of rare Chinese coins from the famous Bowker collection to the Smithsonian’s National Numismatic Collection, located in the National Museum of American History. This discussion has been underway for almost a year. As the negotiations progressed, Michael was invited by the Curator of the National Numismatic Collection Dr. Ellen R. Feingold (http:// americanhistory.si.edu/profile/1159) to visit Washington DC and tour the

Pic. 1 US Treasury building at night

Pic. 2 Dr. Andrew Shiva in front of the banknote and tax stamp display

numismatic vaults. Michael’s trip was arranged so he would also be able to attend a Spring Board Dinner for the Smithsonian’s National Museum of American History. The reception and dinner were to be held in the Cash Room (https:// www.treasury.gov/about/history/ Pages/cash-room.aspx) of the United States Treasury building (Pic. 1), located alongside the White House, on Thursday evening, May 19, 2016. Michael was invited to bring a guest to both the dinner and the visit to the numismatic vaults. He invited me, a friend of many years and a collector

Pic. 3 Michael in front of the banknote and tax stamp display

of Chinese coins who lives in the Washington, DC area. Coincidentally, I had attended an award ceremony in the Cash Room in 1985. The ceremony was to present representatives from China with the Best Gold Coin of the Year Award in recognition of the beautiful design of China’s 1983 1 ounce gold Panda.

As Michael and I approached the main entrance to the Treasury building we encountered a familiar f a c e , U S b a n k n o t e e x p e r t D r. A n d r e w S h i v a ( h t t p : / / w w w. nationalcurrencyfoundation.org/ asbio.html) who was also a guest at

the dinner. There was time before the dinner to tour the building so the three of us examined the framed displays of US currency and tax stamps, many unique and all rare, hanging on the walls of the Treasury building hallways. Andrew’s extensive knowledge of currency and tax stamps contributed greatly to our appreciation of the displays (Pic. 2, 3). After entering the Cash Room for dinner, Michael, Andrew and I encountered a number of people associated with coins and currency (Pic. 4, 5) including NMAH Board Member and American Numismatic

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Departments 部門 Association President Jett Garrett h t t p : / / a m e r i c a n h i s t o r y. s i . e d u / profile/1169 and his wife. We later had opportunities to meet and hear introductions by Treasurer of the United States, the Honorable Rosie Rios (https://www.treasury.gov/about/ organizational-structure/Pages/rios-e. aspx) and NMAH Board Chairman Ambassador Nicholas Taubman (http:// americanhistory.si.edu/profile/743) among many others. The dinner was honored by a discussion of the rebirth of American winegrowing by Mr. Warren Winiarski (http://www. liberalartspower.org/lowdown/who/ Pages/Winiarski.aspx), founder of Stag’s Leap Wine Cellars and 1976 “Judgment of Paris Tasting” grand prize winner against the best Bordeauxclassed wines France had to offer. This was a first for American wines and launched the major US wine industry present today. Following the reception and dinner, the guests departed and walked to Pennsylvania Avenue along the driveway separating the west side of the Treasury building and the east wing of the White House (Pic. 6). The visit to the numismatic vaults began the following day, Friday, at 10AM. Rachel Wood, National Museum of American History (NMAH) Director of Individual Giving, greeted Michael and me, and escorted us through the museum’s public access

Pic. 4 Dr. Andrew Shiva talking with another guest in Cash Room

areas to the restricted working areas on the top floors of the building. The National Numismatic Collection is a component of the NMAH Division of Armed F o r c e s H i s t o r y. T h e i m p o r t a n c e and significance of Michael’s visit was immediately apparent. Upon entering the outer work area, he was greeted by Ms. Jennifer Locke Jones (http://americanhistory.si.edu/ profile/430), Chair and Curator of the Division of Armed Forces History, Dr. Feingold, Numismatic Curator, and what may have been the entire National Numismatic Collection staff. Members of the welcoming group provided comprehensive and

Pic. 6 East wing of the White House at night

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Pic 5 Michael and Thomas at Cash Room entrance

detailed descriptions of the National Numismatic Collection and the vaults. They also described works in progress, including the labor-intensive photography of the individual coins for eventual on-line viewing, and future plans and projects. They answered all questions thoroughly and expertly, and made themselves available for other questions as the day progressed. Following these discussions, the group moved into the vault. The vault is a large, protected room with one entrance and no windows. One passes along rows of individual safes to get to the primary workspace at the back of the room. The safes are organized by areas or regions and

Pic. 7 Open coin tray with closed trays above

Departments 部門

Pic. 8 Close up of tray, boxes, and labels

Pic. 9 Black gloved hand holding Szechuan silver proof 50 cent

Pic. 10 Tray with various metal coins and die

Pic. 12 Tray with unfilled cards for dynasties, reigns

contain coins sorted by country. Once the safe is opened, individual sliding metal coin trays, each marked with the country and the date or era of the contents, are visible (Pic. 7). Once a tray is pulled open, one sees the individual coins, each in its own small open top box, and each box contains a card with the appropriate country, date or era, and donor or source information listed. Sometimes the denomination, attribution reference, and a unique accession number (Pic. 8) are also on the card. In all cases, regardless of whether the coin is common or rare, they are only handled with protective gloves (Pic. 9). More than one safe contains material from China, both pre-1911 and post-1911. The contents of the safes include cast and struck coins, tokens, and charms made from gold, silver, copper, nickel, iron, brass, aluminum, or “pot metal”; circulating pieces and patterns; genuine pieces and copies; coins made IN China and coins made FOR China; unique and common coins;

and rare dies used to create some of the coins (Pic. 10). A few coins are encapsulated but most are loose.

The majority of the cast coins appear to be from the George Glover Collection of which more than 2,000 pieces of Asian coins were donated to the Smithsonian in 1897 (Pic. 11). Cast coins are sorted by dynasty and then further sorted by reign title or date. Reign titles and other Chinese characters on the coin are written on the cards using Wade-Giles romanization. Some cards only have the dynasty name or reign title; either no coins had been made during that period or none had been donated (Pic 12). Struck coins appear to be sorted by province (if from the Qing Dynasty) or by denomination (if from later periods). Arrangement of the struck coins in the drawers is less precise as the small boxes may have been removed for study and returned to the wrong location, so silver, gold and copper coins from slightly different periods

Pic. 11 Glover knife coin with envelope, written identification

can be located together. Several of the struck coins also have a small green dot stuck to the label, something not noted on the identification cards in cast coins drawers (Pic 13). Counterfeit cast or struck coins (Pic. 14) received as parts of a donation

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Departments 部門 are identified when possible and some are retained as part of the Numismatic Collection. They may serve as references for researchers as their cards are dated as to when they were collected and reflect the level of sophistication of counterfeiting at the time. The group moved through the vault to the work area at the back of the room. Dr. Feingold described the environment, described changes taking place in the public displays, and provided additional detail on the numismatic collection. She extended an invitation to us to take full advantage of our time, to take photographs of coins of interest for personal use, and examine the holdings. Dr. Feingold graciously made available several of the staff to provide any assistance needed and then departed for another meeting. The small group moved to one of the safes. Casually placed on top of the safe to greet us were several encapsulated Chinese rarities, including a 1906 Kuang hsu Imperial Kuping One Tael (Pic. 15); the L. Giorgi Yuan Shihkai 1916 dragon dollar pattern in gold (Pic. 16); and, the 1923 Pu Yi Dragon and Phoenix wedding dollar (small characters) in gold (Pic. 17). Michael and I were invited to pick up and inspect the encapsulated coins, which we did, and to take photographs. Michael was then accompanied to one of the work tables where he and the staff discussed problems associated with photographing coins, types of equipment available to the staff, and difficulties associated with identifying and organizing Chinese currency. While they were talking, Dr. Shiva came into the vault and joined them. The conversation then turned to paper money.

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Pic. 13 YSK profile dollar, gold, copper, die frags mixed

Pic. 14 Tray with YSK dragon dollar below, fake YSK above

Pic. 15 Kuping gold Tael

Pic. 16 YSK pattern dragon dollar, L. Giorgi with credits

Chinese currency donated to the NMAH National Numismatic Collection is not yet as well researched and organized as the Chinese coins. Much of this may be because banknotes tend to be more complex, require

more advanced language skills, and may not have the extensive body of research behind them that coins enjoy. Banknotes and currency are kept in a separate area of the vault. Although some pieces such as the Ming notes

Departments 部門 in the NMAH holdings (Pic. 18) are immediately recognized and conserved, most banknotes are placed in individual plastic holders with an identification tag containing the translated name (using Wade-Giles romanization) of the issuing authority when possible. The protected and identified notes are then grouped by name and organized in boxes using what appears to be the numbering reference system created by Ward D. Smith and Brian Matravers for their seminal book “Chinese Banknotes”, published in 1970 (Pic. 19).

Pic. 17 1923 Pu Yi dragon and phoenix gold dollar

New banknote discoveries were just waiting to happen. Michael was in the work area, looking through banknotes on each of the protected pages of a three-ring binder. When he reached the last page, he found he was looking at the extremely rare Kuang hsu year 30 (first issue) 1000 cash banknote from Honan Province. He thinks this is the third one known and the best of all three (Pic. 20). While Michael was talking with Dr. Shiva and the staff, I had put on some protective gloves and followed NMAH staff member Jennifer Gloede to the coin safes in the Asian section. Ms. Gloede described how the coins in the drawers were organized and then asked me what I would like to see first. I began with struck coinage, but before the visit ended three hours later, I had not only looked through every drawer in the China safes but also the Japan and Southeast Asia safe drawers as well. When an individual coin was of particular interest, Ms. Gloede offered at first to remove it from the drawer and carry the single coin in its little box to the work area so Michael and I could discuss it and possibly photograph it. This approach was soon abandoned. Ms. Gloede decided it was more

Pic. 18 Ming notes on mulberry paper

Pic. 19 Banknotes in box

efficient to remove and carry entire drawers to the work area so several coins could be discussed at once and possibly set aside for photography either by the visitors or by the staff.

Among the coins selected and photographed were the 1911 copper 2 cent (Pic. 21) and 20 cash (Pic. 21) patterns, the 1911 Tientsin dragon half dollar in prooflike condition(Pic. 22),

東亞泉志

THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS

Departments 部門 and the Szechuan proof silver dollar (Pic. 23), half dollar (Pic. 24), 20 cent and 5 cent coins (Pic. 25) that may be pattern strikes from Barber-engraved dies at the Philadelphia Mint. JEAN editor Bruce Smith is beginning a research effort into the Szechuan coins. By about 3PM, Michael and I had enjoyed a very full day and thanked everyone for their time and generous assistance. We were escorted to the main floor of the NMAH, since we had not yet seen Dr. Feingold’s new Value Pic. 20 Honan 1000 cash banknote

Pic. 21 1911 Qing copper 2 cent and 20 cash patterns

Pic. 22 1911 Tientsin prooflike half dollar

Pic. 24 Szechuan proof half dollar with credits, photographs provided by the Smithsonian National Museum of American History

Pic. 25 Szechuan proof 20 cent and 5 cent with credits, photographs provided by the Smithsonian National Museum of American History

東亞泉志

Pic. 23 Szechuan proof dollar

THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS

Departments 部門 of Money display in the Gallery of Numismatics (http://americanhistory. si.edu/blog/numismatics-vault-door), we went there before leaving (Pic. 26) . We h a d n o t b e e n i n s i d e t h e crowded display for more than a minute when Dr. Feingold and a small group entered. She was concluding a private tour for them and when she saw us, she brought them over and introductions were made. As their tour had just ended, they thanked her and left and Dr. Feingold offered us the extraordinarily rare opportunity to take what can only be called the Curator’s tour. If the Gallery of Numismatics can be considered the “where” and the Value of Money display can be

considered the “what”, the Curator’s tour is the “why”. Dr. Feingold used material from The National Numismatic Collection to demonstrate why durable historic links exist between metal, paper, rocks, plastic, shells and such (money) (Pic. 27) and art, technology, politics and culture, and eventually the collecting of representative bits of money (Pic. 28). Her display objective was to offer museum visitors a new way of associating “money” in ways they may not have considered previously. Dr. Feingold has done an excellent job.

think, was that he left with a better understanding of how material from the Bowker collection could contribute to a broader appreciation of Chinese numismatics when it becomes part of The National Numismatic Collection. Museum representatives, by name, who assisted us: Jennifer Locke Jones(Chair and Curator Division of Armed Force History) Dr. Ellen R. Feingold (Curator) Rachel Wood (Individual Giving)

Following the personal tour, Michael and I departed the Museum

Hillery York

of American History with unparalleled insight into how the system operates. More importantly for Michael, I

Molly Horrocks

Jennifer Gloede

Samantha Hatton

Pic. 26 Gallery of Numismatics entrance(GoN)

Pic. 28 Glover collection public display in GoN

Pic. 27 Origin of coins display at entrance to GoN

東亞泉志

THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS

Departments 部門

參觀美國史密森尼國立歷史博物館國家錢幣收藏館金庫托馬斯·基納（美國）約一年之前，周邁可先生便開始協商，希望能將著名的包克收藏中的中國珍稀錢幣捐贈與美國史密森尼國立歷史博物館錢幣收藏館。隨着捐贈協商的進行，國家錢幣收藏館（NNC）館長艾倫·R·費恩高德（http:// americanhistory.si.edu/profile/1159）對周邁可先生發出了前往美國參觀錢幣收藏館金庫的邀請。根據安排，周邁可先生此行除了參觀金庫以外，還將參加美國國立歷史博物館的春圖 1 夜色中的財政部大樓

季董事會晚宴。

圖 2 安德魯·希瓦博士在錢幣和稅票展覽區前

圖 3 邁可參觀錢幣和稅票展覽

迎接宴會於 2016 年 5 月 19 日週

見了一個熟悉的面孔 —— 美國紙幣

四晚在白宮隔壁的美國財政部（圖

專家安德魯· 希瓦博士 (http://www.

1）現金廳（https://www.treasury.gov/

nationalcurrencyfoundation.org/asbio.

about/history/Pages/cash-room.aspx）

html)，他也是應邀前來參加此次宴

舉行。周邁可先生被准許可以攜一

會的。因為距宴會開始還有一段時

人一同前往參加宴會以及參觀現金

間，於是我們三人便一道參觀了展

庫。於是邁可便邀請了筆者這個多

示在財政部走廊上的美國鈔票和稅

年老友同行，筆者是一名中國錢幣

票，這些被裝裱鑲框的展品都極為

收藏家，現居華盛頓。有趣的是，

珍貴，還有很多是獨一無二的孤品。

我早在 1985 年就參加過一次在美

希瓦博士關於鈔票和稅票的廣博學

國財政部現金廳舉辦的頒獎儀式。

識，極大地豐富了我們這次的參觀

那次活動中，來自中國的代表憑藉

體驗（圖 2、圖 3）。

1983 年一盎司中國金質熊貓幣的精美設計一舉奪得了當年的“年度最佳金幣”大獎。

進入現金廳的宴會現場之後，邁可、安德魯和我遇見了很多錢幣界人士（圖 4、圖 5），這其中就包括

周先生和我在財政部的大門口遇

東亞泉志

THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS

美國國立歷史博物館理事、美國國

圖 4 安德魯·希瓦博士同其他賓客交談

Departments 部門奪得此項殊榮，也為今天美國葡萄酒業的繁榮奠定了基礎。

金庫面積碩大，門禁森嚴，只有一扇大門且沒有窗戶。主工作區在金庫的後面，參觀者在穿過數排的

招待宴會之後，賓客們離開大廳，

私人保險箱之後才能到達。這些保

沿着車道徒步走向賓夕法尼亞大道。

險箱都按照地區進行分類排列，箱

這條車道將本地區一分為二，東邊

中的錢幣也是按照不同國家分類進

是美國財政部大樓，西邊則是白宮（圖

行整理的。一打開保險箱就能看見

6）。

標記着鑄造地區及年份的可滑動金屬硬幣托盤（圖 7）。拉開託盤，便

第二天（週五）早上 10 點，一

可以看見一枚枚裝在開放式小盒子

行人出發前去參觀錢幣館金庫。美

裏的錢幣，每個盒子裏都附有一張

國國立歷史博物館個人捐贈處總監

卡片，上面標記着每枚捐贈錢幣的

瑞秋·伍德熱情迎接了我和邁可，我

具體所屬國家、鑄造年份或年代、

們在她的陪同下穿過博物館的公共

捐贈人或者錢幣來源等相關資訊。

通道來到門禁森嚴的頂樓工作區。

有的卡片上面還標有錢幣的面值、參考屬性以及特有的編號（圖 8）。

圖 5 周邁可和托馬斯在現金廳大門前

國家錢幣收藏館隸屬於美國國

無論是普通品還是珍稀品，所有人

立歷史博物館下屬的軍事歷史館。

都必須提前戴上防護手套之後才能

家錢幣協會主席傑特· 蓋瑞（http://

沒多久，邁可此行的重要性就得到

接觸這些錢幣（圖 9）。

americanhistory.si.edu/profile/1169）

了證實。剛一踏入工作區，一行

及其夫人。之後，在眾多的宴會

人就收到了來自軍事歷史博物館館

賓客中，我們有幸得以遇見了美

金庫中裝有 1911 年前後的中國錢

長詹妮弗· 洛克· 瓊斯女士（http://

國財政部司庫羅茜· 裏奧斯女士

americanhistory.si.edu/profile/430）、

幣的保險箱不止一個。其中包括金、

（https://www.treasury.gov/about/

錢幣館館長費恩高德博士以及錢幣

organizational-structure/Pages/rios-e.

鑄鐵材質的鑄幣、機制幣，代幣和

收藏館全體員工的熱烈歡迎。歡迎

aspx）以及美國國立歷史博物館董事

花錢，流通幣及樣幣，真幣和假幣，

隊伍不光為我們細緻全面地介紹了

會主席尼古拉斯·陶布曼大使（http://

鑄造於中國和為中國鑄造的錢幣，

錢幣收藏館以及金庫的情況，還交

americanhistory.si.edu/profile/743）。

普品和孤品，以及用以生產其中一

代了一些正在進行中的工作，這其

宴會中，沃倫· 維尼亞斯基 http://

些錢幣的珍稀幣模（圖 10）。這些

中就包括一些未來的計畫和專案以

www.liberalartspower.org/lowdown/

錢幣大多是鬆散擺放，只有幾枚是

及為網上瀏覽而進行的錢幣拍攝工

who/Pages/Winiarski.aspx 引出了關於

密封起來的。

作，因為每枚錢幣都需要逐個拍攝

美國葡萄種植業復興的話題，沃倫

的緣故，所以這項工作的勞動量需

是鹿躍酒窖的創始人，他的葡萄酒

求巨大。在之後的參觀活動中，隨

在 1976 年打敗了法國送選的最好的

同的工作人員有問必答，對於我們

波爾多酒，一舉拿下了當年的巴黎

的任何問題都能給出詳細而又專業

品酒會大獎。這是美國葡萄酒首次

的回答。

圖 6 夜色中的白宮東樓

銀、紫銅、鎳、鐵、黃銅、鋁以及

金庫中的大多數古錢都是喬治·格洛夫的舊藏，在 1897 年，共計有 2000 多枚的格洛夫亞洲錢幣藏品被捐獻給國立歷史博物館（圖 11）。

圖 7 開放式錢幣託盤以及上面的封閉式錢幣托盤

東亞泉志

THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS

Departments 部門

圖 8 錢幣托盤、盒子以及標簽近照

圖 9 戴上黑手套拿着四川省造光緒元寶三錢六分銀幣

圖 10 帶有各種金屬硬幣於幣模的托盤

圖 12 帶有不完全年份和地區信卡片的托盤

圖 11 格洛夫收藏的刀幣，附帶信封和鑒定證書

圖 13 堆放到一起的袁世凱像金幣、銅幣以及幣模殘片

圖 14 裝有袁世凱像龍幣的托盤，上面是贗品幣研究錢幣的時候會取出這些裝錢的

這些錢幣先是按照年代進行分類，

沒有鑄造過錢幣，或者是因為目前

小盒子，而在放回去的時候有時會

後又按照具體的鑄造年號或年份進

尚沒有人捐贈過這些年代的錢幣（圖

出現放錯位置的情況，這也就是為

一步細分。錢幣上的年號以及其他

12）。

什麼抽屜中的機鑄幣安放的並不那麼精准的原因，而年代相差不大的

漢字銘文用韋氏拼音法被記錄到了一張張的卡片上。還有一些僅寫有

機制幣則是以鑄造的省份（清代

金、銀、銅幣也會被籠統地放到一

朝代的卡片，而並沒有相對應的錢

機制幣）或者面值（清代之後的機

起。其中一些錢幣的商標上面還標

幣實物，要麼是因為這些朝代根本

制幣）來進行分類的。工作人員在

着綠色的小點，但是抽屜裏的鑒定

東亞泉志

THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS

Departments 部門證書上面並沒有提到這些小點究竟是什麼標誌（圖 13）。捐贈品中的一些贗品幣（圖 14）也盡可能地被識別了出來，有的還作為錢幣收藏館的一部分被保留在了博物館中。這些附帶標記着收藏年份卡片的贗品幣一方面可為錢幣研究者作參考之用，另一方面還能夠反映當時的錢幣造假水準。

圖 15 1906 年光緒丙午年造庫平一兩大清金幣

隨後，我們一行人穿過金庫來到位於房間後面的工作區。費恩高德博士為我們介紹了一下這裏的大致情況以及這幾年公開展覽方面的變遷和改革，另外還補充了一些錢幣收藏方面的細節瑣事。在介紹完之後，她便允許我們自行隨意參觀，既可以拍攝錢幣的照片以供私人之用，也可以瀏覽參觀工作區。在貼心地安排了幾名員工為我們提供幫助之後，她便起身告辭前去參加另

圖 16 路易奇·喬治簽字版袁世凱像飛龍金質樣幣

一場會議去了。之後我們一行人又來到了放保險櫃的地方。最先映入眼簾的是位於保險箱上層的一批密封起來的中國珍稀錢幣，這其中就包括一枚 1906 年光緒丙午年造庫平一兩大清金幣（圖 15）、1916 年袁世凱像中華帝國洪憲紀元壹圓 L. Giorgi（路易奇·喬治）簽字版飛龍金幣（圖 16），以及 1923 年（民國十二年）溥儀大婚龍鳳黼黻圖壹圓金幣（小字版）（圖

圖 17 民國十二年溥儀大婚龍鳳黻黻圖壹圓金幣

17）。在工作人員的准許下，我和

錢幣館收到的中國紙幣的捐贈

收藏到了塑膠盒子裏，還附上了一

邁可親手將這些密封的錢幣拿起來

品並沒有和硬幣一樣被很好地進行

張寫有紙幣發行當局英文譯名（韋

進行觀賞，而且還拍攝了照片。

研究和分類整理。這是因為紙幣比

氏拼音法）的識別標籤。在封存好

硬幣要更加複雜，需要運用更加高

並確定資訊之後，工作人員會將這

邁可之後和工作人員一同來到一

級的語言進行描述，和硬幣不同，

些紙幣按照名称進行分類，並使用

所工作臺前，討論一些關於錢幣拍

這些紙幣背後並沒有大量的調查研

一種編號體係把它們整理收納到盒

攝、工作人員使用的設備類型以及

究可供參考。這些紙幣被單獨存放

子中，這種編號係統最早是出現在

在中國錢幣鑒別和分類方面的問題。

在金庫的一個分區裏面。雖然有一

1970 年出版的由沃德 D· 史密斯和

他們交談的時候，希瓦也來到了金

部分諸如明代的紙幣在被收入博物

布萊恩·馬特拉沃斯合寫的開創性著

庫，並參與到了討論之中。到後來，

館之後很快就被確認資訊並封存起

作 ——《中國紙幣》一書中的（圖

幾個人的討論主題又轉到了中國紙

來（圖 18），但大多數的紙幣都被

19）。

幣上面。

東亞泉志

THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS

Departments 部門紙幣方面的新發現只是時間問題。邁可待在工作區翻看着密封在三孔活頁夾裏面的紙幣藏品，當翻到最後一頁時，他發現了一張極為珍貴的光緒三十年河南豫泉官钱局發行的大錢一千文錢票（初版）。邁可認為這是迄今發現的第三張、也是品相最好的一張光緒一千文錢票（圖 20）。就在邁可同希瓦博士以及工作人員交談之際，我帶上保護手套，跟隨美國國立歷史博物館員工詹妮弗﹒格勒德來到亞洲區的保險櫃存放處。格勒德女士為我介紹了這些錢幣是如何整理入庫的，然後又問我想從哪里開始看起。我選擇了先看機製幣，但是直到參觀結束，我花了三個小時的時間也沒有將中國錢幣保險箱中的藏品一一瀏覽完畢，

圖 18 大明通行寳鈔壹貫（桑皮紙制）

就更不用說那些日本和東南亞的錢幣了。當發現一枚特別有意思的錢幣的時候，格勒德女士先是提議我將這枚幣取出放到小盒子裏，然後將盒子帶到工作區以便同邁可一起討論及拍攝這枚錢幣。不過她很快放棄了這個提議，之後又決定將整個抽屜搬到工作區，這樣更加方便，既可以讓我和邁可一次談論多枚錢幣，又可以讓參觀者或者工作人員拍照。

圖 19 盒子中的紙幣藏品

在我們選來拍照的錢幣中，有一枚宣統年造大清二分銅幣 ( 圖 21)、宣統三年二十文樣幣 ( 圖 21)、1911 年（宣統三年）天津所鑄大清銀幣立龍伍角精製幣（圖 22），以及可能出自費城造幣廠的由巴伯所刻幣模鑄造出的四川精製七錢二分（圖 23）、三錢六分（圖 24）、一錢四分四釐及三分六釐銀幣（圖 25）。《東亞泉志》的編輯史博錄先生當前正在從事四川錢幣方面的研究，拍照的四川銀幣圖片对他會有帮助。

東亞泉志

THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS

圖 20 河南光緒三十年壹千文錢票

Departments 部門

圖 21 大清銅幣宣統年造二分、宣統三年二十文樣幣

圖 22 宣統三年天津所鑄大清銀幣立龍伍角精製幣

圖 24 四川光緒元寶三錢六分銀幣，圖片由美國國立歷史博物館提供

圖 23 四川光緒元寶七錢二分精製銀幣

圖 25 四川一錢四分四釐及三分六釐銀幣，圖片由美國國立歷史博物館提供

邁可和我度過了非常充實的一

blog/numismatics-vault-door）舉辦的

天。下午 3 點，我們向每一位工作

“錢幣價值”展覽，工作人員便把

人員表示了感謝，多謝他們抽出時

我們護送到博物館主樓層，讓我們

間來為我們提供幫助。由於我們還

得以在離開前參觀了這一展覽（圖

未見識過費恩高德博士新近於錢幣

26）。

展覽室（http://americanhistory.si.edu/

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THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS

Departments 部門

圖 26 錢幣展覽室大門

圖 27 錢幣展覽室門口舉辦的錢幣起源展覽

圖 28 於錢幣展覽室展出的格洛夫錢幣藏品我們融入到熙熙攘攘的參觀者中

石幣、塑膠鈔、貝幣、其他錢幣（圖

間還不到一分鐘，費恩高德博士就

27）以及藝術、工藝技術、政治、

領着一小隊人走進了展覽室。當時

文化，還有代表性錢幣收藏之間存

她正在為一行私人遊覽團做最後的

在着持續性的歷史關聯（圖 28）。

總結陳詞，一看見我們，她便帶着

費恩高德博士之所以舉辦這次展覽，

遊覽隊伍走了過來，然後給我們做

就是為了給參觀者提供一個前所未

起了相互介紹。參觀結束，遊覽團

有的錢幣接觸新途徑，而她也把這

對她道過謝之後便離開了。之後，

項工作完成得非常出色。

費恩高德博士帶領我們進行了一場足以稱之為“館長特別招待之旅”

參觀結束之後，我和邁可走出了

的特別參觀，這可是一個千載難逢

美國國立歷史博物館的大門。此次

的機會。

參觀讓我們瞭解到博物館的體係是如何運轉的，這是一次前所未有的

如果錢幣陳列室是“參觀之地”，

體驗。我覺得，對邁可來說，更重

那“錢幣價值”展覽就是“參觀內容”，

要的是他進一步瞭解到當包克收藏

而此次“館長特別招待之旅”則可

被捐贈到這所博物館之後，這些錢

以被稱之為此次參觀的“原因所在”。

幣將會讓更多的人欣賞到中國錢幣

費恩高德博士通過博物館的錢幣藏

的風采。

品向我們證明了金屬錢幣、紙幣、

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THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS

感謝以下博物館代表的大力相助

（按名字排序）：詹妮弗·洛克·瓊斯 ( 軍事歷史館館長兼錢幣博物館主管 ) 艾倫·R· 費恩高德博士（錢幣博物館館長）瑞秋·伍德（個人捐贈处總監）希勒裡·約克詹妮弗·格勒德莫莉·霍羅克斯薩曼莎·哈頓

Departments 部門

My Shanghai Trip King L. Chan (Hong Kong) In mid-June I was invited to Shanghai by Mr. Michael Chou of Champion Auction to attend the ceremony of the Howard Bowker Family donating the Bowker collection to the Shanghai Mint Museum. Mr. Gu Jun, chief secretary of the CCP (Chinese Communist Party) of the Shanghai Mint, hosted a beautiful dinner for the Bowker family members and us. On the day the ceremony, the General Manager of the Shanghai Mint, Mr. Tong Weina, and Mr. Gu Jun hosted a meeting with us to express their gratitude to both the Bowker Family as well as Mr. Michael Chou. Mr. Tong also asked for my advice on modern coins made by his mint. He promised to ensure more and more people will have the opportunity to see Bowker's donation.

2016/6/15 Donation Ceremony of Howard Franklin Bowker Collection in Shanghai Mint Co.,

Most VIPs from the Shanghai Mint and Chinese numismatic circles, including NGC senior consultant, Mr. Zhang Yao Qun (former director of the Shanghai Mint Museum), attended the ceremony. Before the ceremony, Mr. Chou, Mr. Zhao Qiang (a famous panda coin designer) and myself paid a visit to Mr. Chen Jian, the first panda coin designer of China, Mr. King L. Chan visited Mr. Chen Jian (L)

The COTY Committee presented the Certificate of a “Coin of The Year” Judge to Mr. Michael Chou

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Departments 部門

Mr. Chen Jian was invited to be a “Coin of The Year” judge

Mr. Wang Fude was invited to be a “Coin of The Year” judge

he is called the "Father of the Panda (Coin)". Mr. Chen was so kind to see us after recovering from an illness. His home is a beautiful villa located in a suburban area of Shanghai. We had a ‘tour’ of his medal collection which were mostly designed by himself. He told us an interesting story about what was behind these magnificent medals which were mostly designed with Chinese characteristics and high artistic skills. Afterward I interviewed him about Chinese International Show Pandas as I was writing a specialized catalog on the series. Mr. Chen designed the first few of them in the

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late 80s, and he shared his recollections of design concepts and several interesting stories. Toward the end of our meeting, Mr. Chou, on behalf of the Krause Publications and World Coin News’ COTY "Coin of the Year" Committee of the USA presented Mr. Chen with an invitation to join as an official judge. Mr. Chen accepted the invitation with pleasure. He has been recognized for his [professional] lifetime dedication to modern Chinese coins. Mr. Chen won COTY’s best gold coin in 1985 for his 1983 Gold Panda design. The presentation was held at the Cash Room of the US Treasury in Washington D.C. and was

Departments 部門 attended by representatives of the Chinese Embassy. Mr. Chen is a traditional and humble Chinese intellectual who deserved this honor. Another humble numismatist we met was Mr. Wang Fude who designed the first Chinese coin to win a Coin of the Year award. This was for the 1982 Year of the Dog silver coin, and it was awarded in 1984. He was the first designer to have won the prize of the "Best coin of the year" by Krause. He flew to Shanghai from his hometown of Shenyang to attend the Bowker ceremony and also received an invitation from the COTY committee to become a judge.

Mr. King L. Chan interviewed Mr. Wang Fude (R)

I personally talked with Mr. Wang much of the time and asked him about his recollections about Show Pandas designed by Shenyang Mint designers. Most of the German Show Pandas were in fact minted in Shenyang. He had some difficulties recalling some of the issues but he promised he would give us more information after his return to Shenyang. He also told me some interesting stories about modern coinage. Mr. Wang is a kind and humble traditional Chinese intellectual just like Mr. Chen. He has been retired for a long time and has not been involved in numismatics since his retirement. He is also a very energetic man and shared his experiences of leading a healthy lifestyle with me. Mr. Chen and Mr. Wang are the first COTY judges from the Shanghai and Shenyang Mints, a great honor for both mints. At a farewell dinner to Mr. Wang we were joined by another famous coin designer couple from the

In the Shanghai Holiday Inn (From L) Mr. Zhang Yuequn, Mr. King L. Chan, Mr. Wang Fude, Mr. Luo Yonghui, Mrs Xiang Liming and Mr. Michael Chou

Shanghai Mint, Mr. Luo Yonghui and his wife Mrs. Xiang Liming. Mr. Luo has just retired and he was the youngest coin designer when People’s Republic of China first started minting precious metal coins. The "Maizi Grotto Art" coin, which was elected as a COTY Gold Coin, was designed by Mr. Luo. He and his wife also participated in the design of one of the 2008 Beijing Olympic coins as well as the official prize medals for the winners.

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上海之旅陳景林（香港） 2016 年 6 月中旬，我應冠軍拍賣公司總裁周邁可先生之邀，前往上海參加包克家族對上海造幣博物館的錢幣捐贈儀式。

福德先生。王先生設計的 1982 年狗年銀幣榮獲了 1984 年的年度最佳硬幣大獎，這是第一枚榮獲此殊榮的中國

上海造幣有限公司黨委書記顧军設宴盛情款待了我們和包克家族代表一行人。捐贈儀式當天，上海造幣有限公司總經理童維納以及顧軍先生同我方舉行了一次會議，並在會上表達了對於包克家族及周邁可先生的感激之情。童先生還就本廠生產的現代幣的問題徵求了我的建議。他向我們保證今後一定會讓更多的人有機會前來參觀包克先生捐贈的藏品。前來參加儀式的多是來自上海造幣有限公司以及泉界的貴賓，這其中就包括 NGC 評級公司的資深顧問（原上海造幣博物館負責人）張耀群先生。捐贈儀式之前，我和周邁可以及趙檣（知名熊貓幣設計師）前去拜訪了中國首位熊貓幣設計師、被譽為“熊貓幣之父”的陳堅先生。陳先生的家安在上海市郊的一座漂亮的別墅裏面，之前先生身體欠佳，這次能夠得見病癒之後的陳堅先生實在是非常有幸。我們參觀了陳堅先生的收藏，那些精製的紀念章大多是出自陳先生自己之手，不僅極具中國特色，還蘊藏了高超的藝術技巧。在參觀的過程中陳先生向我們講述了這些紀念章背後的趣事。之後，我出於編寫專業目錄的需要，就中國展會熊貓幣的問題對陳堅先生進行了一次採訪。在 20 世紀 80 年代末，設計出了第一批為數不多的中國国际展會熊貓幣的正是陳堅先生。採訪中陳先生對我講述了自己的設計理念以及一些在設計過程中遇到的趣聞樂事。

2016 年 6 月 15 日包克藏品捐贈儀式在上海造幣有限公司舉行

作者拜訪陳堅先生（左）後合影

在訪問即將結束之際，周邁可先生代表克勞斯出版社、世界硬幣新聞和世界硬幣大獎賽評選委員會贈與了陳堅先生加入評委會的邀請函。陳先生也欣然接受了此次邀請。陳先生畢生都致力於中國現代幣的設計和研發工作，他在 1983 年設計的熊貓金幣更是榮獲了 1985 年世界硬幣大獎賽的“年度最佳金幣”獎。當時的頒獎典禮在位於華盛頓的美國財政部現金廳舉辦，應邀出席的還有來自中國大使館的代表。作為一位傳統的中國知識份子，陳堅先生為人謙虛謹慎，能獲此殊榮也是實至名歸。在拜訪了陳堅先生之後，我們又拜訪了另一位同樣德高望重但為人謙遜的設計師王

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THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS

世界硬幣大獎賽評選委員會頒給周邁可先生的評選委員證書

Departments 部門錢幣，而王福德先生也成為了獲得由克勞斯頒發的“年度最佳硬幣”的第一人。為了參加這次的包克捐贈儀式，王福德先生不遠千里，特意從家鄉瀋陽飛到上海，並同樣接受了來自世界硬幣大獎賽評選委員會的邀請函。我私下和王先生交談了許久，向他打聽了一些關於瀋陽造幣廠設計的展會熊貓的事情。他告訴我多數的德國展會熊貓實際上都是出自瀋陽造幣有限公司。雖然關於有些錢幣的資訊已經回憶不起來了，但王先生還是保證等回到瀋陽他一定會將詳細的內容告知於我。除此之外，王先生還向我透露了很少關於現代幣的有趣故事。和陳堅先生一樣，王福德先生也是一位和善謙虛的中國傳統知識份子。他自從退休之後便很長一段時間沒有再去過問關於錢幣的事。雖然已經退休多年，但王先生依舊精神矍鑠，他還向我分享了許多健康養生的經驗。

世界硬幣大獎賽評選委員會邀請陳堅先生加入評委會的公函

陳先生和王先生是第一批分別來自上海和瀋陽造幣有限公司的世界硬幣大獎賽評選委員會評委，這對二人來說都是一種殊榮。來自上海造幣有限公司的兩位知名錢幣設計師 —— 羅永輝和向黎明夫婦同我們一起參加了為王福德先生舉辦的告別宴會。剛剛退休的羅永輝先生曾經是新中國第一批貴金屬幣的設計者。他設計的“中國石窟藝術麥積山金幣”獲得了世界硬幣大獎賽的最佳金幣獎。除此之外，羅先生還和夫人一同參與了 2008 年北京奧運會獎牌以及紀念幣的設計工作。

作者采访王福德先生（右）

世界硬幣大獎賽評選委員會邀請王福德先生加入評委會的公函

在古井假日酒店合影左起：張躍群先生、陳景林先生、王福德先生、羅永輝先生、向黎明女士、周邁可先生

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Departments 部門

The Third Donation of the Bowker Family to the Shanghai Mint Co. Ltd Yuan Fang (Xi’an) On June 15 2016, the third donation ceremony of Mr. Howard Franklin Bowker’s coin collection was held in the exhibition hall of the Shanghai Mint Co. Ltd. The Bowker family had donated part of Bowker’s coin collection to the Shanghai Mint in 2010 and 2015. This time, a total of 24 rare machine-made coins and medals issued at the beginning of the Republic of China were donated to the Shanghai Mint. Before the ceremony, the general manager of the Shanghai Mint, Mr. Tong Wei-na, warmly received the representatives of the Bowker family. Mr. Cui Xian-liang, the cultural department director of the Shanghai Mint, hosted the donation ceremony. The chief secretary of the CPC (the Communist Party of China) of the Shanghai Mint, Mr. Gu Jun, and the representative of the Bowker family, Ms. June Alice Cornell (Mr. Bowker’s granddaughter), each delivered a speech (Pic. 1 and Pic. 2) and unveiled the donated coin collection together (Pic. 3). Then Michael Chou, CEO of the iAsure company, gave a brief introduction of some of the rare coins that were donated (Pic. 4). More than sixty guests attended the ceremony, including the senior craft artist of the Shanghai Mint Mr. Luo Yong-hui, the former deputy chief engineer Mr. Zhang Jun, the former director of the Shanghai Mint Mr. Zhang Yao-qun, senior numismatic expert Mr. Zhang Wei-yan, the head of the construction office of the Shenyang Mint Mr. Wei Hong-kun, the retired senior craft artist of the Shenyang Mint Mr. Wang Fu-de, researcher of modern Hong Kong gold and silver coins Mr. Chen Jinglin, collector Mr. Wang Jin-long, modern Chinese coin collector Mr. Yang Rui-cheng, and the president of the Yin Tai company Mr. Zhang Rong-hua (Pic. 5).

Pic. 1 The chief secretary of the CPC of the Shanghai Mint, Mr. Gu Jun delivers a speech

Pic. 2 The representative of the Bowker family, Ms. June Alice Cornell delivers a speech

Mr. Gu Jun delivered a speech about Mr. Bowker being both a famous American coin collector and also one of the best numismatic scholars of Chinese coins. The development of the Shanghai Mint Co. Ltd is inseparable from the care and support of the community, especially the Bowker family and iAsure. Since 2010, with the help of iAsure, the Bowker family has donated 176 pieces (or sets) of Chinese coins of different periods to the Shanghai Mint. In October 2014, the exhibition hall which was specially built in the Shanghai Mint Museum for Bowker’s donation was opened to the public. As of June 14, 2016, a total of 2,465 visitors have visited the Bowker’s collection, including visitors from government offices, enterprises, universities, organizations

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Pic. 3 June Alice Cornell (left), Gu Jun (middle) and Marilyn Ann Dorman (right) jointly unveil the donated coins

of literature and art and also experts from mints of America, Britain, Canada, Singapore and other countries. The generous donation of the Bowker family has been deeply appreciated by all visitors. These twenty-four coins donated this time greatly enriches the early Republican machine-made coin

Departments 部門 things of this style. It has been a delightful experience to come to China so many times and see what intrigued my grandparents. Your mint has been generous with us and we are grateful for our Chinese experiences. Thank you. We are glad to return some of your country’s history to you. It is wonderful to be able to fulfill some of our grandfather's wishes. He wanted so much to educate and pass on history to all. He certainly did that for us.”

Pic. 4 Michael Chou introduces some rare coins of the Republic of China

Then Michael Chou, CEO of iAsure Company, gave a brief introduction of these twenty-four machine-made coins in the ceremony. He said, “These coins (medals) made between 1912 and 1927 and are all in mint condition and are very precious. Among the donations, there are precious circulation coins, rare patterns and valuable commemorative medals.” All the coins and medals were numbered in sequence: (1) Two silver 1912 one-yuan coins bearing the portrait of Dr. Sun Yat-sen issued in commemoration of the founding of the Republic of China, one with five-pointed star design on the top, one with the same design on the bottom, the latter is rare. (Pic. 6 )

Pic. 5 The donation ceremony

collection of the Shanghai Mint. The exhibition hall will soon be rearranged to enable the public to see these coins and in the future the Mint will continue to explore and perform the function of letting the public enjoy the Bowker collection. Mr. Bowker’s granddaughter, Ms. June Alice Cornell, said “We are very glad to be here today to give some more of our grandfather's coins back to the people of China. It is a great honor to be a part of this process. Our grandfather, Howard Franklin Bowker, loved collecting coins and stamps. He was extremely dedicated to the research of both. He passed on some of this knowledge to us in our childhood. He would take us into ‘The East Asian Library’, which is what he named his room, and let us gather stamps for our collections. He taught us a lot about the histories of those countries. He was a very humble man. I personally never knew how much he had done in his coin collecting days until this project began. I knew he was very involved because when I was young my grandparents took care of me and his coin collecting friends would come to the house for meetings. I was always fascinated by his friends’ professional attire and presence.” “His home was full of Asian artifacts, so I always loved

(2) Two silver 1912 one-yuan coins bearing the portrait of Li Yuan-hong (one with a cap, the other without) in commemoration of the founding of the Republic of China. (3) A silver 1914 one dollar Yuan Shi-kai portrait in military uniform coin issued in commemoration of the founding of the Republic of China. (4) One set (five pieces) of patterns of 1914 trial minted silver coins bearing the image of Yuan Shi-kai with the signature of L.GIORGI, including: a silver one dollar coin, with the signature of L.GIORGI (Pic. 7 ); a silver half dollar coin with the signature of L.GIORGI; a silver one dime coin with the signature of L.GIORGI; and a nickel five cent coin with the signature of L.GIORGI. This set of coins is very rare. The Italian Luigi Giorgi was the most famous engraver of Chinese coins. He was employed as the chief engraver of the Tianjin Mint from 1910 to 1920 and was the designer of the 1911（the third year of Hsuan tung）Qing silver coins and the minor coins issued in the same year, the silver coin bearing the image of Yuan Shi-kai issued in the third year of the Republic of China, two sets of copper coins of the Republic of China and a nickel coin die. He was also the first engraver whose name was engraved on Chinese coins in a foreign language.

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Departments 部門 (5) Silver one dollar and half dollar Yuan Shi-kai portrait coin issued in 1914. (6) A silver 1919 one dollar coin bearing the portrait of Yuan Shi-kai minted in the eighth year of the Republic of China. (7) A silver 1920 one dollar coin bearing the portrait of Yuan Shi-kai minted in the ninth year of the Republic of China. (8) A silver 1921 one dollar coin bearing the portrait of Yuan Shi-kai minted in the tenth year of the Republic of China. (9) A brass sample of the 1916 ten yuan gold coin issued in commemoration of the beginning of the Hong Xian reign, with flying dragon design on one side and blank design on

pieces) issued in 1923: a Cao Kun commemorative silver badge marking the promulgation of the constitution, a large and a small Cao Kun commemorative silver badge bearing the portrait of Cao Kun in army uniform on the obverse and crossed flags on the reverse. (14) A 1924 Duan Qi-rui commemorative silver coin marking his taking office as chief executive of the Republic of China with “He Ping” ( 和平 ) on the reverse (Pic. 10). (15) A silver sample of the Dr. Sun Yat-sen’s portrait silver one dollar coin minted in the sixteenth year of the government of the Republic of China with mausoleum design on the reverse. The precious die of this sample (Pic. 11) was engraved by R. Placht of the Vienna Mint in Austria and minted in Nanjing.

the other side, formerly in the Keefer collection (Pic. 8). In 1916, the Tianjin Mint minted a set of gold, silver and copper machine-made coins with a flying dragon design and the signature of L.GIORGI marking the beginning of Hong Xian’s reign. The Bowker’s one-sided sample of the copper coin is the only sample of this set of uniface copper coins known (Kann K-1515w). (10) A 1916 silver one dollar coin bearing the portrait of Yuan Shi-kai in military uniform on the obverse and a flying dragon design marking the beginning of the Hong Xian reign of the Chinese empire on the reverse. (11) A 1912 Xu Shi-chang commemorative silver coin produced in September of the tenth year of the Republic of China. This commemorative coin (Pic. 9) has no denomination and was specially minted by the Tianjing Mint to commemorate the 67th birthday of Xu Shi-chang, President of the Republic of China at that time. The reverse has the exterior view of the Ju Ren Temple and the lucky characters of “Ren Shou Tong Deng” (meaning ‘benevolence and longevity are a blessing') in the center and the Chinese characters “Ji Nian Bi” （紀念幣）(‘commemorative coin’) on the bottom near the edge. (12) A silver 1923 one yuan dragon and phoenix coin minted by the Tianjin Mint in the twelfth year of the Republic of China. Two types of this coin exist as there are differentsized Chinese characters denoting the coin’s value “one yuan”. This piece is the large character type. (13) A set of Cao Kun commemorative badges (three

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Pic. 6 A silver 1912 one yuan coin bearing the portrait of Dr. Sun Yat-sen in commemoration of the founding of the Republic of China, with the five-pointed star design on the bottom, NGC MS65

Pic. 7 A silver Yuan Shi-kai one dollar issued in the third year of the Republic of China with the signature of L.GIORGI, NGC MS63

Pic. 8 A brass sample of the 1916 ten-yuan gold coin in commemoration of the beginning of the Hong Xian reign [of the Chinese empire], uniface, ex-Keefer collection, NGC MS62

Departments 部門 provinces. The first two donations were made to the Shenyang Mint Museum and the China Banknote Printing and Minting Museum in Beijing.

Pic. 9 A silver 1912 Xu Shi-chang commemorative coin produced in September of the tenth year of the Republic of China, with "Ren Shou Tong Deng" ( 仁壽同登 )on the reverse, NGC MS65

Pic. 10 A silver 1924 Duan Qi-rui commemorative coin marking his taking office as chief executive of the Republic of China with "He Ping" ('peace') on the reverse, NGC MS63

Pic. 11 A silver sample of the Dr. Sun Yat-sen portrait one dollar coin minted in the sixteenth year of the government of the Republic of China with mausoleum design on the reverse, NGC MS63

In May 2016, part of the Bowker Collection was donated to the Art Museum of Moritzburg Halle (Saale) in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. These coins will be on display at the Special Chinese Coin Exhibition at the museum from September 18, 2016 to January 29, 2017, along with the Otto Beh Chinese Dies donated by Michael Chou with help of the Kunker Auction Company. The Moritzburg Museum has the second largest collection of Chinese coins in Germany. The Bowker Family has donated more than 6,000 Chinese cash coins and machine-made coins to the museum, which is the largest ever donation of Chinese coins in Germany. In 2017, part of the Bowker collection will be donated to the National Numismatic Collection Vaults of the Smithsonian’s National Museum of American History in Washington D.C. With over 1.7 million coins, the National Numismatic Collection Vaults has the largest numismatic collection in the world. The Bowker coins are expected to be on display in the fall of 2017, at the National Museum of American History which has over four million annual visitors. Howard Franklin Bowker once worked as the curator of Asian Department of National Numismatic Collection Vaults of the Smithsonian’s National Museum when it was founded in the 1950s and his wish to promote numismatic research will be meet with the naming of the Howard Franklin Bowker Research Room at the National Numismatic Collection Vaults. This ten-year project will be finished with the help of the Bowker family and numismatic experts. Studying the Bowker collection has always been a great numismatic journey.

After visiting the exhibition of the Bowker coins, all the guests gave their high praise (Pic 12).

This is the third donation by the Bowker family to the Shanghai Mint. In April 2010, the Bowker family first donated several coins which were made by the Shanghai Mint and could best represent Chinese minting technology. The second donation was in March 2015. This time the Bowker family donated coins minted in areas and regions near Shanghai including Kiangsu, Chehkiang, and Anhui

Pic. 12 Guests admire the donated coins

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包克家族向上海造幣有限公司第三次捐贈錢幣圓方（西安） 2016 年 6 月 15 日，霍華德·佛蘭克林·包克錢幣藏品捐贈儀式在上海造幣有限公司舉行。此次是包克家族繼 2010 年、2015 年兩次向上海造幣有限公司捐獻包克生前收藏的錢幣之後的第三次捐贈，計有 24 枚民國初期的珍貴機製幣章。捐贈儀式由上海造幣有限公司企業文化部主任崔先亮主持，上海造幣有限公司黨委書記顧軍、包克家族代表瓊·愛麗絲·康奈爾（包克孫女）先後在捐贈儀式上講話（圖 1）和致辭（圖 2）。雙方共同為本次捐贈的錢幣藏品揭幕（圖 3）。愛秀集團董事長兼冠軍拍賣公司總裁周邁可對捐贈的這批錢幣作了簡要介紹（圖 4）。上海造幣有限公司總經理童維納在捐贈儀式開始之前熱情接待了包克家族。參加本次捐贈儀式的有上海造幣有限公司正高級工藝美術師羅永輝先生、原副總工程師章軍先生、博物館原負責人張躍群先生、資深錢幣專家張維研先生，瀋陽造幣博物館籌建辦負責人魏宏坤先生，瀋陽造幣有限公司退休高級工藝美術師王福德先生，香港現代金銀幣研究者陳景林先生，當代資深收藏家王金龍先生，近代中國幣收藏家楊瑞成先生，美國資深收藏家兼製片人 Charles Coker 先生 , 銀泰董事長張榮華先生等共 60 餘人（圖 5）。顧軍講話指出：包克先生是美國已故著名錢幣收藏家，是 1940 至 1960 年對中國錢幣領域最有研究的學者之一。上海造幣有限公司的錢幣文化發展，離不開社會各界尤其是包克家族和愛秀集團的關心與支持。自 2010 年以來，包克家族向上海造幣有限公司捐贈了 176 件（套）中國各個時期的錢幣藏品。愛秀集團也為捐贈活動的順利推進作了積極貢獻。2014 年 10 月，我們特地修建的包克錢幣藏品展示廳在上海造幣博物館建成開展。截至今年 6 月 14 日，包克錢幣展廳的參觀人數已達 2465 人，其中既有來自於政府機關、企事業單位、高等院校、文化藝術團體的普通參觀者，也有來自美國、英國、加拿大、新加坡等各國造幣廠的業內專家。他們在聽聞包克家族捐獻錢幣的善舉之後，深感敬佩。這次捐贈的 24 枚錢幣，極大地充實了上海造幣博物館在民國初期機制幣方面的館藏。下一步，將對包克錢幣展廳進行新的佈置，使之儘快與參觀者見面。今後將積極探索與發揮包克錢幣藏品的文化傳播功能。瓊·愛麗絲·康奈爾致辭說：很高興今天能在這裏再次捐贈出祖父所收藏的錢幣，我們也很榮幸能夠參與到此次的捐贈活動中來。我們的祖父—霍華德·佛蘭克林·包克生前喜歡收藏錢幣和郵票，也非常熱衷這方面的研究。我們小時候從祖父那裏學到了一些關於這方面的知識，他會把我們帶到自己稱之為“東亞圖書館”的房間，讓

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圖 1 上海造幣有限公司黨委書記顧軍講話

圖 2 包克家族代表瓊 · 愛麗絲 · 康奈尔女士致辭

圖 3 顧軍（中）與包克家族代表瓊·愛麗絲·康奈爾（左）、馬麗蓮· 安·杜曼共同為捐贈錢幣揭幕我們挑選和收藏自己喜歡的郵票。他也告訴了我們很多關於這些國家的歷史知識。祖父為人非常謙遜，如果沒有這次的捐贈活動，就連我恐怕也無法得知祖父的錢幣收藏究竟有多少。不過我知道祖父生前曾經非常積極地收集錢幣，小時候我和祖父在一起生活，當時家裏經常會舉辦他和錢幣收藏界朋友們的聚會。這些人的那種正

Departments 部門角，銀幣，L.G. 簽字版；壹角，銀幣，L.G. 簽字版；伍分，鎳質，G.L. 簽字版。這套幣非常珍稀，其原因是，意大利人路易奇· 喬治是最著名的中國錢幣雕刻師，他於 1910 至 1920 年間任天津造幣廠總雕刻師，曾設計雕刻過宣統三年大清銀幣及輔幣，民國三年袁世凱像銀幣，以及民國兩套銅幣、一枚鎳幣幣模，是唯一一位將外文名字放在中國錢幣上的雕刻師。（5）1914 年袁世凱像中華民國壹圓、中圓銀幣各 1 枚。（6）1919 年袁世凱像中華民國八年造壹圓銀幣 1 枚。（7）1920 年袁世凱像中華民國九年造壹圓銀幣 1 枚。圖 4 周邁可先生介紹捐贈的民國錢幣精品

（8）1921 年袁世凱像中華民國十年造壹圓銀幣 1 枚。（9）1916 年袁世凱像中華帝國洪憲紀元拾圓金幣黃銅樣幣，單面，即一面飛龍圖案，另一面空白，Keefer 舊藏（圖 8）；1916 年天津造幣廠為紀念袁世凱登基改年號洪憲元年生產的飛龍壹圓機製幣，發現帶有路易奇·喬治簽名的有金、銀、銅三種材質，另一版別就是包克收藏的這枚目前唯一已知的單面銅幣樣幣，即耿愛德書上的 K1515w。（10）1916 年袁世凱戎裝像背中華帝國洪憲紀元飛龍圖案銀幣 1 枚。（11）1921 年徐世昌像背“中華民國十年九月仁壽

圖 5 捐贈儀式現場式而考究的裝扮當時讓我非常着迷。以前，祖父母的家裏擺滿了亞洲的物件，這也使得我一直對這種風格情有獨鐘。我很高興能夠多次來到中國，並親眼看到那些曾經讓我祖父母深深迷戀的東西。我們很高興能完成祖父一直以來的心願，讓這些充滿中國歷史的錢幣收藏重歸故里。周邁可介紹了此次捐獻的 24 枚民國早期機製幣章，他說：這些幣章鑄行於民國元年至民國十六年，即 1912 至 1927 年，既有珍貴的流通幣，又有罕見的樣幣，還有名貴紀念章，均未使用，價值不菲。按編號順序依次為：

同登”紀念銀幣 1 枚，乃天津造幣廠為時任中華民國大總統之徐世昌六十七壽辰特鑄紀念幣，背面中央鐫居仁堂外景及“仁壽同登”吉語，週邊下鐫“紀念幣”字樣，雖無面值，實為紀念幣（圖 9）。（12）1923 年中華民國十二年造龍鳳黼黻圖壹圓銀幣，“壹圓”有大字、小字之分，此為大字版，天津造幣廠鑄造。（13）1923 年曹錕紀念章一套 3 枚：曹錕西裝像憲法成立紀念銀章 1 枚；曹錕戎裝像背雙旗紀念銀章大型、小型各 1 枚。（14）1924 年段祺瑞像中華民國執政紀念背“和平” 銀幣 1 枚（圖 10) （15）1927 年孫中山像中華民國國民政府“十六年造”背陵墓圖壹圓銀質樣幣，幣模由奧地利維也納造幣

（1）1912 年孫中山像中華民國開國紀念銀幣壹圓，上五角星版、下五角星版各 1 枚，後者少見（圖 6）。（2）1912 年黎元洪像中華民國開國紀念銀幣壹圓戴帽版和無帽版各 1 枚。（3）1914 年袁世凱戎裝像中華民國共和紀念壹圓銀幣 1 枚。（4）1914 年袁世凱像中華民國試鑄幣路易奇·喬治 “L.GIORGI 簽字版”樣幣一套 5 枚：壹圓，銀質，L.GIORGI 簽字版（圖 7）；中圓，銀幣，L.GIORGI 簽字版；貳

圖 6 1912 年孫中山像中華民國開國紀念銀幣壹圓，下五角星版， NGC MS65

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Departments 部門廠的 R.Placht 雕刻，南京鑄造，數額甚稀，彌足珍貴（圖 11）。最後，嘉賓們參觀了包克家族捐獻的錢幣，贊歎不已（圖 12）。

圖 7 1914 年袁世凱像中華民國三年 L.GIORGI 簽字版樣幣壹圓銀幣，NGC MS65

圖 8 1916 年中華帝國洪憲紀元拾圓金幣黃銅樣幣，單面， Keefer 舊藏，NGC MS62

圖 9 1921 年徐世昌像背“中華民國十年九月仁壽同登” 紀念銀幣，NGC MS65

圖 10 1924 年段祺瑞像中華民國執政紀念背“和平”銀幣， NGC MS63

圖 11 1927 年孫中山像中華民國國民政府背“十六年造” 陵墓圖壹圓銀質樣幣，NGC MS63

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圖 12 與會嘉賓觀看此次捐贈的錢幣

此次捐贈是包克家族對上海造幣博物館的第三次捐贈。包克家族對上海造幣博物館的第一次捐贈是在 2010 年 4 月，捐贈的藏品是最能代表中國造幣技術的中國錢幣。第二次捐贈是在 2015 年 3 月，捐贈的是來自上海地區的錢幣，包括江蘇、浙江、安徽三省的錢幣。包克家族的另外兩次捐贈活動，是對沈陽造幣博物館和中國印鈔造幣博物館的捐贈。在 2016 年 5 月，包克家族把一部分錢幣藏品捐贈給了德國薩克森 - 安哈爾特州哈雷莫里茨堡藝術博物館。這些錢幣將和在昆克公司幫助下周邁可先生捐贈給這個博物館的德製中國錢幣幣模，在 2016 年 9 月 18 日至 2017 年 1 月 29 日期間的中國錢幣特別展中展出。莫里茨堡藝術博物館是德國擁有中國錢幣數量最多的第二大博物館。包克家族就向它捐贈了 6000 多枚中國方孔錢和機製幣，目前為止是對德國捐贈中國錢幣的最大捐贈者。 2017 年 , 包克家族將會把一部分包克藏品捐贈給美國國家博物館國家錢幣收藏館（NNC），該錢幣收藏館擁有超過 170 萬枚的錢幣藏品。美國歷史博物館位於美國首都華盛頓特區。包克家族捐贈的錢幣有望於 2017 年秋季在年參觀者超過 400 萬人次的美國歷史博物館展出。霍華德·佛蘭克林·包克曾經在美國國家博物館錢幣收藏館於 20 世紀 50 年代開始設立時擔任亞洲錢幣館的館長。他致力於推動錢幣研究事業的遺願將會實現，美國國家博物館錢幣收藏館將為其設立一個以他的名字命名的研究室即霍華德·佛蘭克林·包克研究室。這個為期 10 年由包克家人和錢幣界的專家幫忙研究整理包克的藏品及資料的項目，一直以來是一個非常了不起的錢幣之旅。

Departments 部門

A Trip to Japan of the Coin Collecting Committee of the China Association of Collectors Yin Min (Changsha)

(From L.) Wang Chunli, Bian Yibing, Lv Chunran, Yin Min, Shi Xiaoyan, Zhang Ruijiang, Ye Tao, Lin Yong, Zhang Shudong, Dong Fumin, Wang Song, Wang Xuanrui From June 12 to June 18, under the leadership of Mr.

Shi Xiaoyan, VP of the China Association of Collectors

investigation group members felt it had been a worthy trip. The investigation group also visited the Osaka Mint.

as well as the director of its Coin Collecting Committee, an investigation group of twelve people went to Japan.

After this trip, all members got a better view of the

These senior numismatic collectors from Beijing, Tianjin,

Japanese coin market, collectors and dealers as well as the

Heilongjiang, Anhui, Jiangsu and Hunan visited numismatic

trade conditions of Chinese coins in Japan. At the close

and antique markets in Tokyo, Kyoto, Nagoya, Nara and

of the journey, Mr. Shi said this trip was a great success

Osaka and exchanged ideas with Japanese coin dealers.

and provided a better idea for the collecting committee to organize numismatic exchange activities in the future.

The main event of this trip was in Osaka. On the previous day of the Osaka Coin Show, the investigation group drove

During their trip to Japan, the investigation group

from Nara to Osaka. In the morning of the day of the opening

members also extensively exchanged ideas and discussions

ceremony, group members excitedly rushed to the hall of

about the future work of the numismatic committee.

the show and got lost in the crowd. When they left, all the

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中國收藏家協會錢幣收藏委員會組團赴日考察交流殷敏（長沙）

從左至右：王春利、卞一冰、呂春然、殷敏、石肖岩、張瑞江、葉濤、林永、張樹東、董付民、王松、王宣瑞 2016 年 6 月 12-18 日，中國收藏家協會副會長、錢

考察團還參訪了日本造幣局。

幣收藏委員會主任石肖岩一行 12 人（來自北京、天津、黑龍江、安徽、江蘇、湖南等地的錢幣界資深收藏家），

通過這次赴日實地考察，大家不僅對日本錢幣市場

赴日進行考察和交流。考察團先後走訪了東京、京都、

的現狀，以及收藏者、經營者的情況有了進一步瞭解，

名古屋、奈良和大阪的錢幣及古玩市場，並和日本錢幣

更對中國錢幣在日本市場的買賣情況有了更清晰的認識。

經銷商進行了深入的交流和探討。

石肖岩主任在考察臨結束時表示：這次赴日考察活動很成功，對中國收藏家協會錢幣收藏委員會今後組織和舉

本次赴日考察的重頭戲是在大阪。考察團于大阪錢幣

辦各種錢幣交流活動提供了很好的思路。

展開幕前一天即從奈良驅車抵達大阪。大阪錢幣展開幕當日上午，大家就興冲冲的趕赴會場，然後迅即淹沒在人頭攢動、熙熙攘攘的展會中。而從離場時考察團成員的言辭舉止中感到，大家頗有不虛此行之感。在大阪期間，

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在日期間，考察團成員們還就中國收藏家協會錢幣收藏委員會今後的工作開展進行了廣泛的交流和探討。

Departments 部門

The First Chinese Summit Forum of Coin Collecting, Yaowan, China Wang Xuanrui (Xuzhou)

The First Chinese Summit Forum of Coin Collecting was held from July 18-19, 2016, in Yaowan, China, a town with a history going back thousands of years. It was held by the Coin Collecting Committee of the China Association of Collectors, the Collection Industry Committee of the China General Chamber of Commerce along with the Publicity Department of the Communist Party of China (CPC) Xinyi Municipal Committee, Xinyi Cultural Bureau of Radio, Television, Press and Sports Bureau, Xinyi Tourism Bureau and Xinyi Luoma Lake Tour Development Co., Ltd. with the support of the presidium of the National Coin Collection Exposition. About 80 VIPs and leaders attended the opening ceremony. They included Zhang Zhigang, the former Vice Minister of Commerce and the former president of China General Chamber of Commerce; Luo Bojian, the president of the China Association of Collectors; Shi Xiaoyan, the chairman of the presidium of the National Coin Collection Exposition, the vice-president of China Association of Collectors and also the director of its coin collecting committee; Dai Zhiqiang, member of the National Relics Appraisement Commission and the former president of the China Numismatic Museum; Zhou Xiang, member of the National Relics Appraisement Commission and academic committee member of the China Numismatic Society; Tian Zhigeng, the minister of the publicity department of the

CPC Xinyi Municipal Committee; Xie Tanghong, the deputy director of the Xinyi People’s Congress Standing Committee and the relevant person in charge of Xinyi Luoma Lake Tour Development Co., Ltd.; numismatics professor Li Xiaoping who is the deputy director and secretary general of the Gold and Silver Coin Professional Committee of the China Numismatic Society and research fellow of Zhejiang Museum; Duan Honggang, the associate editor of the editorial board of the Great Dictionary of Chinese Numismatics and CEO of Beijing Gongbo Ancient Coins Authentication Company; Zhang Ansheng, academic advisor of the Asian Numismatic Society; Feng Naichuan, the president of the China Ancient Banknote Association in Hong Kong; Chen Yaoguang, the president of Macau Fachau Co., Ltd. and the chairman of the China Banknote Society in Macau; Jia Hui, the vice-chairman of the presidium of the National Coin Collection Exposition and the deputy director of the coin collecting committee of the China Association of Collectors; Ye Tao, the vice-chairman of the presidium of the National Coin Collection Exposition and the president of the Numismatic Professional Committee of Anhui Association of Collectors; and, Yin Min, the deputy secretary general of presidium of the National Coin Collection Exposition and coin collecting committee of the China Association of Collectors and a professional consultant of the Nanjing Cultural and Art Assets Exchange Square and Zhong Nan Stamp Trading Center. In addition, there were a number

東亞泉志

THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS

Departments 部門 of other well-known numismatic investors and representatives of coin auctions and major medias in attendance. Coin collecting is a cultural industry with a widespread collecting base and a huge market. Chinese coins, with their long history, concentrated essence of the era, and association with historical changes, are among the top appreciating collectables and represent an excellent investment. This summit forum was organized by the presidium of the National Coin Collection Exposition with the Coin Collecting Committee of the China Association of Collectors and the Collection Industry Committee of the China General Chamber of Commerce. The purpose of this summit forum was to promote the culture of Chinese coin collecting, to combine collecting with research, to explore the investment value of coins, to inherit numismatic culture, and to promote culture construction in today’s environment. This first summit forum received about 30 papers in total and 11 were selected to be discussed during the forum. Guests jointly explored the developing trends in coin collecting and investing and tried to find a way to rationalize and popularize coin collecting in order to push the industry towards a new peak. Those who attended the forum are accomplished and influential experts in coin collecting and investing. All guests were, quoting Mr. Dai Zhiqiang, “elites”. Eleven instructive essays were selected. These included Exploring Qin-Han Coin Inscriptions and Promoting the Prosperity of the Cultural Industry written by Zhu Shujian and Hu Shaobin; Learning about Copper Culture from China’s Ancient Coins written by Zha Yi; Zhou Xiang’s Study of Banknotes Issued by Zhejiang National Commercial Bank in the Qing Dynasty; and, Du Shangfu’s The Power of Culture is the Promotion of Coin Collecting and Successful Investing. Besides introducing their articles, the authors also gave their opinions and suggestions with coin experts on coin collecting and research, coin investing, coin grading, and exchange of relevant information. The focus of the discussions included the relationships and differences of coin cultures, numismatics and money, coin grading and research, and combating counterfeit currency. Jia Hui said, “We should promote the development of coin collecting on the basis of inheriting the tradition. As the young generation, we have the duty of pushing coin collecting to the depths and scaling new peaks." Zhou Xiang said that the best way of doing research is to study both coins and relevant materials. Studies only on coins or documents will be biased.

東亞泉志

THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS

Dai Zhiqiang said, “The relationship and differences between money, currency and numismatics should be clarified. Derivatives of monetary culture are contained in the concept of money and need to be studied and carried forward." Niu Shuangyue pointed out, “Cultural power is an important concept. A man full of knowledge may not be a well-educated man. A qualified collector should be welleducated and can create values with coins. The perfect collecting process should be: a coin collector finds a favorite coin, can authenticate the coin, can afford to buy the coin, knows how to preserve the coin, and at last can sell it." Zhang Ruijiang’s views were: Coin collecting institutes should organize activities and insist on improving their services and expanding their staff teams while facing the new collecting situation. In his speech, Mr Xie Tanghong said, “Ten concepts must be established by coin collectors in the huge coin market. These concepts are: the concept of decision making, the concept of famous brand, the concept of time, the concept of information, the concept of innovation, the concept of talents, the concept of benefit, the concept of risks, the concept of opening-up, and the concept of legal sense." It is of special significance that the First Chinese Summit Forum of Coin Collecting was held in Yaowan, a historical and cultural ancient town and also a famous tourist destination in Jiangsu province. Known as ‘the pearl in northern Jiangsu’, Yaowan used to be a famous hub of water transportation in ancient China. The prosperity of water transport promoted the development of commerce and financial industry. Yaowan had the most money shops in all of China during the Qing dynasty [1616–1912]. The earliest existing bank note was issued by one of these shops. Collectors attending the forum could feel the charm of an ancient Chinese town when they came to Yaowan, a beautiful historical town with a rich culture and convenient transport services. I believe the First Chinese Summit Forum of Coin Collecting will become an authoritative numismatic event and the Yaowan style will become a model to be copied in the future. This Yaowan forum has groundbreaking significance and is bound to be recorded in history books of Chinese coin collecting. Coin collecting has a widespread base in Xinyi city, Jiangsu province. As one of the most active coin collecting associations at county and city level, the Xinyi Coin Collecting Association is highly influential in Chinese numismatic circles. This summit forum was jointly organized by the Xinyi Coin Collecting Association and the Xuzhou Center for Oriental Document Collecting and Research.They also organized some coin exchange activities and medal auctions during the forum.

Departments 部門

中國錢幣收藏首屆高峰論壇窰灣論壇成功舉辦王宣瑞（徐州）

2016 年 7 月 18 — 19 日，由全國錢幣收藏博覽會主

光，全國錢幣收藏博覽會主席團副主席、中國收藏家協

席團支持，中國收藏家協會錢幣收藏委員會、中國商業

會錢幣收藏委員會副主任賈暉，全國錢幣收藏博覽會主

聯合會收藏業委員會牽頭主辦，中共新沂市委宣傳部、

席團副主席、安徽省收藏家協會錢幣專業委員會會長葉

新沂市文化廣電新聞出版與體育局、新沂市旅遊局、新

濤，全國錢幣收藏博覽會主席團副秘書長、中國收藏家

沂駱馬湖旅遊發展有限公司聯合主辦的“中國錢幣收藏

協會錢幣收藏委員會副秘書長、南京文交所及中南郵票

首屆高峰論壇”在千年古鎮窰灣成功舉辦。

交易中心專家顧問殷敏，以及著名錢幣投資商、錢幣拍賣機構、各大專業媒體的代表，共計 80 餘人。

參加論壇開幕式的重要嘉賓和領導有商務部原副部長、中國商業聯合會原會長張志剛，中國收藏家協會會

錢幣收藏是所有收藏品中最具規模的門類之一，極具

長羅伯健，全國錢幣收藏博覽會主席團主席、中國收藏

文化色彩和廣泛的群眾基礎，尤其中國錢幣更是歷史悠

家協會副會長兼錢幣收藏委員會主任石肖岩，國家文物

久，濃縮了時代的精華，見證了歷史變遷，是最具有欣賞、

鑒定委員會委員、中國錢幣博物館原館長戴志強，國家

投資價值的重要收藏品之一。

文物鑒定委員會委員、中國錢幣學會學術委員周祥，中共新沂市委宣傳部部長田志耕、新沂市人大常委會副主

“中國錢幣收藏高峰論壇”是由全國錢幣收藏博覽會

任謝堂紅和新沂駱馬湖旅遊有限公司的有關負責人；錢

主席團、中國收藏家協會錢幣收藏委員會、中國商業聯

幣專家中國錢幣學會金銀貨幣專業委員會副主任兼秘書

合會創立的。該論壇的宗旨是：弘揚中華錢幣收藏文化，

長、浙江省博物館研究員李曉萍，中國錢幣大辭典編委

宣導收藏與研究相結合，注重投資價值挖掘；與當今時

會副主編、北京公博公司總經理段洪剛，亞洲錢幣學會

代緊密結合，為傳承錢幣文化多做實事，為國家文化建

學術顧問張安生，香港中國古鈔學會會長馮乃川，澳門

設貢獻力量。計此次首屆論壇共收到論文 30 餘篇，從中

花酒酒業有限公司董事長、澳門中國紙幣學會主席陳耀

精選 11 篇在論壇期間交流。共同探討中國錢幣收藏與投

東亞泉志

THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS

Departments 部門資的發展趨勢，探討完善錢幣收藏的規範化、理性化、普及化，讓錢幣收藏走向新高峰。

牛雙躍說，“文化力”的提出相當重要，有知識不等於有文化，文化創造價值才是硬道理，收藏家的知識儲備非常重要，一件心儀的藏品，要遇得上、看得准、買

參與論壇的都是在錢幣收藏研究、投資經營各方面頗

得起、藏得住，最後還要賣得出，這才是一個完美的迴圈。

具成就和影響力的專家。用戴志強先生的話說，“高峰論壇”來的都是“高峰人物”。

張瑞江說，錢幣收藏組織，面對新形勢，如何做好服務、如何擴大隊伍、如何把各地的活動都有聲有色的開

入選論文中，朱淑建、胡紹斌的《探研秦漢錢文書法

展起來，是需要用心謀劃、堅持長久工作的。

藝術，促進文化產業的發展與繁榮》，查逸的《從中國古錢幣收藏看銅文化》，周祥的《浙江興業銀行清代紙

謝堂紅說，收藏家面對紛繁的收藏市場和眾多的藏品

幣研究》，杜尚福的《文化力是錢幣收藏與投資成功的

選擇，要有十大觀念：決策觀念、名牌觀念、時間觀念、

助推器》等，都是近年來錢幣界少見的有深度、有力度、

資訊觀念、創新觀念、人才觀念、效益觀念、風險觀念、

針對性和指導性強的好文章。

開放觀念、法制觀念。

除了論文作者對入選論文作提要式的介紹外，與會多

首屆“中國錢幣收藏高峰論壇”在江蘇著名的歷史

名錢幣收藏研究專家也都踴躍發言討論，談了自己對錢

文化旅遊勝地窰灣古鎮舉辦，有着十分貼切、相當特別

幣收藏鑒賞、研究交流、投資經營、鑒定評級、開發利用、

的意義。千年窰灣古鎮是蘇北明珠，是中國歷史上著名

資訊傳播等等方面的意見和建議。與會錢幣專家的觀點，

的漕運樞紐。漕運的興盛，帶來了商貿業的繁榮、金融

集中在錢幣文化、錢幣學與貨幣學的聯繫與區別、錢幣

業的發達。窰灣古鎮是清代錢莊最密集的地區之一，江

信用評級、收藏研究方法、錢幣反假等諸方面。論壇有

蘇省現存實物最早的錢莊票就出具在此，窰灣歷史悠久，

序交流、觀點激烈碰撞，交鋒中時時迸發出智慧的火光。

文化深厚，風景優美，交通方便，可以讓全世界的收藏大家感受到中國古鎮的魅力。“中國錢幣收藏高峰論壇”

賈暉說，錢幣收藏事業的發展，離不開歷史的傳承，

將成為一個錢幣界頗具含金量的權威性論壇、知名品牌。

我們應當向先輩致敬；目前是我們收藏研究錢幣最好的

“窰灣論壇”將成為一種模式，定期在各地繼續舉辦下去，

時期，要把握住歷史的機遇；作為年輕一輩，要肩負起

“窰灣論壇”的開創性意義，將載入中國錢幣的收藏史冊！

歷史的使命，把錢幣收藏推向深入、再攀高峰。江蘇省新沂市具有相當廣泛的錢幣收藏的群眾基礎，周祥說，錢幣研究，單純依靠史料和過分依賴實物，

新沂市錢幣收藏協會是國內縣市級錢幣收藏活動開展的

都有失偏頗，要把實物和文獻相互印證進行研究，走中

最為有聲有色的群體，在錢幣界影響相當大。本次論壇

間道路。

由新沂市錢幣收藏協會聯合徐州市東方文獻收藏研究中心共同承辦，會議期間還穿插有錢幣交流和紀念章拍賣

戴志強先生說，錢幣、錢幣學與貨幣、貨幣學的聯繫和區別究竟在哪里要搞清楚，錢幣包含貨幣文化的衍生物，要注重研究和發揚。

東亞泉志

THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS

活動。

Features 專題

Rich History of ANA China Pandas Robert Mish (USA) Anticipation and growing excitement await the arrival of the China ANAheim Panda gold & silver issues honoring the ANA’s 125th anniversary. There is actually a rich history of previous China Mint issues made specifically to honor our organization. In 1985 China selected the ANA as the first overseas event to have an official China commemorative issue. It portrayed the ANA lamp logo on the obverse and the Great Wall of China on the reverse, with 500 pieces struck in 1-ounce .999 silver. It was sold at the Baltimore convention for the $20 issue price. Error collectors also love this issue due to ‘The Great Wall’ being spelled backwards in English. Today, well preserved specimens can bring over $2000 each, making it the most valuable 1-oz. silver of all the China show issues through the present.

By late summer 1987, “pandamonium” was sweeping America. The China Mint in its outreach mission began to participate in other USA coin shows. The first China 1-oz. gold show panda was issued for the San Francisco International Coin Exposition in September, a benefit event to fund the California Coin Dealers Association in its work to discourage punitive and discriminatory regulations and tax treatment with regard to numismatic and bullion transactions. Even though 3000 pandas were minted, they sold out immediately. Collectors and souvenir seekers began camping outside the night before the show opened, with lines stretching for two blocks. The fortunate buyers at the $800 issue price were being offered as much as $2000 per coin the next day! Pandas issued for subsequent events in Long Beach, Tokyo, New Orleans, New York, Basel, and Munich were received with similar enthusiasm. What started with the China Mint’s mission to develop numismatic friendship through the ANA conventions became an international sensation.

1985 ANA World's Fair of Money Expo (Baltimore) 1oz. Ag

China returned to the 1986 ANA Convention in Milwaukee with a beautiful 5-ounce silver panda issue. The obverse showed a panda holding bamboo leaves, while the reverse portrayed the co-joined circles of The Great Wall of China and the Statue of Liberty, conceptualizing two important landmarks of two friendly countries. This time 2000 pieces were produced and they still sold out almost immediately. By the time the China delegation returned for the 1987 ANA Convention in Atlanta, China panda coins were reaching their first peak wave of popularity and pursuit. The Mint again coined 2000 pieces of a 5-ounce silver commemorative, this time showing a panda standing in the forest with the reverse portraying the flying flags of China & the USA. The inscription “Atlanta GA Sino-American Friendship” complements the theme. Another ANA, another “sold out” panda.

Confident as a result of past and ongoing successes, China issued both silver and gold 1-oz. pandas for the 1988 Cincinnati ANA convention. The design portrayed a mother & child panda in a bamboo forest, with the reverse depicted the ANA logo on its 97th anniversary. Mintage for the silver was only 2000 pieces, while the gold had 1000 intended mintage. Unfortunately, there were production and marketing issues leading to the eventual mintage being only about about 300 pieces. The Cincinnati gold panda has since become one of the most prized panda show issues due to its scarcity.

1988 ANA World's Fair of Money Expo Show Panda (Cincinnati) 1oz Au

東亞泉志

THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS

Features 專題

2012 ANA World's Fair of Money Expo Show Panda (Philadelphia Gold) 5oz Au

The 1989 ANA Convention in Pittsburgh was the site of another panda milestone. Instead of gold or silver, China issued a palladium show panda. Only 1000 pieces were struck. This time the panda was portrayed sitting in a tree.

After 1989, the China coin market and the show panda program were receding in the aftermath of the Tiananmen Square incident. The diminished popularity of modern China coins in the American market could no longer support special show commemoratives. This was complicated by a general over-abundance of both bullion and collector product in the

The Anaheim 2016 World’s Fair of Money will host the return of ANA pandas. To insure a healthy aftermarket that reflects well on the Association’s prestige, only 2000 pieces of the 1-oz. silver, and only 125 each of a 1-oz. gold and a 12-oz. silver have been minted. Another 125 pieces of 50gram gold and 625 pieces of 50-gram silver are being minted for direct marketing after the Anaheim event. For the first time, all of the pandas will be individually serial numbered. Sales of the live show allotment (table 733) will be limited to ANA members, and will be rationed over the first three days of the convention.

USA market from various world mints, including the new U.S. Mint Eagle program. Without a distributor willing to contract for another issue, we entered a period where no show pandas were struck for any USA event until 2012. Come Philadelphia 2012 and pandas were again being struck for the ANA Convention. Endearing mother & child pandas graced the obverse, while the reverse portrayed the Liberty Bell and the Great Wall of China. Ambitious mintages of 10,000 pieces 1-oz. silver and 2500 pieces 5-oz. silver still sold well amid good response. However, it was the first ANA show panda struck in 5-oz. gold, with a mintage of only 99 pieces, that garnered the most enthusiasm. The demand was so strong that the distributors had to raffle the right to buy them. Hundreds of collectors and dealers put their coupons in a big see-through wind cage right on the bourse floor, where they were blown into a mix. The fortunate winners took home a true numismatic prize, which to this day remains the lowest mintage ANA panda issue.

東亞泉志

THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS

2016 ANA World's Fair of Money Expo Show Panda (Anaheim) 1oz Ag

2016 ANA World's Fair of Money Expo Show Panda (Anaheim) 1oz Au

Departments 部門

歷史悠久的美國錢幣協會中國紀念熊貓羅伯特·米什（美國）隨着美國錢幣協會 125 周年金銀紀念熊貓在安娜海發

幣公司派代表又接連參加了其他一係列在美國舉辦的錢

行期的臨近，人們對於這批紀念熊貓期待值也在不斷高

展，其中第一批 1 盎司中國展會紀念金貓就是為參加當

漲。

年 9 月份的三藩市國際錢展而特意打造的，當時鑄造這一批紀念熊貓的目的，是為加利福尼亞幣商聯合會反對

實際上，中國造幣公司為美國錢幣協會特製紀念熊貓一事已有多年的歷史。早在 1985 年，中國就在美國錢

在錢幣和貴金屬幣交易中的懲罰性稅收待遇和歧視性規章的抗議活動提供資金支持。

幣協會的年會上發行了一批紀念章，這也是第一批在海外發行的中國紀念章。錢幣的正面刻有美國錢幣協會的

雖然這一次鑄造了 3000 枚紀念熊貓，但還是很快

標誌——知識之燈，反面則是中國長城，999 純銀打造，

就銷售殆盡。錢幣和紀念幣收藏家們在展會前夜便聚集

重 1 盎司，共計 500 枚。這些紀念章當年在巴爾的摩年

到了門口，等候的隊伍整整排了兩個街區。有幸以 800

會上的售價為 20 美元。由於幣面上的英文“長城”二字

美元買到的紀念熊貓，到了第二天就有人把價格出到了

出現了順序顛倒，所以這一版的紀念章頗受錯幣收藏家

2000 美元。

追捧。如今，一枚品相良好的 1985 紀念章樣幣可以賣到 2000 美元以上，這也是迄今為止價格最高的 1 盎司中國展會紀念銀章。

隨後在長灘、東京、新奧爾良、紐約、巴塞爾以及慕尼黑發行的紀念熊貓同樣受到了熱捧。中國造幣公司以美國錢幣協會年會為開端舉行的這一係列錢幣友好交流活動，一時在國際上引發了轟動。紀念熊貓的成功發行增加了中方的信心，在 1988 年於辛辛那提舉辦的美國錢幣協會年會上，中國造幣公司分別發行了一套金、銀紀念熊貓，正面是一對栖息竹林的熊貓母子，反面是美國錢幣協會成立 97 年紀念標誌。原本計畫鑄造 2000 枚銀熊貓和 1000 枚金熊貓，但後來由於鑄造和銷售方面的問題，最終的成品只有 300 枚。

美國錢幣協會第 94 屆年會（巴爾的摩）紀念 1 盎司銀章

由於數量稀少，這種辛辛那提金質紀念熊貓也成為了最為珍貴的展會紀念熊貓之一。

在美國錢幣協會 1986 年密爾沃基年會上，中國又發

行了一種精緻的 5 盎司的銀質熊貓，正面是熊貓戲竹圖，反面是兩個相交的圓圈，圈內分別刻着中美兩國的標誌性建築——長城和自由女神像。這 2000 枚紀念熊貓一經推出，很快便銷售一空。 1987 年，中國造幣公司再次參加了當年美國錢幣協會在亞特蘭大舉辦的年會，中國紀念熊貓在當時迎來了第一次追捧熱潮。這一次中國造幣公司發行了 2000 枚 5 盎司展會紀念銀熊貓，正面竹林熊貓圖，反面是飄揚的中美兩國國旗，幣面上刻着“喬治亞州亞特蘭大，中美

美國錢幣協會第 97 屆年會紀念熊貓（辛辛那提）1 盎司金

1989 年於匹茲堡舉行的美國錢幣協會年會上又發行

友好”幾個顯示主題的英文單詞。與之前一樣，這一次

了一批具有里程碑意義的紀念熊貓。這一次，中國造幣

的紀念熊貓也是很快就被搶購一空。

公司除了使用金、銀之外，還另外打造了一種鈀金質展會紀念熊貓，總數只有 1000 枚。這一次，幣面上的圖案

1987 年夏末，美國掀起了一陣“熊貓熱”。中國造

變成了熊貓攀樹圖。

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Departments 部門

美國錢幣協會第 121 屆年會紀念熊貓（費城）5 盎司金出於政治原因，1989 年之後，中國錢幣市場及展會

克金熊貓和 625 枚 50 克銀熊貓以便在安娜海年會上直接

紀念熊貓的熱度消退。中國現代幣在美國市場上風光不

售賣。這些紀念熊貓將會首次分別進行編號，直接出售

再，這也就使得中方無法繼續生產特製展會紀念熊貓。

的一批紀念熊貓將在展會前三天進行售賣（733 號攤位），

而且當時世界各大造幣廠的錢幣大量湧入美國市場，其

僅限美國錢幣協會的會員購買，逾期不候。

中還包括美國造幣公司新鑄造的鷹係列硬幣。由於沒有經銷商願意接手紀念熊貓，中方便停止了美國展會紀念熊貓的鑄造活動，這種情況直到 2012 年才結束。 2012 年，中國造幣公司為美國錢幣協會費城年會鑄造了一批紀念熊貓，正面是憨態可掬的熊貓母子圖，背面是美國自由鐘和中國的萬里長城。中方這次雄心滿滿，一共打造了 10000 枚 1 盎司和 2500 枚 5 盎司的銀質紀念熊貓，這些熊貓頗受市場好評，也取得了不錯的銷售成績。不過，最受歡迎的還是首次為美國錢幣協會打造的 5 盎司金質展會紀念熊貓，數量僅有 99 枚。由於需求量巨大，經銷商們只能以抽籤的方式進行購買。當時，數百名收

美國錢幣協會第 125 屆年會（安娜海）紀念熊貓 1 盎司銀

藏家和幣商拿着自己的號碼券，把它們放到證券交易所裏面的一個巨大的透明風箱裏面，然後打亂順序，進行抽籤，只要運氣好就能將這份錢幣大禮帶回家。時至今日，這種紀念幣仍然是鑄量最少的美國錢幣協會紀念熊貓。 2016 年安娜海國際錢展將會迎來美國錢幣協會紀念熊貓的回歸。出於保證美國錢幣協會後續市場的需要，這一次將只打造 2000 枚 1 盎司銀熊貓、125 枚 1 盎司金熊貓和 125 枚 12 盎司銀熊貓，另外還打造了 125 枚 50

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THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS

美國錢幣協會第 125 屆年會（安娜海）紀念熊貓 1 盎司金

Departments 部門

Howard Franklin Bowker Benefit Auction and Champion Liveauctioneers Auction Michael Chou (USA) We are very excited to offer selections from the Howard Franklin Bowker East Asian Collection. Many of the Bowker coins are in the top level of preservation and with excellent eye appeal. This is a great opportunity to add these coins to a Chinese collection. A few of the most important coins include a 1896 Chili Province Dollar graded MS-63 by NGC, a 1897 Chili Province Dollar Dot with triangle variety NGC MS-63, a 1897 Chili Province 50 Cents NGC MS-63, 1898 Fengtien Province Dollar NGC MS-65, a 1898 Fengtien Province 50 cents NGC MS-65, a 1928 Kweichow Auto Dollar NGC MS63, and a Hong Kong 1941 One Cent graded MS-64 by NGC. All proceeds from the Howard Bowker Benefit Auction will be used all for the promotion of numismatics, including

Lot017 CHINA-CHIHLI 1896 One Dollar Silver, L&M439, NGC MS63, H.F.Bowker East Asia Collection

Lot020 CHINA-CHIHLI 1897 One Dollar Silver, Dotted triangle eyes, L&M444, NGC MS63, H.F.Bowker East Asia Collection

Lot022 CHINA-CHIHLI 1897 50 Cents Silver, L&M445, NGC MS63. H.F.Bowker East Asia Collection

digitization and education projects, and a portion of the proceeds will be donated to the National Numismatic Collection at the Smithsonian’s National Museum of American History

Lot032 CHINA-FENGTIEN 1898 One Dollar Silver, fireball larger and tail-end wider, L&M471, NGC MS65. H.F.Bowker East Asia Collection

Lot033 CHINA-FENGTIEN 1898 50 Cents Silver, Largemouthed dragon, L&M473, NGC MS65. H.F.Bowker East Asia Collection

Lot049 CHINA-HONG KONG 1941 One Cent Bronze, NGC MS64BN. H.F.Bowker East Asia Collection

Lot093 CHINA-KWEICHOW 1928 Auto Dollar Silver, 2 blades of grass, L&M609, NGC MS63. H.F.Bowker East Asia Collection

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Departments 部門 Additional Highlights: Selections from the NC collection 1929 Sun Yat Sen Globe Dollar NGC MS-65, probably the most attractive and rarest Republican Portrait Dollar. This is the finest known example and designed by Austria Mint’s Richard Plancht. 1897 Kiangnan 50 cents Pattern Heaton Mint NGC SP67. This rare pattern, produced by the Heaton Mint, is the finest graded by NGC with superb toning and eye appeal.

Other Highlights 1929 Sun Yat-sen Italy Junk Pattern A.Motti. NGC MS63 The rarest of six Junk patterns, this choice example was sold by Champion in its first auction in June 1996 in Hong Kong. 1929 Sun Yat-sen Italy Junk Pattern NGC MS-64. This finest graded example is also from Champion’s June 1996 sale and is very difficult to find in high grade.

1909 Honan 20 Cash NGC XF40BN, Rated as one of the 10 rarest Chinese copper patterns, this example one of four known and probably the finest known.

1897 Anwei Year 23rd Pattern Dollar NGC SP-63. This is one of the rarest dollars of China and one of two coins sold originally in the Otto Beh Chinese Die auction by Kunker Auction.

Lot342 CHINA-REPUBLIC 1929 Sun Yat Sen One Dollar Silver Pattern, globe with 2 crossed flags, L&M88, NGC MS65. NC Collection

Lot344 CHINA-REPUBLIC 1929 Sun Yat Sen One Dollar Silver Pattern, Made in Italy with A.Motti, L&M91, NGC MS63

Lot245 CHINA-KIANGNAN ND(1897) 50 Cents Silver, reeded edge, L&M211B, NGC PF67, NC Collection

Lot345 CHINA-REPUBLIC 1929 Sun Yat Sen One Dollar Silver Pattern, Made in Italy, L&M92, NGC MS64

Lot213 CHINA-HONAN ND(1909) 20 Cash Copper, NGC XF40BN, NC Collection

Lot206 CHINA-ANHWEI 1897 One Dollar Brass Silvered Pattern, with ASTC, L&M192A, PCGS SP63+

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Departments 部門

冠軍包克錢幣藏品現場義拍拍品簡介周邁可（美國）我們很榮幸此次能夠將霍華德 • 佛蘭克林 • 包克的東亞錢幣藏品精選展現在諸位面前。這些藏品大多保存完好，品相上乘，而且枚枚光彩奪目。此次拍賣將是一次把這些錢幣納入中國收藏的絕佳機會。本次拍賣的最熱門拍品包括：（1896 年）大清光緒二十二年北洋機器局造壹圓銀幣（NGC MS-63）；（1897 年）大清光緒二十三年北洋機器局造壹圓銀幣，斜眼龍帶點版（NGC MS-63）；（1897 年）大清光緒二十三年北洋機器局造五角銀幣（NGC MS-63）；（1898 年）大清光緒二十四年奉天機器局造一圓銀幣（NGC MS-65）；（1898 年）大清光緒二十四年奉天機器局造五角銀幣（NGC MS-65）；

Lot017 (1896 年 ) 大清光緒二十二年北洋機器局造壹圓銀幣，L&M439。包克東亞藏品

Lot020 (1897 年 ) 大清光緒二十三年北洋機器局造壹圓銀幣，斜眼龍帶點版，L&M444，NGC MS63。包克東亞藏品

Lot022 (1897 年 ) 大清光緒二十三年北洋機器局造五角銀幣，L&M445，NGC MS63。包克東亞藏品

（1928 年）中華民國十七年貴州省政府造銀幣壹圓，俗稱“汽車幣”（NGC MS-63）； 1941 年香港一仙銅幣（NGC MS-64）。此次霍華德 • 包克錢幣藏品義拍的全部收入將會被用於推動錢幣學的研究上，如贊助錢幣資料數字化以及教育計畫，此外，還有一部分收入會被捐贈給美國國家歷史博物館錢幣收藏館。

Lot032 (1898 年 ) 大清光緒二十四年奉天機器局造一圓銀幣，火球較大，龍尾末端較寬，L&M471，NGC MS65。包克東亞藏品

Lot033 (1898 年 ) 大清光緒二十四年奉天機器局造五角銀幣，闊嘴龍，L&M473，NGC MS65。包克東亞藏品

Lot049 1941 年香港一仙銅幣，KM 24，NGC MS64BN。包克東亞藏品

Lot093 (1928 年 ) 中華民國十七年貴州省政府造銀幣壹圓，俗稱汽車幣，二根草，L&M609，NGC MS63。包克東亞藏品

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Departments 部門 NC 藏品選拍

其他拍賣亮點

（1929 年）中華民國十八年孫中山像地球雙旗壹圓銀質樣幣，（NGC MS-65）。這枚錢幣可能是目前最為珍貴、最知名的民國人物肖像幣，也是奧地利造幣廠的錢幣設計師理查德 • 普蘭奇特現存品相最好的一枚。（1897 年）江南省造光緒元寶庫平三錢六分銀幣，老江南，齒邊，NGC 此版評級最高分（NGC SP-67）。這枚係喜敦造幣廠所鑄樣幣，色澤精緻，品相絕好。（1909 年）己酉中心“ 汴” 字大清銅幣當製 w 錢二十文，（NGC XF40BN），被評為十大最稀有中國銅質樣幣之一，目前已知的一共 4 枚，這次所拍樣幣很有可能是 4 枚之中的最佳品。

Lot342 (1929 年 ) 中華民國十八年孫中山像地球雙旗壹圓銀質樣幣，L&M88，NGC MS65。NC 藏品

Lot245 (1897 年 ) 江南省造光緒元寶庫平三錢六分銀幣，老江南，齒邊，NGC PF67。NC 藏品

Lot213 (1909 年 ) 宣統年造己酉中心“汴”字大清銅幣當製錢二十文，NGC XF40BN。NC 藏品

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（1929 年）中華民國十八年孫中山像帆船壹圓銀質樣幣，意大利版，帶 A.Motti （NGC MS-63）。此枚樣幣是 6 枚孫中山像船洋壹圓銀幣中最為珍貴的一枚，此前曾在冠軍拍賣公司 1996 年 6 月舉行的第一屆拍賣上售出。（1929 年）中華民國十八年孫中山像帆船壹圓銀質樣幣，意大利版，（NGC MS-64）。這枚最高分評級幣也於 1996 年 6 月在冠軍拍賣公司第一屆拍賣會上拍出，如此好品相的錢幣現在已經難以尋覓。（1897 年）光緒二十三年安徽省造光緒元寶庫平七錢二分黃銅鍍銀樣幣，（NGC SP-63）。這枚錢幣是昆克拍賣公司與 Otto Beh 中國幣模一同拍賣的兩枚錢幣中的一枚，也是最為珍貴的中國錢幣之一。

Lot344 (1929 年 ) 中華民國十八年孫中山像帆船壹圓銀質樣幣，意大利版，帶 A.Motti，L&M91，NGC MS63

Lot345 (1929 年 ) 中華民國十八年孫中山像帆船壹圓銀質樣幣，意大利版，L&M92，NGC MS64

Lot206 (1897 年 ) 光緒二十三年安徽省造光緒元寶庫平七錢二分黃銅鍍銀樣幣，带 ASTC，L&M192A，PCGS SP63+

Features 專題

Wu Ta-ch’eng and the Kirin Coins of 1884 Bruce W. Smith (USA) NGC Certifies Extremely Rare 1884 Kirin Uniface Spelter Coins Editor’s note: We know that Eduard Kann had a

set of uniface splashers of the Kirin 1884 coins. In

a letter of 30 November 1950 to Howard Bowker,

Kann indicates that he had just bought this set from Hans Schulman, who was breaking up the Woodward

collection on behalf of Woodward’s widow. When Kann’s collection was sold, the Kirin splashers

appeared in the first Kann sale in 1971, where

incredibly they were broken up into 5 lots (Lots 10391043). What happened to them afterwards is unknown,

but the most likely explanation is that someone purchased all five lots to keep the set together, and it

ended up in the hands of Hong Kong collector Chang Huang. In 1976 he sold the set to NC Collection for USD 10,000. This set was the second Chinese auction item to reach USD 10,000. At that time the set was housed in a special box (probably made for H. Chang), but the box

(L) 1884 Kirin Pattern Set of Uniface Spelter Strikings (R) Standard Issue

The first Chinese numismatic item to cross the USD

2014 and received great interest due to its historical

has been lost. It seems virtually certain that Chang’s

set is in fact the one previously owned by Eduard Kann. 10,000 barrier was the Heaton Archive Hunan Dollar purchased by NC collection at the 1975 Long Beach

Paramount Auction for USD 15,500. This Hunan Dollar was certified by NGC as SP-67. It was later purchased

Numismatic Display in Hong Kong during August heritage. Champion will plan to hold another tour exhibition in Asia in the latter half of this year.

Determining which coin was China’s first struck coin

by Champion in a private treaty transaction for over

depends on the definition of the term. The Chinese style

NGC, the world's leading third party numismatic

struck by hand, without machinery. The 1856 Shanghai

a one year period to collect numismatic information

operated by a winch. The Chekiang struck cash made at

final conclusion was reached: the NC Collection 1884

produced in China by modern steam powered machinery

photos of Kann’s 1954 Illustrated Catalog of Chinese

with long, very thin dragons (almost like snakes with

Iridium. This set was displayed at Champion Special

designer of these unique coins was Wu Ta-ch’eng.

USD One Million in 2014.

coins of Tibet made in the 1790’s and early 1800’s and the

certification service, and American senior Chinese

taels, as well as the Old Man and other early dollars of

and verify the letters between Kann and Bowker, in

the Paris Mint in 1866 was only a sample, made overseas

Kirin Spelter coins were from the Woodward-Kann

were the 1884 Kirin dragon coins. These coins, in values

Coins (K915a, 916a, 917a). The metallurgy analysis

legs) typical of those seen in art of the Han Dynasty, two

Moslem style coins of Sinkiang made in the 1870’s were

numismatic researcher Bruce Smith collaborated over

Taiwan, were made on a crude lever press or drop press

addition to conducting a NGC metallurgy analysis. A

and never circulated in China. The first Chinese coins

Collection, which also were used for the original plate

of 1, 3, 5 and 7 ch’ien or mace, and one tael, are decorated

report revealed that they contained 1% of very rare

thousand years earlier. According to Eduard Kann, the

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THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS

Features 專題 Wu Ta-ch’eng (1835-1902), also known as Wu Ch’ia-

“The principal thing of interest at Kirin is the

chai; Wu Heng-hsuan; and, Wu Ch’ing-ch’ing (Kann’s

arsenal, which has recently been established under the

Wu Chin-chin), a native of Soochow, was a prominent

management of a gentleman named Sung, who received

calligrapher, antiquarian, coin collector and government

his training under foreigners in the arsenals of Tientsin

official. Receiving the chin shih degree in 1868, in 1870

and Shanghai. He was exceedingly courteous and friendly,

he was sent to Wuchang, Hupeh as secretary to Li Hung-

and showed us over the place. It was very interesting to

chang. In 1880 he was sent to Manchuria as part of a

see a large establishment filled with foreign machinery,

government effort to improve defenses along the border

some German and some English, with boilers and

with Russia. In 1881 he began the establishment of a

engines and steam hammers, just such as one might see at

modern, machine equipped arsenal at Kirin, which was

Woolwich or Elswick, all erected and managed by Chinese

completed in 1883. In 1886 he was appointed governor of

without foreign assistance of any kind. It would open the

Kwangtung province, and later, in 1892 became governor

eyes of those Europeans who think that western nations

of Hunan. He compiled numerous books on bronzes, jades

have a monopoly of mechanical and administrative ability.

and seals, and a major work analyzing some 5,700 ancient,

Most of the artisans were from Ningpo, and had also

pre-Ch’in characters found on bronzes and coins. His

practical experience before they came. They can turn out

biography can be found in Hummel’s “Eminent Chinese

anything, from a gingall to a repeating rifle. The Chinese

of the Ch’ing Period” and in Ting Fu-pao’s encyclopedia

verdict on English compared with German machinery was

of Chinese coins.

that the latter worked more quickly and did delicate work better, but the English was more solid, and could always

Due to a chronic shortage of copper coins in Kirin, the

be depended upon for accuracy.”

Mongol, Hsi-yuan, who was military governor of Kirin from April 1883 to June 1888, reported in a memorial

Though work on the Kirin arsenal began in 1881, the

dated 9 January 1885, that he had sent 5,000 taels from

arsenal was not completed until 1883. The North China

the military rations fund to the Kirin arsenal to be made

Herald for 11 October 1882 reports that a stone wharf

into silver coins of 1, 3, 5 and 7 mace and 1 tael as an

was being built at Newchwang (the port for Manchuria)

experiment. They are described as having the date on one

to receive the heavy machinery, which was expected to

side and the weight in ch’ang p’ing taels on the other side.

arrive in November. This machinery could not have been

The ch’ang p’ing scale was the local weight standard, and

set up and working till sometime in 1883. For this reason,

is so called from the Chinese name of the city, Ch’uan

the 8th Year (1882) Kirin tael (Kann 914) could not have

Ch’ang (literally “boat factory”). The city was founded by

been made at the Kirin arsenal – at least not in 1882.

the Manchus about 1670 as a shipyard to make boats to defend the area from the Russians. As the capital of Kirin Province it is also known as Kirin City, because it sits on the Kirin River (also known as the Sung Hua or Sungari).

The 10th Year (1884) coins, dated incorrectly in Kann as 1885, all have the same design, differing only in size and denomination. The obverse has a border of circles, each with a dot in the center. The tael has 48 such circles

Though Kirin at that time was a remote and backward

while the smaller coins have correspondingly fewer

area, the arsenal was staffed with workers from south

circles. In the center is a box containing 12 seal script

China and managers with experience at other modern

characters stating that the coin was made in the Kirin

arsenals. The manager during the 1880’s and 1890’s was

arsenal in Kuang Hsu Year 10. Above the box is the seal

Sung Ch’un-ao, who had been trained at the Kiangnan

script character “shou” (long life) in a circle, and to the

Arsenal in Shanghai, and later worked at the Peiyang

left and right a long thin dragon stretches around the box.

Arsenal in Tientsin. The assistant manager was Hsu Hua-

The reverse has a similar border of circles, with a smaller

feng, who was also trained at the Shanghai arsenal. An

box in the center containing four characters in ordinary

Englishman, H. E. M. James, visited the arsenal during the

script, stating the weight according to the ch’ang p’ing

summer and fall of 1886, and left this account in his book,

tael. A Manchu word appears on each of the four sides

“The Long White Mountain”:

of the box, with wispy clouds separating the words. The

東亞泉志

THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS

Features 專題 Manchu word on the left is “gilin” (Kirin); that on the

the metal and a small puddle of the metal would be poured

right is “teherebuku” (ch’ang p’ing scales weight). The

on a piece of paper. While the metal was semi-liquid, the

top and bottom words give the denomination, with the

unfinished die would be pressed into the cooling metal

numeral above and the weight below. Amazingly, mintage

and a relief impression would be revealed. The engraver

figures for these coins survive in a memorial quoted in

could then examine the cooled “splasher” carefully to see

“Chi Lin Chu Pi” (1996): 1 tael 198 pieces; 7 mace 1,071

where he needed to alter or strengthen his design. After

pieces; 5 mace 1,420 pieces; 3 mace 866 pieces; 1 mace

each examination, the splasher would be thrown back

825 pieces. This totals only 2,000 taels indicating that the

into the pot to be melted, ready for its next use. Because

full 5,000 taels sent to the arsenal was not used.

the splashers are destroyed after examination, they are extremely rare among collectors. If any at all survive,

This brings up the question of who made the dies for the 8th Year and 10th Year coins? There were no other modern mints in China then – the Canton Mint had not even been thought of yet. Engraving a steel die requires special skills and special tools, both of which were not readily available in China at that time. It is possible

there should only be a single splasher for each die, perhaps retained by the engraver as a souvenir. It is also possible that a set of die splashers would be prepared for examination by an official before the dies or the equipment were ready for actually striking the coins. All of the few known Chinese splashers appear to be unique.

the dies were made in Germany or England, where the machinery was produced, but the coins look too crude to

We know that Eduard Kann had a set of uniface

have been made from European dies. Another possibility

splashers of the Kirin 1884 coins. In a letter of 30

is that a model of each coin was carved in relief in stone

November 1950 to Howard Bowker, Kann indicates that

or copper, and from this an iron die was cast. Such a die

he had just bought this set from Hans Schulman, who

likely wouldn’t last very long, but this could explain the

was breaking up the Woodward collection on behalf of

die varieties which exist in the 1884 coins, despite their

Woodward’s widow. When Kann’s collection was sold,

low mintage. Kann records 18 varieties of these 5 coins,

the Kirin splashers appeared in the first Kann sale in

not including the spelter pieces. Or perhaps there was

1971, where incredibly they were broken up into 5 lots

someone in China, perhaps in Shanghai, with the skills to

(Lots 1039-1043). What happened to them afterwards is

make a die.

unknown, but the most likely explanation is that someone purchased all five lots to keep the set together, and it

This brings us to the set of uniface spelter coins seen here. The technical term for such pieces is splasher, a word I have been unable to find in any English dictionary. Prior to the 19th century every working die was engraved by hand. It was time consuming and the die had to be examined from time to time to make sure the wording and designs were in the correct locations and proportions and that the carving was deep enough where it needed to be so. To check the die, the engraver would melt a small amount of lead or tin or zinc or some combination of these metals. If it was primarily tin and lead, it was called pewter; if it was primarily zinc or zinc with some alloy, it was called spelter. All of these metals and alloys have one thing in common – very low melting points, under 800 degrees fahrenheit. A small burner on the work table would melt

ended up in the hands of Hong Kong collector Chang Huang. In 1976 he sold the set to NC Collection for US $10,000. At that time the set was housed in a special box (probably made for H. Chang), but the box has been lost. It seems virtually certain that Chang’s set is in fact the one previously owned by Eduard Kann. The ten piece uniface set has piedfort (double thick) coins without reeding on the edges. This makes perfect sense because the splashers would not have been made inside a collar (which puts on the reeding), and the pieces could be struck in any thickness of metal desired. We will probably never know whether this unique uniface set of splashers was made for presentation to a government official or was retained by the engraver – or perhaps by Wu Ta-ch’eng himself – as a souvenir of China’s first modern coinage.

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THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS

Features 專題

吳大澄與 1884 年吉林廠平龍銀史博祿（美國） NGC 鑒定珍罕之品 1884 年吉林廠平龍銀編者按：我們知道，耿愛德有一套 1884 年吉林廠平

單面鉛錫合金（spelter）樣幣。中國錢幣收藏大師耿愛

德在 1950 年 11 月 30 日給美國著名錢幣收藏家 / 研究

學者霍華德 • 包克的信中透露，他手中的這套樣幣買自美國知名幣商 Hans Schulman，他代表伍德華的遺孀將

伍德華的收藏出售。耿愛德手中的吉林樣幣套幣在 1971 年首次出售，而且分成 5 個拍品（Lots 1039-1043）拍賣。之後這 5 個拍品去向無人可知，最有可能的解釋是

有個人購買了這 5 個拍品，以保持套幣完整，最後這套

幣轉到了香港收藏家張璜手中。1976 年，張璜將這套幣以 1 萬美元的價格賣給了 NC Collection。這也是第二枚

（實為一組）超過 1 萬美元的中國錢幣。當時，這套幣又存放在專門的盒子裡（可能是為張璜所制），但後來

盒子丟失了。實際上，可以肯定的是張璜手中的這套樣

幣就是耿愛德的舊藏。第一枚超過 1 萬美元的中國錢幣

是 1898 年喜敦版湖南省造七錢二分銀質樣幣，1975 年

由 NC Collection 在長灘派拉蒙（Paramount）拍賣會上購得，NGC 鑒定分數為 SP-67。2014 年，冠軍拍賣通過一次私人交易以超過百萬美元的價格購買了此幣。

目前，世界最大型第三方錢幣鑒定機構 NGC 和美國

著名錢幣學研究學者史博祿先生經過一年多的學術研究，并廣泛搜集國內外相關信息，對耿愛德和包克的通信進

行了核實，并進行了錢幣成分專業檢測。最終認定這套 1884 年吉林廠平單面鉛錫合金樣幣為伍德華 - 耿愛德 -NC

遞藏，係耿愛德書中圖片 915a、916a、917a 原物，且

鑒定成分中含有 1% 的銥金屬（Iridium，銥係過渡金屬，非常稀有）。2014 年 8 月，冠軍拍賣香港錢幣特別展上展出了這套珍稀樣幣，受到高度重視。今年下半年，冠軍拍賣計劃將這套幣在亞洲進行巡展。

鉛錫合金樣幣（左）與正常發行的廠平銀幣（右）如添足之蛇，仿 2000 年前漢代古風遺韻，與其他龍銀風格迥異。耿愛德認為，此枚獨特龍銀的設計者是吳大澄。吳大澄 [ 澂 ]（1835-1902 年），也被稱為吳清卿，號恒軒，晚年又號愙齋，江蘇吳縣（今蘇州）人，清代官員、著名書畫家、古籍文物研究學者、錢幣收藏家。 1868 年中進士，1870 年前往湖北武昌，當李鴻章秘書。 1880 年被派往滿洲，改善政府與俄羅斯邊界的部分之防禦。1881 年在吉林開始建立一家現代化的機器局，1883 年完工。1886 年升任廣東巡撫，1892 年調任湖南巡撫。他編寫了許多青銅器、玉石和印章等書籍，並對秦代之前的青銅器和錢幣上發現的 5700 多個漢字加以分析及研

若要確定中國第一枚機製幣，首先應瞭解機製幣之定

究。吳大澄的傳記在 Hummel 編寫的《清代名人傳記》

義。在 1790 年代及 1890 年代初 , 中國方孔製式風格的

(Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period) 和丁福保的《古錢

西藏硬幣和 1870 年代穆斯林風格的新疆硬幣均是手工敲

大辭典》中均有記載。

成而非機器製造。1856 年上海銀餅、臺灣老公銀和早期其他臺灣銀幣則是用絞盤衝壓製作而成，工藝較為粗糙。

由於吉林省銅元缺乏，時任吉林將軍的蒙古人希元

1866 年巴黎造幣廠製作的浙江方孔形之銅幣僅是一枚樣

（任期：1883 年 4 月至 1888 年 6 月）於 1885 年 1 月 9

幣，它是在國外製造，且從未在中國流通。中國首枚採

日向朝廷奏報，從軍餉中提取白銀五千兩，交吉林機器

用蒸汽動力機鑄的錢幣是 1884 年吉林廠平銀幣，面值有

局試製面值為壹兩、七錢、五錢、三錢和一錢銀幣。一

壹兩、七錢、五錢、三錢和一錢，雙龍環繞，龍細而長，

面銘年號，另一面書廠平計重輕重之銀兩。廠平是當地

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THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS

Features 專題慣用的衡量標準，來自中文的“船廠”一詞。船廠由滿

中一篇文章中記述了這些銀幣的發行量：壹兩 198 枚，

洲人在 1670 年左右建立，用於造船抵禦俄羅斯。吉林省

七錢 1071 枚，五錢 1420 枚，三錢 866 枚，一錢 825 枚。

省府是吉林（滿語，意為“船廠”），吉林因位於吉林

共計 2000 兩，因而提交給機器局的五千兩並沒有用完。

河（又稱松花江）而得名。那麼，問題是，光緒八年和光緒十年吉林銀幣的幣儘管當時的吉林地處偏遠，相對落後，但機器局的

模是誰製作的呢？當時，中國沒有其他的現代化造幣廠，

工人卻是來自南方，管理人員擁有現代化兵工機器局管

也還沒有想過要籌建廣東造幣廠。雕刻鋼模需要使用特

理的豐富經驗。19 世紀 80-90 年代的經理是宋春鼇，他

殊的技能和專門的工具，而當時的中國還不具備這兩個

曾在上海的江南機器局受過培訓，後在天津的北洋機器

條件。這些幣模可能是在德國或英國製造的，因造幣機

局工作。助理是 Hsu Hua-feng，他也曾在上海的江南機

器就是這兩個國家製造的。可是銀幣看起來很粗糙，也

器局受訓。1886 年夏秋之際，英國人 H. E. M. James 曾

不像是使用歐洲國家幣模製造出來的。另一個可能就是

參觀兵工機器局，並在其書《長白山》(The Long White

每枚銀幣的幣模在石頭或銅上高浮雕雕刻，然後使用鐵

Mountain) 做了記述：

澆鑄而成。這樣製造出來的幣模不能使用太久，但或許可以解釋 1884 年吉林廠平銀幣的幣模各不相同的原因，

當時，在吉林最感興趣的是兵工廠。它在經理宋春

儘管發行量並不高。耿愛德歸納出這 5 枚銀幣有 18 個版

鼇的領導管理下剛剛建立，他曾在天津和上海的兵工機

別之多，還不包括鉛錫合金樣幣。或者，可能是上海或

器局受過外國人的培訓。宋春鼇先生彬彬有禮，為人友

中國其他地方的一個人技能高超，製作了幣模。

好，帶我們參觀了機器局。寬敞的機器局內，機器有德國或英國的，還有鍋爐、發動機和蒸汽錘等設備，與在

這又涉及到了鉛錫合金單面樣幣套幣。這種材質的技

Woolwich 兵工廠或 Elswick 兵工廠內的設備差不多，不

術術語應是 splasher（鉛錫合金），我在所有的英文詞典

過沒有外國人協助，都是中國人安裝和管理。當時很多

中都沒有找到這個單詞。19 世紀前，幣模都是手工雕刻，

歐洲人認為西方國家才有機械管理能力，而吉林機器局

非常耗時，並且需要經常檢查以確保幣模上的字和圖案

的管理情況讓持有此種觀點的歐洲人大開眼界另眼看待。

位置正確，比例得當，雕刻深度達標。為了檢查幣模，

機器局的工人大多來自寧波，並且已擁有實際操作經驗。

雕刻師將會熔化少量的鉛、錫、鋅或這些金屬的混合物。

從抬槍到連發槍，他們都能製造出來。中國人對德英兩

如果主要成分是錫和鉛，則稱為鉛錫合金；如果主要成

國機器的裁定如下：德國的機器速度快，更適於做精細

分是鋅或鋅合金，則稱為鉛鋅合金。這些金屬和合金有

工作；英國機器較堅固，精確度很可靠。

個共同點，即熔點很低，不到 800 華氏攝氏度。工作臺上的小火爐先熔化金屬，少量溶液倒到紙上。在金屬熔

雖然吉林機器局的籌建工作在 1881 年就開始了，但

化到半液體狀態時，未完成的幣模被壓印到冷卻的金屬

直到 1883 年才建造完成。1882 年 10 月 11 日的《北華

上，這樣就顯現出了凸出的壓印。然後，雕刻師將會仔

捷報》報導稱滿洲牛莊正在建造碼頭，以接收 11 月份即

細檢查冷卻的鉛錫合金，找出需要改變或加強圖案的地

將運抵的重型機器。而這台重型機器的安裝和工作要等

方。每次檢查完後，鉛錫合金就會回爐熔化，以備下次

到 1883 年了。因此，光緒八年（1882 年）吉林銀幣（Kann

使用。由於檢查完之後鉛錫合金就被熔化，因而藏家認

914）不可能在吉林機器局製造，至少在 1882 年不能。

為鉛錫合金錢幣極為罕見。如有倖存者，也只能是單個幣模的一枚鉛錫合金，或許是雕刻師留作紀念物之用。

光緒十年（1884 年）吉林銀幣（耿愛德書中將年份錯標為 1885 年）均採用同一圖案，只是尺寸和面值不同。正面飾以圓形花邊，中心各有一個圓點。壹兩銀幣有 48 個這樣的圓形，而較小面值之銀幣，圓形花邊也相應減少。

也可能一組鉛錫合金幣模在幣模或設備鑄造錢幣之前準備給官員查看的。僅知的中國鉛錫合金錢幣都可謂孤品。這 10 枚單面套幣為加厚幣，邊緣無齒邊。這就正好

中列方格，內書“光緒十年吉林機器官局監製”三行 12

解釋了鉛錫合金錢幣不會在有齒邊的軸套環內製造的事

個篆書漢字，上刻正圓形“壽”字，左右雙龍環繞。背

實，而可能使用任何厚度的合適金屬製造。我們可能永

面也有類似的圓形花邊，內有略小的方格，依不同廠平

遠無法知道，這套單面鉛錫合金樣幣是為了向官員展示

計重兩值而書之；四周各有一個滿文，由卷雲紋分隔開

而用還是雕刻師（或許吳大澄自己）保留下來當做中國

來，左為“吉林”，右為“平 [ 廠平計重 ]”，上為“壹”

首枚機製幣的紀念品。

字，下為“兩”字，標示面值。1996 年《吉林泉幣》書

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THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS

Features 專題

A Brief Introduction of Coin Die Manufacturing Zhang Jun (Shanghai) Metal coins have been cast for thousands of years. The developmental trajectories of casting techniques are quite different between East and West. During the early days in China, artisans made coins by pouring the molten metal into a coin die and waiting for the solidification of the metal. In the West, early coins were struck by hand. Later, machines took the place of men and machine-made coins became predominant in western countries. Late in the Qing dynasty, the techniques for machine-made coins were introduced to China and the traditional casting method was abandoned. Now the coin production industry has evolved to a new stage by inheriting traditional techniques and improving on modern technology. In the past few decades, with the rapid development of science, new minting technologies such as high relief engraving and invisible engraving have sprung up. No matter how different these coins are, the basic casting method has not changed too much. Good pressing molds are necessary to make delicate and artistic metal coins. Therefore, the manufacturing of dies is an important part in the process of coin production. The mold manufacturing involves two main steps: master die making and impression die (also known as working die) making. I. Master die making According to manufacturing technology, master dies can be divided into three types: directly carved mold, die and secondary-processing master mold. (1) A directly engraved mold is a master hub with a raised image engraved by a special engraving machine. (2) A die is a master die with an incuse image made out of a directly carved die after being heat treated. (3) A secondary-processing master mold is a master hub with a raised image made out of the die after being heat treated. It is usually used to make impression (or working) dies.

(1) General To represent the theme on the face of a coin, the designer must design a general draft of a high artistic level. (2) National Character China is a multi-cultural country with a long and glorious history. As Chinese culture and art have a high place in the history of human civilization a good coin die design should reflect China’s outstanding cultural history. (3) Commemorative Coins reflecting important Chinese and world events, famous historical spots, famous people from history or rare plants or animals are commemorative and are more collectable than common standard coinage. It is important for a coin to have a commemorative design. (4) Single Theme Normally, the size of a coin is not too big except for some specially made commemorative coins. Currently, the diameter of the largest circulating Chinese coin is 30mm. Obviously, it is not appropriate to put too many things on such a small area. Therefore the designer should highlight a single theme in his design. Besides, the designer should also consider the practicality of a design based on the techniques of mold manufacturing and coin impressing. Thus the following points should not be ignored: (1) the uniformity of image distribution (2) the proportion of the image and the blank field

1. Designing Draft designing is the first step of coin mold manufacturing and also the artistic expression part of the

東亞泉志

coin production. It is important for the designer to reflect both the artistic subject and the national style on the face of a coin. When a designer receives a task he should first collect relevant materials and then start to conceive and design drafts. Generally, the design of a coin die must be or have:

THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS

(3) the top of the image

Features 專題 (4) the relationship between the obverse and the reverse images (5) the relationship between the image and the edge. Normally, the image should be distributed evenly and should not be concentrated in one area. The top point of the image is best to be in the central circle and the large or the high part of the image (on the obverse and reverse) should be staggered equally from each other. The image had better not be too close to or be integrated with the outer ring. The uniform size of the design draft should be specified for a circular design, a 200 to 300mm diameter is the most appropriate. To reflect the product effect, the image, the theme and the composition of a commemorative coin should be clear. If necessary, the draft can be submitted with a design rendering which should be the same size as the coin. After the design draft has been approved, the next step is to make an oil-based clay sculpture. 2. Making oil-based clay models This step is done on a smooth glass sheet or plexiglas plate. As an important procedure in the process of manufacturing coin molds, making oil-based clay model is the art of turning a design draft into a three-dimensional relief. Oil-based clay is essential for making molds. The main component of the clay is lanolin ramification or lipidic wax containing an emulsifier. The technical requirements of the oil-based clay are as follows: (1) Good plasticity (2) Moderate hardness (3) Extremely low volatility (4) Little variation at different temperature conditions (5) Non-viscous with metal Oil-based clay sculptures are generally classified into two types: high relief and shallow relief. Shallow relief, also known as thin relief, is often used to make common coins and commemorative coins or medals. The height of shallow relief is strictly limited as the higher the relief is the more difficult

the pressing work would be. High relief is mainly used for special commemorative coins or medals. Unlike common coins, the special commemorative coin or medal is made continuously thus the height of the high relief is not limited. For impressing, the height of common or commemorative coin designs are required to be as low as possible while some allowance should be left for grinding in the manufacturing process for special commemorative coins (medals) with mirror-like surfaces. 3. Making plaster models After the oil-based models are finished, the next step is to make plaster models. This is because: (1) The plaster model which is made from the oil-based clay model is a die with an incuse image. To increase the artistic effect, some concave and convex models need to be trimmed over and over; therefore the step of making plaster model needs to be repeated many times. (2) The work of turning, inscribing and edge engraving are done on the plaster model with a raised image. Most inscriptions on coin molds are engraved on the plaster model. According to research, early coin mold inscriptions were engraved on dies by a conical die. (3) After electroforming the copper model by using a plaster model, workers can reduce the image onto a master die with an engraving machine. The process of making the plaster model is as follows: first put the oil-based clay model in a flat position and surround it with metal strips (like aluminum strips). The height and diameter of these strips will depend on the need. Then, workers need to pour plaster into the circle surrounded by strips and wait for it to harden into a plaster die. The method of making a plaster hub is the same. After this process is repeated many times, the plaster die for electroforming can be made. 4. Electroforming copper models As plaster models are not strong enough to be reduced on the engraving machine, workers must first make a copper model with a raised image and then use the model to make a master die on the engraving machine. Before being electroformed, the plaster model must be

東亞泉志

THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS

Features 專題 dried, waterproofed and made conductive. Dry treatment is to remove the moisture in the model to avoid deformation and cracking during electroforming. Waterproofing treatment is for protecting the plaster model from corrosion of the electroforming solution as it has to be soaked in the solution for several days. Conduction treatment is to enable the image on the plaster model to conduct electricity. After these steps are completed, the plaster model can be electroformed to make copper models. Copper model electroforming is done in an electroforming groove using the plaster model as the cathode and a pure copper plate as the anode. The copper electroforming solution used in this process should have high electroforming velocity, casting capacity, high current efficiency, low production cost and should be easy to operate and control. The commonly used copper electroforming solution is acid electroforming solution. After electroforming is completed, workers will remove the plaster model from the solution and wash it with clean water. Then, the copper model should be removed from the stripping machine, polished and ground smooth. Electroforming copper model is a complicated process with high technical requirements and a long production period. As coins produced by this technique have clear and beautiful images, most copper models of coins, commemorative coins and medals were made with this method before 1995. Some commemorative coin models with low requirements can be cast in low melting point alloys or resin. The biggest advantages of such models are low cost and short production period. Before, electroforming copper models had always been the primary method of making coin molds. But with the advancement of technology, resin models have become more and more popular in the last twenty years. 5. Making the directly carved mold (also known as master die)

Blanks of directly engraved molds can be made of highcarbon steel. Making the directly engraved mold in a reduced format is often done on a horizontal engraving machine. First, workers need to fix the adjusted profile model (the copper or resin model) and the steel blank in the fixture of the machine and find where their center points are. Before engraving, operators should carefully figure out the engraving scale, which means to calculate the position of the engraving cutter and the curvature radius of the profile model. After inputting the calculated data into the engraving machine controller and adjusting the stylus to the center of the profile model and engraving cutter to the steel blank center, workers can start to engrave the master mold. The engraving machine should not be stopped during operation or there will be machined traces at the point where the machine stopped on the model. No spiraling traces should be left on the master die like that found on records and the image of the die should be smooth and regular without twisted lines. Next, the directly engraved mold can be turned and heat quenched after being trimmed by hand. After being heat treated, the die needs to be cleaned and tempered. Last, workers need to comprehensively examine and restore the die to make sure it meets the required standard. The process can be greatly simplified if the directly engraved mold is made by a computer-aided (CNC) engraving machine. First, workers need to scan the engraving draft into the computer, modify it with software and output the modified draft in CAM format which can be used for engraving.

This step is done on the engraving machine. The base level of the copper model should be vertical to the stylus of the machine and the head of the engraving cutter should be adjusted to be vertical to the steel blank. The tip of the

東亞泉志

engraving cutter should be adjusted to the rotary center of the steel blank while the stylus should be in the center of the copper or resin model. The next step is to set the engraving scale so that the machine can directly engrave molds according to the demand.

THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS

Then, operators need to set the engraving parameter and the cutter parameter of the CAM format, prepare engraving cutters according to the request and install the die blank

Features 專題 which needs to be engraved. The next step is to select the engraving file and carefully examine the simulation diagram to ensure the relief design can be engraved. After installing the engraving cutter, finding the center and the surface of the die blank and recording the center coordinate and the height coordinate, workers can start the CNC engraving machine. 6. Pressing dies with incuse images As directly engraved molds have raised images, they can be directly used to make impression dies. However, in actual production, directly engraved molds are not usually used to manufacture working impression dies except for making a very few commemorative coins or medals. For coin production workers need to make a large number of working dies, once the directly engraved mold is defaced, they have to make a new one. In this way, the engraving cycle will be prolonged and it is very difficult to make a new die exactly the same as the old one. Therefore, workers usually make a die out of the directly engraved mold and renovate it into a secondary-processing master mold which will be used to make working dies in actual production. That way, even if the secondary-processing master mold is defaced, workers can still use the die to make a new one. The die blank (Pic. 1) can be made of high-carbon steel or some other high strength metal. The friction press or hydraulic press is often used for making dies with incuse images. To increase the hardness the die needs to be further shaped by the lathe be heat-treated and quenched. After being heat-treated the die still needs to undergo surface treatment according to technical requirements.

a secondary-processing master mold and then use it to make the working die. The secondary-processing master mold is used for mass production of working dies and is normally made of steel alloys. There is little difference between the steel blank of the secondary-processing master mold and the steel blank of the engraved die. The technology of making secondary-processing master molds is slightly different from that of making engraved dies. II. Making impression dies An impression die is a tool which is installed on the stamping press to make metal coins and commemorative coins. The quality of the impression die directly determines the quality of coins. Therefore, the quality of the impression die must be strictly controlled. Stamping presses are developing in the direction of high speed, high efficiency, automation and microcomputer control. Some advanced stamping presses can make over seven hundred coins in just one minute. So increasing the service life of impression dies has both economical and practical significance in coin production. The technical requirements for the steel used for making impression dies are as follows: (1) Low hardness after annealing (2) High hardening capacity (3) Good hardenability (4) Good fatigue and fracture resistance Pressing impression dies The technique and instruments of pressing impression dies are almost the same as that of making engraved dies and secondary-processing master molds.

Pic. 1: the steel blank of the die

7. Making secondary-processing master molds As engraved dies cannot be directly used to make working dies, workers should first make the engraved die into

Die blanks need to be pressed over one continuous period of time in an enclosed environment by the stamping press. The next step is to check the image clarity and the surface quality of the impression die. Workers need to pick out irreparable dies and trim other reparable ones by hand.

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THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS

Features 專題 Then, these dies will be shaped by lathes and undergo heat and surface treatment. Qualified impression die should have an even width and a qualified shape without pit, crack or defect on the surface. The hardness of the die should meet the technical requirements.

To meet the demand of impressing different coins, some impression dies with special requirements need to be sandblasted to give polished, mirror surfaces while others need to be plated with chrome or coated a with titanium nitride film. April 18, 2016

A modern coin embossing press

An old engraving machine

A modern spiral turning machine to press dies

The die maker examines the surface of the die

A US coin and its impression die

東亞泉志

THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS

The instruments used to make early hammered coins

Features 專題

A die maker amends the master die

A modern friction press

The model designer amends plaster models

A mint worker inspects newly pressed silver coins

A large brass medal which reflects the relationship between the impression die and the coin

The Shanghai Mint's 70th founding anniversary commemorative brass medal

東亞泉志

THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS

Features 專題

An impression die and its coin

Coin dies (A die with a raised image and a die with an incuse image)

The mold designer designs a draft on a computer

Modern impression dies

A die technician engraves a master die by hand

The die maker inspects the quality of the impression dies

Plaster models

The impression die of a Kuang Hsu Yuan Pao

東亞泉志

THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS

Features 專題

A master die with a raised image

A master die with an incused image

東亞泉志

THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS

Features 專題

造幣模具製作簡說章軍（上海）金屬錢幣的鑄造已有數千年的歷史，東西方錢幣鑄造工藝的發展有兩個不同的軌跡，中國早期的錢幣均採用的是“鑄造法”，即把熔融的金屬通過澆注進錢範裡凝固成型的方法獲取錢幣；而在西方，早期的錢幣一般都是通過人工“打制法”來獲取錢幣，後來發展為機器壓製法，中國自清朝晚期從西方引進機器壓製工藝鑄造錢幣，從而結束了沿襲數千年的“鑄造法”鑄造錢幣的工藝。

(1) 概括性圖稿設計不僅要有較高的藝術水準，而且要求在很小的錢幣幅面上能夠突出地表現主題思想，因此需要有高度的概括性。 (2) 民族性

當今世界造幣生產在繼承傳統的造幣工藝技術基礎上，結合現代工業技術的進步，發展到了一個嶄新的階段。近幾十年來，隨着科學技術的迅速發展，造幣生產中應用了許許多多新的工藝技術，以至當代世界錢幣，形製豐富多彩，品種琳琅滿目。但是，形製再多樣的錢幣，其鑄造工藝的基本路線是不變的。

中國是一個有着悠久歷史燦爛文化多民族的國家，中國的文化藝術在世界的文明史上佔有極為重要的地位。因此在錢幣圖稿設計中要能夠充分體現出中華民族優秀的文化藝術風格。

要生產出美觀漂亮，工藝精湛，充滿藝術魅力的金屬硬幣、紀念幣 ( 章 )，必須要有合格的壓印模具。因此，模具的製作是造幣生產上極為重要的組成部分。造幣模具製造包括原模製作，印模 ( 亦稱工作模 ) 製作。

錢幣圖案應能夠表現我國和當今世界的重大事件，或名勝古跡，或歷史名人，或珍稀的動物植物，這在紀念幣 ( 章 ) 圖稿的設計中尤為重要，從而使錢幣具有更大的收藏價值。

一、原模製作原模製作在製模工藝上是指直雕模、陰紋模和二原模。 (1) 直雕模是直接用專用雕刻機縮刻而成的凸紋原模。 (2) 陰紋模是用直雕模經熱處理後翻製而成的凹紋原模。 (3) 二原模是用陰紋模經熱處理後翻制而成的凸紋原模。二原模是直接用來生產印模（工作模）的原模。

(3) 紀念性

(4) 單一性錢幣的幣面直徑除了個別的紀念幣 ( 章 ) 外一般都不大，在流通硬幣中，至今最大的直徑只有 30 毫米（國外有少數錢幣大於此直徑），要在這小小的方寸之間表現多主題的內容，顯然是不合適的，這就要求在圖稿設計時突出單一主題。其次，在圖稿設計中，除了要充分反映上述的藝術性之外，還得認真考慮到製模工藝及硬幣壓印工藝的可行性，以下幾個問題是不能忽視的： (1) 圖紋佈局分佈的均勻性；

1. 圖稿設計 (2) 圖紋面積與空白面積的比例；圖稿設計是造幣模具製作中的第一道工序，是美術藝術在造幣生產中的體現。要在方寸大小的幣面上能夠充分反映出藝術主題，體現出民族風格，這對圖稿設計者來講極為重要。當圖稿設計者接到設計任務後，首先要根據任務的性質和要求，積極地有目的地收集有關資料，認真進行構思創作，繪製圖稿。一般來講，錢幣圖稿的設計，要能夠做到：

(3) 圖紋最高點的位置； (4) 正、背兩面圖紋佈局的對應關係； (5) 圖紋與清邊的關係。一般要求圖紋的佈局盡可能做到均勻分佈，不要集中在某一小區域內，圖紋最高點的位置應盡可能分佈在中心圓範圍內，正背面圖紋中較大或較高的部位應盡可能相互錯開，避免形成對應關係，圖紋不要離邊部太靠近，

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THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS

Features 專題更不要和邊部連成一個整體。圖稿的大小力求統一，圓形的一般以 φ200—300 毫米為宜，其他形狀可以類推。為了能正確體觀產品效果，必須做到畫面清晰，主題明確，構圖合理，必要時，除了正稿外還可以附有效果圖，效果圖的大小以錢幣的實際尺寸規格為宜。設計圖稿經正式審批同意後，即可進行油土型雕塑。 2. 雕塑油土型雕塑油土型是在平整光滑的玻璃板或有機玻璃板上進行的，是將平面圖稿畫樣轉變為具有立體圖案的浮雕藝術，是模具製作中的一個重要工序。

(2) 在凹紋石膏模型上要完成車邊，刻寫文字和雕刻花邊等工作。硬幣模具上的文字一般都是在石膏模型上雕刻完成的。據考證，早期硬幣模具曾採用過用錐模將文字打製到陰紋模上的辦法。 (3) 要利要凹紋石膏模型來電鑄銅型，方能在雕刻機上進行縮雕原模的工作。翻製石膏模型的方法是：將油土浮雕平放，周圍用金屬薄帶 ( 如鋁帶 ) 圍上，高度、直徑可根據所需的大小而定，然後在金屬薄帶圈內澆注調製好的石膏漿體，待硬化成為陰紋石膏模型。然後再用同樣的方法翻製成陽紋石膏模型。這樣經數次精心翻製後，即可製成供電鑄使用的凹紋石膏模型。

油土是雕塑油土型必不可少的材料，其成分主要是 “羊毛脂衍的生物”或“含乳化劑的脂臘”，對油土的技術要求是：（1）良好的可塑性；

4. 電鑄銅型凹紋石膏模型的強度很低，不能直接在雕刻機上縮雕成原模，必須用電鑄的方法，電鑄出凸紋的銅型，方能用銅型在雕刻機上雕製出原模。

（2）適宜的軟硬度；（3）極低的揮發性；（4）很小的溫差變異性；

凹紋石膏模型在電鑄銅型前進行乾燥處理、防水處理和導電處理。乾燥處理的目的是清除石膏模型中所含的水分，防止石膏模型在電鑄過程中發生變形開裂現象。

（5）對金屬很小的粘滯性。油土型的雕塑一般分為高浮雕和低浮雕兩種。低浮雕又稱薄浮雕，它一般用來製作普通硬幣和普通紀念幣（章）的，因此它的浮雕高度受到嚴格控制，因為過高的圖紋往往會給壓印工作帶來很大的困難。而高浮雕主要用來製作特殊的紀念幣 ( 章 )。由於紀念幣 ( 章 ) 的壓印工藝與普通硬幣有所不同，前者是單枚壓印，後者是連續壓印，故其圖紋高度一般不受限制。而對於普通硬幣和普通紀念幣（章）來說，為了便於壓印，圖紋高度要求盡可能低一些。而對於鏡面要求的紀念幣 ( 章 ) 在製作時應該考慮留有一定的研磨餘量。 3. 製作石膏模型

防水處理的目的是：由於石膏模型要在電鑄溶液中連續電鑄數天，要使石膏模型能經受得住電鑄溶液的浸蝕，必須進行防水處理，導電處理的目的是使石膏模型上的圖紋面獲得良好的導電性能。經過乾燥、防水、導電處理後的石膏模型就可以進行電鑄銅型了。電鑄銅型是將石膏模型作為陰極，純銅板作為陽極，在電鑄槽中進行的。對於電鑄銅溶液，要求電鑄速度快，均鑄能力好，電流效率高，生產成本低，容易操作和控制，常用的電鑄銅溶液為酸性電鑄液。

油土型做好後即可翻制石膏模型，製作石膏模型的目的是： (1) 用油土型翻製的石膏模型為凹型圖紋，有些圖紋為了提高藝術效果，需要在凹型及凸型石膏模型上反復進行修整，因此需要多次翻製石膏模型。

電鑄完畢後，從溶液中取出石膏模型及電鑄件，用清水沖洗乾淨，在脫模機上將銅型取下，然後進行修整，使銅型平面光亮，圖紋精細。電鑄銅型的製作工藝較為複雜，技術要求高，生產週期長，但用這種方法製作出來的產品花紋精細，清晰美觀，

東亞泉志

THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS

Features 專題因此以前一般硬幣、紀念幣 ( 章 ) 的銅型均用這種方法製作，而對一般要求不高的紀念章之類的模型則可採用低熔點合金澆鑄成型或採用樹脂型的方法來製作。澆鑄低熔點合金或樹脂型的最大優點是生產週期短，成本低。

圖案能被清晰雕刻出來。安裝完成雕刻刀具，用刀具找准需要雕刻的模坯加工面的中心和平面，記錄中心座標和平面高度座標後即可進行直雕模的雕刻。 6. 翻壓陰紋模

以前，電鑄銅型一直是造幣模型製作的主要手段，但近 20 多年來隨着工藝技術的進步，樹脂型在造幣機雕模型製作上得到了普遍的應用。 5. 直雕模（亦稱原模）的製作縮雕直雕模在雕刻機上進行，在縮雕時調整好銅型和鋼坯的平行度，使銅型的基準面與觸針垂直，雕刻刀頭與鋼坯餅平面垂直，並且將雕刻刀尖調整至鋼坯餅平面的回轉中心位置、觸針調整至銅型（樹脂型）圖案面的中心位置。隨後調整好縮刻比，使機器能雕刻出符合要求的直雕模。直雕模的鋼坯可採用高碳鋼製作。

直雕模是凸紋模 ( 亦稱陽紋模 )，從圖紋形式來講，它是完全可以直接用來翻壓工作印模投入生產使用的。但是在實際生產中，除了生產數量較少的紀念幣 ( 章 ) 品種外，一般都不用直雕模直接翻製工作印模，這是因為工作印模在造幣大生產中要求數量較多，如果直接用直雕模來翻壓工作印模，一旦直雕模損壞，就要重新製作直雕模，這樣不僅縮刻週期長，而且每次縮刻後的直雕模要做到完全一樣是比較困難的。因此在實際生產中，通常是將直雕模翻製成陰紋模 ( 即凹紋模 )，再用陰紋模翻壓成二原模，然後用二原模來翻壓工作印模。一旦二原模損壞，可以再用陰紋模再來翻製二原模。常用的陰紋模鋼坯的材料可全用高碳鋼，陰紋模鋼坯如圖 1 所示。

直雕模通常在臥式雕刻機上進行縮雕，首先將電鑄銅型（或樹脂型）作為靠模，把校調平整的靠模及鋼坯固定在機器的夾具上，找出靠模及鋼坯的中心點。在進行雕刻前，認真計算出縮刻比，即計算雕刻頭位置及靠模的曲率半徑。把計算完成的資料登錄雕刻機的控制器內，隨後調整好頂針至靠模中心點與雕刻刀至鋼坯中心點進行雕刻。縮雕應一次完成，在整個縮雕過程中不可停機，否則在接頭處易產生接刀印跡。雕刻後的直雕模應沒有唱片樣明顯的螺旋紋痕跡，圖形規整不變形，線條挺括不歪扭。

圖 1 陰紋模的鋼坯圖示

縮雕後的直雕模經手工修整後即可車製外形和進行熱處理淬火。

翻壓陰紋模的壓力機一般採用磨擦式壓力機或液壓式壓力機。

熱處理後的直雕模要進行清洗，並作回火處理。最後對直雕模做一次全面細緻的檢查和整修，以消除各種缺陷，確保符合技術標準的規定。

翻壓好的陰紋模即可車製外形和進行熱處理淬火，以提高其硬度。熱處理後的陰紋模依據技術條件要求進行

如果採用數控雕刻機（亦稱電腦雕刻機）製作直雕模，其工藝流程可大大簡化。首先將需要雕刻的圖稿用軟體掃描進電腦，並用軟體對掃描的圖稿進行必要的修改，然後將修改後的圖稿檔輸出為可進行雕刻的 CAM 檔。運用電腦編輯軟體對 CAM 檔進行編輯，設置好雕刻要求以及刀具參數，根據雕刻圖紋的要求準備好所需要的雕刻刀具，同時安裝好需要雕刻的模坯。隨後在電腦編輯軟體中選用雕刻檔，仔細查看類比雕刻，確認浮雕

東亞泉志

THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS

模面處理。 7. 製作二原模陰紋模是凹型圖紋的原模，不能用來直接翻壓工作印模，必須要將陰紋模翻製成凸型圖紋的二原模才能用來翻壓工作印模。二原模是用來大批量生產工作印模的原模，通常選用製作二原模鋼材為合金鋼材。

Features 專題二原模鋼坯的外形與陰紋模鋼坯的外形基本相似。

(3) 適當的淬透性；

翻壓二原模的工藝與翻壓陰紋模的工藝基本相同，但

(4) 良好的耐疲勞斷裂性。

略有差異。翻壓二、印模的製作翻壓印模的工藝和設備基本同二原模、陰紋模。印模是安裝在壓印機上直接壓印一般金屬硬幣、紀念幣 ( 章 ) 的模具，是造幣生產中主要的生產工具，印模製作品質的好壞，直接反映在硬幣產品上，因此必須嚴格控製印模的製作品質。當前，造幣生產中的壓印機正朝着高速度、高效率、自動化和微型電腦控制等方向發展，國外先進的壓印機的壓印速度已超過 700 枚 / 分鐘以上。因此，提高印模的使用壽命對促進造幣生產具有較大的經濟意義和現實意義。

製備好的模坯通過壓力機進行翻壓，翻壓方式一般採用封閉式壓製法一次壓成。對已翻壓完畢的印模仔細檢查模面圖紋的清晰度及表面品質，剔出不可修復的廢模，對可修整的可用手工進行修整，隨後將印模車製所需的外形和進行熱處理及模面處理。合格的印模應為：模面圖案花紋處無麻點、無裂紋、無漏光，邊寬均勻、外形合格、硬度符合技術要求。

對製作印模的鋼材有如下技術要求： (1) 退火後具有較低的硬度；

對有些特殊工藝要求的印模，有的還要進行噴砂及鏡面拋光處理，有的要進行模面鍍鉻或鍍覆氮化鈦膜處理，以滿足壓印不同產品的需要。

(2) 良好的淬硬性；

近代造幣廠的硬幣壓印機

近代老式雕刻機

近代螺旋式模具翻壓機

模具工人在處理模具表面

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Features 專題

製模人員在修整原模

近代摩擦壓力機

美元硬幣和印模早期用打製方法製造硬幣

模具設計人員在修整石膏型

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THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS

造幣工人在檢查剛壓印的銀幣

Features 專題

製模技師在手雕原模（或修整）

模具工人在檢查印模品質

印模與產品的關係

模具設計人員在電腦上設計圖稿

造幣模具（陽紋、陰紋）

近代造幣印模（上下模）

反映印模與硬幣關係的大銅章

反映造幣生產的上海造幣廠開鑄七十周年大銅章

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石膏型

造幣原模（陽紋）

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THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS

光緒元寶印模

造幣原模（陰紋）

Features 專題

Discussions about Numismatic Literature and Letter Collecting of Eminent People with Wang Guichen Yuan Shuiqing (Xi’an) Mr. Wang Guichen was born in Tieling, Liaoning Province, in 1928. He is one of the numismatic historical scholars I most admire. (Pic. 1 Mr. Wang Guichen) On April 3, 2014, the year I was editing Study on

Currencies , I wrote a letter to Mr. Wang Guichen hoping he could contribute some articles for our book. Along with the letter I also sent him my book, The Elite of Monetary History

of China , in which I had cited Mr. Wang’s study results and pictures in the chapter of “The Earliest Extant Private Note– the Wutun Circulating Coin Note of the Ming Dynasty” [on page 223]. To my surprise, within two weeks Mr. Wang Guichen replied to my letter and also sent me a copy of his book, Great Dictionary of Chinese Numismatics: Numismatic

Writers (Pic. 2, Pic. 3) and two calligraphy scrolls, one which read “I hope Study on Currencies becomes better and better” and the other which read “Knowledge has no limit and you should never stop scaling new heights”. That was the start of our friendship.

Pic. 1 Wang Guichen book signing of his book, Illustrated Record of Numismatic References in the Ke Ju Room on October28, 2015. Wang Guichen, styled himself as Ke Ju. He was born in 1929 in Tieling, Liaoning Province, was a former deputy director of Guangdong Museum, former vice president of Guangdong Numismatic Society, and a member of the council and the academic committee of the China Numismatic Society.

“Calligraphy Exhibition of Wan Guichen-Fine Works of the Ke Ju Room” (the storage room) was held in the Guangzhou library between March 25th and April 12th, 2016. During that time I got a chance to conduct an interview with Mr. Wang regarding his collection of numismatic literature and letters of famous collectors. Here is the interview:

Firstly, Mr. Wang, you are a unique generalist in

Lingnan(south of the Five Ridges) literary historian today. The book, Wang Guichen - A Historical Scholar contains

descriptions, historical records and rare pictures and

provides a comprehensive view of the ups and downs of your life. From the book we know that you were once

Pic. 2, Pic. 3 The front cover of The Great Dictionary of Chinese Numismatics:Numismatic Writers, with the author’s signature, Wang Guichen, Zhonghua Book Company

Wang Guichen: I used to be a fan of Gong Zizhen when

the deputy curator of the Guangdong Museum and have

I was a teenager. His hobby of collecting ancient coins had

you got into this field and why you choose collecting

was posted in the south and in 1952, I was transferred to work

made remarkable achievements in ancient numismatic

impressed me deeply. I joined the army in 1945 after years of

numismatic books as your hobby?

in a bank. During my banking career I have been a manager

literature collecting and research. Can you tell us how

stress life and I temporarily stopped collecting coins. Then I

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THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS

Features 專題 of the Bank of Communication in eastern Guangdong and the

book I would buy it and sometimes I would even buy all the

president of the Shantou Construction Bank. As my job was

books I saw.

related to money, so I was able to pick up my hobby again. At that time, one of my rarest items was a set of A I met my mentor, Mr. Zhou Shutao (who was the deputy

Record of Coins (Pic. 4), a block-printed edition from the

mayor of Tianjin then), in 1953 in Tianjin. He suggested

Ming dynasty. When I was in trouble in 1959 (Mr. Wang

that I learn the monetary history of China and, as a bank

was wronged as a Rightist in 1957), Mr. Shang Chengzuo

employee, read the relevant reference books. From that time

who was 26 years older than me, wrote some annotations on

on, I began to consciously collect numismatic books of both

this set for me without fear of being implicated. This sincere

historical and reference value. Over the next three decades I

friendship I will never forget. After, I got other editions of

have never given up this hobby, even in great adversity.

A Record of Coins, one of which was a gift from Mr. Rong Geng.

Secondly, collecting numismatic books is a hard, time-

consuming work. I want to know by what means did you

Speaking of collecting difficulties, the first is a lack

enrich your collection, what difficulties did you meet and

of book resources. Aside from buying from second-hand

how did you overcome these difficulties?

bookstores and antique markets, I got most of my collection

Wang Guichen: I haven’t calculated how many books

from my teachers and friends. In my years of collecting

on Chinese coins have been published till now. At first I

numismatic catalogs I got help from Yu Shengwu, Rong

planned to collect as many books as possible. Of course

Geng, Shang Chengzuo, Tai Paoting, Luo Bozhao, Luo

it is almost impossible to find all numismatic books and

Zemin, Pan Jingzheng, Huang Wenkuan, Qigong, Zhuhuo,

documents. Therefore I decided to pay more attention to the

Ma Dingxiang, Ma Guoquan, Qiu Xigui to name just a few.

systematicness and comprehensiveness of my collection.

Some of them presented me with numismatic catalogs and

I started from collecting coin catalogs and tried to contact

others gave me rubbings of ancient coins. The images of

scholars from various places. Whenever I found an interesting

those times are still vivid now.

from cultural and historical scholars, numismatists and also

Pic. 4 A Record of Coins in 15 volumes written by Hong Zun in the Song dynasty.

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Pic. 5 A Collection of Threeholed Spades, Wang Guichen, self- published, 1984.

Features 專題 The second difficulty is a lack of money. My salary

Since 1994, the “Golden Coin Award”, which is given

was not high at that time so I had to save money to buy my

every four years, has been the highest prize awarded by the

favorite books. It is also very difficult to collect all editions.

China Numismatic Society. I have won the Golden Coin

As there are many versions of famous books I had to try my

Award for the best article three times for three of my articles

best to collect all editions and study the differences between

published in some renowned journals. From Money Exchange

them. The last difficulty is time. It would take a long time to

Between Ancient China and the Abroad to the Maritime Silk

organize and classify all these documents. Whenever I was

Road of Guangzhou, written with Wang Dawen was honored

free I would devote myself into classifying my numismatic

as the best article of the first Golden Coin Award (Pic. 6-1).

documents. For this reason I named my room which was used

A Study of the Canton Mint Founded by Chang Chih-tung

to collect coins the “Ke Ju Room”.

and The Academic Value of Hun Zun’s Record of Coins on the Preservation of Ancient Coins were honored as the

Thirdly, as a former member of the council of the

China Numismatic Society and its academic committee,

and also as the former vice president of the Guangdong Numismatic Society you have written many concise but

rigorous articles. I guess your numismatic literature collection must have helped you a lot. Can you introduce

best articles of the second and the third Golden Coin Prize respectively. Two sets of my books won the Golden Coin Award for outstanding works, one is Numismatic Books of China’s Coinage (the 2nd Golden Coin Award) and the other is Great Dictionary of Chinese Numismatics:Numismatic Writers (the 4th Golden Coin Award). (Pic. 6-2)

your published books and articles and the awards you have won?

Wang Guichen: My numismatic literature collection did help me a lot. You may say my research results are all based on my numismatic documents collection. Since the 1960s I have edited and published many coin books, some of which were self-printed. These books are as follows: Zhi Nai Qian Bo, a book studying hollow-handle spades, Mr. Wu Speaks on Coins, a book of rubbings of original coins, A Collection of Three-hole Spades (Pic. 5), the first book about this kind of coin in China, A Collection of Pre-Qin Coinage edited with Shang Chengzuo and Tan Dihua, A Catalog of Books Stored in the Ke Ju Room, the 2nd, 7th,

Pic. 6-1 From Money Exchange Between Ancient China and the Abroad to the Maritime Silk Road of Guangzhou, written by Wang Guichen and Wang Dawen, the best article of the 1st Golden Coin Award.

13th, 15th, 16th, 18th, and the 19th books of Numismatic Books of China’s Coinage edited with Ma Feihai, The Great Dictionary of Chinese Numismatics:Numismatic Writers, China’s Dynastic Coins, edited with Xia Sui and my son Wang Dawen, A Register of Vietnamese Jing Xing Coins in 5 volumes, A Collection of Rubbings of Vietnamese Historical Cash Coins in 6 volumes, Annam Large Coins Stored in the Ke Ju Room and Illustrated Record of Numismatic References in the Ke Ju Room published by Wang Dawen and I in October, 2015.

Fourthly, as a scholar who is regarded to have

collected the most numismatic books in this field you

are generous by nature and donated more than 600 rare books to the China Numismatic Museum in 1999.

How many documents did you give to the museum and which were the rarest ones? Why didn’t you keep these documents yourself?

Wang Guichen: I have spent a lot time and care in collecting numismatic documents and books. At its peak there were over three hundred categories (more than six

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Features 專題 hundred books) stored in the Ke Ju Room, including catalogs of Chinese coins, rubbings of ancient coins, coin catalogs published abroad, books of the history of money and monetary systems and also coin magazines. On December 25, 1999, I donated most of my collection (more than six hundred books) to the China Numismatic Museum. Director Dai Zhiqiang and deputy director of the museum, Huang Xiquan issued me a donation certificate. (Pic. 7) Among my donations the most precious books were: A Record of Coins in 15 volumes included by Mao Jin in his Jin Dai Mi Shu series during the reign of the Chongzhen Emperor(Ming Dynasty). These four sets of books were once owned by Jiangxun in the Qing dynasty. A Record of Coins in 15 volumes written by Hong Zun in the Song dynasty (AD 1149) is a classic work of numismatics and has both historic and academic value. A Study of Coins in two volumes written by a Yuan Dynasty writer, Ma Duanlin, during the Chengte years (Ming dynasty), A Register of Coins written by Dong Yu, A Coin Record in 12 volumes by Qing dynasty writer Zhang Duanmu, A Coin Catalog - By Imperial Order in 16 volumes by Liang Shizheng and others, Official Paper Money of Four

Pic. 6-2 Vice President of the Chinese Numismatic Society, Huang Xiquan’s Calligraphy of “Authority of numismatics and master of Chinese culture” presented to Wang Guichen in recognition of his contribution to numismatics.

Dynasties by Wu Jin, Jia Yin Yi Ji in two volumes by Liu Xihai, Numerous Statements on Old Coins in two volumes by Dai Xi, with Rong Geng’s comments (Pic. 8), An Old Coin Collection in 64 volumes by Li Zuoxian, An Illustrated Catalog of Large Coins by Bao Kang, An Illustrated Record of the Paper Currency of Four Dynasties by Luo Zhenyu (Pic. 9) and Supplementing Words on Coins by Fang Ruo are also very rare editions. Several editions of An Encyclopedia of Old Coins by Ding Fubao in the Republic of China period, Genuine Illustrations of Sun Wu’s “Ta Ch’uan 5,000” Coins by Cheng Wenlong and the original rubbings of A Collection of Ancient Coins by Fang Ruo (Pic. 10) were also donated to the museum. Furthermore, among books published after the founding of the PRC, Soviet Silver Coins in Sichuan and Shaanxi Province published by Cheng Enyuan in 1953, A Collection of Coin Rubbings (original edition, Pic. 11) edited by Ma Dingxiang in 1979, Summary of Monetary Files of the Ministry of Finance, Regulations of the Canton Money Office and the Central Mint’s Experimental Regulations of Silver Cast Coins published by the Qing government, and Investigating the Coinage of Various Eastern and Western Countries by Zhang Lianjia are rarities too. There are also some rare books published in Hong Kong,

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Pic. 7 The donation certificate of Wang Guichen issued by director Dai Zhiqiang, and deputy director Huang Xiquan, of the China Numismatic Museum. It was issued when Wang Guichen donated his numismatic literature collection on December 25, 1999.

Features 專題

Pic. 8 Numerous Statements on Old Coins (2 volumes) by Dai Xi, with Rong Geng’s comments, copy of Tongzhi edition, Zhen Xin Press, 1919.

Pic. 9 Illustrated Record of the Paper Currency of Four Dynasties, edited by Luo Zhenyu, Japanese copy, 1914.

Pic. 10 Yao Yu Gu Hua Za Yong, (a book of rubbings of original coins in 1925), written by Fang Ruo. From Rong Geng’s collection, with Wang Guichen’s inscription.

Macao and Taiwan, such as Illustrated Catalog of Wuzhu

Rare Coins from the Qing Dynasty, and A Catalog of China’s

Coins by Du Weishan(Roger Du), Legal Coinage of Hong

Coins.

Kong (Pic. 12), Canton Coins, Catalog of Hong Kong Coins, Hong Kong Currency, Macao Currency, Catalog of China’s

Why did I donate these collections to the museum?

Silver Coins and Sycee by Zhang Huang, China’s Sycee

Because it’s not easy to collect and preserve these documents

Ingots by Zhang Huixin, One Thousand Varieties of Chinese

and the museum will keep them better than I could.

Sycees Collection of Shu Yin Tang, Four Hundred Types of

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Features 專題

Pic. 11 A Collection of Coin Rubbings (a book of rubbings of original coins in 1 volume), by Ma Dingxiang.

Pic. 12 Legal Coinage of Hong Kong, Han Muxun, 1975, Hong Kong Urban Council.

Fifthly, according to Illustrated Record of Numismatic

Pic. 13 An Illustrated Record of Rare Coins, Omura Shigetomi, Japan, Meiji era copy by Hohsen Sha.

Most of these foreign monetary theory references I

References in the Ke Ju Room, we know you have collected

collected were published in Japan. As Chinese monetary

numismatic research published there. Japanese scholars not

many foreign monetary theory references including A

culture affected Japan very deeply, there has been a lot of

of Rare Coins, Illustrations of Japanese Imperial Coins, A

only study their own money but also study Chinese coins,

Newly Revised Catalog of Old Coins, An Illustrated Record

too. For me, these materials are quite valuable. Some of these

of Rare Coins (Pic. 13), A Register of Wang Mang Coins,

books were gifts from my friends and others were bought.

Annual Price List of Old Coins Newly Revised in the Showa Era in 25 volumes, all edited by Japanese scholars,

The Historical Cash Coins of Viet Nam, Coins of Vietnam published in Singapore and Vietnam and Money by Kammeror, an American scholar, published in 1935. Why did you collect these books and how did you get them?

Wang Guichen: Because I wanted to learn about western numismatic culture, especially machine-made coins; and

Sixthly, you are most proud of your collection

of letters, manuscripts and transcripts of famous

people. It’s well known that letters of famous Chinese

numismatists are precious materials and records for us in which to study their lives and the historical events they experienced. What letters have you collected from famous numismatists in your decades of collecting?

also because Chinese monetary culture had affected many

Wang Guichen: All the letters in my collection were

surrounding countries and regions especially Japan, Korea,

written by famous epigraphy scholars. Every time I see these

and Vietnam, which used to be called “Annam”. These

letters old memories will come to my mind. I have letters

countries imitated Chinese coins when making their own

written by Zhang Tingji from the Qing dynasty. He was

coins. These coins then flowed into and circulated in China.

a highly regarded scholar who liked to make friends with

During the Qianlong Era of the Qing dynasty, more than 60

numismatists and had profound knowledge of numismatics.

percent of coins circulating in Canton were Annam coins and

I also have letters from Liu Xihai (also known as Liu

the proportion was even higher in Teochow.

Yanting) who was one of the greatest numismatists during

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Features 專題

Pic. 14 Letters from Tai Paoting to Wang Guichen. Names of the sender and the receiver were torn off during the Cultural Revolution.

Pic. 15 Letters from Peng Xinwei to Wang Guichen, January 7th, 1965.

the Qianlong, Jiaqing and Daoguang periods (Weng Yiquan

with inscriptions of Fang Yulou, letters from Li Junling to

and Zhang Shuwei were the others), circular fans with

Qiao Liuyi, coin rubbings with Zhou Jimu’s inscriptions,

inscriptions of Li Zuoxian, letters from Bao Kang to Yang

letters from Mr. Tai Paoting to me (Pic. 14), book labels of

Jizhen, letters between Wu Yuan and Yang Jizhen, letters

Yu Shengwu, coin rubbings of Tai Paoting with inscriptions

from Pan Zuyin to Wang Yirong, letters between Hu Yizan

of Kong Ding, letters from Peng Xinwei (Pic. 15), author of

and Wang Bingen, circular fans with a pattern of coins in

A History of China’s Money, to me and so on. These letters

the Chu state inscribed by Sheng Yu, letters of Luo Zhenyu,

were quite helpful when I was editing my Great Dictionary

book labels of Zong Weigong, coin rubbings of Liu Xihai

of Chinese Numismatics :Numismatic Writers.

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Features 專題

王貴忱談錢幣文獻和名家書札收藏袁水清（西安） 1928 年出生於遼寧鐵嶺的文史學者王貴忱先生，是當今中國錢幣界令我敬慕的耆宿之一（圖 1）。 2014 年 4 月 3 日，我為編撰本年度《錢幣研究》，向王貴忱先生去信約稿，並贈拙著《中國貨幣史之最》，說明該書第 223 頁“現存最早的私票 —— 明代五屯通行錢票”一條，曾引用過先生發表的研究成果及藏品圖片，以作答謝。沒想到先生即於 4 月 16 日回信，並贈我由他主編的《中國錢幣大辭典··泉人著述編》一本（圖 2、圖 3）；書法條幅 2 幅，內容分別為：“祝錢幣研究越辦越好”； “學無止境，永攀高峰”。此次鴻雁往來，是為與王貴忱先生交往之始。 2016 年 3 月 25 日至 4 月 12 日，“可居墨稿 —— 王貴忱書法展”在廣州圖書館舉辦，期間，我有幸對王老重點就錢幣文獻和名家書札收藏進行了採訪。今整理如下，與讀者分享。

圖 1 王貴忱，號可居，1928 年生，遼寧鐵嶺人。曾任廣東省博物館副館長，廣東省錢幣學會副會長，中國錢幣學會理事、學術委員。1994 年獲得國務院頒發的政府特殊津貼。圖為王貴忱 2015 年 10 月 28 日在《可居室藏錢幣文獻圖錄》首發式上簽名贈書。

一、王先生，您是當代嶺南文史學界一位不可多得的通才式人物。《文史學者王貴忱》一書以中肯的記述，翔實的史料，大量珍貴的歷史圖片，全方位展示了您波瀾壯闊的人生際遇。從介紹得知，您曾任廣東省博物館副館長，特別在古文獻版本收藏與研究上成績顯著，請您談談與錢幣及錢幣文獻收藏結緣的起因。王貴忱：我少年時喜讀龔自珍先生的文章，龔氏喜收古錢幣，給我留下深刻印象。1945 年我從軍後，連年的緊張生活，沒有機會接觸自己的愛好。後隨軍南下， 1952 年轉業到銀行工作，先後任粵東交通銀行經理、汕頭建設銀行行長。因為整天與貨幣打交道，使我有機會重拾自己的愛好。1953 年在天津認識了恩師周叔弢（時任天津市副市長），他提醒我，在銀行工作要瞭解中國貨幣史。學習研究貨幣史，就要多讀相關參考書。從那時開始，我便有意識地收集有歷史價值或參考價值的錢幣圖書資料——錢幣文獻。之後 30 餘年間，即使身處逆境時，都未曾間斷過錢幣文獻收藏。二、錢幣文獻收藏是一個時間跨度長，涉及範圍廣，難度相對大的領域，請問您是通過哪些途徑豐富自己的錢幣文獻收藏的？遇到過哪些困難？是如何克服的？王貴忱：迄今為止出版的中國錢幣文獻有多少種我未統計研究過。原來的打算是盡可能多地收集錢幣文獻，當然想把從古至今的錢幣圖書都集齊實非易事。我的收

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圖 2、圖 3 《中國錢幣大辭典 . 泉人著述編》，王貴忱主編，中華書局 2007 年 2 月版，此为封面及签贈筆者的簽名。

藏很注重係統性和全面性，從收集錢幣譜錄開始，並與各地學者有了接觸，看到喜歡的就買，有時更是見無不收。

當時我收藏錢幣古籍較珍貴的版本是明刻本洪遵《泉志》（圖 4）。1959 年，大我 26 歲的商承祚先生在這套書上題跋，當時我已是遭貶謫之身（指 1957 年被錯劃為 “右派”期間 —— 筆者注），老人家不怕牽連的高誼，沒齒難忘。後來，我還陸續收了幾種版本的《泉志》，其中有一套是容庚先生送給我的。收藏錢幣文獻遇到的困難，首先是書源少。我除了在古舊書店和古玩市場搜購外，主要靠文史學者、錢幣學者的支持，師友很重要。在多年的集藏錢幣譜錄的過程中，得到于省吾、容庚、商承祚、戴葆庭、羅伯昭、駱澤民、潘景鄭、黃文寬、啟功、朱活、馬定祥、馬國權、裘錫

Features 專題

圖 4 《泉志十五卷》，（宋）洪遵撰，明刻本。

圭等先生的鼎力相助，或贈送錢幣譜錄，或送古幣拓本。當時情景，歷歷在目。

圖 5《三孔幣彙編》，王貴忱編， 1984 年自印本。

其次是缺少購書資金。當年收入不高，買書錢主要靠節儉。再次是版本集齊難。名著多有不同版本，我儘量集齊，並對比研究。最後是整理歸類耗時多，我有空就翻閱整理錢幣文獻。我以“奇貨可居”語，名齋號曰 “可居室”。三、您曾任中國錢幣學會理事、學術委員，廣東省錢幣學會副會長，所撰錢幣著作和論文觀點鮮明，考據嚴謹，行文簡練。錢幣文獻收藏對您的錢幣收藏和研究肯定幫助很大。請介紹一下您出版的錢幣著作和發表的錢幣研究文章以及獲獎情況。

圖 6-1 王貴忱、王大文撰寫的《從古代中外貨幣交流探討廣州海上絲綢之路》一文，榮獲中國錢幣學會第一屆金泉獎。

王貴忱：的確幫助很大。可以說，沒有錢幣文獻收藏，就沒有我的錢幣研究成果。從 20 世紀 60 年代至今，由我編撰正式出版或自印的錢幣圖書多部，主要有：研究空首布的《庤乃錢博》；原錢拓寫本《吳泉說》；《三孔幣彙編》（圖 5），這是中國關於三孔幣研究的第一本著作；與商承祚、譚棣華合著的《先秦貨幣文編》；《可居室所藏錢幣書目》；與馬飛海共同主編的《中國錢幣文獻叢書》第 2、7、13、15、16、18、19 輯；《中國錢幣大辭典·泉人著述編》；與夏穗、兒子王大文輯的《中國歷代貨幣書籍》；《越南景興錢譜》一套五冊、《越南古錢集拓》一套六冊；《可居室藏安南大錢》；

以及 2015 年 10 月出版我和王大文整理編輯的《可居室藏錢幣文獻圖錄》。 “ 金泉獎” 是中國錢幣學會的最高學術獎項，從 1994 年設立，四年評選一次。我有多篇錢幣學術文章被知名期刊發表，其中有 3 篇獲金泉獎之“優秀論文獎”；第一屆的《從古代中外貨幣交流探討廣州海上絲綢之路》，與王大文合作（圖 6-1）；第二屆的《張之洞創辦廣東錢局考略》；第三屆的《洪遵 < 泉志 > 的學術價值 —— 兼談古代錢幣文獻存佚情況》。有兩部著作獲金泉獎之“優秀著作獎” ：第二屆的《中國錢幣文獻叢書》；第四屆的《中國錢幣大辭典·泉人著述編》，黃錫全曾題詞鼓勵（圖 6-2）。

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THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS

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四、您被錢幣界公認為當代“收藏錢幣文獻最多的人”。您性慷概，好施與，1999 年捐獻 600 多冊珍貴錢幣文獻給中國錢幣博物館。請問您捐獻的那些錢幣文獻分為幾大類？最珍貴的有哪些？為什麼不留在個人藏書屋而要貢獻國家？

東錢局銀錢兩廠章程》《造幣總廠鑄造銀幣試辦章程》，張連甲《東西各國貨幣調查記》等文獻亦十分難得。

王貴忱：錢幣文獻是可居室收藏的一個大專題，花得時間長，費得心血多，最盛時藏有 300 多種、600 多冊。可分為中國錢幣譜錄，古錢拓本、外國出版錢幣譜錄、貨幣史和幣製史及錢幣雜誌。1999 年 12 月 25 日，我將收藏的絕大部分錢幣文獻共計 600 多冊捐獻中國錢幣博物館，館長戴志強、副館長黃錫全向我頒發了捐贈證書（圖 7）。其中最珍貴的有：清江洵舊藏之明崇禎毛氏汲古閣津逮秘書本《泉志十五卷》四冊，為宋代洪遵撰。洪遵於宋紹興十九年（1149 年）著《泉志》十五卷，引述審慎詳實，具有重要的歷史價值和學術價值，為古代錢幣文獻中之經典著作。明朝正德本《錢幣考二卷》，為元代馬端臨著；董遹《錢譜一卷》。清朝張端木《錢錄十二卷》，梁詩正等《欽定錢錄十六卷》，吾進《四朝寶鈔》，劉喜海《嘉蔭簃集二卷》，戴熙《古泉叢話二卷》容庚批校本（圖 8），李佐賢《古泉匯六十四卷》，鮑康《大泉圖錄》，羅振玉《四朝鈔幣圖錄（圖 9）和方若《言錢補錄一卷》等。民國丁福保《古錢大詞典》多個版本，程文龍《孫吳大泉五千真景》，方若《藥雨古化雜詠》原拓本（圖 10）。新中國成立後，1953 年出版的成恩元《川陝蘇維埃時期的銀幣》，1979 年馬定祥《泉幣集拓》原拓本（圖 11）。清朝官方《度支部幣製奏案輯要》《廣

圖 6-2 2013 年，中國錢幣學會副理事長黃錫全題詞“泉學泰斗，國學大師”書贈王貴忱，以表彰其對錢幣學術研究的貢獻。

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THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS

圖 7 1999 年 12 月 25 日，中國錢幣學會舉行捐獻儀式，王貴忱將珍藏的錢幣文獻 600 餘冊捐獻中國錢幣博物館，館長戴志強 ( 左 )、副館長黃錫全向王貴忱 ( 中 ) 頒發榮譽證書。

圖 8 《古泉叢話二卷》，（清）戴熙著，1919 年蘇州振新書社影印同治本，容庚批校並跋。

Features 專題

圖 9 《四朝鈔幣圖錄》，羅振玉編， 1914 年日本影印本。

圖 10 《藥雨古化雜詠》，方若撰，1925 年原錢拓印本，容庚藏本，王貴忱跋。

圖 12 《香港官鑄錢幣》，韓穆遜著，圖 13 《珍錢奇品圖錄》，大村成 1975 年香港市政局出版。富（日本）編，日本文化十四年（公元 1817 年）宝泉社刻本，明治年间据此影印。另外，還有 10 多本港澳臺出版的錢幣文獻，也比較

圖 11 《泉幣集拓》，馬定祥輯，原錢拓本一冊。

珍貴，如《五銖係年匯考》，這是杜維善著的；《香港官鑄錢幣》（圖 12）、《粵鑄錢幣》《香港錢幣目錄》《香港貨幣》《澳門貨幣》；張璜的《中國銀圓及銀兩目錄》、張惠信的《中國銀錠》，以及《樹蔭堂收藏元寶千種圖錄》《清錢珍稀四百種》《中國錢幣目錄》等。我為什麼要捐獻？因為這些文獻收集起來不容易，在個人手上保存很容易散失，所以才會捐獻給中國錢幣博物館。

五、從《可居室藏錢幣文獻圖錄》可知，先生收藏的外國出版的錢幣譜錄有日本學者編的《和漢錢匯》《珍錢圖錄》《皇朝錢圖》《新校正孔方圖鑒》《珍錢奇品圖錄》（圖 13）、《王莽泉譜》《昭和新訂古錢價格年鑒》25 冊。越南、新加坡出版的《越南歷史古錢》《越南錢幣》 2 冊。另外見有 1935 年出版的美國甘末爾《貨幣論》以及多本外國貨幣理論專著。您為什麼要收集這些都著作？是如何收集到的？

東亞泉志

THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS

Features 專題

圖 14 戴葆庭致王貴忱書札，“文革”時特意撕掉收信人和來信人的名字。

王貴忱：我之所以關注並收集外國錢幣文獻，一是想瞭解西方的貨幣文化，特別是機製幣方面。二是中國錢幣文化曾影響了周圍許多國家和地區，尤其對鄰國日本、朝鮮和過去叫安南的越南影響最大。這些國家的錢幣不但模仿中國，而且流入中國境內，與中國錢幣同時流通。清道光年間，安南錢在廣東流通貨幣中占 60% 以上，其中以潮州為最甚。

我收藏的外國錢幣文獻主要以日本出版的為主。因為日本錢幣受中國的影響最深，研究錢幣的資料豐富，他們既研究本國錢幣，亦研究中國錢幣，對我們有參考價值。我收藏的外國錢幣文獻，有的是朋友贈送的，有圖 15 彭信威致王貴忱書札，1965 年 1 月 7 日。的是托人購買的。六、您最引為自豪的，是自己的名人書扎、手稿、抄本等書寫真跡收藏。我們知道，中國錢幣界名人書札是研究錢幣界人物、歷史事件的寶貴資料，是歷史的真實記錄。先生在數十年的收藏生涯中，為了研究學問，編著“泉界名人事蹟”，都收藏有哪些些泉家的書札？王貴忱：我收藏的名人書札很多都是金石家的遺物，每次欣賞書札，都會引起對書者的回憶。我收藏有清朝張廷濟書札，此人廣交錢幣藏家學人，研究古錢學問精博，深為時人所推重；劉喜海的書札，劉喜海即劉燕庭，

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他與翁宜泉、張叔未為乾嘉道三朝泉幣學界鉅子；李佐賢團扇面；鮑康致楊繼震書札；吳雲、楊繼震書札；潘祖蔭致王懿榮書札；胡義贊、王秉恩書札；盛昱題楚幣團扇；羅振玉書札；宗惟恭題簽；方雨樓題劉喜海錢拓；李峻嶺致喬六易書札；周季木題錢拓；以及戴葆庭先生給我的信（圖 14），於省吾題簽，孔鼎題戴葆庭錢拓，《中國貨幣史》作者彭信威先生給我的信（圖 15），等等。這些書札對我編著《中國錢幣大辭典·泉人著述編》很有幫助。

Column 專欄

Allan Gokson and His Collection of Chinese Gold Coins Howard F. Bowker (USA) Editor's Note: Allan Gokson was a prominent Shanghai collector of Chinese stamps who moved to Hong Kong about 1949. According to letters from Bowker, Gokson began collecting Chinese gold coins as a hedge against inflation. Within a relatively short time he had assembled an impressive collection of Chinese gold. CHINESE GOLD COINS (1862) T'ai P'ing Rebellion 5 taels silver (Kann 1483) Note: This is a 20th century fantasy. 1906 Kuang Hsu 1 tael (K. 1540) 2 specimens (Pic. 1) 1907 Kuang Hsu 1 tael (K. 1541) 2 specimens (Pic. 2) (1914) Yuan Shih-kai die of silver dollar struck in gold (K. 1558) (Pic. 3) (1919) Yuan Shih-kai $20 (K. 1530)(Pic. 4) (1919) Yuan Shih-kai $10 (K. 1531) (1919) Yuan Shih-kai $10 die of gold struck in silver (K. unlisted; 1531z) 1920 Yuan Shih-kai die of silver dollar struck in gold (K. 1562) 1923 Wedding dollar die of silver dollar struck in gold (K. 1575) (1927) Sun Yat-sen die of silver dollar struck in gold (K. 1550 or 1553) (1927) Sun Yat-sen die of silver 20¢ piece struck in gold (K. 1551) 1934 Sun Yat-sen die of silver dollar struck in gold (K. 1554). Kann (1954) says first seen in 1951; only 1 or 2 known, one owned by Allan Gokson. (1907) Sinkiang 2 mace (K. 1507) (Pic. 5) (1907) Sinkiang 1 mace (K. 1508) (Pic. 6) (1919) Yunnan $10 Tang Chi-yao (numeral 1) (K. 1524) (1919) Yunnan $5 Tang Chi-yao (numeral 2) (K. 1527) (1925) Yunnan $10 Tien, plain edge (K. 1528) (Pic. 7) (1925) Yunnan $5 Tien, plain edge (K. 1529) Yunnan $10 plain reverse (K. 1520) Yunnan $5 plain reverse (K. 1521) 1922 Hunan die of silver dollar struck in gold: double struck (K. 1571). Kann (1954) says the only known example belonged to Allan Gokson. 1926 Shantung $20 (K. 1535) (Pic. 8) 1926 Shantung $10 (K. 1536) (Pic. 9) 1950 Taiwan (Formosa) (4 mace) plain edge "A "mintmark (K. 1583)

1950 Taiwan (Formosa) (2 mace) plain edge "A "mintmark (K. 1584) MEDALLIONS (1916) Hung Hsien (Yuan Shih-kai) proof (K. 1560a) (1916) Hung Hsien (Yuan Shih-kai) (K. 1560) (1921) Hsu Shih-ch'ang (K. 1570) (1923) Ts'ao K'un in civil dress (K. 1572) (1923) Ts'ao K'un in military uniform (K. 1573) (1925) Tuan Ch'i-jui (K. 1577). Kann (1954) lists Gokson as one of three known owners of this coin. Note: Dates in parentheses are not indicated in the design. Others are dated by Chinese chronology.

Pic. 1 Kuang Hsu 1 tael, NGC MS63, Chinese Family Collection

Pic. 2 Kuang Hsu 1 tael, NGC MS61, Chinese Family Collection

Pic. 3 Yuan Shih-kai die of silver dollar struck in gold, NGC MS64, Ultima Collection

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THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS

Column 專欄 Allan Gokson (Kwok Chih-fong 郭植芳 ) Obituary It is with a feeling of great personal loss that I report the demise of my good friend of almost 30 years, and a longtime member of the China Stamp Society, Allan Gokson. He was born in Sydney, Australia on 21 April 1911, and died in his sleep in San Francisco on 25 November 1967, having been in ill-health for several months. He is survived by his father, William Gockson (who uses this spelling) of Hong Kong, his widow, Mrs. Glennis Gokson, a son, Captain Lincoln Gokson, U.S. Army, recently returned from a tour of duty in Viet Nam; and daughters Mrs. Li of Hong Kong, Mrs. Mar and Miss Victoria Gokson of San Francisco, and two grandchildren. As is well known he was perhaps the most knowledgeable and best informed expert in the classic stamps of China, having specialized in those issues. His collection included at one time or another most of the outstanding rarities of those issues, most of which were disposed of since coming to the United States. While in Shanghai he was manager of the number 3 Mill of the Wing On Textile Manufacturing Company, having previously attended the School of Technology of the University of Manchester, England, in 1930-1934. Before that he had attended schools in Shanghai and San Francisco.

I first made his acquaintance in Shanghai in 1939 when on a trip to China and Japan, while stationed in Guam. I visited him at his home with James N. Wong, a former member of the China Stamp Society, who had originally introduced him to Chinese philately through the sale of his collection of Chinese stamps. Gokson was a member of the Chiu Chin Shan [San Francisco] Chapter of the China Stamp Society since coming to San Francisco in 1958. In Shanghai he was prime mover in the local philatelic societies, and in May 1948 was host to the members and friends of The New Light Philatelic Society in connection with the Shanghai Stamp Exhibition at his extensive garden estate at Hung Jao. Photographs of this event are to be found in volume 15, number 3, of the New Light Philatelic magazine. Editor's Note: The listing of Gokson's coins was published in Numismatic Bulletin August 1952. The obituary was written by Bowker following Gokson's death in November 1967. The mandarin version of his name would be Kuo Chihfang (pinyin Guo Zhifang). His father, William Gockson (note different spelling), was general manager of the famous Wing On Cotton Mills and vice president of Wing On Company (better known for its department stores). His biography appears in "Men of Shanghai and North China" second edition 1935. [BWS]

Pic. 4 Yuan Shih-kai $20, NGC MS61, Chinese Family Collection

Pic. 5 Sinkiang 2 mace, NGC MS64, NC Collection

Pic. 6 Sinkiang 1 mace, NGC MS62, NC Collection

Pic. 7 Yunnan $10 Tien, plain edge, NGC MS62, Chinese Family Collection

Pic. 8 Shantung $20, NGC MS64, Ultima Collection

Pic. 9 Shantung $10, NGC MS65, Ultima Collection

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THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS

Column 專欄

郭植芳及其中國金貭幣章收藏霍華德 • 佛蘭克林 • 包克（美國）編者按：郭植芳（英文名 Allan Gokson）是上海著名的中國郵票收藏家，1949 年左右移居香港。他除收藏郵票外，還收藏有中國金幣和金貭紀念章，且主要是清末和民國早中期的，非常稀少、珍貴。據包克信中所說，郭植芳收藏這些高檔錢幣的目的，是為了保值以抵補通貨膨脹造成的損失。以下是包克所記的郭植芳金貭幣章收藏簡況；為使讀者更多地瞭解郭植芳的身世及郵票收藏活動，將包克撰寫的“郭植芳訃告”一併刊發。郭植芳所藏中國金幣（1862 年）太平天國金寶五兩（Kann 1483），注：這是 20 世紀的臆造幣；（1906 年）光緒丙午年造大清金幣庫平一兩（K.1540），樣幣，2 枚；（圖 1）（1907 年）光緒丁未年造大清金幣庫平一兩（K.1541），樣幣，2 枚；（圖 2）（1914 年）袁世凱像民國共和紀念幣壹圓銀模金鑄幣（K.1558）；（圖 3）（1919 年）袁世凱像民國八年造貳拾圓金幣（K.1530）；（圖 4）（1919 年）袁世凱像民國八年造拾圓金幣（K.1531）；（1919 年）袁世凱像民國八年造拾圓金模銀鑄幣（K. 無此幣；1531z）；（1920 年）袁世凱像民國九年造壹圓銀模金鑄幣（K.1562）；（1923 年）民國十二年造龍鳳壹圓銀模金鑄幣（K.1575）；（1927 年）孫中山像民國開國紀念幣壹圓銀模金鑄幣（K.1550 或 1553）；（1927 年）孫中山像民國開國紀念幣貳角銀模金鑄幣（K.1551）；（1934 年）孫中山像民國二十三年壹圓銀模金鑄幣（K.1554），《中國幣圖說彙考》（1954）稱在 1951 年首次見到此幣，僅知 1-2 枚，其中 1 枚為郭植芳所有；（1907 年）（新疆）餉金二錢（K.1507）；（圖 5）（1907 年）（新疆）餉金一錢（K.1508）；（圖 6）（1919 年）（雲南）唐繼堯像擁護共和紀念幣（當銀幣拾圓）（數字 1）（K.1524）；（1919 年）（雲南）唐繼堯像擁護共和紀念幣（當銀幣伍圓）（數字 2）（K.1527）；（1925 年）（雲南） “滇”字拾元金幣，光邊（K.1528）；（圖 7）（1925 年）（雲南） “滇”字伍元金幣，光邊（K.1529）；

（1922 年）（雲南） “當銀幣拾元”金幣，光背（K.1520）；（1922 年）（雲南） “當銀幣伍元”金幣，光背（K.1521）；（1922 年）湖南省憲成立紀念幣壹圓銀模金鑄幣，重打（K.1571）；（1926 年）民國十五年山東省金幣貳拾圓（K.1535）；（圖 8）（1926 年）民國十五年山東省金幣拾圓（K.1536）；（圖 9） 1950 年臺灣（四錢）金幣，光邊，造幣廠標記“A” （K.1583）； 1950 年臺灣（二錢）金幣，光邊，造幣廠標記“A” （K.1584）。郭植芳所藏中國金貭紀念章（1916 年，一說 1919 年）袁世凱像中華帝國洪憲紀元金章，鏡面（K.1560a）；（1916 年，一說 1919 年）袁世凱像中華帝國洪憲紀元金章（K.1560）；（1921 年）徐世昌像民國十年九月紀念金章（K.1570）；（1923 年）曹錕像憲法成立紀念金章，便裝（K.1572）；（1923 年）曹錕像金章，戎裝（K.1573）；（1924 年）段祺瑞像民國執政紀念金章（K.1577），《中國幣圖說彙考》（1954 年版）上說郭植芳是擁有此幣的三大著名藏家之一。注：括弧內的年份表示錢幣上对應的公元紀年，其他文字則表示幣名称。

圖 1 光緒丙午年造大清金幣庫平一兩，NGC MS63，華人家族藏品

東亞泉志

THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS

Column 專欄郭植芳訃告相交近 30 年的摯友、中華集郵會永久會員郭植芳的逝世，讓我覺得是一種巨大的損失。郭植芳 1911 年 4 月 21 日生於澳大利亞悉尼；1967 年 11 月 25 日，在三藩市病了幾個月之後，在睡夢中過世。他遺下的親人，包括在香港的父親郭順，他的遺孀 Glennis Gokson，他的兒子，最近剛從越南服役回來的美國陸軍上尉 Lincoln Gokson；他的女兒們，香港的李太太，舊金山的馬太太和 Victoria Gokson 小姐，以及兩個孫子女。眾所周知，他可能是中國經典郵票方面最有學識、消息最靈通的專家，在郵票界極有權威。中國發行過的郵票中，大部分的珍品在他的收藏中都能見到，自從來到美國後，其中的大多數收藏都被出售了。在上海的時候，他擔任永安紡織公司第三廠的經理。 1930-1934 年期間，曾留學英國曼徹斯特大學學習紡織技術。在這之前他曾在上海和舊金山求學。

海跟他結識。我和中華集郵會前會員 James N. Wong 一起到他家拜訪，Wong 是最初將郭植芳帶入郵票收藏領域的人，其藏的郵票也是賣給了郭植芳。郭植芳自 1958 年來到舊金山後，就成為了中華集郵會舊金山分會的會員。在上海，他是當地集郵協會的主要推動者，1948 年 5 月，他在自家寬闊的虹橋公館內宴請同上海郵票展相關的新光郵票研究會的會員和朋友。這次宴會的照片在新光郵票研究會出版的會刊第 15 卷編號 3 中可以看到。編者注：郭植芳的錢幣收藏曾發表在 1952 年 8 月的 Numismatic Bulletin。訃告文的忘者是 1967 年 11 月包克用中文國語版郭植芳 [ 拼音郭植芳 ] 名字來寫的。他的父親郭順是赫赫有名的永安紡織廠的總經理、永安公司（以百貨公司出名）的副董事長。他的個人簡介在 1935 年第二版的《Men of Shanghai and North China》中可以找到。【史博祿】

駐扎關島期間，我於 1939 年前往中國和日本，在上

圖 2 光緒丁未年造大清金幣庫平一兩，NGC MS61，華人家族藏品

圖 3 袁世凱像民國共和紀念幣壹圓銀模金鑄幣， NGC MS64，Ultima 藏品

圖 4 袁世凱像民國八年造貳拾圓金幣， NGC MS61，華人家族藏品

圖 5 新疆餉金二錢，NGC MS64， NC 藏品

圖 6 新疆餉金一錢，NGC MS62，NC 藏品

圖 7 雲南“滇”字拾元金幣，光邊， NGC MS62，華人家族藏品

圖 8 民國十五年山東省金幣貳拾圓，NGC MS64，Ultima 藏品

圖 9 民國十五年山東省金幣拾圓，NGC MS65，Ultima 藏品

東亞泉志

THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS

Column 專欄

A Central Bank of China Hand Signed Note Bruce W. Smith (USA)

A Central Bank of China hand signed note

In the 19th century and before, western style banknotes were individually signed by hand. By the 20th century the volume of notes issued by most banks made hand signing impossible, so the signatures of the officers were either copied as part of the printing plate, or were added as overprints on notes already printed without signatures. In some cases the signature of the senior official was printed but the junior official had to hand sign the note.

The early notes of the Central Bank of China, from 1928 into the 1930's, were printed without signatures. When the bank needed to issue the notes, they were overprinted in black with two signatures, usually the General Manager and Assistant General Manager. When one or both of these officials changed, a new overprint was prepared with the appropriate signatures. During the war years and post-war years of the 1940's, notes were being put into circulation with such speed that there was no time to overprint the signatures,

and both signatures became part of the printing plate, and were printed in the same color as the note. On rare occasions, a person whose signature appears on a note was asked as a favor to autograph the note above his printed signature. Among collectors these are called "courtesy signatures" and they are sometimes seen on notes of the United States. Only recently has the first courtesy signature been seen on a Chinese note. The note is a Central Bank of China 1 yuan dated 1936, printed by Waterlow & Sons in London (Pick 216 with signature 5; Smith & Matravers C300-94 with signatures EB). The autographed signature is that of the Assistant General Manager, signed in a larger format but nearly identical to the overprinted signature. Below the autograph is the date: "Nov. 2, 1943". One would think it would be easy to identify the signatures on Central Bank of China notes and to find

東亞泉志

THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS

Column 專欄 biographical information on the signers. Twenty one different signatures appear on Central Bank notes during the 21 years that it issued notes (1928-1949). Some of these signatures are in Chinese but most are in western style using English letters. Most of the signatures were identified in King-on Mao's huge 1968 catalog of Central Bank of China notes. The remaining signatures were identified in Hsu I-tsung's (Hsu Yih Tzong) Illustrated Encyclopedia of Chinese Banknotes, published in Taiwan in 1981. Finding biographical information on the signers has proved very difficult. Some notes are signed by the Governor of the bank and the General Manager, but most are signed by the General Manager and his assistant. The General Manager and the Assistant General Manager were not key officials of the bank, which was divided into several departments. Each department had a manager and assistant manager. The signatures on the notes are those of the manager and assistant manager of the Issue Department. And though biographical information on the governors of the bank is available, little has been found on the managers of the issue department. The person who signed the note shown here was Huang Hsiu-feng, signing as: Siufeng Huang. Huang was born on 22 November 1892. He was the fourth assistant manager of the issue department, from the mid 1930's into the 1940's. He was connected in some way with the China International Famine Relief Commission (CIFRC) and exchanged letters with O. J. Todd, the man who built the motor road through Kweichow Province on behalf of the CIFRC (which led to the issue of the Kweichow Auto Dollar). In April 1934, Huang was chairman of the national committee of the YWCA (Young Women's Christian Association) for China. His wife also worked for the YWCA and was a dietician at Peking Union Medical College. When the war with Japan began in 1937, Huang was transferred to the Central Bank of China office in Hong Kong, where he remained an official of the bank until the Japanese captured Hong Kong in December 1941. He hid from the Japanese until 21 February 1942, when he was able to flee at night by boat to the French colony of Kwangchowwan. From there he made his way overland to Kwangsi Province. There the bank offered to fly him to Chungking, the wartime capital and headquarters of the bank, but Huang refused, saying the aviation fuel was too precious to fly one man to Chungking. Instead he traveled for weeks by truck to Chungking, were he resumed his post at the bank. Meanwhile, his wife and son spent the war years in Wilmington, Delaware in the United States.

東亞泉志

THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS

In early November 1943 Huang hand signed the note shown here, probably as a souvenir for someone in Chungking. We do not know the circumstances under which the note was signed, but a similar event occurred in Washington, DC on 2 July 1945, during a meeting with H. H. Kung, the Chinese finance minister, Henry Morgenthau, the head of the US treasury, Hsi Te-mou, head of the Central Bank of China, and Harry D. White, an official in the US treasury department. The meeting was to discuss the printing of banknotes for China and for a US loan to China to redeem Central Bank notes. The meeting was recorded in the diary of Henry Morgenthau. During that meeting, Kung stated that Chinese notes were being printed by two or three firms in the United States, and also in Canada, England, China and India. During the meeting Morgenthau proposed sending United States currency to China, but in the form of yellow seal notes, of the type given to American soldiers during the North African campaign. This was a special issue intended to be demonetized if large quantities were captured by the Germans. That did not happen, so the notes remained in general circulation, though few were seen in the United States until after the war. The proposal by Morgenthau probably considered the possibility that the Japanese might capture large quantities of the notes, which could be demonetized if necessary. Morgenthau stated at the meeting that he had an example of one of the notes, signed it (the note already contained his printed signature), and presented it to Kung. According to the record, the inscription read:"From Henry for my friend H. H." Harry White noted that such a signed note was known as a "short snorter." Kung thanked Morgenthau and said he would send a signed note from China in return. White happened to have a Chinese note with him, and Kung signed the note for Harry White. Kung later stated that it was urgent to get the US currency to China as soon as possible, and at his insistence, the treasury packed a suitcase containing $1 million in $5 and $10 yellow seal notes, which he was to carry back to China. At the end of the war in 1945, Huang was sent by the bank to take over Japanese and Chinese puppet banks in Tsingtao. In 1947 Huang took leave from the bank to visit his wife and son in the United States. Unexpectedly, he was offered a position with the newly organized International Monetary Fund, and he did not return to China. He served as Assistant Comptroller for the IMF in China during 19481949, then continued his service in the United States till his retirement in 1957. Huang Hsiu-feng died in Wilmington in June 1975. His collection of Chinese art was sold by Christie's in 2014.

Column 專欄

一張民國时期中央银行手寫簽名鈔史博祿（美國）

民国二十五年中央银行壹圓簽名鈔 19 世紀之前，每張西方的紙幣上面都有手寫的簽名。

而沒有多餘的時間在紙幣上加印簽名。於是銀行經理和

到了 20 世紀，多數銀行都無法做到在每張紙幣上手寫簽

副經理的簽名便被刻到了印刷範本上，這樣在印刷的時

名，於是這些官員們的簽名要麼是用模具印刷，要麼加

候，簽字便和花紋一樣用同樣的油墨被印到了紙幣上。

印到沒有簽名的鈔票上面去。某些情況下，只有高級官員的簽名是印簽，級別低一些的官員仍需要親筆將自己的名字簽到鈔票上面。

有時候有人會應請求，在印有自己簽名的鈔票上面親自簽上自己的名字，收藏家們將其稱之為“禮節性簽名”，不過這種情況並不是很常見。這種簽名有時會出

中國中央銀行在 20 世紀 30 年代早期發行的鈔票上面

現在美國的紙幣上，但直到最近，才有第一張帶有禮節

是沒有簽名的。當發行鈔票的時候，銀行會在鈔票後面

性簽名的中國紙幣被發現。這是一張 1936 年由倫敦華德

用黑色油墨加印上兩個簽名，通常是銀行總經理和副總

路公司印製的中國中央銀行一元紙幣。（Pick 書中的編

經理的簽名。一旦發生了職務變動，就得重新準備加印

號為 216，帶有簽名“5”；Smith & Matravers 的書中將

所用的簽名。 20 世紀 40 年代的戰爭以及戰後的一段時

其編號為 C300-94 ，帶有“EB”樣式的簽名。）

間裏，出於流通需要，銀行加大了印刷鈔票的速度，從

東亞泉志

THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS

Column 專欄這個簽名是副總經理親簽的，幾乎和紙幣上的印簽簽

1943 年 11 月初，黃繡峰親筆簽下了前面提到的那張

名一模一樣，只是尺寸要大一些。簽名的下面標注了日期：

簽名鈔，目的也許是為了給重慶的某個人留作紀念之用。

1943 年 11 月 2 日。也許你會覺得鑒別中國中央銀行上

我們不知道當時的具體情況，不過 1945 年 6 月 2 日在華

面的簽名以及查找簽名者的生平資訊算不上一件多難的

盛頓也發生了一件與之類似的事。當時中國財政部長孔

工作。不過在中國中央銀行 21 年間（1928-1949 年）發

祥熙攜中國中央銀行總經理席德懋會見美國財長亨利·摩

行的紙幣上一共出現了 21 種不同的簽名，有的是中文，

根索以及財政部官員哈裏·D·懷特。會議的主題是討論為

不過大多數還是英文簽名。這些簽名多數都被毛景安收

中國印製鈔票以及美國以兌換的方式為中國提供貸款的

錄在了他 1968 年出版的一部關於中國中央銀行發行的紙

問題。摩根索的日記裏面曾經提到過這次會議。期間，

幣的大部頭目錄中。其他的則在許義宗 1981 年於臺灣出

孔祥熙提到中國的紙幣是由美國的兩到三家公司負責印

版的《中國紙幣圖說》中有所記載。

刷的，另外還有加拿大、英國、中國以及印度的公司也參與過這方面的工作。摩根索提出了把美國的蓋有黃色

然而找尋這些簽名者的生平資訊卻並非一件易事。

印章鈔票運往中國的提議，這種鈔票是北非戰爭期間發

有些鈔票上面的簽名是由行長及銀行總經理完成的，但

放給士兵的一種特殊貨幣，目的是為了應對德國人。一

大多數的簽名卻是來源於各分部的經理以及副經理。這

旦德國人大量得到這些紙幣，美國方面就會將之廢棄。

些經理和副經理們並非銀行的高官，在部門林立的銀行

不過這種預想的情況之後並沒有發生，所以這種紙幣仍

係統中，每一個部門都有其各自的經理和副經理，而鈔

舊於市面上廣泛流通，不過戰後出現的數量卻並不是很

票上的簽名就是由發行部門的兩位經理完成的。儘管源

多。摩根索之所以作此提議，也許是考慮到日本人有可

於銀行行長們的資訊並不難找，但介紹這些發行部門經

能會繳獲大量的中國紙幣，如果使用這種紙幣，一旦需要，

理們的生平資料卻是少之又少。這裏介紹的這張鈔票上

就可以將之棄用，從而將日本人手中的紙幣變成廢紙。

面的簽名是黃繡峰。摩根索在會議上提到自己當時手中有一張這種紙幣黃繡峰生於 1892 年 11 月 22，是中國中央銀行成

的樣票，於是他在上面簽上了字（錢幣上已有他名字的

立以來的第四任發行部副經理，在職期間為 20 世紀 30

印簽），將這張樣票送給了孔祥熙。根據記載，摩根索

年代中期至 40 年代。他同中國華洋義賑會有些關係

在紙幣上寫下的是：“亨利贈與吾友祥熙”。哈里·怀特

(CIFRC)，也和曾代表華洋義賑會在建造了橫貫貴州的汽

說道這種帶簽名的紙幣就是所謂的“short snorter ”( 簽

車公路（後來發行了貴州汽車銀幣來紀念此事）的 O.J. 托

名鈔 )。孔祥熙謝過摩根索，並告訴他自己回到中國之後

德有書信往來。1934 年 4 月，黃繡峰成為了中國基督教

會簽一張鈔票寄送給他以作回禮。不過懷特當時手中剛

女子青年會國家委員會的主席，而他當時在北京協和醫

好有一張中國鈔票，於是孔祥熙便在上面簽上自己的名

學院擔任營養師的夫人也參與了青年會的工作。

字並將它贈與了哈裏·懷特。孔祥熙之後又提到最好能儘快將美國的紙幣運往中國，在他的一再堅持下，財政部

1937 年抗日戰爭爆發，黃繡峰被調任至中國中央銀行香港分部任職，到 1941 年 12 月日本佔領香港之前，

便打包了一箱由 5 美元和 10 美元組成的 100 萬美元黃色印章鈔票，好讓孔祥熙帶回中國。

他都一直在這裏工作。日本人到來之後，黃繡峰四處躲藏，直到 1942 年 2 月 21，他才得以趁着夜晚乘船從香港逃

1945 年抗日戰爭末期，黃繡峰被銀行派往青島接手

亡到屬於法租界的廣州灣。接着又從那裏走陸路抵達廣

那裏的中日傀儡銀行。1947 年，黃繡峰結束自己在銀行

西，銀行方面提出用飛機將他接到當時戰時陪都以及央

的工作前往美國探望自己的妻兒。意外的是，當時新成

行總部的所在地重慶，但黃繡峰覺得在戰爭期間為了他

立的國際貨幣基金組織 IMF 為他提供了一個職位，於是

一個人就動用飛機太過浪費，於是便拒絕了這一提議。

黃繡峰便留在了美國。1948-1949 年期間，黃繡峰擔任了

之後他搭乘卡車花費了數周時間來到重慶，並在重慶的

IMF 中國分部的副審計長職務，之後他在美國繼續自己

銀行裏繼續擔任自己的職務。與此同時，為了躲避戰亂，

的工作，直到 1957 年退休。1975 年 6 月，黃繡峰逝世

他的妻兒則逃往美國特拉華州的威爾明頓。

於美國威爾明頓，他的藝術品收藏在 2014 年被佳士得拍賣行掛牌拍賣。

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The Reform and Innovation of Coins in the Zhao State Lian Wenyu (Taiyuan) Zhao was one of the seven powerful warring states and its rise and decline ran through the whole Warring States Period (475 BC-221 BC). Discussing the monetary reform of the Zhao state is of great significance in the research of the evolution of Chinese currency.

countries. With the Taihang Mountains on the east and Shanxi Province behind, Handan was a very important site for strategic expansion. From this point the Zhao started to expand its territory through constantly attacking Zhongshan and Yan states and finally became the only powerful country able to stand against the state of Qin.

I The origin of the Zhao family III Four steps of currency reform in the Zhao state Members of the Zhao family had been very good at raising horses and driving carts and had served the royal family since the Shang-Zhou period. In the Zhou dynasty, a member of the Zhao family, Zao Fu, became the chariot driver of the Emperor Zhou Mu and was rewarded for his good driving skill and military exploits. The emperor gave him Zhao City (now Hongtong City, Shanxi Province) as his fief and named him after the city’s name. This was the start of the Zhao state. In 781 BC, descendants of the Zhao family escaped from the despotism of the Emperor Zhou You to the Jin state and started to serve the Marquis of Jin. Under the protection of the marquis, the Zhao family gained a foothold in the Jin state. Later, during the Spring and Autumn Period, while a power struggle took place inside the Jin state, the Zhao family destroyed the Earl of Zhi's clan by uniting with the Wei and the Han families and took power in the Jin state. Under such circumstances, the Zhou Emperor had to formally recognize Zhao as a vassal in 403 BC. He admitted Wei and Han as vassals later. China soon entered into the turbulent Warring States Period. II The developing strategy of the Zhao state After the foundation of the Zhao state, governors started to focus on developing the economy. They reformed the currency system, encouraged commerce and handicraft industries, improved the productivity of tools, cast weapons, and expanded the military in preparation for war. With the advance of these reforms, the strength of the Zhao state continued to increase. To meet the demand of strategic development, the governor of Zhao moved the capital from Jinyang (now the southwestern part of Taiyuan City, Shanxi Province) to Handan in 386 BC. Handan is located in the center of the North China Plain and its convenient transportation broadened commerce with neighbouring

At the beginning, the circulating currency of the Zhao state was the old hollow-handled spade money which had been used since the Spring and Autumn Period. But the hollow-handled spade is large, easy to be worn out, but not easy to be stored or manufactured. Because of these disadvantages, the Zhao state first started the reform of changing the shape of the circulating hollow-handled spades. 1. The first step of reform was to issue a sloping shoulder, flat-handled spade with pointed feet. The emphasis of the reform was to change the hollow handle into the flat handle. Viewing coins which were mostly unearthed in the north part of Jin, the shape characteristics of the flat-handled spade are: flat handle, sloping shoulder, pointed foot and square crotch (there are a few flat shoulder, round crotch and pointed crotch spades), with two vertical lines on the handle. The inscriptions on these spades are all place names. There are two denominations of these spades, the spade with a larger denomination, like Gan Dan, Jin Yang, Ci Shi, Yu Xiang, Da Yin and Lan, is 8cm long, about 12g in weight with 4.5cm wide feet. The small denomination spade is 5cm in length, about 6.5g in weight with 2.8cm feet. The newly issued spades kept the shape of the sloping shoulder and pointed feet like the former spades, but are more regular and delicate with a thinner shape. The oblique metal lines on its face increase the sense of beauty and can somehow act as the stiffener. (see Pic. 1 and Pic. 2) 2. The second step was to change the pointed corner of the spade into the slightly sloping shoulder as the old design was inconvenient for circulation. Numismatic scholars commonly call the new design the ‘slightly sloping shoulder and square foot spade’ (see Pic. 3 and Pic. 4). 3. The third step: the similar square foot spade evolved into the flat shoulder, flat handle square foot spade. The

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Column 專欄 pointed corners were completely changed into symmetrical flat shoulders and flat feet. This spade is named the ‘square spade’ in numismatic circles (see Pic. 5). The characteristics of the square spade are a flat handle, flat shoulders, square foot, square crotch with only one strip on the handle. During the casting process, some spades show the tendency of changing from the square foot and handle into the round foot and handle. This spade is named the ‘round foot spade’ and only a few pieces exist now (see Pic. 6).

Pic. 3 Slightly Sloping Shoulder and Foot Spade with "Jin Yang"( 晉陽 ), length 58mm, weight 5.1g

Pic. 1 Large Point Foot Spade with "Han Dan"( 甘丹 ), length 85mm, weight 11.9g

Pic. 2 Small Point Foot Spade with "Zhong Yang"( 中陽 ), length 58mm, weight 6g

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Pic. 4 Similar Square Foot Spade with "Ping Yang"( 平陽 ), length 47mm, weight 3.8g

Pic. 5 Square Foot Spade with "Xiang Yuan"( 襄垣 ), length 45mm weight 4.5g

Pic. 6 Similar Round Foot Spade with "Ping Yang"( 平陽 ), length 47mm, weight 3.8g

Column 專欄 4. The fourth step: the similar round foot spade evolved into the ‘round foot spade’. These were produced during the late Warring States Period, and inscriptions on these spades name Zhao cities. The evolved round foot spade was better and more convenient to use than the pointed foot spade or the square foot spade with round handle, round shoulder, round foot and round crotch. The shape of the round foot spade was finalized at that time (see Pic. 7 and Pic. 8). Viewing the evolution trajectory of Zhao’s currency, each step of the reform sparked the innovation of the next step. Both the square foot spade and the similar round foot spade mentioned are results of the reform. As new versions of coins were created during the reform numismatic scholars similarly named them the ‘square foot spade’ and ‘round foot spade’. IV The inclusivity of the currency of the state of Zhao A large variety of money was in circulation in the Zhao state at that time, covering almost all the currencies of the

other six warring states. The inclusivity of Zhao’s financial policy was an enlightened decision which promoted the development of the economy in the Zhao state. These coins were not made to counterfeit other states’ money but to meet the needs of business. Besides, the inscriptions of casting of place names on these imitated coins avoided damage to Zhao’s national dignity. In a word, this was a pioneering financial policy of the Zhao state. Below I will introduce three types of coins struck by the state of Zhao. (1) Knife money. In the Warring States Period, the state of Qi and Yan legalized knife money as their currencies. To promote foreign trade, the state of Zhao struck pointed tip knives with the characters " Han Dan" ( 甘丹 ), “Bai Ren” ( 白人 ) and “Lin” ( 藺 ) and the small straight knife with the characters “Jin Yang” ( 晉陽 ) (see Pic. 9, Pic. 10, Pic. 11, Pic. 12). Of these imitated knives, the sharp tip knife and the straight knife with the character “Lan” and the small straight knife with the character “Jin Yang” are the rarest knives.

Pic. 7 Small Round Foot Spade with "Li Shi"( 離石 ), length 45mm, weight 6g

Pic. 8 Large Round Foot Spade with "Lin"( 藺 ), length 45mm, weight 6g

Pic. 9 Knife Spade with "Han Dan"( 甘丹 ), length 139mm, weight 9.5g

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Pic. 11 Pointed Tip Knife Spade with "Lin"( 藺 ), length 115mm, weight 14.8g

Pic. 10 Knife Spade with "Bai Ren"( 白人 ), length 140mm, weight 11.7g

(2) Round coins. In the Warring States Period, the state of Wei Han and Qin both used circular coins as their legal currencies. The Zhao state imitated these coins and struck the “Lin” ( 藺 ) round coin and the “Li Shi” ( 離石 ) round coin (Pic. 13, Pic. 14). (3) Three hole spade. Five three hole spades with the inscriptions “Zuo Yun” ( 左雲 ), “Ping Ding” ( 平定 ), “He Shun” ( 和順 ) and “Tun Liu” ( 屯留 ) were found on lands of the Zhao state. Through looking up relevant materials, scholars have found that thirty-six three hole spades with place names of the Zhongshan state inscribed on them exist. Thus it can be inferred that the three hole spade (Pic. 15) was likely a legal currency of the Zhongshan state and those five spades mentioned above were imitations of the Zhao state used for trade. V The evolution of coin inscriptions

Pic. 12 Small Straight Knife Spade with "Jin Yang"( 晉陽 ), length 73mm, weight 4.8g

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In the Warring States Period, the hegemonic struggle between the seven states promoted reform and development of politics, economics, culture and productive forces. But it

Column 專欄 was also a period littered with upheavals, changes and the struggle to unify. Most currencies of this period were inscribed with oracle and bronze characters, numbers and marks such as Chinese characters were evolving and developing in this period. The Zhao pioneered to strike coins with inscriptions of complete place names and standard calligraphy. The inscription descriptions were complete too. These inscriptions reflected the development of culture and Chinese characters and also laid the foundation for the unification of characters later.

Pic. 13 Round Coins with "Lin"( 藺 ) , diameter 3.5mm, weight 11g

VI The decline of the state of Zhao From being recognized as a vassal in 403 BC, to 222 BC when it was conquered by the Qin, the Zhao existed for 181 years. The decline of Zhao can be divided into four stages: (1) In 310 BC, the Emperor Wuling of the Zhao state deposed the crown prince and appointed his son as the heir to the throne, who became the Emperor Huiwen. The act of deposing the crown prince triggered the Coup of Shaqiu which was the turning point of prosperity to decline for the state of Zhao. (2) When the Emperor Huiwen was in power, he expanded his territory towards the east and attacked neighbours in the north in an attempt to occupy the Yan state. But he made a strategic mistake of ignoring the defense of the rear area which threw the door open to invaders from Qin. He consequently lost Shanxi, his strategic base in the rear.

Pic. 14 Round Coins with "Li Shi"( 離石 ), diameter 3.5mm, weight 11.2g

(3) In 260 BC, the famous Battle of Changping occurred. In the battle the army of Zhao was surrounded by the Qin army for 46 days. The commanding general of the Zhao State, Lianpo, was replaced by Zhao Kuo during fighting but the breakthrough strategy of General Zhao Kuo failed. In the end, Zhao’s 400,000 troops ran out of ammunition, food and supplies and were all slaughtered by the Qin army. After the battle, the state of Zhao lost its power. (4) In 231 BC, an earthquake erupted in Zhao and a drought followed. Suffering from both natural and man-made disasters, the state of Zhao was finally destroyed by the Qin.

Pic. 15 Three Hole Spade

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探討趙國錢幣的改革創新廉文煜（太原）趙國為“戰國七雄”之一，其興起與滅亡貫穿於整個戰國時期（前 475- 前 221 年）。從趙國錢幣遺存探討趙國貨幣改革，對研究戰國時期中國貨幣演變進程具有代表意義。一、趙氏家族的起源

幣文均記地名。有大小兩種幣值，大布通長 80 毫米、足寬 45 毫米，重 12 克上下，如甘丹、晉陽、茲氏、榆鄉、大陰、藺等。小布通長 50 毫米、足寬 28 毫米，重 6.5 克上下。此次改革保留了聳肩尖足的原樣，製造出的錢幣更加規整、精緻，體形薄。錢面鑄有金屬鈄紋，增加了美的視覺，似有加強筋的功能（圖 1、2）。

趙國祖先在商周時期就服務於王室，世代都善於養馬駕車。在周王朝時代，造父為周穆王當馭手，由於技術好，又立有戰功，從而得到獎賞，賜給趙城（今山西洪洞縣），並以封地為姓立制，從此造父成為趙氏始祖。公元前 781 年周幽王繼位後，因其無道，趙氏後人離周投奔晉國，開始效力晉文侯，借助晉國勢力，趙氏在晉國有了立足之地。春秋後期，趙氏家族乘晉國內部權利爭鬥之機，聯合魏、韓家族消滅了智伯集團，最終趙、魏、韓三家掌管了晉國政權。公元前 403 年，周天子面對三方吞併晉國的現實，正式冊封了趙為諸侯國，以後分別冊封了魏、韓為諸侯國。二、趙國的興國之策趙建國後，注重改革發展經濟。通过改革貨幣，發展商貿，興辦手工業改進生產工具，鑄造兵器擴軍備戰，國力日漸強盛。為了適應戰略發展，於公元前 386 年由晉陽（今山西太原市西南）遷都邯鄲，實行戰略東移富國強軍之策。邯鄲地處華北平原中心，交通四通八達，有利於與鄰國商業往來；出於戰略擴張，東出太行，背靠山西，是重要戰略要地。從此，趙國不斷對中山國、燕國進攻，領地進一步擴大。曾一時成為諸侯國中唯一能與秦國抗衡的強國。

圖 1 大尖足布（甘丹），長 85 毫米，重 11.9 克

三、趙國錢幣改革創新四部曲趙國初期沿用春秋空首布貨幣，總結出空首布體形大、鑄造工藝複雜、易損、不宜存儲的缺點，率先開創了以平首布為幣形的改革。（一）改革的第一部曲是推行平首聳肩尖足布。改革的重點是變空首為平首。從多在晉北的出土錢幣看，平首聳肩尖足布的形制特點：平首，聳肩，尖足，方襠（有少數平肩、圓襠或尖襠的），首部均見兩道豎紋。

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圖 2 小尖足布（中陽），長 58 毫米，重 6 克

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圖 3 微慫肩布（晉陽），長 58 毫米，重 5.1 克

圖 6 類圓足布（平陽），長 47 毫米，重 3.8 克

圖 4 類方足布（平陽），長 47 毫米，重 3.8 克

圖 7 小圓足布（離石），長 45 毫米，重 6 克

圖 5 方足布（襄垣），長 45 毫米，重 4.5 克

圖 8 大圓足布（藺），長 71 毫米，重 8.8 克

（三）改革的第三部曲：平肩、平首方足布是從類方足布演變而來。幣形完全改變了尖角部分的設計，進化到部首兩肩呈平形、兩足平形左右對稱，錢幣界定名為方足布（圖 5）。方足布特點為平首、平肩、方足、方襠、

（四）改革的第四部曲：圓足布是從類圓足布演變而來。當屬戰國晚期，銘文均為趙邑名。進化後的圓足布，幣形呈現圓首、圓肩、圓足、圓檔，體態較尖足、方足布完美、適用。至此圓足布定形（圖 7、8）、

（二）改革的第二部曲：發現錢幣在市場流通中錢體留有的尖角部分不盡人意，逐步改成了微聳肩，錢體有了進化。錢幣界俗稱微聳肩和類方足布（圖 3、4）。

首部僅一道直紋。在鑄造方足布期間有些鼓鑄出現方足、平首逐漸向圓足、圓首變化的趨勢。這種錢幣數量不多，錢幣界把這種變化錢幣定名為類圓足布（圖 6）。

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Column 專欄從以上趙國貨幣進化軌跡看，每一次改革的成果，總是孕育出下一步的創新。上述類方足布、類圓足布就是在改革創新中演變而來的。由於出現了新的錢幣版別，現代錢幣界人士在研究歷代錢幣理論中定名為“類方足布”、“類圓足布”。四、趙國金融貨幣的包容性趙國鑄有多種樣式貨幣，幾乎包攬了六國貨幣。這充分反映出趙國金融貨幣的包容性，是趙國發展經濟、廣開商貿的開明決策。趙國的仿鑄不是偽造鄰國貨幣。它注意到商貿需求，同時仿鑄錢幣一律以趙國鑄幣地名為錢文而不失國體。這是趙國金融政策的創舉。本文列舉以下三種貨幣：

圖 10 白人刀（晉陽），長 140 毫米，重 11.7 克

（一）刀幣戰國時期齊、燕兩國以鑄行刀幣為本國法定貨幣。趙國為開展對外貿易，鑄行了“甘丹”、 “白人”、 “藺”字尖首刀和直刀、 “晉陽” （有譯圁陽）小型直刀（圖 9、10、11、12）。仿鑄刀幣尤以“藺”字尖首刀、直刀和“晉陽”小直刀最為稀缺。

圖 11 尖首刀（藺），長 115 毫米，重 14.8 克

圖 9 甘丹刀（甘丹），長 139 毫米，重 9.5 克

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圖 12 晉陽小直刀，長 73 毫米，重 4.8 克（二）圜錢戰國時期魏、韓、秦均以圓形幣作為本國法定貨幣。趙國仿鑄了以“藺”、“離石”铭文的兩種圜錢（圖 13、14）。

圖 15 三孔布“武陽”（原載大晉浩天拍賣目錄）五、貨幣錢文的進化

戰國七雄爭霸、英雄輩出，競爭促進了改革，社會政治、經濟、文化、生產力大發展，同時也是中國歷史由大分化、大動盪、大變革走向“久分必合”的歷史階段。春秋時期貨幣，錢文大多為帶有甲骨文、金文特徵的單字或數字、符號。戰國時期是漢字演變、進化的時期。趙國率先鑄造平首貨幣的錢文，鑄有完整的鑄造地名，字形相對規範。錢文呈現出完整的語言表述。這是文化進步的表現，是漢字書體的進化，這一成果為以後的“書同文”奠定了基礎。

圖 13 圜錢（藺），直徑 35 毫米，重 11 克

六、趙國由興盛走向滅亡趙國自公元前 403 年受封為諸侯國，執政 181 年由興盛走向滅亡。總結其教訓可歸納為四個階段：（一）趙國自公元前 310 年趙武靈王廢太子，立寵愛之子為太子，進而讓位為惠文王，引出禍根爆發“沙丘宮變”是趙國由盛極一時走向衰退的轉捩點。

圖 14 圜錢（離石），直徑 35 毫米，重 11.2 克（三）三孔布在趙國領地發現鑄有左雲、平定、和順、屯留四個區域鑄有本區域地名錢文的三孔布，數量僅發現有 5 枚。從有關資料查閱有 36 種三孔布鑄有原中山國地名的錢文。由此可見，三孔布應為中山國法定貨幣。上述發現的 5 枚三孔布應為趙國通商仿鑄（圖 15）。

（二）惠文王在位時，實行東擴北攻，企圖併吞燕國，犯了“前門打虎”，“後門進狼”的戰略錯誤。秦國趁機進犯趙國，從而失去了山西戰略後方基地。（三）公元前 260 年，歷史上有名的“長平之戰”，秦包圍趙軍 46 天，趙軍陣前換帥，急於突圍未果，最後彈盡糧絕，40 餘萬大軍全部遭坑殺，趙國失去原氣。（四）公元前 231 年趙國遭遇地震，天旱災害，秦國抓住戰機一舉滅趙。

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Dai Zhiqiang Talks in Depth Regarding Banknote Culture Wu Fuhua (Heze) It was in the middle of spring 2015 and right after I sat down in Mr. Dai Zhiqiang's dining room, he reviewed my collection of banknotes (Pic. 1) and got straight to the point, and began to discuss banknote culture with me.

Pic. 1 Mr. Dai admiring the author's collection of banknotes

I should say that I was sort of emphatically invited;

because before this, I informed Mr. Dai on the phone of my plans to construct a “Chinese banknote theory” which Mr. Dai was very interested in. Mr. Bai Qinchuan, of Henan University, was the first to propose a “Chinese numismatics”

Pic. 2 Bai Qinchuan's Chinese Numismatics

theory (Pic. 2). His more than 20 years of research on the subject has formed a concrete framework and foundation in the area, but nobody has come up with a “banknote culture theory” – a theory covering from coins to banknotes, from coin culture to banknote culture. Isolating banknote culture from numismatic culture is a huge breakthrough. Mr. Dai said he was very interested in this subject and asked me to go to Beijing as soon as possible, to present to him a detailed report. Even though I've been thinking about the concept of “Chinese banknote culture theory” for several years already, and even though I've done some homework myself, when it comes to speaking with the best in the field of banknotes face-to-face, getting nervous is inevitable; but this meeting was a must. It didn’t matter if I was prepared or not, there was no turning back. Plus I had built up a pretty substantial credit in the Chinese banknote community, having written a book: Confucian Culture on Banknotes (Pic. 3), and have also begun writing books such as Ancient Culture on Banknotes, Political Culture on Banknotes, Economic Culture on Banknotes, Celebrity Culture on Banknotes,

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Pic. 3 Mr. Dai wrote an preface for Confucian Culture on Banknotes

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Pic. 4 The author sharing his thoughts with Mr. Dai regarding Chinese Banknote Culture

Credit Culture on Banknotes, and many more, I had at least some background knowledge regarding the subject. Sure,

sometimes communication may be a little difficult, but not to the point where it was overwhelming. Mr. Dai is after all a kind, understanding person, especially when inside his home, the feeling of being a guest is non-existent. It's as if you were inside your own home. I have visited Mr. Dai multiple times since 2012, and every time I gain a lot of knowledge from him. This report with him regarding banknote culture was pretty easy going (Pic. 4). Afterwards I sorted out and summarized everything, which I have listed below. Perhaps it may be of help to those who are interested in banknotes and their culture. The proposition of a Chinese banknote culture completely changes the perspective of what we have on banknotes I've never thought that Mr. Dai would get straight to the point and speak so highly of my theory. I understand that Mr. Dai is very passionate on the subject of banknote culture

Pic. 4 Dai Zhiqiang’s Collection of Numismatic Works

(Pic. 5). He once proposed that the core of numismatics

that surpasses China in terms of its banknote culture or

is its culture. This fully demonstrates his respect and love

history. This is unique to China. Faced with this piece of

for banknote culture. He said he was happy to see that I

history, and using the perspective of dialectical and historical

am the first person to come up with the idea of a “Chinese

materialism to seriously analyze, sort, and tap its cultural

banknote culture”. When compared to ancient coins or cash

contents, revealing its operating rules, is a rare opportunity

coins banknotes appear more distinctive and even though

indeed.

banknotes do not have a lengthy history as cash coins, what they lack in history they make up for in variety and content.

Mr. Dai emphasizes that it is common knowledge that

When compared to other countries, there is no other country

banknotes first evolved in China, the question is: why? Well,

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Column 專欄 first of all, paper was invented in China; secondly and more

Banknotes are a subcategory of coins; from this

importantly, printing was invented in the northern Song

viewpoint, banknotes should be less rich in content.

dynasty. Bi Sheng's typography method is what cultivated

However, banknote culture is colorful and rich in content. It

the birth of banknotes. But this mere bit of information is not

is also tightly connected with the culture of economics, coins,

enough to fully understand banknote history. For example,

and other currencies. It is both an independent subject and an

some say that jiaozi money was the invention of Zhang Yong,

extension of another disipline. Banknotes are an improvement

this has even been proven by scholars Pen Xinwei and Ye

on coins; they drastically improve how currency operates. In

Shichang，but that was repudiated eventually. But does that

the current economy, banknotes are the mainstream. From

mean he has no other contributions? No! After he invented

a modern viewpoint, coin culture and banknote culture are

jiaozi money he was stationed in Sichuan province where he

basically the same. If one wants the truth, one must recognise

prospered in business and contributed to government policies.

this fact. Of course, coins have a history of thousands of years, whereas banknotes only have around a thousand years,

Mr. Dai then poses a question: We know that China has a

when compared to coins, it is indeed shorter. Also banknotes

large variety of banknotes, but why? Why does China have a

had only a few years when they truly flourished. Therefore

banknote history that spans a millennium? Why is it that the

it is wrong to think that banknotes are superior to coins. But

most varied time period for banknotes occurred from 1912

banknotes have been slowly increasing in importance. From

to 1949, when the Republic of China and People's Republic

the viewpoint of the service and financial industry, the study

of China was founded, respectively? Why does this 37-year

of banknote culture can be of help to the making or reforming

span contain such a large variety of bills? What's its political

of financial policies. Therefore, Chinese banknote culture

aspect? Economic aspect? Military aspect? Business aspect?

is a system that is more complicated than what meets the

Does it have anything to do with foreign influence? Does it

eye. If studied correctly, it will no longer be a subcategory;

have anything to do with the political system of colonialism

it will become a discipline of high value. Perhaps it is not

or semi-colonialism? If so, then what kind of a relationship

an attractive subject yet, but as time goes by, we will see a

does it share? Mr. Dai then complements me by saying my

transition.

research in Chinese banknote culture covers all of these questions, he thinks that it is excellent, and he wishes me to continue in my research.

I told Mr. Dai that there are some reasons why we should study Chinese banknote culture. First, the subject of banknote culture is still not recognized in the world. Banknotes first

I also told Mr. Dai that in my research process, I have

appeared in China and Chinese numismatic works are in

noticed that it is impossible to completely separate coin

the lead of the world. Combined with the high popularity of

culture from bill culture.

banknotes it is necessary to study the culture of banknote. Second, a large number of Chinese banknotes in existence

At a time when over 200 countries are using banknotes, just what is the relationship between coins, banknotes, and other forms of currency? Or one could say banknotes are the main form of currency; they dominate the financial system. This shows that banknotes are the most versatile and highest in value. Not just China, but the entire world is dominated by banknotes. With this precedence in mind, it seems ever more important to study banknotes. Mr. Dai approves of this viewpoint. He thinks that studying and researching history is exceedingly important,

provide a wealth of materials for research. According to such condition, it is reasonable to establish the subject of banknote study in China. Third, a growing number of people are starting to study banknotes. There are millions, even tens of millions of Chinese who are interested in the first to the fifth series of the RMB, not to mention those who are studying banknotes after the Song dynasty. Studying banknotes has a solid knowledge base and a broad audience. Fourth, although bank cards and mobile payments are commonly used today, billions of people in the world still contact with paper money every day. Only very few people will go out on the street

and that we should continue our efforts.

without carrying any money. The more important banknotes

In Chinese banknote culture, there is much more than meets the eye

know our relationship with banknotes and the banknote

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are, the more necessary banknote study would be. We should culture and what benefits the culture of paper money would

Column 專欄 bring to our daily life, entrepreneurial financial activities.

important, but researching world banknote culture is even

Fifth, the culture of banknotes is as rich as any other culture.

more important especially since the renminbi (RMB) has

I have divided the study of banknotes into five parts which

entered the process of internationalization. Understanding

are the history of banknotes, the designs on banknotes, the

world banknote culture in terms of politics, economics,

collection of banknotes, the current situation of banknotes

military affairs, science and technology, religion, folklore,

and the future perspective of banknotes. These five parts

culture, etc. benefits everybody. Banknotes are the business

complement each other and are all components of Chinese

cards of a country; they represent sovereignty, freedom,

banknote culture.

respect, and beliefs. When Great Britain was known as ‘the empire on which the sun never sets’, it had more than 50

Mr. Dai says: “Your ideas are right. Those five parts [I

colonies. All of these countries had the British monarch on

mentioned] should be constantly enriched. We can neither

the face of their banknotes. When making purchases millions

be supercilious nor follow the crowd when doing research.

of people face this ghostly figure. Since a banknote represents

We can agree with previous views of other people but should

a country, one should proudly present it to the world.

also make these ideas more complete. The role of culture is

Therefore, banknote culture should have some standard to

to educate the public. But without being thoroughly studied,

make it worth studying in the context of world banknote

the culture will be ruined and lose its meaning. I support

culture.

you to continue your study and believe you will make more achievements in the future.” There is a lot of overlap between world and Chinese banknote culture

There is a strong relationship between Chinese culture and its banknote culture Chinese traditional culture is rich, profound, and voluminous. Researching traditional Chinese culture is

Before I talk about what kind of relationship the two

something done from generation to generation. Banknote

have, let me first talk about my thoughts on the subject.

culture and traditional culture cannot be separated from

I think that Chinese banknotes are the pioneers of world

each other; the two are interdependent and mutually linked.

banknotes; since paper making and printing was invented in

First of all, traditional Chinese culture includes banknote

China, naturally banknotes were first born in China. When

culture. One of a banknote's strong points is the portrayal of

Marco Polo came to China in the Yuan dynasty, the fact that

traditional culture on the banknote. If it does not have the

one could make purchases with a piece of paper amazed

nourishment of traditional culture, banknote culture would

him. In the late years of the Yuan dynasty, this advanced

have no basis. Traditional culture takes a wide range of forms

technology slowly migrated to Europe via the Silk Road.

on the bill, but these forms have been carefully selected; they

One can say that China is a leader in the world of banknotes.

are intentional. They are neither original nor in their original

However, other countries also have their contributions to

form, but through the help of banknotes as a medium,

the world of banknotes, big or small. One cannot talk about

they are even more rich and meaningful than their original

Chinese banknotes without mentioning world banknotes too.

counterparts. This form is more acceptable for the general

Chinese banknote culture, in many ways is the best in the

public, which means it is easier for banknotes to be loved.

world; but it is only one piece of the big picture. Chinese

This is the unique charm of banknotes; therefore a banknote

banknote culture should be compatible and inclusive; it

is a high quality piece of engineering.

should not only focus on the study of financial bills covering currency culture, human culture, and history, but should also pay attention to the patterns in other countries. The world is

There is still much to be done in the field of researching Chinese banknotes

full of rich and colorful banknotes, and China should absorb and improve upon this material, so that China's banknote culture also contributes to the global culture.

I reported to Mr. Dai, that there is a long and arduous process between coming up with a concept for banknote culture and establishing a discipline for it. To come up with a

Mr. Dai thinks that issuing currency is symbol of national sovereignty, every banknote from every country contains rich history in itself. Therefore, researching banknote culture is

concept is not that difficult; the hard part is how to maintain the discipline. A true theory must stand the test; it must be independent of other subjects and should also have a solid

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Column 專欄 theoretical foundation. So, when I came up with my theory

must be specific, every detail matters.

for Chinese banknote culture, I was not in a hurry. Instead, I started on the surface and gradually went inwards, dissecting

4. Make meaningful contributions to the field. There

everything, layer by layer, and analyzing things like ideas,

is no shortage of people in the Chinese numismatic field.

content, uniqueness, and richness. I studied the connections

They have contributed to the field and are also role models

banknotes have between traditional culture and banknotes

for other people. What these people have in common is that

from other countries. Using the points above as a basis, you

they are all cautious, diligent, hard-working people. They

get the basic theoretical framework of Chinese banknote

are all eager to share their work with others, which reflects

culture.

their mindset and their sense of responsibility. In China, the more of this kind of person we have the better. At the same

After hearing about my introduction, Mr. Dai was very

time, having the courage to write a book is the best way to

pleased. He told me that this was the correct way to do it.

verify one's knowledge. By putting your material out in the

First he confirmed my effort, and agreed where the direction

community to have it evaluated, you either gain trust and

of my research of banknote culture was headed. Furthermore,

respect, or have your work criticized, which gives you room

he added that since I have come this far, I should persist in

to improve; either way, nothing bad comes out of the process.

finishing what I was doing.

Also, by being an author, you are contributing to the longterm cause that is numismatics.

He also made several requests: Nowadays, numismatists generally are at an advanced 1. Start at a high point. One cannot isolate banknote

age. The community is in need of young enthusiasts and

culture and make it into a single discipline. One must fully

theorists. Without new experts constantly flowing into

assess its potential and value in other fields such as finance

the field, it becomes very difficult to maintain the field.

and business. The reason for this is that nobody else has

The community should consist of people of different

come up with a theory for Chinese banknote culture. You

backgrounds; professors, researchers, museum workers,

were the first one to come up with such a theory you must

and others. And it should especially have experts that have

start on a high ground.

a strong background in not only theoretical knowledge, but also practical experience. Only when we have enough people

2. Pay attention to practicability. One should not focus on the look and the beauty of a bill. One should also consider

in the field, and only then, will our country's numismatic industry advance to the next level.

the combination between content and form. This can be done by paying more attention to content, quality, and by taking

Lastly, Mr. Dai encouraged me to be patient and thorough with my research. I am extremely fortunate to

the right routes.

have the opportunity to talk to such an important person in 3. Combine micro and macro. Banknote culture is a vast subject, which makes sense since it is a systematic process and it relies on this process. But when doing research one

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the numismatic world. It was as if both my personality and knowledge was taken to another level.

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聽戴志強老師談紙幣文化吳福華（菏澤） 2015 年陽春三月的一天，我在戴志強老師家中客廳剛剛坐下，戴老師瀏覽了我收藏的紙幣後（圖 1），便直奔主題，和我談起了紙幣文化。

圖 1 戴志強老師鑒賞作者收藏的紙幣

應該說我這次算是應約而來。因為這之前，我在電話裏向戴老師彙報了欲構建“中國紙幣文化學”理論體係的打算。戴老師對此非常重視，他說紙幣學是聯合國確定的 19 個學科之一，原在河南大學工作的白秦川同志先提出了“中國錢幣學”的理論概念，並且做了 20 餘年的探索，形成了一定的理論框架和基礎（圖 2），但是沒有誰提出“紙幣文化學”，從錢幣到紙幣，從錢幣學到紙幣學，從錢幣文化到紙幣文化，從錢幣文化學再獨立出紙幣文化學，這是一大創新。戴老師說他非常看好這一點，並要求我儘快進京，向他作一次詳細彙報。雖然建立“中國紙幣文化學”這個設想已經在大腦裏浮現了好多年，並且自己也做了一些功課，但臨到與錢幣泰斗級人物面對面談紙幣文化學的時候，還真是有些緊張和發怵。但“醜媳婦總要見公婆”，開弓沒有回頭箭，自己既然上陣了，別管是有備而來還是赤膊上陣，完全沒有退縮的餘地了。好在這一次見戴老師還帶了件 “硬通貨”，自己已經圍繞中國紙幣文化學的建立，寫了第一部專著《紙幣上的儒家文化》（圖 3）。正在開題趕寫的還有《紙幣上的古城文化》《紙幣上的龍鳳文化》《紙幣上的政治文化》《紙幣上的經濟文化》《紙幣上的名人文化》《紙幣上的信用文化》等等。所以向戴老師彙報起來，多少還有些實在的東西，不至於捉襟見肘。戴老師畢竟是大家，對新手一向是溫和親切，特別是在他家中，你找不到客人的感覺，就像你在自己家一樣。我從 2012 年以來，不止一次到戴老師家來，每次都有很大的收穫。我這次向戴老師彙報紙幣文化研究心得是敞開心扉的（圖 4）。事後綜合整理出如下一些觀點，或許對熱衷紙幣文化研究的人來說有一定的啟迪意義。

圖 2 白秦川《中國錢幣學》

圖 3 戴志強老師為《紙幣上的儒家文化》作《序》

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圖 4 作者向戴志強老師匯報“中國紙幣文化學”構想

一、中國紙幣文化學的提出，是對人類紙幣史的一次全新定位

這是戴老師開宗明義，對我提出的中國紙幣文化學給予的高度評價。我知道，戴老師特別熱衷於錢幣文化研究（圖 5），他曾提出，錢幣學的合理內核就是錢幣文化，這充分表明了他對錢幣文化的重視和青睞。戴老師說，很高興看到你率先提出“中國紙幣文化學”這一概念，紙幣相對於各類古錢、銅元等硬幣，就顯得更有其特殊性。因為紙幣的歷史雖然不及古錢等硬幣的歷史長，但紙幣的種類和內容卻尤為豐富，在世界紙幣歷史上地位堪稱重大，沒有哪個國家的紙幣歷史和文化的豐富性可以超越中國紙幣，這一現象是特殊的中國紙幣現象。面對這一歷史，以辯證唯物主義和歷史唯物主義的視角去認真分析、梳理、挖掘其文化內容，揭示其運行規律，這是難能可貴的。戴老師強調，都知道紙幣最早出現在中國，為什麼最早？首先是中國最先發明了造紙術，其次，更為重要的是北宋發明了印刷術，畢昇的活字印刷術是促成紙幣誕生的關鍵。但是把紙幣最早歷史僅僅這樣表述還不行，還沒有真正挖掘透。比如，有的說北宋的交子是張詠發明的，這點彭信威和葉世昌都找到證據了，推翻了，難道張詠就沒有貢獻了嗎？“你吳福華對這個問題的研究就非常客觀，你說，張詠雖不是交子之父，但他兩次在四川供職，下大力發展商品經濟，為政頗有建樹，對交子的出現功不可沒，乃至後來將交子收歸官府，就顯得很正常。這樣的推論我十分贊成，這是符合歷史唯物主義的推論。你對 16 戶商戶發明交子的判斷和推理也很客觀，是值得稱道的。” 戴老師接着說，都知道中國紙幣繁多，為什麼？為什麼中國紙幣如繁星閃爍，照亮中國千年曆史？千年紙

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圖 5 《戴志強錢幣學文集》

幣史，為什麼最繁雜、最豐富的紙幣表現年代是 1912 年中華民國到 1949 年中華人民共和國建立這幾十年的歷史呢？這 38 年的歷史為什麼可以有這麼多的紙幣品種呢？它背後的政治因素是什麼？經濟因素是什麼呢？軍事因素是什麼？商業因素是什麼？等等，尤其是與外國列強有無關係？與殖民地半殖民地的政治制度有無關係？如有，是一種什麼關係。根據你提出的中國紙幣文化學的研究方向，都合理涵蓋了這些內容，我認為很好，希望你係統研究下去，取得驕人成績。我向戴老師彙報中提到，研究中國紙幣文化學離不開整個錢幣學，紙幣文化要與錢幣文化相結合，比如在紙幣出現之前，錢幣發展歷史如何？在當今近 200 個國

Column 專欄家都統一使用紙幣後，紙幣與錢幣、貨幣又是一個什麼關係？能不能把現在的紙幣理解為貨幣的全部？或者說，目前的貨幣就是紙幣，雖然還有些少量的紀念幣儘管可以流通，但實際上並沒有人將它用於流通，它從一發行就似乎進入了收藏天地，是在收藏市場流動交易，並沒有參與商品交易，可以說，紙幣在整個金融體係中已經獨佔鰲頭，其他任何錢幣都無法與它抗衡，這種現象說明了人類發展的歷史進程中，隨着交易活動的海量出現，紙幣的流通職能、價值尺度表現得最為突出，不僅中國，全世界都已是紙幣的天下，那麼，在這個國內國外特殊背景下去研究中國紙幣文化，就顯得尤為重要。戴老師非常贊同這一觀點，認為追逐歷史，及時研究，與時俱進，提出中國紙幣文化學這一概念確實必要，應當堅持不懈，努力做下去。二、中國紙幣文化學是小中見大的係統工程戴老師說，之所以提出紙幣文化學是小中見大的係統工程，是因為紙幣文化學從屬於錢幣學，屬於它的子係統，屬於錢幣中的“母子扣”。從這個角度說，紙幣文化學沒有錢幣學大。但是，紙幣文化學演繹出的文化色彩，元素更多，內容更豐富，與錢幣文化、貨幣文化、金融文化又緊密聯結在一起，你中有我，我中有你，既可獨立，又有聯繫，既是獨立的學科，又是延伸遞進的學科，是錢幣學、錢幣文化學的昇華，對貨幣運行規律，貨幣文化是嶄新的提升，尤其是人類歷史發展到現在，在金融這個大體係中，真正佔據了主流，能夠呼風喚雨的是紙幣而不是其他。從現在這個角度說，錢幣學就是紙幣學，紙幣文化就是錢幣文化，紙幣文化學就是錢幣文化學，如果承認現實的話，紙幣文化學就是錢幣文化學，如果承認現實的話，就應承認這一點。當然，錢幣的歷史已經有了幾千年，而紙幣的歷史才僅僅一千年多一點，與錢幣歷史相比，紙幣確實短多了，而且紙幣的繁榮期只有幾十年的歷史，因此，不能把錢幣文化學淩駕到錢幣學之上，否則，不符合歷史唯物主義。但紙幣文化、紙幣文化學的鮮明性、重要性、豐富性、時代性卻越來越重要，從服務當代經濟、當代金融的角度來考慮，研究紙幣文化對提煉金融貨幣政策也許更有指導性，參考價值或許更大。如此說，紙幣文化學就是一個小中見大的係統工程，把它研究好，就不是普通意義上的小學科了，而應當是有重大價值的學科，不再是支流，而是洪流中的大河流，也許目前不太吸引人，但前景無限寬闊，必成大器。我向戴老師彙報，提出紙幣文化學是基於以下幾個方面的考慮，一是在世界範圍內還沒有紙幣文化學這個學科，紙幣最早出現在中國，錢幣學著作又是中國在執牛耳，紙幣普及程度在世界範圍內如此高，所以，應當提出紙幣文化學；二是中國的紙幣文化確實豐富多彩，可

研究的內容如星河燦爛，因此，建立中國紙幣文化學這樣一個學科符合中國實際，養料極為豐厚，非常接地氣；三是研究紙幣的人越來越多，僅在中國當下喜歡 1—5 套人民幣的群體至少在幾百萬人甚至上千萬人之多，加上研究宋代以來紙幣的群體，這個隊伍就很大了，所以，提出這個學科有很厚重的知識基礎和接受群體；四是當今世界天天接觸紙幣的有幾十億人，雖然越來越多的人購物支付使用手機支付和銀行卡，但極少有人身上一分錢不帶，因此，越是人人離不開它，越是需要研究它，要讓人人知道，紙幣文化、紙幣文化學和每個人是什麼關係，瞭解紙幣文化學，自己在生活中、創業中、理財中會有哪些益處？從這個角度出發，更應該提出紙幣文化學；五是紙幣文化的豐富性不亞於任何一門學科。在已構建的“中國紙幣文化學概論”中，我把紙幣文化學的研究內容歸納成了五大板塊，即紙幣的歷史文化，紙幣的圖案文化，紙幣的演繹（收藏）文化，紙幣的現實文化，紙幣的未來文化。這五個板塊互為聯繫，互為補充，互為完善，共同組成了中國紙幣文化學的恢弘篇章。戴老師說，這個思考完全對，要不斷豐富，不斷完善，你涉及的五大板塊、幾十種支文化都非常好。做學問就應當這樣，不能目空一切，但也不能人云亦云，別人走過的路可以走，但應當走得更遠；別人說過的話可以再說，但要有新意；別人寫過的東西可以再寫，但要能完善。不管什麼文化都是以文化人、以文開智、以文育人，但研究不透就失去了這個文化的意義，是對這種文化的糟蹋，這樣的文化也不會深入人心，我支持你沿着這個既定路子走下去，並堅信會越走越開闊。三、中國紙幣文化學與世界紙幣文化學相互滲透，交相輝映在談到中國紙幣文化學與世界紙幣文化學是一種什麼關係時，我先談了我自己的一些想法，我說，中國紙幣是世界紙幣的先驅者，中國造紙術、印刷術最先出現於世界，紙幣也就順理成章地率先誕生在中國，馬可·波羅來中國時是中國的元朝，那個小小紙幣可以購買任何東西讓他驚得目瞪口呆，他直呼這是中國皇帝的“點紙成金術”，太先進了；也是元朝後期，中國的紙幣開始沿“絲綢之路”慢慢地傳向歐洲，可以說，中國紙幣是世界紙幣的領頭羊，但世界各國紙幣各有千秋，互為借鑒，交相輝映。不能撇開世界紙幣談中國紙幣，也不能只談中國紙幣文化而不談世界紙幣文化，更不能把中國紙幣文化淩駕於世界紙幣文化之上。中國紙幣文化在很多方面是世界第一，但不是世界紙幣文化的全部，仍然屬於世界紙幣文化的一部分，中國紙幣文化應具有相容性、包容性，既要注重研究本國紙幣所涵蓋的金融文化、貨幣文化、歷史文化、人文文化，又要關注在世界格局的大背景下，世界各國紙幣文化的豐富多彩，讓中國紙幣文化吸收儲備更多的養分和水分，同時，也為世界紙

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Column 專欄幣文化研究做出更大的貢獻。戴老師認為，貨幣發行是國家主權的象徵，每個國家每張紙幣都深深刻畫着這個國家的時代印痕，無論是強大亦或貧弱，通過一張紙幣，你基本上可以讀出來，所以，研究紙幣文化非常重要，研究世界紙幣文化更為重要，尤其是當前人民幣已經進入國際化進程，深入瞭解世界紙幣文化，對瞭解每個國家紙幣背後的政治、經濟、軍事、科技、信仰、民俗、文化、人民生活都有很重大的意義。因為，貨幣是國家的名片，凝聚著國格、尊嚴、自由、神聖，沒有主權的國家談何貨幣？當年英國號稱日不落國家，有五十多個殖民地國家，這些國家幾乎每張紙幣都印有英國女王的頭像，幾億人一睜開眼買東西看到的都是這個幽靈般的神秘女人，在這個女人面前，還有什麼資格再談自由？沒有了，沒有貨幣主權的國家從主流上就沒有自己的貨幣文化，有也是從屬文化，也是悲劇文化。既然貨幣是國家的名片，就應當潛心研究它，把它心靈的窗口敞開，向世界展示，讓這張名片熠熠發光，因此，紙幣文化要上昇到國家水準，也要上昇到世界水準，在世界紙幣文化的大背景下，研究中國紙幣文化才顯得有更重要的意義。四、中國紙幣文化與中國傳統文化一脈相承，有很強的關聯性戴老師認為，中國傳統文化博大精深，如汗牛充棟，研究如中國傳統文化是代代相傳的事情，紙幣文化與傳統文化不能相互割裂，二是相互依存，互為聯繫。首先，中國傳統文化就包含紙幣文化，紙幣文化中相當豐富的內容是傳統文化在紙幣上的體現，沒有傳統文化的滋潤營養，紙幣文化也就成了無源之水，傳統文化在紙幣上的體現是多方面的，但是經過了精心挑選的，是刻意的，不是原創的，也不是原生態，但這些體現在紙幣上的傳統文化通過紙幣這一獨特的載體變得更豐富，更形象，更有特殊意義，更為上至王公貴族下至普通百姓所能接受，也就是說更容易為全社會所喜聞樂見。這就紙幣文化的獨特魅力所在，所以紙幣文化學是一項精品工程。五、研究中國紙幣文化任重道遠我向戴老師報告，建立紙幣文化學從概念提出到學科建立需要一個艱苦的過程，提出這樣一個概念不難，難的是如何支撐起這個學科。一個真正的理論學科是要經得起檢驗的，要有獨立於其他學科之叢林中的理論體係和獨有魅力。所以，我這次提出中國紙幣文化學這門學科，不急於形成《中國紙幣文化學概論》；二是採取層層剝竹筍的方式，從紙幣文化學的週邊先做起，層層遞進，一點點剖析紙幣文化的概念、內涵、內容、特殊性、豐富性，分析紙幣文化與傳統文化的聯結性、互利性，與世界紙幣文化的關聯性，等等。在此基礎上，最終形成中國紙幣文化學的基本理論框架。

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戴老師聽了我的介紹，非常高興，他說，應當如此。首先他肯定了我前期的努力和付出，認為研究紙幣文化方向對、路子對，並且已經邁出了可喜的一步，應當堅持下去，戴老師提出了如下幾點要求：一是起點要高。不能簡單地把紙幣文化學當成一個單一的學科，要充分評估它在貨幣金融文化和金融事業中的獨特價值和歷史性貢獻。因為在這之前，在世界範圍內還沒有一個人提出“紙幣文化學”的學科理念，你率先提出來了，這就是一個較高的起點，要堅持下去；二是要講究實效。提出紙幣文化學這樣一個重要課題要走對路子，注重形式與內容的有機結合，不能光注重外表的豪華美麗，更應注重質，注重內容，切入點要選好，少走彎路，甚至不走彎路；三是宏觀與微觀相結合。紙幣文化學是個大課題，係統工程，這是大，是宏觀，是靈魂，一切要圍繞它來轉，但是在研究層面上要具體化，每一個細微之處都不能放棄；四是敢於著書立說，樂於成名作家。中國錢幣界不乏大家，為錢幣事業做出了突出貢獻，也為後人做出了榜樣，像吳籌中、趙隆業、戴葆庭、馬定祥等，這些人共同的特點，是活到老，學到老，寫到老，一生兢兢業業研究，始終筆耕不輟。把自己的成果分享給大家，不是謙虛不謙虛的問題，反映着一個收藏者、研究者的胸襟和責任感問題，這樣的大家，中國越多越好。同時，敢於著書立說是對自己學識的檢閱，你的東西交給全社會去評判，寫得好，別人信服你、推崇你、學習你，寫得不好，別人批評你，你見賢思齊，加以改正，下次寫出來的東西會更好。而且勇於成名作家，是對錢幣事業的貢獻，是錢幣事業長江後浪推前浪的延續。現在活着的錢幣大家、錢幣理論家普遍年齡偏高，需要一批中青年理論家、骨幹學者儘快成長起來。你選定一個課題，當成一門學科，堅持不懈地研究下去，成為這個領域的行家裏手，成為這個領域的“家”，這有什麼不好？錢幣事業就是需要各類專家們不斷湧現出來，才能帶動這個事業日臻完善，長盛不衰；專家要來自於多個領域、多個方面，不是光出在上層學術界，也不是光處在高等院校、博物館，在一線，也要有大批的專家學者，特別是要具有既不乏理論功底，又有實戰經驗的專家，只有這些不拘一格的人才都有所建樹，中國的錢幣事業才能百尺竿頭更進一步。最後，戴老師鼓勵我，把開出的課題都做下去，要耐得住寂寞，耐得住清苦，“板凳寧坐十年冷，文章不寫半句空”，深鑽細研，論證縝密，言之有物，堅持數載，必有大成！與這位錢幣界泰斗人物促膝長談，感受到的是人格的高尚，學識的厚重，孔子的“學而不厭，誨人不倦”用在先生身上可謂再恰當不過了。

Column 專欄

Technology Innovation Boosts the Development of Chinese Panda Gold and Silver Coins Introduction of the Gold Coin Trading System

2016 Panda Coins

In recent years, with the improvement of people’s

with an annual sale of 463 ounces since its first issuance

living standard, gold trade has gradually becomes an

in 1982. Now it has grown into one of the most popular

important part in the development of national economy.

physical gold products, whose sales reached a half million

In China’s gold market, Chinese Panda Gold Coin is

ounces in 2012. The huge increase in sales not only

considered as an unique product with artistic connotation,

reflects the infinite market potential of the product itself,

cultural trait and investment nature. It has been well

but also reveals the great power of science and technology

recognized both domestically and abroad for its diversified

behind the scenes. One indispensable momentum is the IT

varieties and specifications, long history of issuance

application of the Panda Gold Coin trading, namely the

and guarantee of the state credit. Compared with other

R&D of the Gold Coin Trading System.

commemorative coins, Panda Gold Coin is characterized by a low premium rate and a high degree of value maintenance, and it is the only legal tender that can be repurchased through official channels of national legal

Born in the reform and development of the gold coin market

currency. The R&D of Gold Coin Trading System may date back However, what is unknown to ordinary consumers is

to more than a decade ago when the original telephone

that Panda Gold Coin was once a kind of niche product

fax quotation and manual operation could not meet the

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Column 專欄 growing demands for Panda Gold Coins in the domestic

Coin Trading System was launched and opened to all

market. In order to accelerate the development of Panda

clients in November 2012, which marked a completely

Gold and Silver Coins, Shanghai Gold Coin Investment

new phase for the sales of Panda Gold Coins. The

Company got started on the R&D and implementation

diversity and scalability of the new Gold Coin Trading

of the Gold Coin Trading System under the guidance of

System provide not only a good “internet” ＋ platform for

China Gold Coin Incorporation. Launched in 2004, the

various precious metal products but also a reliable basic

prototype of the system was the world’s only trading

framework for the innovation in the gold coin industry

system dealing with precious metal products at that time,

so that creating favorable conditions for achieving the

which was a milestone in gold coin industry.

interconnectivity within the entire industry. The new Gold Coin Trading System will bring clients with brand new

The launch of the Gold Coin Trading System

experience. What are the five innovations indeed?

has solved various problems, such as the difficulty in information management due to the increase of clients and

The first trading system to realize real-time quoting

issues result from manual operations including complex

and real-time hedging. Gold Coin Trading System takes

process, poor security, heavy workload and higher error

the lead in adopting real-time quoting which allows price

rate. The processing capacity has been gradually enhanced

adjustments according to price fluctuations of gold and

to 65 transactions per minute from the original 20 minutes

silver. Real-time quoting keeps Chinese Panda Coin close

per transaction when there was no system. With the help

to market price and has been followed by many other

of the Gold Coin Trading System, Shanghai Gold Coin

counterparties since it was implemented. In addition,

Investment Company set an industry record of 4-ton sales

the trading system is able to conduct real-time hedging

of Lunar New Year gold bars within 3 days.

operations based on transaction data in order to avoid the risk brought by the fluctuations of gold price.

In addition, the number of clients has also been on the rise. The company had only 40 clients in the beginning

The first trading system of precious metal

while the number of clients has been increasing year

commemorative coins to be connected with clients’

by year since the system was launched, reaching 653

operation system. Effectively integrating clients’

up till now. Besides the 96 franchised dealers of China

demands with stock information through standardized

Gold Coin Incorporation, nearly 400 branches of Bank

interface services to enable quick feedbacks and excellent

of China, Bank of Communications, China Merchants

experiences for clients in system interaction. At present,

Bank, China Industrial Bank, China Construction Bank,

Gold Coin Trading System has been connected with the

China Everbright Bank, Beijing Rural Commercial Bank

systems of China Merchants Bank, China Industrial Bank,

and other local banks can order products in the system.

Beijing Rural Commercial Bank and Beijing Gold Coin

By the means of instant notices, announcements and

News Ltd. The interface’s maximum number of concurrent

point-to-point SMS, the system enables more convenient

connections is 200, and the system’s maximum processing

communication and higher information transparency, thus

capacity can reach 50 transactions per second.

improving the comprehensive services and perception of the users.

The first trading system to provide professional logistics tracking services on precious metal products in

Since the launch of the Gold Coin Trading System

China. Owing to the organic combination of advanced

in 2004, Shanghai Gold Coin Investment Company has

information network technology with modern logistics

achieved a total sales of 35.91 billion RMB.

technology, the delivery capacity has been increased by 10 times and the costs of logistics and management have

Center on the customer experience and highlighting five innovations

reduced tremendously. Establishing the real-time logistics tracking system for Panda Coins makes the real-time logistics tracking of each order a reality. The logistics

Under the era of Internet Economy, the new Gold

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tracking service greatly improves customer experience

Column 專欄 since it saves the 30-minute communication time on

and higher efficiency has already been achieved. In one

telephone.

word, the Gold Coin Trading System promotes the brand value of the Panda Gold Coin as well as the company’s

The first trading system to be connected with the gold

operation capacity in all aspects.

coin detector in the repurchasing of Panda Gold Coins. The self-developed Panda Gold Coin detector is connected

Since the new system was launched in 2012, it has

with the Gold Coin Trading System. While inspecting the

completed more than 30 thousand orders and a total sales

repurchased Panda Gold Coins, the detector sends the real-

of 17.85 billion RMB, which comes from the sales of

time inspection data to the trading system. In this way,

1.376 million-ounce Panda Gold Coins, 8.723 million-

Gold Coin Trading System improves the repurchasing

ounce Panda Silver Coins and 35.6-ton other derivatives.

process and further realize the investment nature of

These statistics were unimaginable in the traditional

Chinese Panda Gold Coin.

trading pattern. Therefore, it is obvious that the power of science and technology is bringing significant social

The first trading system to enable the mixed sales

and economic benefits for the development of precious

pattern which is unique in domestic market. As the

metal commemorative coins, and also advancing the

system has been gradually improved, it is able to manage

information construction of the issuance of precious metal

the whole process of trading and settlement online. The

commemorative coins in China. We firmly believe that

system significantly shortens the time spent by both

with the help of technology innovation, Chinese Panda

the clients and the employees on confirming the price,

Gold and Silver coins will enjoy an ever brighter future.

inventory and other basic information. The employees therefore could concentrate more on customer experience, business innovation and sales channel development.

Company Introduction

Clients can design or choose different trading patterns even a mixed trading pattern according to their own needs.

Shanghai Gold Coin Investment Co., Ltd was

Accurate data aggregation and classification also provide

established in 2002, which is the subsidiary set by China

important basis for sales and decision-making.

Gold Coin Incorporation in Shanghai. Shanghai Gold Coin Investment Company is one of the first comprehensive

Achieve remarkable economic benefits by promoting the brand value of Panda Gold Coin

members of Shanghai Gold Exchange with registered capital of RMB 150 million. The company’s business includes the sales of Chinese Panda Bullion Coins and

By 2015, 11 years has passed since the launch of

other precious metal derivatives.

the Gold Coin Trading System. As a mature online sales system, it realizes reliability, safety, instantaneity and

In 2012, China Gold Coin Incorporation approved

operability at the same time, and integrates sales, finance,

to establish the Marketing Center of Chinese Panda

logistics and materials effectively. The system successfully

Bullion Coins based on the existing Shanghai Gold Coin

coordinates sales with raw material purchasing and

Investment Co., Ltd. As an organic component of China

production, resulting in an integrated system for

Gold Coin Incorporation, the Marketing Center of Chinese

information transfer and processing. The “delay” between

Panda Bullion Coins is responsible for specific operations

supply and demand turns into “live”, which has greatly

on the marketing of Chinese Panda gold and silver bullion

improves the sales forecast and inventory management,

coins under the leadership and authorization of China

while reduces the inventory cost of the whole supply

Gold Coin Incorporation, meanwhile fulfills certain

chain. The goal of intelligent management, lower cost

management functions.

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Column 專欄

科技創新助力熊貓金銀幣事業騰飛 ——記上海金幣投資有限公司金幣交易係統

近年來，隨着國民生活水準的提高，黃金交易逐漸成為國民經濟發展中的重要組成部分，而熊貓金幣作為我國黃金交易市場中兼具藝術內涵、文化特質和投資屬性的特有產品，以其品種規格多樣、發行時間長、國家信譽保障等特點 , 已經為大家所認可，相較其他題材性紀念幣，熊貓金幣升水率低，保值程度高，也是目前唯一能夠通過官方管道進行回購的國家法定貨幣。然而不為普通消費者們所知的是，熊貓金幣自 1982 年發行以來，曾經只是個年銷售量 463 盎司的小眾產品，如今成長為老百姓熟悉喜愛的明星實物黃金產品，年銷量也一度突破 50 萬盎司，這不僅體現了產品本身無窮的市場潛力，科技的力量更是當仁不讓的幕後英雄，其中，熊貓金幣交易體係的資訊化——“金幣交易係統”的研發建設是其中不可或缺的一環。

在金幣市場改革發展浪潮中應運而生

2016 年熊貓金幣

此外，管道數也隨之增長。熊貓金銀幣銷售初期公司僅有客戶 40 家，係統上線後，客戶數量逐年增加，

據瞭解，金幣交易係統的研發還要追溯到十多年

目前已達 653 家。除全國 96 家中國金幣特許經銷商等，

前，隨着國內市場對熊貓金銀幣需求的增長，原有的

包括中國銀行、交通銀行、招商銀行、興業銀行、建

電話傳真報價、手工操作已無法滿足業務需求，為加

設銀行、光大銀行、北京農商銀行等地方性銀行在內

快熊貓金銀幣發展，在中國金幣總公司的指導下，熊

的近 400 家分支行均能在係統上進行訂貨，並能通過

貓金幣國內總承銷上海金幣投資有限公司着手研發實

即時通知、公告、點到點短訊互通，實現與管道客戶

施金幣交易係統，係統的雛形始創於 2004 年，作為當

的便捷溝通，使資訊更加公開透明，提升了綜合服務

時世界上唯一實現貴金屬產品銷售的交易係統，具有

水準及使用者感知度。

里程碑和劃時代的意義。自 2004 年上線以來，通過金幣交易係統已實現銷金幣交易係統上線後，解決了因銷售客戶增加而

售總額達 359.1 億元。

造成的資訊管理難度增大，人工審核及資料匯總流程複雜、安全性差、工作量大、出錯率高等諸多問題，處理時間由原來的 20 分鐘 / 單逐步提升至到了 65 單 /

以客戶體驗為中心，凸顯五大創新特色

分鐘，同時該係統曾創下 3 天賣出 4 噸賀歲金條的業內記錄，業務處理能力大大提高。

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在邁入互聯網經濟的當下，2012 年 11 月新版金幣

Column 專欄交易係統正式發佈並面向所有交易方實施運行，標誌

新和管道拓展；客戶可根據自身特點設計、選擇不同

着熊貓金幣銷售工作進入了一個全新的階段，新版金

的交易模式，也可多種交易模式配合使用；精確的資

幣交易係統的多元化、擴展性，不僅為各類貴金屬產

料匯總與分類，也為銷售與決策提供大量重要依據。

品的銷售提供了一個良好的互聯網 + 平臺，也為金幣行業的各類創新演變提供了可靠的基礎框架，為整個行業實現互聯互通創造了有利條件。新版金幣交易係

提升熊貓金幣品牌價值經濟效益顯著

統將為客戶帶來怎樣全新的體驗，那就讓我們來看看其呈現的五大創新特色。

到 2015 年，金幣交易係統已經走過了 11 年，作為一個成熟的線上銷售係統 , 它實現了可靠性、安全

首家實現即時報價、即時補料的交易係統。金幣交易係統率先採用了即時報價體係，根據金、銀價格的波動幅度即時調價，熊貓金銀幣價格緊貼市場走勢，該模式實施後，貴金屬行業紛紛效仿。此外，係統能夠根據即時交易資料進行對沖統計，即時補料，規避了金價波動所帶來的風險。首次實現了貴金屬紀念幣與客戶業務係統專線對接。提供標準化的介面服務，通過係統介面對接將客戶需求與終端庫存、物料資訊有效整合 , 使客戶在係統交互中獲得快捷回饋和良好體驗。目前，係統已與招商銀行、興業銀行、北京農商行、北京新文時代金幣文化傳播有限公司完成係統對接，介面最大併發線上連接使用者數能夠達到 200 個，係統的最大處理能力能夠達到 50 筆 / 秒。首次開通國內貴金屬產品專業物流在途查詢。建立現代物流綜合服務的供應鏈，將先進的資訊網路技

性、即時性、可操作性的良好統一，將銷售、財務、物流、物料有效綜合，成功地將銷售與原材料採購、生產有機地配合起來，形成一體化的資訊傳遞和資訊處理體係，使生產與銷售之間、供給與需求之間的“時滯”變為“即時”，大大改善了銷售預測和庫存管理，降低了整個供應鏈的庫存成本，達到了智慧化管理和降本增效的目標，全面提升熊貓金幣的品牌價值和公司的運營能力。據統計，2012 年新版係統上線後，係統共完成銷售錄單總量 3 萬余單，實現銷售總金額 178.5 億元，完成熊貓金幣銷售總量 137.6 萬盎司，熊貓銀幣銷售總量 872.3 萬盎司，其他衍生品 35.6 噸。這在過去傳統的交易模式下是不可想象的。由此可見，科技的力量正為貴金屬紀念幣的發展帶來了顯著的社會效益和經濟效益 , 推動了中國貴金屬貨幣發行工作的資訊化建設。我們期待並相信，在科技創新的助力下，熊貓金銀幣的明天將更加美好。

術和現代物流技術有機結合，物流發貨能力提升了 10 倍，大大降低了物流成本和管理成本；建立熊貓金銀

公司簡介

幣物流配送即時追蹤係統，實現了訂單物流狀態即時追蹤，與客戶、承運商的溝通時間由 30 分鐘降到了即時，提升了客戶體驗。

上海金幣投資有限公司成立於 2002 年 1 月 30 日，是中國金幣總公司在上海設立的子公司，為上海黃金

首次實現熊貓金幣回購檢測與交易係統對接。自

交易所第一批綜合類會員。公司業務範圍包括承銷普

主研發熊貓金幣檢測儀設備，進行熊貓金幣檢測，並

制熊貓金幣以及各類貴金屬衍生產品，公司註冊資本

與金幣交易係統對接，即時傳遞檢測資料；建立完善

1.5 億元人民幣。

了熊貓金幣的回購流程，進一步實現了熊貓金幣的投資屬性。

2012 年，經中國金幣總公司批准，以現有上海金幣投資有限公司為基礎組成的中國金幣總公司熊貓投

首次創立了熊貓金銀幣在國內獨有的混合銷售模

資幣行銷中心掛牌成立，作為中國金幣總公司的有機

式。通過係統的逐步完善，實現了交易和結算全週期

組成部分，在總公司的領導和授權下開展工作，將主

線上處理，大幅減少了與客戶確認價格、庫存及基本

要承擔熊貓普制金銀幣行銷的具體操作職責，同時履

資訊的溝通時間，使員工更專注于客戶體驗、業務創

行一定的管理職能。

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Column 專欄

JEAN Winter Tour of East Asia Filled with Numismatic Events Bruce W. Smith (USA) During a hectic two week period in late November and early December 2007, iAsure and its subsidiaries, Champion Auctions and the Journal of East Asian Numismatics (JEAN), hosted a series of events and a tour of Beijing, Shanghai, Hong Kong, Taipei and Tokyo. Members of the invitational tour included Ron Guth, President of PCGS grading service, Bob Johnson, chief grader for NNC grading service and one of the largest coin sellers on Ebay, Karl Stephens, world coin dealer and consultant to PCGS, Chou Chien-fu, President of the Taipei Numismatic Society and a coin dealer with shops in Taipei and Shanghai, Bruce W. Smith, editor of the Journal of East Asian Numismatics and long time researcher in Chinese numismatics, and Michael Chou, founder of iAsure and its subsidiaries.

Beijing Invitational Numismatic Seminar The first event, held November 25th in Beijing, China, was a seminar featuring speakers on Third Party Coin Grading, International Coin Trading through Ebay and Ebay LiveAuction, and an introduction to the JEAN “magazine” and its new website. This was the first seminar on Third Party Grading ever to be held in China.

a guarantee that the coin is genuine. Counterfeits of modern Chinese coins have become a serious problem in the last 10 years. The two leading grading services, PCGS and NGC, offer a guarantee that coins they grade are genuine, and will buy the coin if it turns out not to be genuine. Some of those on the tour witnessed this guarantee in action, when a coin believed to be a forgery made in Hong Kong some years ago, was withdrawn from the November 2007 Cheng Xuan auction, and later purchased by the grading service (PCGS) for some thousands of dollars. Mark Downing's talk was on Ebay LiveAuction and its importance in the numismatic market. Mr. Chou's focus was on the use of third party grading in the coin business. These three speakers explained the development of certified coins and offered tips on cross-border buying and selling of numismatic items online through the eBay e-commerce trading platform.

Ron Guth introduced the concept of Certified or “slabbed” coins, which is already becoming popular with Chinese collectors. Guth outlined the philosophy of PCGS, its policies, and most interestingly, the system through which coins submitted for grading are processed. This segment of his presentation included a brief video depicting the process. Guth revealed that China is by far the largest overseas submitter of world coins to be certified, most of those submitted being Chinese coins. Because submissions from China are a growing part of its business, PCGS is seeking to acquaint collectors and dealers in greater China (China, Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan) with the details of its products. Champion Auctions is the first and so far only PCGS Authorized Dealer in greater China. An Authorized Dealer has special access to PCGS, and can offer faster service than an individual submitter can obtain. This is particularly important for dealers and auction houses. Bob Johnson spoke on the effect that third party grading has had on collecting. Intended originally for rare U.S. coins, over the years certification has expanded to relatively common coins in high grade, newly issued coins, and world coins. For collectors of Chinese coins, certification not only provides a grade, but also a perhaps more important service –

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11/25/2007 Beijing Champion-PCGS Event Noble Family

11/25/2007 Beijing Champion-PCGS Event Bob Johnson(NNC), Ron Guth(PCGS), Michael Chou(iAsure), Chou Chien-fu(Taipei), Bruce Smith(JEAN)

Column 專欄 Bruce Smith announced plans for the revival of the Journal of East Asian Numismatics (JEAN), which will be published on the JEAN website as part of a broad service to collectors of oriental coins. The JEAN website is designed to serve two functions – as an easy access to reference information on East Asian Numismatics, and as a portal to other related sites, such as numismatic societies, coin dealers, auctions and non-commercial numismatic websites. The goal is to make JEAN the first place any collector or dealer will go to buy or sell numismatic items or to look for information. Most of the site will be free to use, including access to the current and back issues of the JEAN magazine. Also available for a fee will be research, report and authentication services. Smith also presented some of the highlights from the upcoming December 2 Champion Hong Kong Auction. The event was held at the Noble Family Club, a private media club based on the number one CCTV Chinese TV drama, Noble Family, produced by GCS Media. Noble Family Media Club is a joint venture of iAsure and GCS Media, a leading Chinese Media company. The Noble Family Club is located in one of nine remaining imperial grainery buildings in the 600 year old Nanxincang Imperial Grainery complex. This location was appropriate since grain has long represented money or wealth in Asian tradition. Among the invited guests who attended were some of the leading coin dealers and collectors in China, representatives from the two largest Chinese auction houses, China Guardian and Cheng Xuan, both from Beijing, and representatives from China Gold Coin Company. To commemorate its presentations in China, PCGS brought gifts for those who attended the events. Proof strikings of the first four U.S. Presidential Dollars were individually encapsulated in special holders made for the events. A total of 200 of these commemorative slabs were produced by PCGS and given out during the tour.

Visit to the Numismatic Gallery of the Shanghai Museum On November 28, U.S. coin dealer and PCGS world coin consultant, Karl Stephens, joined us for a private visit to the Shanghai Museum. Our host was Mr. Zhou Xiang, who is head of the numismatic department of the museum. The Shanghai Museum was originally founded in 1952 in a building which had previously housed the horseracing club. In 1959 it moved to what had been a large bank building in the 1920’s. In 1995 the present building was completed at Peoples Square in the center of the city and the first galleries opened. The museum is open daily from 9 AM to 5 PM. The numismatic exhibit occupies a 730 square meter hall on

the fourth floor of the museum. The right end of the hall is divided into two smaller rooms for special exhibits, one of which is the Kalgan Shih (Shi Jiagan) Collection of Modern Chinese Coins, and the other houses the Roger and Linda Doo (Roger Wei-shan Tu) Collection of Silk Road Coins. In an area just outside the special exhibits, a short but excellent film is playing showing how cash coins were made in clay molds in ancient times. This film depicts actual experimental castings made by researchers to determine just how the coins and molds were made and used. The prevous museum did not have any of the coins on display, so when the numismatic gallery opened in 1996, it was the first time the public had seen the museum’s collection of coins and paper money. Mr. Zhou informed us that Kalgan Shih’s family had stored his extensive collection of coins at the museum during the chaos of the Cultural Revolution. Later the family moved it to a bank vault and in 1998 decided to donate it to the museum. Mr. Zhou himself went to the bank vault to move the collection to the museum. In 2000 the museum published a book about the collection, with the English title: Mr. Shi Jiagan's Collection of Chinese and Foreign Coins. Many of the highlights of the collection are illustrated in large size, full color photos.

11/29/2007 Shanghai Museum

11/29/2007 Shanghai Museum fourth floor

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Column 專欄 Because the best coins of the Kalgan Shih collection are on display and because of renovation in the storage areas, we were not able to see all the coins we wanted to examine. We were escorted to a small conference room in the basement, next to the museum’s 200,000 volume library, where, after putting on white gloves, we were able to see a few dozen coins of the Republican Period from a list we had submitted earlier in the month. Most of the coins seen were dollars bearing various portraits of Yuan Shih Kai (such as Kann 672, 644, 663), Sun Yat Sen (K.616, 620, 620k, 628), and a few warlords such as Chang Tso-lin (K.686, 687, 688). Also seen were three of the 1856 Shanghai silversmith taels (Kann 901-903). We had requested to see various rare Chinese silver and gold coins, from what we believed to be old collections, to study the characteristics of the genuine coins in order to identify the new forgeries. Mr. Zhou told us that many of the current forgeries of modern Chinese coins are being made in neighboring Zhejiang (Chekiang) province. Forgeries of sycee are being made in Henan (Honan) province, he said. Following the private viewing we went to the fourth floor to view the coins on display. The C. N. Starr Gallery of Chinese Currency is fairly well lighted and cases in the middle of the room often allow viewing of both sides of the coin. Among the machine struck coins, there are a number of struck cash coins, including several different large size pattern cash made at the Nanking Mint. Most of these had never been seen in the west until the former head of the numismatic department at the museum, Sun Zhonghui, published some of them about 1990. Another rarity on display is a struck cash with the Board of Revenue mintmark. This piece was first published in P’eng Hsin-wei’s (Peng Xinwei) book, Chung Kuo Huo Pi Shih (Zhongguo Huobi Shi – 1954 and 1965), and has since been listed in some other catalogs published in China. Exactly where and when it was made is a mystery. Another mysterious struck cash in the exhibit has the Ku (or Hu?) mintmark, which is listed in Krause’s Standard Catalog of World Coins as the Taku Mint in Chihli Province. The museum reads the mintmark as “Hu” and attributes it to Shanghai! Also seen are a small size Shantung struck cash with round center hole, a large size Kwangtung struck 10 Cash with square center hole, and an Anhwei dragon 10 Cash with square center hole. The museum also has a 1906 Tsingkiang 20 Cash from the T’ai Ch’ing Ti Kuo series, with “Huai” mintmark – one of 2 or 3 known pieces. Among silver coin rarities on display are two examples of the exceedingly rare Fukien Dragon Dollar (Kann 124) – one from the Kalgan Shih collection and one from another

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11/29/2007 Shanghai Museum fourth floor

11/29/2007 Shanghai Museum Printing Plate for Currency

collection. Only 6 to 8 genuine examples of this coin are known to exist. There are also two examples on display of the extremely rare Hupeh Dragon Dollar with “Pen Sheng” in Chinese to the sides of the dragon (Kann 35). Another display shows the undated Kiangnan Dragon Dollar (Kann 66 type) with three different edges – one with ordinary reeding, one with v-shaped reeding (with a dot at the point of each v), and one on which the edge consists of a series of incomplete horizontal lines with dots between. The first of these is clearly Kann 66 and the second must be Kann 66a or 66b, but the third is not listed in Kann. Why these odd edges were used is unknown. Another display shows the 1914 Yuan Shih Kai Dollar (Y329 type) with three different edges – with ordinary reeding, with a “Greek border” or alternating “T” design on the edge, and with a sort of “herring bone” design edge, in which curved, raised bars alternate with raised boxes. The second type is clearly Kann 651n, which oddly, is also found on a 1908 Peiyang Dragon Dollar (see Kann page 90). The third type is apparently Kann 651a, in which the incomplete

Column 專欄 (Kann 816); and a set of 1936 dated 10 Cent nickel coins with a single character “P’ing” (Peking) or “Chin” (Tientsin) located on the bust, behind the neck or below the spade coin (Kann 840, 841, 846-849). Also in the Shih collection are proof strikings of the 1926 Shantung $10 and $20 gold coins with dragon and phoenix on the reverse (K.1535-1536); a Yuan Shih Kai dollar with high feathered hat in gold (K.1558); the 1867 Shanghai Tael with rays (K.912); and a prooflike striking of the maritime customs one tael (K.925).

11/28/2007 Shanghai Museum Kral Stephens(PCGS), Bob Johnson(NNC), Michael Chou(iAsure), Zhou Xiang(Shanghai Museum), Ron Guth(PCGS)

11/28/2007 Shanghai Museum Vist: Kral Stephens(PCGS), Bob Johnson(NNC), Michael Chou(iAsure), Zhou Xiang(Shanghai Museum), Ron Guth(PCGS)

circles in the catalog are supposed to represent the curved bars on the coin. This same edge design in copper (Kann 651y) appeared as Lot 49 in Champion’s December 2007 sale, where it sold for U.S. $25,000. The Kalgan Shih exhibit had two more coins with strange edges. Both appear to be experimental edges used in 1932 though not issued for circulation. One has a raised inscription in Chinese naming the Central Mint with a plum blossom between each character. The other has the same inscription but this time incuse instead of raised. Both coins are dated 21st Year (1932) and are probably Kann 622y and an unlisted variety of Kann 628. Other jewels in the Shih exhibit include a Heilungkiang Dragon Half Dollar in brass (Kann 584x); the Kweichow Year 14 Dollar and Half Dollar (Kann 9 and 10); the Shansi 1925 nickel coin (Kann 823); the Hupeh 5 Cent Nickel coin

In addition to all these rare modern Chinese coins, the museum also has on display dozens of ancient knife and spade coins, many rare cash coins (including 4 Hsi Hsia cash inscribed in Hsia writing), silver sycee, paper money and other items. On one wall there are printing plates for two different Chin (Jin) Dynasty notes, three printing plates for Yuan (Mongol) Dynasty notes, plates for 30 Cash and 50 Cash Ming Dynasty notes, and two actual Yuan notes (500 Cash and 2 Strings). The ground floor of the museum contains a large bookstore and gift shop. A number of numismatic books are on sale in the store, including Zhongguo Gudai Zhichao (Paper Money of Imperial China), a large, beautiful, coffee table book written by our host, Mr. Zhou Xiang, illustrating in full color some of the highlights of the museum’s collection of paper money. Also available is a small, full color booklet about the numismatic exhibit. Unfortunately the shop was sold out of the two series of catalogs of Chinese coins published by the museum over the past 20 years, the Zhongguo Lishi Huobi Daxi (11 or 12 huge oversize volumes in gold dust jackets), and another set, in 8 volumes, approximately 9 by 12 inches in size in blue dust jackets. On the evening of the 28th an invitation only dinner and PCGS grading session was held in a private dining room of a Shanghai restaurant. Most of those attending were collectors and dealers from the Shanghai area. Among these was David Ho, from Taiwan, President of Inventec Appliances Company, who 3 weeks earlier had paid US $200,000 for the Fukien Dragon Dollar in the Cheng Xuan auction in Beijing. He also bought the Peking 20 Cent coin for $53,000, and would buy the matching Peking 10 Cent in Champion’s Hong Kong auction. Also on hand was a Taiwan born, ChineseAmerican collector from California who has been a major buyer of rare Chinese modern coins during the past 5 years, and who would be high bidder on the 1907 Kuping Gold

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11/28/2007 Beijing Champion-PCGS Event Bob Johnson(NNC), Ron Guth(PCGS), Kral Stephens(PCGS)

11/28/2007 Beijing Champion-PCGS Guests

Tael coin in Champion’s Hong Kong sale. Another major player in modern Chinese coins, Shanghai coin dealer, Chang Guiyi, was present. Chang has been buying coins for a major collector and was the underbidder on the Chang Tso-lin 1927 dragon and phoenix dollar, which sold 3 weeks earlier in Beijing for $575,000. Chang would be the high bidder on the Chu Yu Pu Dollar in Champion’s Hong Kong sale a few days later. Several other collectors and dealers from Shanghai and Taiwan rounded out the group, all of whom received one of the Proof U.S. Presidential Dollars specially slabbed by PCGS for this trip. After dinner we received some unexpected entertainment. It seems that the wife of one of the invited guests is an amateur palm reader. Several people present had their palms read, though Michael Chou refused to know his future.

Meeting with the Director of Operations of the Shanghai Mint and the Curator of the Shanghai Mint Museum The next day we had scheduled a meeting with officials of the Shanghai Mint. Later they called with a strange

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request–that we meet at our hotel rather than at the mint. They explained that the mint was in the process of striking “secret” coins whose design had not yet been announced, and so could not give us a tour of the mint. We later learned that the “secret” coins are the third and last series of Chinese Olympic coins, which will be unveiled in February in Germany. We met with the Director of Operations of the Mint and the Curator of the Mint Museum, and Ron presented them with examples of the special PCGS slabbed Presidential Dollars made for this trip. They showed us photographs of the mint and provided a brief history of its operation. They noted that the mint building have been built in imitation of the U.S. Mint at Philadelphia and that the U.S. Mint had provided most of the equipment and dies for the original Shanghai Mint, which began operations in 1933. The first coins produced at the mint were the famous “Birds Over Junk” Dollar (Y344) and the “Birds Under Junk” patterns for the unissued gold standard coinage (Kann 628-631). Both are dated 1932 though they were actually struck in 1933. The Shanghai Mint, then known as the Central Mint, was the main mint in China from that time onward. When the Japanese attacked Shanghai in 1937, the equipment of the mint was disassembled, and some was hidden in Shanghai and the rest moved to various locations in southern and western China, where branch mints were established and operated during the war. These branch mints, located at Chungking, Kweilin, Kunming, Chengtu, Wuchang and Lanchow according to Kann, produced only copper and nickel coins for circulation in areas not under Japanese control. After the war, the machinery was returned to the Shanghai Mint, but rampant inflation made coins unusable. In 1948 a new currency system was introduced in China, the Gold Yuan, and one coin was actually minted in this new system, a 1948 bronze 1 Fen (Y363). The following year, some of the machinery from the Shanghai Mint was moved to Taiwan to establish its Central Mint. The remaining machinery became the original equipment of today’s Shanghai Mint. The Director of Operations told us that his father had also worked for the mint and had witnessed huge quantities of sycee being melted to make the Sun Yat Sen Junk Dollars. Circulating coins and commemorative coins issued by the Peoples Repubic of China have been made at the Shanghai Mint, the Shenyang Mint (in northeastern China), and at the new mint in Shenzhen (on the border of Hong Kong). At one time the Shanghai Mint had a collection of coins, but this collection and the mint’s dies had been given to the Shanghai Museum some time ago. In the 1990’s the mint began buying coins to build a new collection for its museum.

Column 專欄 One of the topics brought up by the mint officials was the recent counterfeiting of Chinese coins. They had, in fact, just returned from a conference on the subject held in Singapore which also included representatives from the Shanghai Museum, the Chinese Numismatic Society, and China Gold Coin Company. They were all very concerned because the high quality forgeries being made today could destroy the value of genuine coins, since no one could be sure they were buying a real coin. This could have a long term effect on the coin market in general, discouraging people from collecting Chinese coins at all, and making it difficult for the mints to sell future commemorative coins. And it is bad for China’s international image. What decisions were reached and what action might be taken was not disclosed, but we know from other sources that they are looking very carefully at the huge number of fake Chinese coins being sold on Ebay and other internet sites. Most of the sellers of these fakes are located in China and Singapore.

Visit to the Yunzhou Coin Market

These two shops sell primarily modern Chinese coins. For ancient coins, cash coins, paper money and other items, a trip to the sixth floor is necessary. Some dealers on the sixth floor also sell numismatic books.

Hong Kong Numismatic Society Meeting December 1st found our group – Ron Guth, Bob Johnson, Karl Stephens, Bruce Smith and Michael Chou – in Hong Kong. The morning and afternoon was devoted to lot viewing for the Champion Auction to be held the next day at the Golden Mile Holiday Inn in Kowloon. More than 40 floor bidders were registered, mostly from China, Taiwan and Hong Kong. In addition, about 50 bidders were registered through Ebay LiveAuction. This would be the first time an Ebay LiveAuction was held in Hong Kong. Later that evening, our group attended a meeting of the Hong Kong Numismatic Society. The HKNS has been in continuous operation for more than 30 years. For the past 20

After the meeting, our little group visited the Yunzhou Coin Market on the south side of Shanghai. The Yunzhou Market is a 6 story building with antiquities and collectibles shops on all the floors. The higher class coin shops are mostly on the third and fourth floors. The second floor is primarily stamp shops. The sixth floor consists mostly of smaller dealers in coins and paper money, most of whom have only a small booth with a display case or two. The prices and the quality are generally lower, but the opportunity to see lots of material in on room is exciting. Large quantities of Chinese paper money is available here as in the Beijing coin markets and the Hong Kong coin markets. Most of the sellers are from the Shanghai area, but some Taiwan coin dealers also operate shops in the Yunzhou Market, including long time dealers Chen Gi-mao and Chou Chien-fu (Fu Chin Coins).

11/29/2007 Shanghai Fu Chin Coin and Stamp

12/1/2007 Hong Kong Subway, Bob Johnson(NNC), Michael Chou(iAsure), Ma Tak Wo(Hong Kong Numismatic Society), Ron Guth(PCGS), Kral Stephens(PCGS)

12/1/2007 Hong Kong Star Ferry, Karl Stephens(PCGS), Michael Chou(iAsure), Bob Johnson(NNC), Ron Guth(PCGS)

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Column 專欄 paper money. While the members were examining the lots, we had noticed many notes being held up to the light to check the grade. Being in good humor, Ron Guth joined in the bidding on one lot, though he had not examined the lots and didn’t know what he was bidding on. He won the lot, which brought a roar of laughter from the members. He was now the proud owner of four silver rounds depicting women in risqué poses. After that, we said our goodbyes and slipped out of the meeting room.

12/1/2007 Hong Kong Numismatic Society Meeting

12/1/2007 Hong Kong Auction Coin Viewing Beijing Chengxuan Zuo Jinghua and Wang Yajie

Champion Gallery Hong Kong Auction

12/1/2007 Golden Mile Holiday Inn Coin Viewing

or so years, Mr. Ma Tak Wo has been president of the society. Mr. Ma, who is also one of the largest coin dealers in Hong Kong, met us at our hotel and we traveled by subway to the meeting. The HKNS meets the first Saturday of each month in a private room of an upstairs restaurant in the Central area of Hong Kong island. The meetings, held in the evening, include an auction and dinner, and sometimes last until 11 PM at night. We arrived about 7 PM and found about 40 members present – a pretty good turnout for a coin club today. After the members had finished looking at the auction lots, President Ma called the meeting to order and introduced each of the visitors. Actually Bruce Smith has been a Life Member of the society since the mid 1980’s, though he hasn’t been to Hong Kong since 1989. Ron Guth said a few words about the problem of forgeries of Chinese coins and the importance of certified coins for the Chinese market. He then passed out more of the special PCGS souvenir slabbed dollars to the members. Following a few announcements, the auction began. Most of the lots consisted of Hong Kong

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12/1/2007 Hong Kong Champion Auction

Sunday December 2nd was the day of the big Champion Hong Kong Auction. Among the more than 40 registered bidders were collectors, dealers and auction houses from China, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Japan. Mrs. Zuo and Miss Wang from Cheng Xuan Auction Company in Beijing were present, as was Simon Cheng from Asia Pacific Auctions in Hong Kong. Taiwan coin dealer, Chen Gi-mao, who some years ago had helped build the famous Haru S. C. Chang Collection in Taiwan, was an active bidder, but was the underbidder on the three stars of this sale – the 1000 Cash Pattern Coin, the 1907 Gold Dragon Tael, and the General Chu Yu Pu Dollar. A leading collector from southern Taiwan,

Column 專欄 who had paid a record U.S. $210,000 for a Ming Dynasty silver sycee in the China Guardian auction the previous month, was present and would pay a record price for the Szechuan Dragon Dollar in this Champion Auction. Ron Guth, President of Professional Coin Grading Service (PCGS), called the auction. Guth explained in his preliminary remarks that he was not acting on behalf of PCGS today, but as a private individual who had been asked to call the auction. Champion Galleries has no connecton with PCGS aside from its role as an authorized PCGS dealer. The highlight of the 2007 Champion Auction was certainly the Chinese 1000 Cash Coin made in 1854. Lot 57 was a hand-carved, pattern mother coin of a 1000 Cash from the Board of Revenue Mint in Beijing. This piece is not one of the usual but nevertheless rare mother coins, also known as seed coins (mu ch’ien or mu qian), but instead one of the extremely rare “ancestor” (tzu ch’ien or zu qian) coins. This piece was hand-carved from highly refined brass, and represents not only an extremely rare and important coin, but also a work of Chinese art. This coin is believed to have come from the A. M. Tracey Woodward collection, and has not appeared on the market before. Only 3 or 4 examples of this coin are believed to exist, and this is believed to be of the highest quality of those known. The foremost authority on Chinese cash coins in the United States, Dr. Che-lu Tseng (Zeng Zelu), has examined this coin carefully and declares it is the first genuine 1000 Cash he has seen outside of Chinese museums. Expected to bring U.S. $30,000 to $50,000, after a battle between floor bidders and an Ebay LiveAuction bidder, the coin finally sold for US $103,500 to the Ebay bidder (the prices quoted here include the 15% buyers fee). This is the highest price ever paid for a Chinese cash coin. The finest known example of the General Ch’u Yu-p’u (Qu Yupu) Pattern Silver Dollar (Kann 690; incorrectly given as 609 in the catalog) was Lot 62 in the sale. The coin, with wire rims and sharp details, is likely a presentation piece and one of the first struck. This commemorative, with the general’s portrait in uniform and high hat on the obverse and crossed flags on the reverse, is dated April 7, 1927 and is believed to celebrate the completion of Warlord Ch’u’s first year as Governor of Chihli (Hopei or Hebei) Province. Ch’u was so hated by the people that in 1929 he was buried alive. Purchased by the consignor in 1960, it was expected to sell for $25,000 to $30,000, but brought $57,500 from a collector in China. One of the earliest Chinese gold coins and certainly the

most artistic is the 1907 Kuping Dragon Tael (Lot 79). Kann lists this piece (K.1541) as an unissued pattern, however, in the spring of 1907 the Board of Revenue and the Director of the Tientsin Mint announced a resolution to produce gold coins for circulation. This resolution was recorded in the U.S. Monthly Consular Report for June 1907, but it is unlikely that the coin actually entered circulation, as only a few are known to exist today. The example offered here was purchased in a Money Company Hong Kong sale over 20 years ago and was later submitted to NGC for professional grading and certification. So far, this is the only 1907 Dragon Gold Tael to be graded by NGC or PCGS. The bidding for this piece was mainly between a Taiwan dealer and a Chinese-American collector, who ultimately won the lot, paying a record $97,750. The Peking Mint Proof 10 Cent (Lot 87) is a famous and controversial coin. Part of a set of 5 silver dragon coins dated 1900 in Chinese cyclical characters, the best evidence today is that the 10 Cent and 20 Cent coins in this series were actually struck at the Peking Mint in the first half of 1900 while the mint was not yet complete. During the Boxer Uprising in the summer of 1900, the mint was looted and destroyed. Later the dies for the set were obtained by a Shanghai coin dealer, who had restrikes made in the 1940’s. Kann says the dies were made in Germany, while others think they were made in England by William Wyon, member of a whole family of mint directors and die engravers. All of the Peking coins, whether originals or restrikes, are rare today. This particular piece is believed to have been made in England before the dies were sent to China. Graded Proof 64 by PCGS, this 10 Cent Peking Proof Coin (Kann 236), estimated at US $10,000 went for $25,300. The finest known example of the undated 1898 Szechuan Dragon Silver Dollar (Y238; Kann 145) appeared as Lot 92 in the Champion Auction. Graded by PCGS as MS64, this fully struck coin is the finest example recorded by PCGS or NGC. The next best example is an NGC graded MS62 piece, which Champion Auctions sold in 2004, and which sold again in Hong Kong in September 2007 for $11,500. Kann’s dating and arrangement of the Szechuan Dragon Dollars is not correct. The piece offered here, Kann 145, was actually the first dollar produced by Szechuan. Trial strikings were done by the Ferracute Company in Bridgeton, New Jersey, USA, using dies produced at the Philadelphia Mint, in 1897. A photograph of the coins was published in the Harpers Weekly issue of August 14, 1897. The equipment and dies arrived in Chengtu, Szechuan in 1898, but the dies were rusted due

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Column 專欄 to a flood, and had to be replaced. The mint then closed down until 1901 or 1902. When it reopened, it continued to strike coins using the Philadelphia replacement dies. The coin offered here may be a sample struck at Bridgeton or Philadelphia, either from the original dies before they were sent to China, or from the replacement dies. The first modern coin made in Szechuan Province, this superb coin was expected to sell for $3,000 to $5,000, but brought an astonishing $36,800 because it is the finest known example (PCGS MS64) of a coin which is rarely found in uncirculated condition. This, too, was a record price for this coin, which saw a contest between a Taiwan bidder and a Chinese bidder. In the end the lot sold to the bidder from China. An ordinary looking coin with a very unusual edge, Lot 49 was an extremely rare version of the 1914 Yuan Shih Kai Dollar, stuck in Copper (Kann 651y). The edge, instead of being milled or reeded as on ordinary coins, has an edge design described as a herring bone pattern or chain pattern, imitating the edge seen on Mexican dollars of the 1800’s. This very coin was in the Kann and Goodman Collections, and comes with the original envelope from the 1971 Kann auction and the tag from the 1991 Goodman sale. In 1996 Champion Auctions sold a similar piece, struck in copper, but with a plain edge for $6,000. This superb uncirculated coin estimated at $3,000 to $5,000, sold for $25,300 following spirited floor bidding. Two other Yuan Shih Kai coins, struck in gold, also sold for high prices. The first was a 1914 Flying Dragon $5 coin (Kann 1517), graded Specimen 58 by PCGS, which brought $12,075. The second was a 1919 $20 gold coin (Kann 1530), graded MS63 by NGC, which realized $9,200. Lot 91 was a superb Proof Striking of the undated 1890 Kwangtung Dragon Dollar (Y203; Kann 26). This piece was actually struck at the Heaton Mint in Birmingham, England as a sample for its reference collection or for one of the handful of Proof Sets they produced for this mint. The coin has been encapsulated and graded Specimen Proof 63 by PCGS – the highest grade they have given for one of these coins. Kwangtung Province’s Canton Mint was completely outfitted by Heaton, who also supplied the senior staff for the mint. At the time, it was by far the largest mint in the world, with around 100 coining presses. By comparison, the U.S. Mint in Philadelphia at that time had less than 20 presses. A famous coin in Chinese numismatic history, and in the finest condition, this piece was expected to sell for $3,000 to $5,000, but brought $9,200.

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The first 48 lots in this sale consisted of the final offering of chopmarked coins from the Frank M. Rose Collection. The first installments of the Rose Collection were offered in miniauctions in the Journal of East Asian Numismatics in the mid 1990’s and in the Champion Auctions held during 1996 and 1997. This group of coins had been misplaced and “lost” for 10 years. Their rediscovery was a thrill to chopmark collectors. Three lots sold for record prices. Lot 25 was a 1932 Birds Over Junk Dollar with chop, which sold for $1,680 – which is far more than the coin without the chop sells for! Lot 37 was a Mexican 1820 Royalist 8 Real coin from the Zacatecas Mint with four large chops, illustrated on the cover of the auction catalog. A rare coin to begin with, this piece sold for $1,320. The same price was obtained by Lot 39, an 1866 Peso issued by Mexican Emperor Maximillian, with two large chops. All three of these lots sold to the same chopmark collector in the United States, and all but one of the chopmarked coins sold to Ebay Live bidders. One of the highlights of the December 2007 Champion Hong Kong Auction didn’t sell, much to everyone’s surprise. Lot 56 was the only known example of a salesman’s sample set from the Heaton Mint. This cased set of 20 coins would have been shown to various mints around the world by an agent of the Heaton Mint. The salesman would have been seeking a contract to provide dies or machinery to other mints or to actually manufacture coins for other mints. This set consists of 20 trial strikings from Heaton-made coinage dies for coins of China, Thailand, India, Iran, Nepal, Saudi Arabia and Morocco. All the pieces are uniface strikings in white metal, the blank backs of which are attached to the case to prevent their falling out. The most valuable individual piece in the set is a dragon dollar from Chekiang (Zhejiang) Province in which the name of the province is spelled CHEKIANG. This coin was never made for circulation, existing only as a pattern, and is listed by Kann as K.119-I. Only 2 or 3 examples of the dollar are known in silver, and today would sell for around 2,000,000 Yuan RMB. Kann does not record a white metal striking of this coin, but one was sold in the 1996 Champion Hong Kong Auction for US $48,000. This same coin appeared again in the November 2006 Cheng Xuan sale as part of a set of Chekiang coins. Kann’s enormous collection of Chinese silver coins did not include any of the coins in this set (which also includes 5, 10 and 20 cent coins but no 50 cent), the dollar of which is illustrated only with a rubbing. Other coins represented in this set include seven from Thailand, three from Nepal, two from Saudi Arabia, one from

Column 專欄 Morocco, an unissued Iranian gold coin, four Indian medals, and a Chekiang 10 cash coin of a variety which was never issued for circulation. Most of the coins in the set date to 1890-1910, the latest one being from the 1920’s. The Heaton Mint, located in Birmingham, England, produced coins, machinery or actual coins for many countries from the 1850’s into the 1960’s. This set first appeared in the May 1995 sale of the Goodman collection in the United States. This small sale, containing only 328 lots, was Champion Auction’s 4th floor auction in Hong Kong, following a 10 year hiatus. In 2006 Champion Galleries held an Ebay Live Auction in conjunction with Beijing Cheng Xuan Auction Galleries in China. The next Champion sale is scheduled for April 2008, in Hong Kong, just before the new Hong Kong Spring Coin Show. Consignments for that sale will be accepted until the end of February. For more information or to consign to the sale, visit Champion’s Website at www. cghka.com or contact Champion’s founder, Michael Chou by email at: championghka@gmail.com or by snail mail to: Michael Chou, iAsure Champion, Room 907 Silvercord Tower 2,30 Canton Road, Tsim Sha Tsui, Kowloon.

A Quick Trip to Taiwan After visiting Mr. Ma in Hong Kong, Ron Guth and Bob Johnson returned to the United States. Karl Stephens, Bruce Smith and Michael Chou spent the next two days in Taipei, the capital and numismatic center of Taiwan. There we met again with Chou Chien-fu, owner of Fu Chin Coins and President of the Taipei Numismatic Society. The Taipei Numismatic Society is the oldest such organization in Taiwan, and will celebrate its 30th anniversary next year. They produce an annual journal titled: Tai Pei Shih Chi Pi Hui K’an. We noted while in Taiwan that the lowest value note in circulation is the 100 Yuan, which interestingly is the

12/4/2007 Taipei Fu Chin Coin & Stamp

12/4/2007 Chung Hwa Numismatic Society Chou Chien-fu(Taipei), Chen Wen-tao, Hung Tzu-lin, Karl Stephens(PCGS), Michael Chou(iAsure), Bruce Smith(JEAN)

same color as the highest denomination note in China, the 100 Yuan; both are red. Again our primary purpose for visiting Mr. Chou’s coin shop in downtown Taipei, just off Yenping South Road, near 3 or 4 other coin shops, was to examine his reference collection of Chinese forgeries and to learn what we could to distinguish the genuine coins from the fakes. Some of the fakes we saw were made some years ago in Taiwan. These included Old Man Dollars (Kann 1), Crossed Lotus Dollars (Kann 2), Crossed Brush Dollars (Kann 4), and Changchow Dollars (Kann 5-7). All of these coins were originally struck in Taiwan and neighboring Fukien Province during the 1830’s to 1850’s. High quality forgeries of the famous Kweichow Auto Dollar of 1928 were also made in Taiwan some years ago. The real problem, Chou told us, were the high quality forgeries coming on the market from Shanghai. These pieces are not cast in molds, the way forgeries had been made in the past, but are struck from fake dies, copied from real coins using the latest technology. Mr. Chou had just returned from Shanghai (where he also has a coin shop), where he had been investigating the problem. Karl Stephens had brought with him a file of photographs of some frequently forged Chinese coins. In the photos, the coins were the size of dinner plates, and using these greatly enlarged photos, Karl and Chou discussed the signs to look for in the genuine and fake coins. Some of the fake coins Mr. Chou pointed out to us included a 1903 Kiangnan Dragon Dollar without rosette on the Chinese side (Kann 96c). This is a rare variety (listed in the Krause Standard Catalog of World Coins as Y145a.11), but the coin we saw had been produced from the more common with rosette variety by removing the rosette. Mr. Chou pointed out that the Chinese numeral 7 is different on

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12/5/2007 Chung Hwa Numismatic Society Chen Wen-tao and Hung Tzu-lin

the two varieties, and this is how to spot the altered coin. Mr. Chou also showed us a high grade example of the 1914 Kansu Province Yuan Shih Kai Dollar (Y407; K.759). The real coin was weakly struck and simply does not come well struck and in high grade. In this case, the fakes are of better quality than the real coin. We also saw an old fake of one of the 1856 Shanghai silversmith taels (Kann 900-910), which had a plain edge. The genuine coins have a zig zag design on the edge. The old fakes sometimes have a plain edge or an ordinary reeded edge. Another fake coin Mr. Chou showed us was an unlisted pattern dollar with Sun Yat Sen portrait on the obverse and the sailing junk on the reverse, but dated 24th Year. This piece was produced by altering the date on a common Junk Dollar of the 22nd or 23rd Year. Another tip from Mr. Chou concerned the 1907 T’ai Ch’ing Ti Kuo Dragon Dollar (Kann 212). The genuine coin, he noted, has an apostrophe in the English word “Ch’ing” while some of the fakes do not. After looking at all these fake coins, Mr. Chou disappeared for a few minutes, and returned with a treat for us to look at. He brought out a pair of steel dies for the obverse and reverse of the common Yuan Shih Kai 1914 Dollar – and the steel collar between which the dies meet and which puts the reeding on the edge of the coin. Yuan Shih Kai dollar dies turn up from time to time, but usually not a pair of dies, and never with the collar.

The following day we visited the headquarters of the Chung Hwa Numismatic Society, also in Taipei, and just around the corner from Fu Chin Coin Shop. The current president of the society, Ch’en Wen-tao, and the former president, Hung Tzu-lin, met us there. This society was founded in 1995 and also publishes an annual journal. Mr. Ch’en presented us with a complete set of the back issues of the journal, which will be a valuable addition to Bruce Smith’s reference library on Chinese numismatics. Mr. Ch’en, now retired, was President of Taiwan Light Company, and has funded a number of projects for the society, including a numismatic tour of China in connection with the Chinese Numismatic Society. Mr. Hung had also been president of the Taipei Numismatic Society for many years. The two societies, Taipei and Chung Hwa, exist because the Taipei society requires officers and board members to live in Taipei and all of its meetings are held there. The Chung Hwa society does not have this restriction, and its meetings are held in different places in Taiwan. Ch’en and Hung are co-author’s of a newly published catalog of Taiwan lottery tickets. These interesting tickets, many looking like bank notes, have been issued and numbered continuously since the late 1940’s or early 1950’s. Each one is illustrated in full color in the catalog – more than 1,100 of them! Mr. Ch’en presented us with two copies of the book and inscribed them for us. Mr. Chen currently specializes in collecting Chinese paper money, but in the 1980’s he was an ardent collector of coins from Sinkiang. We made an appointment to look at some of his Sinkiang coins when we returned to Taiwan the following Monday. Mr. Chen then treated all of us to a wonderful lunch at an old Japanese restaurant nearby. After the beer and saki, we lost count of how many dishes arrived, but they were all great. That evening we visited the Nanking Road coin market in the King Plaza building. The first and second floors of the

That evening, Mr. Chou treated us to a dinner at an old fashioned Taiwan country inn of the side of a mountain. Following the dinner, we drove to the top of the mountain, the highest in Taipei, for a view of the city at night. It was a wonderful view, but the cold, drizzling rain cut our visit short, and we returned to our hotel.

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12/5/2007 Chou Chien-fu(Fu Chin) and Karl Stephens(PCGS)

Column 專欄 building contain coin and stamp shops. The building, which also contains the Pin Wang Fan Tien, is located at North Chungking Road and West Nanking Road in downtown Taipei. After looking around a bit in the coin shops, we went to one of the upper floors, where we had reserved a private room in a restaurant, for another PCGS Grading Session. This time, however, only Karl Stephens represented PCGS. Karl is a consultant for PCGS and one of the graders of foreign coins for the service. Following the invitation only session, everyone present enjoyed a Chinese dinner served on a large round table at the other end of the room. There the last of the special PCGS slabbed presidential dollar coins, made for this trip, were handed out.

Cummings library and bought a few items for is own research library. The Kotsu Kaikan Coin Show is held on the 12th floor of the Kotsu Kaikan Building in Tokyo’s famous Ginza shopping district. The word “ginza” refers to the old silver coin mint which operated in this area, near the imperial palace, in the 1700’s and 1800’s. Three shows a year are held at this location, the JNDA show, the stamp club show, and a commercial show. All, however, have the same dealers and same material. This is the oldest and most important coin show in Japan, having been in operation for more than 30 years. There was a constant flow of people into the show, where the dealers were busy all day Friday and Saturday.

Tokyo Kotsu Kaikan Coin Show Karl Stephens returned to the United States from Taiwan, but Bruce Smith and Michael Chou went on to Tokyo for the Kotsu Kaikan Coin Show. On Thursday December 6th, after a short flight and a long train ride from the airport, we visited Herb Cook’s coin shop in northeast Tokyo. Herbert J. Cook is an American who has been in the coin business in Japan for 30 years or so. He presently does business under the name Arrow International (coins@arrowtokyo.com), but earlier had been connected with the late Michael Cummings and Olympic Coin Galleries. Before that, he worked for “Stars ＆ Stripes” the newspaper published by the U.S. Army. Herb is the only foreign member of the Japanese Numismatic Dealers Association (JNDA). When we arrived we found another American coin dealer there, Jerry Woitas from San Diego, who does business as Kosen Gallery. Jerry had lived in Japan for a number of years, then settled in California, where he now sells Asian coins through Ebay. Both of them had tables at the Tokyo coin show that weekend and were preparing for the show. While at Herb’s shop, Bruce inspected the Michael

12/7/2007 Tokyo's Display of Japanese Oban and Koban

12/7/2007 Tokyo's coin show

12/7/2007 Tokyo's Coin Show

Stepping out of the elevator at 11:30 AM on Friday, we were surprised to find 50 to 100 people waiting in line to get into the show. The first so-many people in line were given a coupon good for a free, uncirculated Japanese 100 Yen banknote. This note is no longer in circulation; the lowest value note today is the 1000 Yen. There are coins in circulation in values from 1 through 500 Yen. The show

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Column 專欄 itself occupies three rooms which take up about half of the 12th floor. Unlike American coin shows, most of the dealers at this show had one or more waist-high glass display cases like those typically found in a coin shop. Interestingly, the most valuable items were often on the bottom shelf rather than on top. This show was a real eye opener for Bruce, who had never been to Japan before. There were at least a dozen Japanese national bank notes for sale, dozens of silver chogin and bean money, and at least 150 gold oban and koban. All of these items show up in western auctions only about once a year. There were also hundreds of Japanese hansatsu notes from the 1700’s and 1800’s, the cheapest of which were priced about 1500 yen (about US $15). Also seen in the hundreds were Japanese amulets or esen and small, modern souvenir pieces, probably from temples, many with designs based on old coins. A number of dealers specialized in stamps or telephone cards, and several had old picture post cards by the hundreds – most of them from before World War II. All of the dealers appeared to be from Japan except for Jerry Woitas, from California and Anthony Lee, from Hong Kong.

There were quite a few numismatic books for sale at the Tokyo show, but the prices were very high. The latest edition of the JNDA catalog of Japanese coins and paper money, still a small paperback, is 1500 Yen (about US $15). Paperback catalogs of Japanese or Chinese cash coins were priced at US $40 to $60. We spotted one reprint of the 4 volume classic work, “Showa Senpu” (originally published in the 1930’s), priced at US $400.

Anthony “Tony” Lee operates a coin shop on Hong Kong island. He has been in the coin business since the 1980’s and has published a number of small books on the coins of Hong Kong, as well as catalogs of Hong Kong telephone cards and Hong Kong subway tickets. This year he released a new (2008) edition of his “Hong Kong Coins Guide”, and another book titled: “The Precious” which is a history of money in Hong Kong. The 2008 edition of the coin catalog includes a couple pages on tokens of Hong Kong and China. Two of the Hong Kong tokens have probably never been published before. One is a brass telephone token with incuse inscriptions, and the other is a copper-nickel bus token dated 1935. Tony tells us that he plans to publish a catalog of Chinese and Hong Kong tokens. Tony can be contacted by email at: NCCLHK@yahoo.com.hk.

The next day, the show auction was held on the third floor. Operating under the uninspiring name of Auction-Net, the auction catalog was quite plain, with black and white photos. The first part of the sale consisted of world coins, which did not seem to be selling well. This was followed by Chinese cast coins, Chinese struck coins, and then Japanese coins. There were quite a few Japanese seed coins in the sale, including one string containing 400 seed coins – according to the catalog. Bruce Smith looked at this lot and reported that they looked like ordinary circulating Kanei Tsuho coins to him. There were a number of questionable Chinese cast coins in the sale, said to have been consigned by a dealer in Singapore who is well known for selling fake Chinese coins on Ebay. The sale was conducted entirely in Japanese, without a screen showing which lot was being called. So, unless you understand Japanese, you can’t follow the bidding or even know which lot they are on.

12/7/2007 Herb Cook and Wife Arrow International

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One of the strangest features of this coin show was a small, draped, private booth right inside the entrance to the show. This booth is for people who come to the show to sell items. They are directed into the booth, where dealers from the show take turns manning it. The purpose of the booth is to buy items from the public at low prices, then on Monday, after the show has closed, the dealers present are allowed to bid on the items which had been purchased. Under this system, the seller doesn’t have to go from table to table for offers and the dealers aren’t distracted from making sales at this busy show.

After the show closed for the day, Jerry, Herb, Michael Chou and Bruce Smith all went to dinner at a nearby restaurant. We learned that the prices of Japanese Meiji and later gold coins are down due to a government sale being held of gold coins seized by MacArthur at the end of World War II. These gold coins were later returned to the Japanese government, which has had them in storage for 50 years. These gold coins are being sold in a series of five public auctions, three of which have already been held. These sales are also being run on the Yahoo internet site – because Ebay

Column 專欄 does not operate in Japan. We also learned that a small paper money show (21 dealers) will be held in February 2008 at a paper museum in Tokyo. Another topic of discussion was those who are no longer with us. Michael Cummings, author of an English language catalog of modern Japanese coins, died a few years ago. Mrs. Ting, a specialist in Chinese paper money and author of a catalog of Chinese military notes, died in 2003. During this year, Illinois coin dealer Steve Eyer died, as well as Professor Ed Kaplan of Western Washington University, who published an English translation of what is probably the most important history of Chinese coinage every published, “A Monetary History of China” by Peng Xinwei, originally published in 1954. We also learned that long time collector of Japanese coins, Fred Thomas, is seriously ill and presently bedridden. Most of the old time Japanese coin dealers have died and their businesses are now run by the children. The Taisei coin shop is now owned by a bank and operates on a very small scale. A sad note from the show – on Saturday afternoon and elderly Japanese collector collapsed at one of the dealer’s tables. Paramedics came and took him away on a gurney. We did not find out whether he survived, but perhaps this was the best way for a serious collector to pass on – looking at coins.

A Day in Taipei and the End of Our Numismatic Tour December 10th found Michael Chou and Bruce Smith in Taipei again, where they had schedualed to meet again with Ch’en Wen-tao and Hung Tzu-lin. Mr. Hung brought some fake coins for us to examine, including a T’ai Ch’ing Ti Kuo series 20 Cash Dragon coin with the Kwangtung mintmark. Such a coin does not exist. This piece was produced by altering some other mintmark to “yueh” for Kwangtung. Another piece was a genuine Japanese silver yen whose date had been altered from a common Meiji 45th year to the rarer 41st year. Hung also showed us two “coins” carved from some dark wood. The first was a large cash with obverse reading: “Shun Chih T’ung Pao” for the first emperor of the Ch’ing dynasty (ruled 1644-1661). The reverse has the character “shih” for ten above the hole, and the characters

“yi liang” to the right of the hole. This reverse design was used on some Ming dynasty coins, but not on coins of the Shun Chih emperor. The other was a 37mm Yuan (Mongol) Dynasty piece, inscribed “Chih Cheng T’ung Pao” with a circular Mongol word above the hole on the reverse. Exactly what these wooden pieces are, is uncertain. We then looked at some of the Sinkiang silver coins from Mr. Ch’en’s collection. Before 1980, these coins were all rare, and having just a few Sinkiang silver or copper coins in one’s collection, made him a famous collector. But in the early 1980’s, large amounts of Sinkiang silver coins and cash coins came on the market in Hong Kong. At the 1984 Hong Kong coin show, there were dealers with buckets full of Sinkiang silver coins, especially the 5 mace pieces. Because of this flood of coins, many new varieties were discovered, and have been cataloged in various books and articles. One interesting feature we did note among Ch’en’s coins was the presence of at least three 5 mace coins which had been struck over other Sinkiang 5 mace. Why this was done is unknown. When it was time for us to leave, Mr. Ch’en asked us to wait awhile. This year’s issue of the Chung Hwa Numismatic Society’s journal was about to be delivered. And sure enough, just before noon, boxes of the journals arrived directly from the printer. We received the first two copies to be distributed this year. We thanked Mr. Ch’en for the journals, and thanked both gentlemen for bringing in some items from their collections for us to examine. It had been a pleasant morning, but soon we would have to catch a plane to return to our office in Shanghai. During the previous two weeks, had looked at lots of coins, real and not real, and had met with many collectors, dealers and officials in China, Hong Kong, Taipei and Tokyo. Soon it would be time for Bruce Smith to return to the United States and begin work on the new Journal of East Asian Numismatics (JEAN). The new magazine will be available free of charge to everyone by visiting the JEAN website at www.dongya.info. In addition to the magazine, the website will also contain lots of reference information, back issues of the JEAN journal, and links to auction houses, coin dealers, museums, mints, and other sites related to East Asian Numismatics. The site is expected to be in operation in January 2008.

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Column 專欄

冬季錢幣鑒賞東亞之旅史博祿（美國） 2007 年 11 月底至 12 月初，在這忙碌而又緊張的兩個星期裏，愛秀集團、冠軍拍賣及《東亞泉志》在北京、上海、香港、臺北及東京聯合舉辦了一係列的活動。受邀參加活動的嘉實包括：Ron Guth——PCGS 主席；Bob Johnson——NNC 主要評級員及 eBay 最大的錢幣賣家之一；Karl Stephens——世界錢幣經銷商兼 PCGS 顧問；周建福——臺北市集幣協會理事長；Bruce W. Smith——《東亞泉志》編輯，長期從事中國錢幣學方面的研究；周邁可——愛秀集團創建人。

過這種保證，一枚幾年前在香港製造被認為是贗品的錢幣，在 2007 年北京誠軒拍賣會上被退回了，之後 PCGS 花了幾千美元將其買回。 Mark Downing 的演講是關於 eBay Liveauction 及其在錢幣市場的重要性。周建福先生則主要講了第三方評級鑒定服務在錢幣交易中的應用。這三位演講者闡述了鑒定幣的發展趨勢，並且對通過 eBay 這個電子商務平臺進行錢幣跨國貿易提供了一些建議。

北京 Champion-PCGS 錢幣討論會首次活動是一個錢幣討論會，於 11 月 25 日在北京舉行。特邀嘉實們在會上討論了第三方錢幣鑒定、eBay 平臺上的錢幣跨國貿易、eBay Liveauction ( 即時拍賣）、《東亞泉志》雜誌及網站簡介。這是中國舉辦的首次有關第三方錢幣鑒定的討論會。 Ron Guth 在會上介紹了第三方錢幣鑒定評級過程，這種經過評級的封殼鑒定幣早已在中國受到收藏家們的普遍歡迎。Guth 對 PCGS 的評級體係及評級政策等在會上作了簡要介紹。最為有趣的是，錢幣提交給 PCGS 進行評級的這一過程竟然被流程化了。Guth 的演講還包括一個有關 PCGS 錢幣評級流程的視頻播放。Guth 還透露

2007 年 11 月 25 日北京 Champion-PCGS 討論會場所，金粉世家倶樂部

中國是海外國家中最多提交錢幣給 PCGS 進行鑒定評級的國家，提交上去的錢幣多為中國錢幣。由於這方面的業務在 PCGS 的整個業務中佔了很大比例，而且還在不斷增長，因此 PCGS 一直在大中華地區（中國大陆及香港、澳門、臺灣地区）尋找對其產品相當熟悉的可以合作的收藏家或經銷商。冠軍拍賣是 PCGS 目前在大中華地區授權的首家也是唯一一家經銷商。經過授權的經銷商將會有特權，可以提供更加快速的鑒定評級服務，這對錢幣經銷商和拍賣行是特別重要的。 Bob Johnson 在會上講述了第三方評級鑒定服務在收藏方面的影響。他原本是打算講美國珍稀錢幣的。在過去幾年中，錢幣鑒定範圍已經擴展到了對普通錢幣、新發行幣及世界錢幣的鑒定。對收藏中國錢幣的收藏家來說，鑒定不僅僅是對錢幣提供評級，還提供了一項更加重要的服務——確保錢幣是真品。在過去的 10 年中，中國現代幣的贗品已經成為了一個很嚴重的問題。PCGS 和 NNC 這兩大主要錢幣鑒定服務商，向大家提供了一項保證，經他們評級的錢幣絕對是真品，如果是贗品，他們會買回錢幣。這次活動中的一些人在拍賣會上親眼見證

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2007 年 11 月 25 日北京 Champion-PCGS 錢幣討論會左起：Bob Johnson（NNC）、Ron Guth（PCGS）、周邁可（愛秀集團）、周建福（臺北）、Bruce Smith《東亞泉志》

Bruce Smith 在會上宣佈《東亞泉志》將重新出版，並且將會在《東亞泉志》（JEAN）網站上進行發佈，對收藏東方錢幣的收藏家提供服務。JEAN 網站有兩個功能：一是提供有關東亞錢幣方面的資訊；二是作為鏈結到其他相關錢幣網站的入口，例如各類錢幣協會、錢幣經銷商、拍賣會、非商業性錢幣網站等。網站的目的就是要

Column 專欄使 JEAN 成為收藏家或經銷商買賣錢幣或查詢資訊的首選網站。網站的大部分都是免費的，包括查閱《東亞泉志》當前及過去發行的所有期次。網站上還有一些收費服務，如搜索、報告及鑒定。Smith 還在會上介紹了 12 月 2 日冠軍香港拍賣會中將要拍賣的一些珍貴錢幣。這次活動在北京金粉世家俱樂部舉行。這是一個私人的媒體俱樂部，是以廣東強視製作的在中央電視臺收視率第一的著名電視連續劇《金粉世家》為背景來設計的。該俱樂部由上海愛秀和廣東強視共同投資創建。金粉世家俱樂部建於有 600 年歷史的尚存不多的 9 座皇家糧倉古建築群之南新倉。這是一個好地方，因為在亞洲傳統中糧食代表金錢或財富。參加此次討論會的客人包括：一些中國主要的錢幣經銷商、收藏家、中國兩大拍賣行 —— 中國嘉德國際拍賣有限公司、北京誠軒拍賣有限公司及中國金幣公司的代表。PCGS 為了紀念此次中國之行，還為參加此次活動的客人們帶來了禮物 —— 有美國 4 位總統肖像的 1 元鏡面鑄幣，封裝在為此次活動特製的盒子裏，數量為 200 枚，它們在此次活動中都被分發給客人了。

多珍稀錢幣在書中都附有大尺寸的彩圖。由於 Kalgan Shih 藏品中最好的錢幣都被展示出來了，而且存放錢幣的區域正在做一些調整，我們未能看到我們想看的所有錢幣。我們被護送到了地下室的一間小會議室，就在藏書量達 20000 冊的博物館圖書館隔壁。在這裏，戴上白色手套後，我們得以見到我們在月初提交給博物館的要求觀看的錢幣清單上所列的國民政府時代的錢幣。大多數均為壹圓幣，上面是各種各樣的袁世凱（如 Kann 672、644、663)、孫中山（K. 616、620、620k、 628) 頭像，還有一些是軍閥如張作霖（K. 686、687、 688) 的頭像。我們還見到了 3 枚 1856 年上海銀元（Kann 901-903)。我們要求看一些稀有的中國金銀幣，以便我們可以研究一下真品的特徵從而可以區別贗品。這些錢幣都是很古老的藏品。周先生告訴我們現代中國錢幣很多贗品都是在鄰省浙江省製造的。他還說銀錠的贗品是在河南省製造的。

參觀上海博物館錢幣館 11 月 28 日，美國錢幣經銷商、PCGS 世界錢幣顧問 Karl Stephens 以私人身份加入到我們當中，一起參觀了上海博物館。接待我們的是博物館錢幣部的周祥先生。上海博物館始建於 1952 年，原址在南京西路的舊跑馬總會。1959 年遷入到新址，新址在 20 年代的時候原是一幢銀行大樓。1995 年新的博物館在市中心的人民廣場建成並首次開放。博物館日常的開放時間為 9:00—17:00。中國歷代貨幣館位於博物館四樓，面積 730 平方米。展館的右面被分隔成了 2 個小房間用於展出特殊物品。其中一間展出的是施嘉幹（Kalgan Shih）收藏的中國現代幣，另一間展出的是杜維善和杜太太收藏的絲綢之路上的古貨幣。就在這些特別展館之外，正在播放一部短片，向人們展示鑄幣在古代是如何在粘土模子裏鑄成的。短片描述了研究者進行一些實驗性的鑄造，以便決定錢幣的鑄模要如何製造和使用。以前的博物館從未展出過任何錢幣，因此當錢幣館在 1996 年開放後，那是公眾才首次看到博物館收藏的硬幣和紙幣。周先生告訴我們 Kalgan Shih 的家人在“ 文化大革命”中紅衛兵抄家的時候將他的錢幣收藏都藏在了上海博物館，之後又轉移到了銀行保險庫。1998 年的時候，他們把錢幣全部捐贈給了上海博物館。周先生本人當時親自將這些收藏品從銀行金庫搬到上海博物館。2000 年的時候，博物館出版了一本有關這些藏品的書，英文書名是“Mr. Shi Jiagan's Collection of Chinese and Foreign Coins”，中文名《施嘉幹舊藏中外錢幣》。藏品中的很

2007 年 11 月 29 日上海博物館

位於上海博物館四樓的中國歷代貨幣館在私下參觀後，我們來到博物館四樓參觀。陳列中國歷代貨幣的櫥窗光線很充足，而且位於房間的中央，使大家可以清楚地看到錢幣的兩面。在機鑄幣中，有很多是銅幣，包括幾枚南京造幣廠鑄造的不同的大尺寸的樣幣。這些錢幣在西方從未見過，直到博物館錢幣部門的前主管孫仲匯在 1990 年出版了其中的一些錢幣。另一枚

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Column 專欄的中間隔着點的不完全的水準線組成。第一枚很顯然是 Kann 66，第二枚不是 Kann 66a 就是 66b，但是第三枚並沒有在 Kann 目錄中列出。為什麼使用這種奇怪的邊我們並不知道。

上海博物館四樓錢幣館

還有一個展覽展出的是有三種不同邊的 1914 年袁世凱像壹圓幣（Y329)——普通邊，“希臘邊”或交叉的 T 邊，以及一種像是魚骨邊形，雕刻的是凸起的齒齦和凸起的框架交互。第二種類型顯然是 Kann 651n，奇怪的是，這種邊在 1908 年北洋造壹圓銀幣上也有（見 kann 目錄第 90 頁）。第三種類型顯然是 Kann 651a，目錄上不完整的圓周應該是代表錢幣上雕刻的齒齦。相同的邊在銅幣中也有（Kann 651y)，2007 年 12 月冠軍香港拍賣會中的 49 號拍品就是這樣的，它賣到了 25000 美元。施嘉幹錢幣展覽中有超過 2 枚的錢幣有這種奇怪的邊。兩枚錢幣都有 1932 年才使用的實驗性的邊，這種邊並未用於流通。其中一枚錢幣有凸起的中文字，是中央

上海博物館貨幣印版稀世珍品是有寶泉局印記的鑄幣。這枚錢幣圖片首次出版是在彭信威的書《中國貨幣史》（1954，1965)。之後，在中國出版的其他目錄中也出現過。無人知道該幣是何時在何地鑄造的。另一枚神秘的鑄幣上有 Ku ( 或 Hu) 的造幣廠標記。它被列在了 Krause 的《世界硬幣標準目錄》，作為直隸 Taku 造幣廠鑄造。博物館將這個標記讀作“滬”，代表上海。我們還見到了一枚小型的中間有圓孔的山東省造鑄幣，一枚大型的中間是方孔的廣東省造 10 文鑄幣，一枚安徽省造中間為方孔的 10 文幣。博物館還藏有一枚 1906 年新疆省造一錢四分四厘的大清帝國係列的中間有 “淮”字的鑄幣——大約 1/2 至 1/3 的鑄幣都是已知的鑄幣。在展示的珍稀銀幣中，有兩枚是非常罕見的福建省造光緒元寶庫平七錢二分銀幣（Kann 124)，其中一枚來自 Kalgan Shih 的收藏，另一枚來自另一個收藏家。這種銀幣目前世上僅存在 6-8 枚珍品。還有兩枚非常罕見的銀幣是湖北省造七錢二分，龍的旁邊有中文“本省”二字（Kann 35），另有三枚是有不同邊的無日期的江南省造光緒元寶七錢二分銀幣——一枚是普通邊，一枚是 V 型邊（靠近 v 的地方有一個點），還有 1 枚的邊有一係列

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2007 年 11 月 28 日上海博物館，周詳接待左起：Karl Stephens、周邁可、Bob Johnson、周祥、 Ron Guth

2007 年 11 月 28 日參觀上海博物館：左起：Karl Stephens、Bob Johnson、周邁可、周祥、 Ron Guth

Column 專欄造幣廠的名字，文字之間以梅花相隔。另一枚有相同的文字，但是是壓印上去的，不是凸起的。兩枚錢幣的日期都是民國二十一年（1932 年），可能是 Kann 622y 和 Kann 628 中未列出的種類。施嘉幹錢幣展覽中還包括其他一些錢幣：一枚黑龍江三錢六分銅幣（Kann 584x)；貴州光緒十四年壹圓和半元（Kann 9 和 10)；山西 1925 年鎳幣（Kann 823)；湖北三分六厘鎳幣（Kann 816)；一套日期為 1936 年的七分二厘鎳幣，半身像的脖子旁或布泉下有單個中文字“平” （北京）或者“ 津”（天津）（Kann 840，841，846849)。施嘉幹的收藏中還包括 1926 年山東省造背面是龍和鳳的 10 元和 20 元鏡面金幣（K. 1535-1536）；一枚袁世凱高帽像壹圓金幣（K. 1558）；1867 年上海銀兩有光線（K. 912）；關平中外一兩銀幣樣幣（K. 925）。

2007 年 11 月 28 日 Champion-PCGS 討論會左起：Bob Johnson、Ron Guth、Karl Stephens

除了這些稀有的現代中國錢幣外，博物館還藏有很多古代的刀幣和布泉，很多的銅錢（包括 4 枚有西夏文字的西夏銅錢）、銀錠、紙鈔以及其他錢幣。有一面牆上展出的是金代 2 種不同紙鈔的印版，3 種元代 ( 蒙古）的印版，明朝 30 文和 50 文的印版，兩張真的元朝紙幣（500 文和二貫）。博物館的底樓是一家很大的書店和禮品店。很多錢幣類書籍這裏都有售，包括《中國古代紙鈔》，一本精裝大開本圖書，由接待我們的周祥先生寫作，有彩圖，其中一些是博物館收藏的紙鈔。還有一本有關錢幣展覽的彩色小手冊。不幸的是，博物館 20 多年前出版的《中國歷代貨幣大係》的兩個係列均己賣完了（11 或 12 冊，大尺寸，金色封皮），另一套 8 冊，大約 9×12 英寸大小，藍色封套。 11 月 28 日晚，一場僅受邀人士參加的 PCGS 討論會兼晚宴在上海一家餐館的包廂中舉行。參加的人多為上海的收藏家和錢幣經銷商。他們是來自臺灣的 David Ho，英華達公司總經理，他 3 周前在北京誠軒拍賣會上以 200000 美元買下了一枚福建官局造光緒元寳七錢二分銀幣，以 53000 美元買下了一枚 1900 年庚子京局製造光緒元寶庫平一錢四分四厘銀幣樣幣。他還想在冠軍香港拍賣會上買下相應的七分二厘銀幣。還有一位也是臺灣出生的，來自加州的美籍華人收藏家，過去 5 年裏他是購買中國現代幣的主要買家，他在冠軍香港拍賣會上將會出高價購買 1907 年庫平 1 兩金幣。另一位對中國現代幣很感興趣的收藏家是上海的錢幣經銷商桑國裔。桑先生一直在為一位重要的收藏家購買錢幣，他曾在 3 周前的北京拍賣會上出價競標後來以 575000 美元賣出的民國十六年張作霖大元帥背龍鳳紀念銀質試鑄樣幣。桑先生

2007 年 11 月 28 日 Champion-PCGS 討論會客人晚宴後看手相

將會在幾天後舉行的冠軍香港拍賣會上出價競標諸玉璞壹圓銀幣。另一些來自上海和臺灣的錢幣收藏家和經銷商圍坐在一起討論，他們都收到了 PGGS 為這次活動準備的有美國總統頭像的壹圓鏡面紀念幣。晚宴後，我們享受到了一些特別的樂趣。我們一位受邀客人的朋友似乎是一位業餘的會看手相的人。不少客人都找她看了手相，但是周邁可拒絕算命。

與上海造幣廠總監及錢幣博物館館長會面第二天我們和上海造幣廠的代表安排了一次會面。他們後來提出了一個很奇怪的要求—在我們下榻的酒店會面而不是造幣廠。他們解釋說這是因為造幣廠正在鑄造一種很神秘的錢幣，幣的設計還未公佈過，所以不能讓我們參觀造幣廠。我們後來知道這些“神秘”錢幣是中國奧運幣的第三個也是最後一個係列，它們 2 月份會在德國公諸於眾。我們和造幣廠營運總監及錢幣博物館的館長會了面，Ron 贈給了他們 PGGS 為此次旅程特別準備的有美國總統頭像的紀念幣。他們給我們看了造幣廠

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Column 專欄的照片，並介紹了造幣廠的一些主要歷史。他們注意到造幣廠的建築模仿了美國費城的造幣廠，並且美國造幣廠向 1933 年開始營運的原上海造幣廠提供了大部分的造幣設備及錢幣模。造幣廠鑄造的第一批錢幣是著名的“二帆三鳥” （Y344），以及未發行的“二帆三鳥”金本位（Kann 628-631)。兩種幣的日期均為 1932 年，雖然它們實際鑄造的日期為 1933 年。上海造幣廠，1928 年改名為上海中央造幣廠，是那時候起中國主要的造幣廠。1937 年日本攻擊上海的時候，造幣廠的設備被分解，一部分藏在了上海，剩餘的部分被轉移到了中國南部及西部各地，這些地方在戰爭期間都建立了造幣廠，並且都實際運營。根據 Kann 的目錄，這些造幣廠位於重慶、桂林、昆明、成都、武昌和蘭州。造幣廠僅在日本佔領區以外的地區生產流通的銅幣和鎳幣。戰後，設備歸還給了上海中央造幣廠，但是不可控制的通貨膨脹使得錢幣根本無法使用。1948 年，一種新的貨幣體係金元被引入到中國。確實有一枚錢幣以這種新的體係被鑄造，即 1948 年青銅 1 分（Y363)。第二年，上海中央造幣廠部分設備被運到了臺灣用以成立中央造幣廠。留下的設備則成為了今天的上海造幣有限公司最初的設備。造幣廠總監告訴我們他的父親也為上海造幣廠工作並且親眼見證了大量的銀錠被熔化用來鑄造孫中山像帆船壹圓幣。中華人民共和國發行的流通幣和紀念幣在上海造幣廠、瀋陽造幣廠（中國東北部）以及新的深圳國寶金幣製造廠（香港邊上）被鑄造。上海造幣廠曾有過一個錢幣收藏，後來這個收藏以及造幣廠的幣模都贈給了上海博物館。1990 年，造幣廠開始購買錢幣為它自己的博物館建立一個新的收藏。造幣廠代表提到的話題之一是有關近期對中國錢幣的偽造。事實上，他們剛從新加坡召開的一個有關的會議上回來，參加這個會議的代表還有上海博物館，中國錢幣學會和中國金幣總公司的代表。他們都非常關心這個問題，原因是今天偽造的高品質的贗品將會破壞真品的價值。因為沒有人可以確定他們買到的是一個真幣。而且這對錢幣市場將會有一個長遠的壞影響，它阻止人們收藏錢幣，使得造幣廠將來銷售紀念幣變得很困難。而且它對中國的國際形象也有影響。會議做出了何種決定，何種行動將會被採取，我們並不知道，但是我們從其他管道知道他們正在 eBay 及其他網站上非常仔細地尋找這些數量巨大的中國假幣。銷售這些假幣的賣家大部分都在中國和新加坡。

參觀上海雲洲古玩城會面結束後，我們一行人參觀了上海南部的雲洲郵幣卡古玩市場。雲洲市場是一幢 6 層樓的建築，裏面都

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是賣古玩和收藏品的商店。高級一點的錢幣商店大部分在三樓和四樓。二樓主要是賣郵票的商店。六樓主要是一些賣硬幣和紙幣的小經銷商，他們中的大部分僅僅是在一個貨攤裏面有 1-2 個櫃檯。價格和品質普遍比較低，但是我們有幸在一間店鋪裏發現一些好東西。這裏有大量的紙鈔供應，就跟在北京及香港的錢幣市場一樣。大部分的店家都來自上海，也有一些臺灣經銷商在雲洲開店，包括長期從事錢幣生意的陳吉茂和周建福（福君郵幣社）。這兩家店鋪主要銷售中國現代幣。如果想要購買古幣、銅錢、紙幣和其他一些東西，則必須要到六樓。六樓的一些經銷商還賣一些錢幣學書籍。

2007 年 11 月 29 日上海福君郵幣社

香港錢幣協會

12 月 1 日，在香港我們 5 人 ——Ron Guth、Bob Johnson、Karl Stephens、Bruce Smith 和周邁可組成了新的團隊。整個早上和下午我們都在為拍賣會舉辦的錢幣預展忙碌着，正式的拍賣會則會於第二天在香港九龍的金域假日酒店舉辦。40 多位競標者登記參加這次拍賣會，多數來自中國大陆、臺灣和香港。此外，大約還有 50 位左右的競標者在 Ebay LiveAuction 上登記參加我們的拍賣會。這是首次 Ebay LiveAuction 在香港舉辦。那天晚上，我們一行人還參加了香港錢幣研究會（HKNS) 的一個會議。HKNS 已經成立 30 多年了。在過去 20 年或更久，馬德和先生一直是該研究會的會長。馬先生也是香港最大的錢幣經銷商之一，曾到我們的酒店與我們會面。我們乘坐地鐵去參加了會議。會議每月的第一個週六在港島中心的一個樓上的餐館的包廂裏舉行。會議在晚上舉行，包括拍賣會和晚宴，有時候會議甚至持續到晚上 11 點。我們大約晚上 7 點到那裏，已經有 40 多名會員在場了——對於今天的錢幣俱樂部來說，這一數字算很好了。

Column 專欄

2007 年 12 月 1 日香港天星小輪左起：Bob Johnson 、 Ron Guth、周邁可、Karl Stephens

2007 年 12 月 1 日香港地鐵左起：Bob Johnson、周邁可、Ron Guth、馬德和（香港錢幣研究會）、Karl Stephens

在會員看完我們拍賣會的錢幣後，馬會長宣佈會議開始，並向大家介紹了我們。事實上，Bruce Smith 從 80 年代中開始就一直是該研究會的終身會員，雖然他在 1989 年之後再也未踏足香港。Ron Guth 講了一些關於中國錢幣贗品方面的問題以及鑒定幣在中國市場中的重要性。接着他還拿出了很多 PCGS 紀念幣給會員。在一些聲明之後，拍賣會正式開始。大多數的拍品都是香港紙鈔。在會員鑒賞拍品的時候，我們注意到很多紙鈔被放到燈光下檢測等級。Ron Guth 當時心情很好，也加入到競拍中來，雖然他當時根本沒有看過這些拍品也不知道他到底在拍什麼東西。他拍到了一個物品，大家都覺得很好玩。他現在已經擁有 4 枚上面是婦女擺着有傷風化的姿勢的銀幣了。之後，我們跟大家道了別，離開了會議室。

2007 年冠軍香港拍賣會 12 月 2 日周日，冠軍香港拍賣會正式開拍。登記參加此次拍賣會的 40 多位競標者多是來自中國大陸、臺灣、香港及日本的錢幣收藏家、經銷商及中國地區的拍賣行。

2007 年 12 月 1 日香港錢幣研究會會議

2007 年 12 月 1 日金域假日酒店錢幣預展

2007 年 12 月 1 日香港拍賣會預展，北京誠軒左京華（左二）和王雅潔北京誠軒拍賣公司的左京華女士和王雅潔小姐以及香港亞太拍賣行的 Simon Cheng 均出席了此次拍賣會。幾年前在臺灣幫助創辦著名的張秀青錢幣收藏的臺灣錢幣經銷商陳吉茂，在拍賣會上表現活躍，但是他出價的此次拍賣會最吸引人的 3 枚拍品均被別人贏得 —— 清朝寳泉局當千雕母、1907 年大清金幣庫平一兩以及 1927 年褚

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Column 專欄

2007 年 12 月 2 日冠軍香港拍賣會

玉璞壹圓銀質樣幣。來自臺灣南部的一位重要收藏家，曾在上月的中國嘉德拍賣會上以 210000 美元拍得一枚明朝銀錠，這次冠軍拍賣會上準備為一枚四川七錢二分銀幣開出創紀錄的價格。 Ron Guth，PCGS ( 專業錢幣評級服務公司）主席，

主持了此次拍賣會。Guth 在拍賣前的講話中說道他今天並非代表 PCGS 而是以私人身份主持此次拍賣會。冠軍拍賣除了是 PCGS 授權的經銷商外，與 PCGS 並無其他聯繫。這次 2007 年冠軍拍賣會上的最大亮點當屬 1853 年的當千雕母。57 號拍品是一枚手工雕刻的北京寶泉局當千雕母。該枚拍品並不是一般的稀有的雕母（也稱母錢），而是極其稀有的祖錢。此枚拍品由精緻黃銅手工雕刻，不僅僅是一枚極其珍稀及重要的硬幣，還是一件中國藝術品。這枚拍品相信是來自 A. M. Tracey Woodward 的藏品，之前從未在市場上出現過。相信僅有 3-4 枚這樣的雕母存於世上，這枚相信是已知的這種雕母中品相最好的。美國一流的中國錢幣鑒定專家曾澤祿醫生曾仔細的檢查過這枚雕母，認為這是他在中國博物館以外見到的首枚當千雕母。此枚雕母估價 $ 30000—50000 美元。經過拍賣現場的競標者及 Ebay LiveAuction 上的一位競標者的一番競爭後，最後該枚雕母被 eBay 上的競標者以 103500 美元（此價格已包含 15% 的手續費）拍得。這是中國雕母錢到目前為止拍到過的最高價格。第 62 號拍品是已知的褚玉璞像銀質樣幣中品相最好的（Kann 690)。這枚拍品打模極深，光澤完美，品相甚佳，可能是贈品並且是首批鑄幣之一。這枚紀念幣的正面是將軍身着制服、戴着高帽的半身像，反面是交叉的旗幟，日期是民國十六年（1927 年）四月七日，相信是慶祝諸玉璞成為直隸（河北）省長一周年的紀念。諸深受人民痛恨，1929 年被活埋。該幣委託人購買於 1960 年，估價為 25000-30000 美元，最後由一位中國大陆收藏家以 57500 美元拍到。

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1907 年光绪丁未年造大清金币庫平一兩（79 號拍品）是最早期的富有藝術感的中國金幣之一，Kann 將這枚錢幣（K. 1541) 作為未發行的樣幣。但是在 1907 年的春天，寶泉局和天津造幣廠的主管宣稱要鑄造流通的金幣。這個決定在 1907 年 6 月的美國領事報告上有記錄，但是金幣真的進入流通領域是不可能的，因為今天存世的量非常少。這次拍賣會上的這枚拍品是在 20 年前從香港的一家錢幣公司購買的，後來交到 NGC 進行了評級鑒定。因此，這是唯一一枚 NGC 或 PCGS 評級過的 1907 年 1 兩金幣。該枚拍品的競價主要是在一位臺灣經銷商及一位美籍華裔收藏家之間進行，後者最後以創紀錄的價格 97750 美兀贏得該拍品。庚子京局製造光緒元寶鏡面七分二厘銀幣（87 號拍品）是一枚非常著名且富有爭議的錢幣，它是一套 1900 年北京造幣廠鑄造的有中文字的 5 枚銀幣的一部分。最好的證據就是這一係列中的七分二厘、一錢四分四厘都是 1900 年上半年在北京造幣廠鑄造，而那時造幣廠還未完全建成。1900 年夏天義和團之亂中，造幣廠被掠奪而毀壞了。之後，這套錢幣的鑄模被上海的一位錢幣商獲得。他在 20 世紀 40 年代用這些鑄模重鑄過這一係列的錢幣。Kann 說這些鑄模是在德國製造的，但是另一些人則認為它們是在英國由 WiIliam Wyon 製造的。Wyon 一家都是造幣廠的主管及鑄模雕刻師。所有的北京鑄幣，不管是原始的還是重鑄的，在今天都非常稀有。該枚拍品相信是在英國鑄造，在鑄模運到中國之前。PCGS 評級為 Proof 64。這枚七分二厘北京鏡面幣 (Kann236) 估價為 10000 美元，最後拍到了 25300 美元。冠軍拍賣會的第 92 號拍品是 1898 年四川省造光緒元寶七錢二分銀幣（Y238，kann 145)。它被 PGGS 評為 MS64，這是 PGGS 或 NGC 評級過最好的一枚。第二位的是一枚被 NGC 評級為 MS62 的錢幣，曾在 2004 年的冠軍拍賣會上被拍賣掉，並在 2007 年 9 月香港拍賣會上以 11500 美元再次被賣出。Kann 目錄對四川錢幣的年代測定和排序是不正確的，Kann 145 的這枚錢幣實際上是四川製造的第一枚七錢二分錢幣。試鑄幣是由美國新澤西州 Bridgeton 市的 Ferracute 公司鑄造的，使用的鑄模是 1897 年由費城造幣廠打造的。1897 年 8 月 14 日出版的 Harpers 週刊上公佈了一張這枚錢幣的照片。造幣的設備和模具於 1898 年運到四川的成都，但是模具在一場洪水中鏽壞了，不得不重新更換。隨後在 1901 年或是 1902 年，鑄幣廠關閉了。當它重開的時候，繼續使用從費城更換回來的模具鑄造錢幣。現在拍的這一枚錢幣可能是在 Bridgeton 或者費城鑄造的試鑄幣，它可能是由運到中國之前的原始模具所鑄，或是由後來更換回來的模具所鑄。這是四川省鑄造的第一枚現代錢幣，它的估價在 3000-5000 美元，但是最後竟以一個驚人的價格 36800 美元賣出，因為它是這種錢幣中品相最好的（PCGS

Column 專欄 MS64)，該種錢幣的完全未使用品極其少見。這個價格也創下了該種錢幣的最高價格紀錄。競價主要是在一位臺灣收藏家和一位中國大陸收藏家之間進行。最後中國大陸的收藏家得標。 49 號拍品是 1914 年袁世凱像壹圓銅質錢幣中非常罕見的版本，它有着不同尋常的邊緣（Kann 651y)。它的邊緣不是一般錢幣那樣是磨邊或是凹邊的，而是仿照 19 世紀墨西哥錢幣的邊緣設計成魚骨或是拉鏈的形狀。這枚特別的錢幣來自 Kann 和 Goodman 的藏品，並帶有 1971 年 Kann 拍賣會的原裝封套和 1991 年 Goodman 拍賣會的標籤。在 1996 年的冠軍拍賣會上曾經拍賣過一枚相似的銅質錢幣，但是邊緣是光邊的，售價 6000 美元。這枚極美的錢幣估價在 3000-5000 美元，在此次拍賣會上以 25300 美元賣出。另外兩枚袁世凱金幣也賣到了很高的價格。第一枚是 1914 年 5 元金質飛龍幣（Kann 1517)，PGGS 評級為 SP58，在拍賣會上拍到了 12075 美元。另一枚是 1919 年 20 元金幣（Kann 1530)，NGC 評級為 MS63，拍賣會上賣到了 9200 美元。 91 號拍品是未標注日期的 1890 年廣東鏡面庫平七錢二分銀幣（Y203；Kann 26）。這枚錢幣實際上是在英國伯明罕喜敦造幣廠鑄造的，它是造幣廠作為參考的樣幣，或是少數幾套為這家造幣廠生產的鏡面錢幣中的一枚。這枚錢幣被 PCGS 評級為 Proof 63—— 這是他們給同類錢幣評過的最高級別。廣東省廣州造幣廠是完全由喜敦造幣廠提供的高級設備裝配起來的。它在當時是世界上最大的造幣廠，有大約 100 台造幣機。比較而言，費城的美國造幣廠當時只有不到 20 台造幣機。這是一枚保存極好、在中國錢幣史上非常有名的錢幣，它的售價估計 3000-5000 美元，最終在拍賣會上賣到了 9200 美元。拍賣會的前 48 枚拍品包含了來自 Frank M. Rose 收藏的戳記錢幣。Rose 藏品的第一部分來自 90 年代中期《東亞泉志》（JEAN) 的一個小型拍賣會以及冠軍拍賣在 1996-1997 期間舉辦的拍賣會上。這部分錢幣不知道被錯放在什麼地方，“失蹤”了 10 年。它們這次被重新找到，對戳記錢幣收藏家來說無疑是一件激動人心的事情。3 件拍品在這次拍賣會上創下了銷售紀錄。第 25 號拍品是一枚 1932 年孫中山像背二帆三鳥戳記幣，拍到了 1680 美元——這一價格遠遠要高於沒有戳記的此種錢幣。第 37 號拍品是一枚 1820 年墨西哥薩卡特卡斯（墨西哥中部一州及該州的首府）造幣廠的 8 real ( 裡爾，為西班牙銀幣之貨幣單位），上面有 4 個戳記，並被印在拍賣目錄的封面上。該錢幣非常罕見，拍賣會上賣到了 1320 美元。第 39 號拍品也賣到了這個價格，這是一枚 1866 年墨西哥皇帝 Maximi Ilian 發行的比索（貨幣單位），上面有兩個大的戳記。

這 3 枚拍品都賣給了一位美國的戳記幣收藏家，僅有一枚被 eBay Liveauction 上的買家買走。2007 年冠軍香港拍賣會上有一件珍貴拍品並沒有賣出去，這使大家都很驚訝。第 56 號拍品是世上僅知的唯一一套喜敦造幣廠的樣幣。這套樣幣由 20 枚硬幣組成，喜敦造幣廠的代理人將它展示給全球各種造幣廠看。銷售人員則用它來尋找其他造幣廠，與他們簽訂提供錢幣鑄模或造幣機器或為他們造幣的合同。這套樣幣包括 20 枚使用喜敦造幣廠自製的鋼模為以下國家鑄造的試鑄幣，這些國家是中國、泰國、印度、伊朗、尼泊爾、沙烏地阿拉伯和摩洛哥。所有的樣幣都是由白色金屬所鑄的單面鑄幣，背面空白是為了防止錢幣外流。這套樣幣中最有價值的一枚是浙江省造壹圓樣幣，浙江兩個字是用 CHE-KIANG 拼寫的。此枚錢幣從來沒有鑄造過流通幣，只有樣幣存世，Kann 目錄中的編號是 K.119-I。僅有 2-3 枚已知的壹圓樣幣是銀質的，在今天可以賣到大約 200 萬人民幣。Kann 沒有記錄過用白色金屬鑄造的此種樣幣，但是有一枚曾經在 1996 年的冠軍香港拍賣會上賣到了 48000 美元。這枚樣幣後來又出現在了 2006 年 11 月北京誠軒拍賣會上作為浙江套幣的一部分賣到了 RMB 1870000。Kann 有關中國銀幣的藏品中也不包括這套樣幣中的任何一枚錢幣（這套樣幣中還包含 5 分，10 分，20 分，但是沒有 50 分），有圖片的壹圓樣幣僅僅是拓品。這套樣幣中的其他樣幣還包括 7 枚泰國樣幣，3 枚尼泊爾樣幣，2 枚沙烏地阿拉伯樣幣，1 枚摩洛哥樣幣，1 枚未發行過的伊朗金幣，4 枚印度獎章以及一枚從未鑄造流通的浙江 10 文。套幣中大部分樣幣的日期是 18901910 年，日期最近的一枚是 20 世紀 20 年代的。喜敦造幣廠位於英國的伯明罕，從 19 世紀 50 年代開始一直到 20 世紀 60 年代，為很多國家生產硬幣、鑄幣機器及實際的鑄幣。喜敦造幣廠是為中國提供鑄模及鑄幣機器的主要供應商，同時還為中國以下省份提供鑄幣，它們是浙江、湖南、湖北、江南、廣東、陝西。這套樣幣 1992 年在英國倫敦通過私人交易賣給了 Irving Goodman。後來在 1995 年 5 月美國的 Goodman 拍賣會上首次出現。這次小型拍賣會僅有 328 件拍品，是冠軍拍賣在香港舉辦的第 4 次拍賣會，第一次是在 10 年前。 2006 年，冠軍拍賣與北京誠軒拍賣有限公司合作在中國舉辦了一次 eBay Liveauction 拍賣會。想要瞭解更多的資訊或拍賣委託事宜，請訪問冠軍拍賣的網站 WWW.cghka.com 或聯繫冠軍拍賣的創建人周邁可。Email：championghka@ gmail.com，郵寄地址：周邁可，iAsure Champion, Room 907 Silvercord Tower 2,30 Canton Road, Tsim Sha Tsui, Kowloon.

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Column 專欄臺灣之行在香港拜訪了馬先生之後，Ron Guth 和 Bob Johnson 返回美國。接下來的兩天 Karl Stephens，Bruce Smith 和周邁可去了臺北，臺灣的首府及錢幣中心。在那裏我們又遇到了周建福，福君郵幣社的所有者及臺北市集幣協會理事長。臺北市集幣協會是臺灣同類組織中歷史最悠久的，明年（指 2008 年 —— 編者注）將慶祝其成立 30 周年。他們出版了一份年刊叫做“臺北市集幣會刊”。我們注意到臺灣現在流通的最低面額的鈔票是 100 元，有趣的是同樣的顏色被用在了中國大陸面額最高的鈔票——100 元上，兩者都使用紅色。 2007 年 12 月 4 日中華錢幣協會左起：周建福（福君）、陳文濤、洪子林、 Karl Stephens、周邁可、Bruce Smith

2007 年 12 月 4 日臺北福君郵幣社

我們再一次拜訪坐落於臺北市延平南路，附近是 3、 4 家其他錢幣店的周先生的錢幣店，主要目的就是想看一下他收藏的中國假錢幣，並且學習如何區分真假錢幣。我們看到的一些贗品是幾年前臺灣製造的，包括老公銀餅 (Kann 1)、如意銀餅（Kann2)、筆寶銀餅 (Kann 4) 及漳州軍餉銀元（Kann 5-7)。所有這些錢幣最初都是 18301850 期間在臺灣及鄰省福建省鑄造。著名的 1928 年貴州汽車壹圓银币的高品質仿製品也是幾年前在臺灣鑄造的。周先生告訴我們，真正的問題是來自上海市場的高品質的仿製品。這些仿製品並非通過模具澆鑄 —— 過去仿製品鑄造的方式，而是通過仿造的模具鑄造，這些仿造的模具使用最先進的技術從真幣複製而來。周先生剛從上海（在那裏他也有一個錢幣店）回來，他在上海一直進行着贗品方面的研究。Karl Stephens 帶來了一些有關中國假錢幣的照片。照片上的錢幣均為餐盤大小，照片被放大過，Karl 和周就尋找真品和贗品的標記進行了一番討論。周先生向我們指出一些假錢幣中還包括 1903 年中文面沒有花紋的江南七錢二分（Kann 96c)。這是一種很罕見的錢幣（收錄於 Krause《世界硬幣標準目錄》Y145a. 11)，但是我們所看見的這枚錢幣是使用很常見的帶花紋圖案的錢幣去除花紋後加工而成的品種。周先生指出中

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2007 年 12 月 4 日中華錢幣協會陳文濤、洪子林（右）

文數字了在這兩種錢幣上有所不同，而這就是辨認假幣的方法。周先生還向我們展示了一枚品質極好的 1914 年甘肅省造袁世凱像壹圓（Y407；K. 759）。真的鑄幣打模較淺且鑄造得不是很精美級別也不高。但是在此例中，贗品的品質要比正品還要好。我們還看到一枚光邊的老舊的 1856 年上海銀元（Kann 900-910) 贗品。真品的邊應是“之”字形。老舊的贗品有時是光邊或普通的凹邊。周先生向我們出示的另一件贗品是正面為孫中山頭像，背面為帆船，日期卻為民國二十四年的壹圓樣幣。這枚錢幣是通過在民國二十二或二十三年出產的普通的壹圓帆船幣上改變日期而鑄造成。周先生提及的另一個技巧有關 1907 年的大清帝國七錢二分 (Kann 212)。他注意到真幣上的英文“Ch' ing”中有一點，假的沒有。

看過這些假錢幣之後，周先生走開了幾分鐘，再返回時帶來了一些別的東西給我們。他帶來了 2 個鋼模，是 1914 年袁世凱像壹圓幣正反面的鋼模，以及一個可將錢幣正反面合在一起並在錢幣邊緣刻上花紋的鋼圈。袁世凱像壹圓幣的模具時有發現，但大多數模具並不成對，也從未有鋼圈在一起。

Column 專欄會者都在包間另一頭的一張大圓桌上享用了一頓美味的中餐。在那裏我們將為此次旅行特製的最後一批 PCGS 總統頭像紀念幣分發給大家。

東京交通會館錢幣展

2007 年 12 月 5 日周建福、Karl Stephens（左）

那晚周先生在一家坐落於山腳下懷舊情調的臺灣鄉村酒家設宴款待我們。餐後我們驅車登上山頂，臺北的至高點，觀賞臺北夜景，風景很美，但是一場冰冷的細雨縮短了我們的行程，我們折回了酒店。

第二天我們訪問了同在臺北位於福君郵幣社拐角處的中華錢幣協會。協會的現任會長陳文濤，以及前任會長洪子林接待了我們。該協會成立於 1995 年且出版了一份年刊。陳老贈送給我們一整套協會過去出版的期刊，這對 Bruce Smith 建立的有關中國錢幣的圖書館來說是非常珍貴的。陳現已退休，曾是臺灣燈具公司主席，他資助過協會的很多專案，包括贊助協會訪問中國大陸的中國錢幣學會。洪先生還擔任過好幾屆臺北市集幣協會理事長職務。之所以存在臺北和中華兩家協會，是因為臺北協會需要官員及董事會成員住在臺北且其所有會議都在臺北舉行。中華協會則無此限制，其會議可在臺灣不同地區舉辦。陳和洪合著了新近出版的臺灣彩票目錄。這些有趣的彩票，許多看上去像鈔票。自 40 年代晚期到 50 年代早期，都是連續發行並且是連號的。目錄中每一張彩票都有彩色插圖——超過 1100 彩圖！陳老贈送給我們兩本目錄並題了字。陳老目前專注於收藏中國紙鈔，但是在 80 年代的時候，他卻熱衷於收藏新疆錢幣。我們跟他約定當我們在下週一重返臺灣時，看一下他的新疆錢幣。之後陳老在附近一家古老的日本餐廳款待我們一行。在啤酒和日本米酒飲完之後，我們已經記不清吃了多少碟菜了，但都很好吃。那天晚上我們參觀了位於 King Plaza 大廈的南京路錢幣市場，大樓的一、二層是錢幣和郵票商店。大樓坐落于臺北南京西路和重慶北路那裏，包含有賓王飯店。在錢幣店轉了一圈後我們上了樓，我們在那裏的一家餐廳為 PGGS 評級討論會預訂了一個私人包間。儘管這次只有 Karl Stephens 代表 PCGS。Karl 是 PGGS 的顧問，是 PCGS 外國錢幣評級員中的一位。討論會後，每一位與

Karl Stephens 從臺灣回美國了，但 Bruce Smith 及周邁可為了日本交通會館錢幣展去了東京。12 月 6 日星期四，經過一個短途飛行，及一個長時間的火車旅途，我們參觀了位於東京東北部的 Herb Cook 的錢幣店。 Herbert J. Cook 是一位在日本從事錢幣生意 30 多年的美國人。他目前以 Arrow International (coins@arrowtokyo. com) 的名義開展業務，但先前曾與已故的 Michael Cummings 及 Olympic Coin Galleries 有業務聯繫。在那之前他為美國陸軍出版的報紙“Stars & Stripes”（星條旗）工作。Herb 是 Japanese Numismatic Dealers Association (JNDA，日本錢幣經銷商協會）中唯一一位外籍會員。但是我們抵達後發現了另一位在那的美國錢幣經銷商，來自聖地牙哥的 Jerry Wojtas，公司名為 Kosen Gallery。 Jerry 在日本已經住了很多年，然後移民到加州，現在他在那裏通過 Ebay 網銷售亞洲錢幣。他們倆都參加了週末的東京錢幣展並且正在為展覽做準備。在 Herb 的店鋪中， Bruce 察看了 Michael Cummings 的圖書館並為他自己的圖書館購買了一些資料。這次交通會館錢幣展在東京著名的銀座購物區的交通會館 12 樓舉辦。“銀座”這個詞與 18、19 世紀該地區的古老的銀幣造幣廠有關，造幣廠靠近皇宮。每年在這一地方會舉辦 3 個展覽。JNDA 錢幣展覽、郵票俱樂部展覽及一個商業展覽。儘管所有這些展覽都是相同的經銷商和相同的展品，但它仍是日本歷史最悠久和最重要的錢幣展，已經舉辦了 30 多年。由於不間斷的人流觀展以致經銷商們在週五及週六整天忙碌。週五上午 11:30 步出電梯時，我們驚奇地發現有 50 至 100 人在排隊等候觀展。排在前面的若干人可得到一張優惠券領取一張免費的、完全未使用的 100 日元鈔票。這種 100 日元鈔票從未流通過；現在日本最低面額的鈔票為 1000 日元，但是有 1 元至 500 日元的硬幣流通使用。展覽佔用了 3 個房間，相當於整個 12 樓的一半。與美國錢幣展不同，這裏的大多數經銷商都使用一個或多個在錢幣店中才使用的齊腰高的玻璃展示櫃。有趣的是，最有價值的物品經常被放在展架底部而不是頂部。對於從未到過日本的 Bruce 而言，本次展覽使他眼界大開。至少有一打的日本國家銀行發行的鈔票，成打的 silver chogin 和硬幣，至少 150 個 gold oban 和 koban 可供購買所有這些東西在西方市場每年僅有一次在拍賣會上出現。

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Column 專欄

2007 年 12 月 7 日東京交通會館錢幣展

2007 年 12 月 7 日東京 Display of Japanese Oban and Koban

2007 年 12 月 7 日東京交通會館錢幣展會現場

2007 年 12 月 7 日 Herb Cook 和他的夫人

會上還有很多 18、19 世紀的 hansatsu 鈔票，其中最便宜的標價僅為 1500 日元（約 15 美元）。我們還看到數百件的日本護身符或 esen，以及一些小件的現代的紀念品，能來自日本寺廟，許多是根據舊錢幣設計的。很多經銷商專注於郵票或電話卡，還有一些則擁有幾百張舊的有圖畫的明星片 —— 大多數出自二戰前。除了來自

加州的 Jerry Woitas 和來自香港的 Anthony Lee，其他經銷商都來自日本。 Anthony “Tony” Lee 在港島經營了一家錢幣店。他從 80 年代起就從事錢幣業，出版過很多關於香港錢幣的小冊子及有關香港電話卡及地鐵票的目錄。今年（指 2007 年，下同。 —— 編者注）他出版了新版的（2008 版）“Hong Kong Coins Guide”（《香港錢幣指南》)，和另一本名為“The Precious”（“《珍品》）的關於港幣歷史的書籍。2008 版的錢幣目錄包括了很多大陸和香港的代幣，其中有兩枚香港代幣之前從未出版過。一枚是有壓鑄圖案的銅製電話用代幣，另一枚是 1935 年銅鎳巴士代幣。Tony 告訴我們他計畫出版一本有關中國大陸

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及香港代幣的目錄。以下方式可以聯繫到 Tony，email： NCCLHK@yahoo.com.hk。東京錢幣展上有不少錢幣學書籍可供購買，但價格相當昂貴。最新版的有關日本硬幣及紙幣的 JNDA 目錄，還是一個小型平裝本，就要 1500 日元（約 15 美元 )。日本或中國鑄幣目錄的價格為 40 到 60 美元。我們發現了一本再版的四卷的經典著作“Showa Senpu”（首次發行於 30 年代），定價 400 美元。此次錢幣展覽最奇怪的一幕是展覽入口處右邊的一個小的被簾子遮住的私密展櫃。此櫃供那些想在展會上賣東西的人們使用。他們直接步入這個櫃檯，展會的經銷商們會輪流來到這裏。擺放這個櫃檯的目的是為了以低價位從公眾那裏購得物品，然後在週一展覽會結束後，經銷商們就可以對那些已被購買的物品進行出價。在這一體係下，賣家不必從一張檯子走到另一張檯子讓人出價，而經銷商們也不必在繁忙的展覽中轉移注意力去購買東西。

Column 專欄第二天，展覽會的拍賣會在 3 樓舉行。拍賣會在 Auction-Net 的操作下進行，拍賣目錄十分簡單，只有黑白照片。拍賣的第一部分是世界錢幣，看上去不會賣得很好。接着是中國古錢幣、中國機製幣，然後是日本錢幣。拍賣會上也有不少日本母錢，包括一串 400 枚的母錢目錄上有列出。Bruce Smith 看了一下這個拍品，認為它們看上去像是普通的 Kanei Tsuho 錢幣。拍賣會上還有很多有待商榷的中國鑄幣，據說是由一位以專門在 Ebay 網上出售中國假幣而聞名的新加坡經銷商委託拍賣的。拍賣會全程使用日文，而且還沒有熒幕顯示現在正在拍賣哪個拍品。因此除非你懂日文，否則你無法跟上拍賣進程，甚至不知道哪個拍品正在競拍中。當天展會結束後，Jerry、Herb、周邁可和 Bruce Smith 去附近的餐廳共進晚餐。我們瞭解到幾枚日本明治及明治以後的金幣價格降了下來，原因是政府賣掉了 MacArthur 在二戰末強佔的那些金幣。這些金幣後來返還給了日本政府，被珍藏了 50 年。這些金幣將在 5 大公開拍賣會上被賣出，其中有 3 個拍賣會已經舉辦過了。這些拍賣會同時也在 Yahoo 網站上舉辦 —— 因為在日本沒有 eBay。我們還瞭解到 2008 年 2 月在東京一家紙張博物館將會舉行一個小型（21 位經銷商）的紙幣展。我們討論的另一個話題是有關那些已經不在的人。 Michael Cummings，英文版 catalog of modern Japanese coins 作者，數年前辭世。丁張弓良女士，中國紙幣專家，《中國軍用票圖錄》作者，于 2003 年辭世。而在今年，依利諾伊斯州的錢幣經銷商 Steve Eyer 辭世，西華盛頓大學的 Ed Kaplan 也辭世了，他出版了彭信威所著的《中國貨幣史》（1954 年發行第一版）的英譯本“A Monetary History of China”。我們還瞭解到長期收集日本錢幣的收藏家 Fred Thomas 目前因患有嚴重疾病而臥床不起。大多數舊時日本錢幣經銷商都已經故去，他們的事業現在都由其孩子經營。Taisei 錢幣店的所有權目前屬於一家銀行，而且僅在小範圍內進行運作。展覽會上傳出了一個令人悲傷的消息 ——週六下午一位年長的日本收藏家倒在了一個經銷商的展櫃旁。護理人員趕到後將其用急救床帶走。我們尚不知道他是否醒了過來，但這也許是一位嚴謹的收藏家辭世的最佳方式 —— 在欣賞錢幣中辭世。

在臺北結束我們的錢幣旅程 12 月 10 日周邁可和 Bruce Smith 再次來到臺北 , 按照之前的計畫與陳文濤和洪子林見面。洪先生拿出了一些假錢幣給我們看，包括一枚帶有廣東鑄幣廠記號的大清帝國當二十。這種硬幣是不存在的。這枚是將其他鑄幣廠記號變成了廣東的“粵”。另一枚是日本銀元的真品，但是其日期已由常見的明治四十五年被改為罕見的四十一年。洪還給我們看了兩枚用黑木雕刻而成的“錢幣”。第一枚是正面有“順治通寶”（清朝第一位皇帝， 1644-1661 年在位）幾個字的大型幣。反面錢孔上方有一個“十”字，右方則是“壹兩”兩個字。這種反面設計在一些明朝的錢幣中有使用，但順治皇帝的“順治通寶” 上並不使用這種設計。另一枚是直徑 37mm 的元朝“至正通寶”錢幣，反面錢孔上方是一圈蒙古文字。而這些木質錢幣到底是什麼尚未確定。接着我們鑒賞了一些陳文濤先生收藏的新疆銀幣。1980 年以前這些硬幣是非常稀少的，因為他的收藏中正好有幾枚新疆銀質或銅質硬幣，從而使他成為著名收藏家。但是到了 80 年代早期，大量的新疆銀幣及銅錢充斥香港市場。在 1984 年香港錢幣展上，有經銷商帶來了滿滿一桶新疆銀幣，特別是當五錢。由於此次錢幣的大量湧現，許多新的錢幣種類被發現了，並且在多種書籍和文章中登記造冊。引起我們觀注的一件有趣的事是，在這一堆硬幣中有至少 3 枚是在其他新疆當五錢的基礎上鑄造的。為什麼要這樣做無人知曉。當我們要離去的時候，陳文濤先生讓我們再稍等片刻。因為中華錢幣協會今年發行的刊物馬上就送到。就在中午之前，數箱刊物從印刷廠被直接送來了。我們收到了今年分發的前兩本刊物，為此我們感謝了陳先生。我們還感謝了這兩位朋友為我們提供很多他們的收藏品給我們鑒賞。這是一個令人愉快的早晨，但我們馬上就要趕飛機返回我們上海的辦公室。在過去兩周內，我們欣賞到了許多錢幣，有真有假，幸會了許多中國大陸、香港、臺北、東京的收藏家經銷商和官員。很快 Bruce Smith 就要回美國並且要開始為《東亞泉志》（JEAN) 工作。這份新的雜誌可在 JEAN 網站 www.dongya.info 上免費閱讀。除了雜誌外，網站還包含有許多其他相關資訊，

JEAN 的過期刊物，以及可轉到拍賣行、錢幣經銷商、博物館、造幣廠還有其他一些與東亞錢幣有關的的網站的鏈結。這個網站預期於 2008 年 1 月上線。

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TOP CHINESE COINS 2nd Edition 《中國近代機制幣精品鑒賞》第二版 Price( 售價 )：US $100 Plus Postage( 不含郵費 )

In June 2010, Top Chinese Coins Vol. 1 was published by iAsure Group and the The Journal of East Asian Numismatics (JEAN). Top Chinese Coins Vol. 1 offers an in-depth summary of the final results from the Top Chinese Coins Survey, a landmark event held in winter 2009 to search for the 10 most valuable Chinese struck coins. Coins submitted for review were judged by their rarity, historical importance, artistic appeal, condition, market value and group identity. The deluxe bound book offered details on the Top Chinese Coins Survey as well as high-quality pictures, price trends, degrees of rarity and historical context of the 60 top Modern Chinese Coins.

Top Chinese Coins , Vol. 1 had a limited print run of 1000, leaving many numismatists and enthusiasts unable to purchase a copy of their own. In response to high demand, iAsure has made certain that the second volume will be available to a much wider audience. While Top Chinese Coins Vol. 1 included gold, silver and copper coins, the second volume highlights the great range of silver coins. It will also add summaries from auction sales that list pricing, degree of rarity, pedigree and grades. 2010年6月，愛秀集團和《東亞泉志》出版了《中國

第一版的基礎上出版第二版。相比第一版60枚錢幣囊括

近代機製幣精品鑒賞》第一版。該書對60枚中國最頂級

金幣、銀幣和銅元，第二版專注於60枚中國近代機製銀

的近代機製幣進行了全面、深入、係統的研究與展現。

幣，定名為《中國近代機製銀幣精品鑒賞•銀幣版》 (簡

其內容涵蓋高清錢幣圖像、流傳脈絡、拍賣紀錄、市場

稱《銀幣鑒賞》)。

趨勢、珍稀度解析和背景故事等，在錢幣業界引起巨大的轟動和反響，備受讚譽，被譽為“全景式展現中國珍稀機製幣的重要鑒賞書籍”。

由於頁面所限，第二版刊載60枚中國銀幣精品的重要資訊，在第一版的基礎上有多方面改進和加強。《銀幣鑒賞》在最受歡迎和好評的照片拍攝和排版下更多功

儘管因時間蒼促、經驗不足，書中存在一些缺陷和

夫，並提供更多詳細、準確和豐富的近期拍賣成交價格

錯誤，但仍得到讀者的肯定和欣賞。由於該書僅限量印

記錄、歷史評估、珍稀度和譜係說明。所有內容均為中

刷1000本，無法滿足廣大錢幣愛好者的需求。經多位

英雙語，彩色精裝印刷。第一版中有關錢幣背景的“故

資深錢幣專家、學者、收藏家建議，愛秀集團決定在

事閱讀”部分將以附件方式另行印刷成冊。

If required, please contact Liu Jinling 如果需要請聯繫劉金玲小姐 Tel:021-6299 3235 Email: dyqz2015@163.com

Chopmarked Coins - A History 《戳記幣簡史》 Colin Gullberg 高林

Price ( 售價 )：US $50 Plus Postage ( 不含郵費 ) The book Chopmarked Coins- A History by Colin Gullberg is funded by iAsure Group. The softcover book is 187 pages in length, 210mm×285mm, fourcolor printing. It covers the history of foreign silver coins that circulated in China from 1600 to 1935 and contains images of some 150 coins. Gullberg includes firstperson accounts, summaries of all modern sources of knowledge on the subject and scans from a shroff’s handbook (circa 1890). It is the first English- language book on the subject since 1990 and only the second English language book on the subject.

愛秀集團贊助出版發行的戳記幣英文專著《戳記幣簡史》為軟裝本，正文內容187 頁，開本210mm×285mm，四色印刷，闡述了1600年至 1935年間中國流通的外國戳記銀幣概況，作者高林先生採用第一人稱敘述，總結了現代有關戳記幣的詳盡知識，並配有某錢莊的手冊（約1890年）掃描插圖和150多張戳記幣高清圖片。本書是1990年之後的第一本戳記幣英文專著，也是有史以來的第二本戳記幣英文專著。

Chinese And Foreign Papermoney Errors 《華洋怪鈔 -- 中外錯體紙幣賞析圖鉴》 David Chio 趙康池 Aguang Chan 陳耀光

Price ( 售價 )：MOP $300; RMB 240; US $30 Plus Postage ( 不含郵費 ) In December 2015, this book was released by Macau Numismatic Society and edited by David Chio and Aguang Chan. A total of 1,000 copies was printed, 200 in hard cover and 800 soft cover. The book is 323 pages of full color A4 size 210×285 mm and features over 300 error notes and 800 photos. Notes from Chin dynasty to modern times and more than 10 countries and region is covered. The books also cover causes of errors, background information on the printing process and authenticity of errors. This is the first book in Chinese to feature this type of information on error notes and its collection.

该书由澳門錢幣學會於2015年 12月出版，趙康池、陳耀光編著。印行1000冊，其中精裝本200冊，平裝本800冊。是書全彩精印，小 A4开本，210mm×285mm，323 頁，選錄了中外錯體紙幣300多種，圖片800多張，涵蓋中國自清末到現今使用的紙幣，涉及中外十多個國家和地區。本書對中外錯體、錯版、變體等紙幣的成因、歷史背景和辨偽，實事求是地作了係統的、科學的分析與歸納，並介紹了印鈔基本步驟和印鈔過程中所產生的“另類”紙幣，補充了不少紙幣收藏的基礎知識。可以說，本書是首本對錯體紙幣進行全方位論述的著作。

If required, please contact Champion Auction Liu Jinling 如果需要請聯繫冠軍拍賣公司劉金玲小姐 Tel: 021-6299 3235 Email: dyqz2015@163.com

Shanxi Sycee 《陝西銀錠》 By Li Jiong

作者：李炯 Price (售價)：RMB ￥398

Shanxi Sycee was published by Shanxi Media Group’s Sanqin Press in July 2015. It was written by Mr. Li Jiong, a collector and researcher of Shanxi sycee from Yulin, Shanxi. Mr. Li collected 600 varieties of Shanxi sycee over a ten–year period and after comparing and analyzing many collections of Shanxi sycee, he decided that there was a need for a professionally researched book on the subject.

the silver currency of Shanxi Province. Mr. Dai remarked that “This book is a professional work of research of Shanxi sycee. Mr. Li has taken advantage of local sources in his research and has made a great achievement in numismatic research. It covers all development stages of Shanxi sycee including its infancy, development, widespread adoption and its final discontinuation.”

Mr. Li has classified Shanxi sycee into six categories: 50 taels boat-shaped ingots, officially minted sycee, commercially minted sycee, Shanxi stamp remittance ingots from other provinces, odd-shaped sycee, and a sixth ‘other’ group of sycee. This book comprehensively shows the conditions of the circulation of Shanxi silver currency in the late Qing Dynasty and early Republic Period. This book also examines the social conditions including politics, economics, culture, and customs of that period. The president of the Xi’an Branch of The People’s Bank China Guo Xinming and prominent collector Dai Zhiqiang both wrote prefaces for this book. They remarked that this book was a masterpiece of Shanxi numismatics and filled a space in the research of

The book is A4 size and is 260 pages long with two additional trifold pages. It is printed in full-color and is illustrated with good quality graphics of Shanxi sycee. It was published by Shanxi Media Group’s Sanqin Press in July 2015. Buy from website: www.coinsky.com/htm/shop/show. cgi?id=1648 (Note: the book is signed by the author) Contact: Mr. Li Jiong Cell Phone: 15529990006; 15667811786 Email: 1327978511@qq.com 五十兩船形銀錠、官鑄銀錠、商鑄銀錠、外省陝槽、陝西異形銀錠、存疑待考銀錠六大類，全面展示了清末民國時期陝西省白銀貨幣的通行現狀，側面反映了這一時期政治、經濟、文化、民俗等方面的社會面貌。本書由中國人民銀行西安分行行長郭新明、著名錢幣學家戴志強先生並序。郭序指出：《陝西銀錠》的出版，恰逢我國 “一路一帶”戰略構想提出之際，是陝西錢幣研究的又一力作，填補了陝西白銀貨幣研究的空白。戴序認為《陝西銀錠》是一部有關陝西地方銀錠的專譜、專著，李炯先生立足本鄉本土，充分利用和發揮地域優勢，十年磨一劍，揚長避短，求實務實，走了一條錢幣集藏研究的“捷徑”，一條成功之路。全書採用以文為主，以圖為輔的串聯方式，揭示陝西銀錠產生、發展、興盛、衰落的全過程。该書大 16 開本，126 克雅粉全彩精印，幣圖清晰逼真，共計 26 萬字，260 余頁，亦附三折拉圖兩幀。作者首次在銀錠圖片旁附陜槽銘文複原印章一方。圖文並茂，值得珍藏。

2015 年 7 月《陝西銀錠》由陝西出版傳媒集團三秦出版社正式出版發行。作者李炯先生是陝西榆林本鄉本土的銀錠收藏、研究者，他用十年時間，收藏了 600 餘種陝西銀錠。通過大量實物藏品的比對分析，作者首次提出建構陝西銀錠分類學研究，將陝西銀錠分類為：

錢幣天堂網發售登錄 www.coinsky.com/htm/shop/show.cgi?id=1648 可獲得作者簽名書聯絡人：李炯購書電話：15529990006；15667811786 郵箱：1327978511@qq.com

Unofficial Banknotes Issued in Jiangxi Province By Xu Anmin Price ：RMB ￥298 Unofficial Banknotes Issued in Jiangxi Province was written by prominent paper money collector Xu Anmin, and was published in December 2014 by Jiangxi People’s Press, with the support and planning of the Jiang Xi Banking Industry. The unofficial banknotes cataloged in this book were issued by local administrative agencies, banks and organizations (such as local armed forces, cooperatives) etc. The face value of these paper notes was the same as that of the national legal currency which was circulated in some defined regions. The book is illustrated with pictures of 185 of the banknotes issued in Jiangxi Province, of which 25 were issued in the Qing Dynasty, 11 by local administrative agencies, 15 by local armed forces, 19 by chambers of commerce, and 88 by money houses and business houses. In addition, there are 21 local gold dollar coupons, 4 silver coupons, and 2 special money. Additionally, there are about 30 printing blocks and anticounterfeiting seals. The 200 physical coupons are from the author’s collection. This is the first time these precious coupons, some of which are unique, have been published.

comments were mainly on the collectors’ errors, value,

The book is divided into the following sections:

star-rating, collection methods, current existing condition and personal target.The postscript presents author ’s 20

the foreword, brief introduction, catalog, comments,

years collecting experience, his star-rating and calculating

references and postscript.The guide defines the scope

method, which will help collectors.The references include

and the time of the research and collecting and the

the relative historical resources, monographs and research

definition of unofficial banknotes. This is the first time

articles from modern times.In additional, the author

these banknotes have been categorized according to their

verified the authenticity of physical bonds which need to

different features. A brief introduction was also given

be proved. He also wrote another two articles about the paper money: “The Research of Banknotes Issued by Wu

to each chapter of the book.The General Introduction includes features, the development of unofficial banknotes, the rise of collecting these notes and the research achievements for unofficial banknotes. The pictures of the banknotes, local gold coupons ( 金圆券 ), local silver coupons ( 银圆券 ), special money, printing blocks and anti-counterfeiting seals are illustrated in the book. The book comprehensively describes each physical coupon of the banknotes. Many ancient stories were discovered such as the words of celebrities, family rules, poetry and prose from the script and pattern of the banknotes.The

Zheng-Yuan Private Bank of JianYi (Feng Cheng City) ”, and “Remark on 1896 Banknotes Issued by Kiangsi Official Silver Bank Again ”. This book is 281 pages long and has more than 300 colorful pictures of the banknotes. It is printed in A4 size on colorful bronze paper with a fine binding. It is a professional book for collecting and researching the unofficial banknotes issued in Jiangxi. It is sold by Xinhua Book Stores all over the country at a price of 298 yuan.

《江西民間鈔票》作者：徐安民售價：RMB ￥298

在江西省銀行業的精心策劃和組織下，由國內著名

特點、發展階段、民間鈔票收藏的興起及研究成果；圖

纸币收藏家徐安民先生撰寫的《江西民間鈔票》2014

錄，囊括清代錢莊鈔票、行政機構鈔票、地方武裝鈔票、

年 12 月由江西人民出版社出版發行。該書收集的實物

商會鈔票、錢莊商號鈔票、地方金圓券、地方銀元券、

函括清代至民國時期江西省境內地方行政機構、團體組

特殊幣、鈔版及印章等實物。本章節還對各不同時期民

織及各錢莊商號等發行的紙幣。主要包括錢莊、地方基

間鈔票進行了扼要綜述，對收錄的每張實物券進行了專

層行政機構、地方武裝組織、合作社、商會、商號及其

業點評，并根據鈔票上的各類文字圖案挖掘出大量中國

他機構組織發行的紙幣，且在一定社會區域與國家法定

古代名人格言、家訓及詩賦等歷史典故；收藏感悟，梳

貨幣等值流通的鈔票。全書共收集到江西民間鈔票圖片

理了民間鈔票收藏者的誤區、民間鈔票的收藏價值、星

185 張，其中清代鈔票 25 張，基層行政機構鈔票 11 張，

級評定、收藏模式與現狀及個人定位。收藏感悟係作者

地方武裝鈔票 15 張，商會鈔票 19 張，錢莊商號鈔票

20 多年收藏實踐經驗的親身感悟和思想提煉，并創造

88 張，地方金圓券 21 張，地方銀元券 4 張，特殊幣 2 枚。

性的提出了“星級別評定”的方法和計算方式，對收藏

另有，鈔版及防偽印章 30 余件。書中所錄選的 200 多

愛好者有着極大的啟發和幫助；參考文獻，主要收錄近

件實物券，均來自作者 20 多年的私人收藏品。在這些

代江西民間鈔票相關的史料、專著以及研究文章等。此

紙幣實物券中絕大多數為首次披露，極其珍貴，有些實

外，作者對收藏圈里頗有爭議和影響的實物券進行詳細

物券屬孤品或僅見品。

考證，并專門撰寫《劍邑吳正元錢號票考略》和《光緒丙申年“江西官銀號”銀錢票再議》等文章，提出作者

全書主要由凡例、概述、圖錄、收藏感悟、參考文

觀點，供讀者參閱。該書圖文并茂，大 16 開本，全彩

獻及後記等構成。凡例，確定了本書收集和研究的範圍

銅牌紙印刷，精裝幀，281 頁，300 多幅實物原大彩圖，

及上下年限，完整地闡述了民間鈔票的科學定義，首次

是一本集史料性、實物性、知識性、專業性為一體的近

按照民間鈔票的不同性質進行分門歸類，并對各章節進

代江西民間鈔票收藏與研究的工具書。該書由全國新華

行了簡要介紹和說明；概述，包括江西民間鈔票的主要

書店經銷，定價 298 元。

Mish International Monetary Inc. Mish國際錢幣公司 Specialists in 專營 Pandas since 1982 1982年起發行的熊貓幣 China Modern since 1979 1979年起發行的中國現代金銀幣 World Coins since 1964 1964年起專營世界錢幣

Looking To Buy?想買？ Our inventory and knowledge has been available to both our colleagues and collector clients since coins of the People’s Republic of China first reached the world market in 1979. 自1979年中國現代金銀幣首次進入國際市場后，Mish 國際的員工及其藏家客戶積累了豐富的庫存和專業的錢幣知識。

If you are looking for a particular China coin, chances are we have it, or may be able to recover it from an original buyer we sold it to years ago at first distribution. 想買中國幣？我們或許恰好有；也許多年前我們賣過，現在或許還能從原始買家手中買回來。

Looking To Sell?想賣？ In this world of instant experts and brokers, Mish International is still your best choice to handle the purchase of your prized coins in this fast-changing market. Well-capitalized, truly knowledgeable and accommodating, we buy both single pieces and major collections at fair value with no delay, no limits and no excuses. 瞬息萬變的市場環境，Mish 國際仍是助您銷售錢幣的最佳選擇。雄厚的資金實力，專業的錢幣知識，出色的協調能力，我們同時收購單枚幣和大型收藏，價格合理，快速付款。

Since 1964 始於1964

Here today. Here tomorrow 攜手今日共贏明天 Mish International Monetary Inc Mish國際錢幣公司 1154 University Drive Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA 美國加州門羅帕克大學路1154號，郵編94025 Phone(電話):(650) 324-9110 Email(電郵):robert@mishinternational.com

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地址：澳門羅理基博士大馬路 600E-1 樓 P105 室電話：(853)2833 4556 傳真：(853)2830 4772 Email：dcdesign@macau.ctm.net

East Asia Journal 1984 Issue 《東亞通寶》第 1 期 1984 年發行

First Issue of JEAN digital edition January 2016 Issue 《東亞泉志》電子雜誌第 1 期 2016 年 1 月發行

《東亞泉志》電子雜誌第 1 期在線閱讀 : http://issuu.com/jean388/docs/the_first_issue_of_jean

The Journal of East Asian Numismatics In 1994, The Journal of East Asian Numismatics (JEAN) was founded by Michael Chou, the CEO of Champion Auction and Bruce Smith, a noted numismatist. It is a professional numismatic academic journal whose mission is to educate collectors and researchers on the subjects of Chinese numismatics, culture and history. Bruce Smith, the chief editor of JEAN , was born in 1951 in St. Louis, MO. He received his BA in history from the University of Missouri St. Louis; and his MA in China studies from Harvard University. In 1974-1977, he worked for Krause Publications as Editorial Assistant on World Coin News and as cataloger for Standard Catalog of World Coins and Standard Catalog of World Paper Money . He was a full time coin dealer 1977-1987. In 1988-1989, he studied in China as a student of China Studies in Chengchow (Zhengzhou) University, Henan province. In 1991-1993, Mr. Smith was a graduate student at Harvard University. In 1994-1998, he was the editor of The Journal of East Asian Numismatics (JEAN). Bruce Smith has been a collector and researcher of Chinese coins for over 30 years. His published research in JEAN has added immensely to the body of knowledge for Chinese coins. The first issue of JEAN was released in July 1994, and the last issue (18th issue) in 1998. Most articles were written in English, the remainder in Chinese. The journal was distributed in over 20 countries, and remained a mainstay on many important library shelves, including the Smithsonian Institution, the British Museum, the Harvard -Yenching Library, Harvard University, Yale University, Columbia University, Stanford University, Cornell University, the ANS (American Numismatic Society), and the ANA (American Numismatic Association). The journal enjoyed great popularity and many important articles were published in JEAN , including “Peking Coins of 1900” by James Sweeny, “More on the Hsu Shih-chang Medals with engraved names” and “The true story of China’s 1936 and 1937 Silver Dollars”

by Bruce Smith, “The Apparent Relationship between 1897 Chekiang 5-Cents Pattern and 1899 Anhwei 5-Cents Circulation Strike” by Tom Keener, and “A Forgery of Taiwan’s Old Man Dollar” by Dr. Che-lu Tseng. In May 2015, Michael Chou decided to start issuing the journal again starting in January 2016. The famous numismatic researcher Mr. Yuan Shuiqing will be chief editor. He is a member of China Numismatic Society, serving as executive director of the Shenxi Numismatic Society and executive vice president of the Xi’an Collectors Association. As a numismatic researcher, he was chief editor of Collections and China Numismatics. He has published over 100 numismatic research articles and the masterpiece The Elite of Monetary History of China . Other distinguished contributors from home and abroad are numismatists, collectors and coin dealers, including Bruce Smith (author of Howard Franklin Bowker – Numismatic Pioneer ), Colin Gullberg (Canada, author of Chopmarked Coins – A History ), Peter Anthony (USA, author of Gold and Silver Panda Coin Buyer’s Guide ), Wang Chunli (China, author of Illustrated Catalog of China’s Jilin Province Silver Coins and Illustrated Catalog of Chinese Gold & Silver Coins ), Chinese American senior numismatist Dr. Che-lu Tseng, senior numismatic scholar of China modern gold and silver commemorative coins King L. Chan (Hong Kong), senior numismatist Chien Fu Chou (Taiwan), prominent American modern coin dealer Robert Mish, Southeast Asia numismatic expert Adam Biagi and CEO of Beijing Coins website Richard Guo. It will be a quarterly, bilingual e-journal, covering the latest numismatic research, interviews with famous collectors, auction reviews, and general news. A bound volume will be printed at the end of each year. You are welcome to subscribe, submit articles for publication, and advertise in the upcoming JEAN .

The 2016 subscription is free of charge. Please * send your email to jeanzg@163.com.

2016 Issue

Issue Date

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1/2 Page/Issue

1/2 Page/Year

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10/31

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東亞泉志《東亞泉志》電子雜誌簡介《東亞泉志》為冠軍拍賣公司總裁周邁可先生和著名錢幣學專家史博祿先生于 1994 年創辦，是一本學術性錢幣研究專業雜誌。旨在讓廣大錢幣收藏家、研究學者更深入地了解錢幣知識，讓世界各地的讀者更好地了解中國深厚的錢幣文化。雜誌高級編輯史博祿先生 1951 年生於美國密蘇里州聖路易斯市，為密蘇里大學歷史係學士，哈佛大學中國研究專業碩士。1974-1977 年在克勞斯出版社任《世界錢幣新聞》助理編輯，參與《世界硬幣標準目錄》與《世界紙鈔標準目錄》編輯工作。1977-1987 年全職進行錢幣交易。1988-1989 年在中國鄭州大學留學，主修中國研究課程。1991-1993 年在哈佛大學攻讀碩士。19941998 年任《東亞泉志》總編。史博祿先生擁有 30 多年的收藏和研究中國錢幣的豐富經驗。他在《東亞泉志》上發表的研究文獻極大地豐富了中國錢幣的知識內涵。《東亞泉志》于 1994 年 7 月份問世，1999 年停刊，發行了 18 期。雜誌中大部分文章是英文，只有少部分是中文，在 20 多個國家發行，廣受歡迎，長期佔據許多重要圖書館書架的顯著位置，包括美國國家博物館史密森尼學會、大英博物館、哈佛燕京圖書館、哈佛大學、耶魯大學、哥倫比亞大學、斯坦福大學、康奈爾大學和美國錢幣學會、美國錢幣協會。雜誌刊發過不少有重要學術價值的文章，如詹姆斯 • 史威尼寫的《1900 年京局銀元》、史博祿寫的《徐世昌刻字紀念章》和《民國二十五年和民國二十六年之中國銀元故事》、湯姆 • 基納寫的《1897 年浙江三分六釐樣幣和 1899 年安徽三分

六釐流通幣的關係》以及曾澤祿寫的《台灣老公銀偽品》等。 2015 年 5 月，周邁可先生決定于 2016 年 1 月復刊《東亞泉誌》，聘請著名錢幣研究學者袁水清先生擔任主編。袁水清，1948 年生，大學金融專科畢業，從事銀行工作 30 多年。中國錢幣學會會員，陝西省錢幣學會常務理事，西安市收藏協會常務副會長。退休后，歷任《收藏》《古泉園地》《西部金融 • 錢幣研究》雜誌的責任編輯，《中國錢幣界》雜誌主編。多年來他傾力于中國貨幣史和錢幣學的研究，發表過近百篇錢幣研究文章；2012 年，出版了匯集中國古今錢幣的鴻篇巨製《中國貨幣史之最》。同時聘請國內外知名的錢幣學者、收藏家及專業人士加入，如《霍华德 • 富兰克林 • 包克——錢幣學研究先驅者》作者史博祿先生、《戳記幣简史》作者高林先生、《熊貓金銀幣收藏指南》作者皮特 • 安東尼先生、《中國吉林銀圓圖譜》和《中國金銀幣目錄》作者王春利先生、美國華人資深錢幣學者曾澤祿先生、香港中国现代金银币资深研究学者陳景林先生、台灣資深錢幣學者周建福先生、美國現代金銀幣資深經销商羅伯特 • 米什先生、美國東南亞錢幣專家亞當 • 比亞吉先生以及北京錢幣網总裁郭嘉華先生等。復刊后的《東亞泉誌》為電子季刊，中英双语，每年年底出版合订本。內容以披露最新錢幣收藏研究成果、推介泉界成功人士的事跡為主。主要欄目有學術研究、人物專訪、鑒賞爭鳴、拍賣回顧、重要資訊等。

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2016 年

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第4期

10 月 31 日

10 月 1 日

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