The first issue of jean

東亞泉志

2016 年 01 月 January 2016 第 1 期 總第 19 期 No. 1 Issue 19

THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS 中英雙語 電子季刊 Bilingual (English - Chinese) Digital Quarterly

袁世凱像大鬍子開國紀念幣 The Yuan Shih-kai Big Beard Dollar 陳達農與古錢幣 Research on Ancient Chinese Coins by Chen Danong 1897-1898 年德制幣模澳門特別展 Macau Exhibit of 1897-1898 Otto Beh Chinese Coin Dies

東亞泉志

2016 年 01 月 January 2016 第 1 期 總第 19 期 No. 1 Issue 19

THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS 中英雙語 電子季刊 Bilingual (English - Chinese) Digital Quarterly

Advisor

Che-lu Tseng

顧問

曾澤祿

Publisher & Editor in-Chief

Michael H. Chou

出版人、總編輯

周邁可

Senior Editor

Bruce W. Smith

高級編輯

史博祿

Editor

Yuan Shuiqing

主編

袁水清

Advertising & Circulation Manager

Liu Jinling

廣告與發行經理

劉金玲

歡迎投稿 !

You're welcome to contribute articles.

聯繫我們 Contact Us

Chinese( 中文 ): dyqz2015@163.com English( 英文 ): championghka@gmail.com

臺北公司 Taipei Office 臺北市南京西路 163 號 1 樓 50-51 室 Room 50-51, No.163 Nan King W. Rd., Taipei 電話 (Tel)：886-2-25551761 郵箱 (Email): championghka@gmail.com

上海辦事處 Shanghai Office 上海市普陀區常德路 1258 弄 16 號 801 室 Room 801, No.16, Lane 1258, Changde Rd., Putuo District, Shanghai 電話 (Tel)：86-21-62993235 郵箱 (Email): championghka@gmail.com

Foreword 前言 We are extremely pleased to restart the Journal of East Asian Numismatics , which I published with the chief editor Bruce Smith from 1994 to 1999. The Journal was distributed to over 20 countries and remains a mainstay on many important library shelves, including the Smithsonian Institution, the British Museum, Harvard University, Yale University and Columbia University.

Many interesting articles and mail bid auctions were conducted through the Journal. It was one of my favorite projects, even though it was very difficult to typeset and print in Taiwan. Most of the subscribers were in the United States so we had to carry most of the issues from Taiwan.

We are restarting the Journal in a digital edition to better reflect the cost of printing and distribution. The journal now is a free publication.

The new bilingual English–Chinese format will allow better communication between collectors and researchers in both East and West by facilitating the exchange of

information. The Journal is currently the only numismatic publication that is fully bilingual in English and Chinese.

The translation from Chinese to English is often much more difficult, but this allows Western readers to better understand the latest articles in China and Asia. The Chinese translation of English articles also lets Chinese readers see the Western articles released at the same time as the English ones. This should help contribute to more exchanges between Western and Eastern numismatists.

I am very happy to have Mr. Bruce Smith as the Senior Editor and Mr. Yuan Shuiqing of Xi’an to serve as the Chinese Editor. Articles from leading researchers Tseng Che-Lu, Bruce Smith, Yuan Shuiqing, King L. Chan and Chou Chien-Fu will be a major focus of the early editions of the Journal. We hope additional writers will be inspired to contribute to this exchange of East and West.

We hope to hear from our old and new subscribers on how to improve the Journal.

Best Regards, Michael

我們很榮幸地向泉界同仁再次推出《東亞泉志》。該 雜誌曾於 1994 年至 1999 年發行，史博祿先生任總編， 當時在 20 多個國家發行，長期佔據了很多重要圖書館書 架的顯著位置，包括史密森尼學會、大英博物館、哈佛 大學、耶魯大學和哥倫比亞大學。

目前唯一一份採用中英雙語的錢幣雜誌。中文到英文的 翻譯相對較難，但卻可以讓西方的收藏家、讀者更好地 了解中國乃至亞洲的最新錢幣研究成果。而英文到中文 的翻譯也讓中國讀者能夠讀到同期發行的英文文章。這 將大大增強東西方錢幣界的信息交流。

雜誌刊登過很多有趣的錢幣學研究文章，也通過雜誌 以郵寄形式進行過多次錢幣拍賣。雖然當時在台灣排版 和印刷都遇到了困難，但發行《東亞泉志》卻是我最喜 歡的項目之一。很多訂閱者來自美國，大多數雜誌是從 台灣帶到美國。

非常榮幸邀請到美國史博祿先生擔任雜誌高級編輯， 西安袁水清先生任主編。復刊后的《東亞泉志》前幾期 的文章主要來自國內外著名錢幣研究學者曾澤祿博士、 史博祿、袁水清、陳景林和周建福等。以此拋磚引玉， 希望有更多的研究學者投稿，為促進東西方錢幣界的交

復刊后的《東亞泉志》將以電子版的形式按季發送， 節約了印刷成本，也便於傳閱。2016 年電子版對讀者免 費。

流盡一己之力。

全新的《東亞泉志》採用中英雙語，便於東西方錢幣 收藏家和研究學者更好地交流。據悉，《東亞泉志》是

歡迎訂閱者積極建言，共同改進雜誌。 致以最美好的祝福！ 周邁可

CONTENTS 目錄 Features 專題 The Yuan Shih-kai Big Beard Dollar 袁世凱像大鬍子開國紀念幣 Centennial of a Shanghai Coin 上海銀餅百年記

Bruce W. Smith (USA)

36

史博祿（美國）

39

Howard F. Bowker (USA)

42

霍華德 • 佛蘭克林 • 包克（美國） 49

Research on Ancient Chinese Coins by Chen Danong 陳達農與古錢幣

Yuan Shuiqing (Xi'an)

54

袁水清（西安）

59

Departments 部門 Bowker Collection Donated to the Shanghai Mint Museum

Champion

3

包克收藏 37 枚珍稀錢幣捐給上海造幣博物館

冠軍研究室

6

Masamichi Oka Wins 2015 Nicholas P. Brown Lifetime Achievement Award

Champion

9

崗政道榮獲 2015 “尼古拉斯 • 布朗錢幣收藏貢獻獎”終身成就獎

冠軍研究室

11

Jiang Yongjie (Jinan)

13

姜永傑（濟南）

15

Yuan Fang (Xi'an)

17

圓方（西安）

20

Macau Exhibit of 1897-1898 Otto Beh Chinese Coin Dies

Champion

23

1897-1898 年德製幣模澳門特別展

冠軍研究室

27

Chinese Vintage Coin Highlights from the Macau Champion Auction

Champion

30

2015 年冠軍澳門拍賣會誕生年度機製幣標王

冠軍研究室

32

King L. Chan (HK)

34

陳景林（香港）

35

The 12th Annual Chinese Copper Coin Association Seminar 第十二屆中國銅元研討會暨中國錢幣收藏與投資高峰論壇在山東濟南成功舉辦 Champion Attends the 2015 Beijing International Coin Exposition 冠軍拍賣參展 2015 北京國際錢幣博覽會紀實

The Appreciation of China Modern Precious Metal Commemorative Coins 《中國現代貴金屬紀念幣賞析》

Column 專欄 The Discovery of the First Money Tree Found in Xinjiang Province

Cui Zhirui Zhou Hui (Sinkiang) 63

搖錢樹及新疆首次發現的“搖錢樹”研究

崔志瑞 周輝（新疆）

66

Chopmarked Coins – China’s Most Underappreciated Numismatic Field

Colin Gullberg (Taipei)

68

高林（台北）

70

King L. Chan (HK)

72

陳景林（香港）

74

Aguang Chan (MAC)

75

陳耀光（澳門）

78

Chien Fu Chou (Taipei)

80

周建福（台北）

82

戳記幣——中國最受“冷落”的錢幣領域 The Sino-Foreign Friendship Commemorative Pandas 淺談中外友好熊貓紀念章 The Mysterious Copper Coin Notes Issued by the Bank of Local Currency Kiangsi 神秘的江西平市錢局銅元券 Taiwan Coin Dealer J.S.Lee Biography 台灣幣商李振興生平

Departments 部門

Bowker Collection Donated to the Shanghai Mint Museum Champion On March 23rd 2015, the Bowker Family members Marilyn Dorman (Mr. Bowker's grandaughter), Robert B o w k e r ( M r. B o w k e r ' s g r a n d s o n ) a n d C a t h e r i n e Govindankutty (Mr. Bowker's great-granddaughter) on behalf of the Bowker family (Pic.1, 2) attended the ceremony celebrating the donation of 37 rare Chinese coins from Howard Franklin Bowker's famous collection to the Shanghai Mint Museum (a subsidiary of the Shanghai Mint). The distinguished attendees included Michael Chou (CEO of iAsure Group), David Camire (president of NCS), Gu Jun (Secretary of the Mint Party Committee), Tian Jun (Vice-Secretary of the Mint Party Committee), Chen Liyun (Chairman of the Labor Union), Zhang Jianjian (former Secretary of the Mint Party Committee), Zhou Xiang (National Committee of Cultural Relics member, Researcher of the Shanghai Museum) (Pic.3).

Gu Jun, the Secretary of the Mint Party Committee, was thankful for the Bowker family’s generous donation (Pic.4).

This was the second donation from Bowker's collection.

In 2010, the Bowker family donated 139 rare coins and coin dies to the Shanghai Mint Museum. Marilyn Dorman expressed her thanks to the Shanghai Mint Museum. Her family was most pleased with the exhibit. Meanwhile, she also thanked Michael for his great help in realizing her grandfather's unfilled wish to donate his collection for public service. Michael said he was grateful for the Bowker family allowing him to assist with the donation. David Camire said it is his honor to conserve and encapsulate the collection.

Zhou Xiang introduced the numismatic significance of the collection. Among the donation of 37 coins, 35 of which were sent to NGC’s Shanghai office for grading except the ChinaQing Dynasty Kiangsi 50 Taels Square Silver Sycee issued

by Wan Zai County and China-Qing Dynasty Hopeh 50 Taels Silver Sycee issued at Kaizhou, Hebei in April 1898. Thanks for the great support of NGC and NCS. Later, the Shanghai Mint issued the Certificate of Donation and Certificates of Appreciation to the Bowker Family (Pic.5), iAsure Group and NGC respectively. Gu Jun together with members of the Bowker Family conducted the Donation Ceremony of Bowker Collection (Pic.6).

Other distinguished guests included: Yang Changgen, Xie Wenyu (officials of Shanghai Branch of People’s Bank

Pic.1 (From L) Marilyn Dorman, Robert Bowker, Catherine Govindankutty, Michael Chou, David Camire

Pic.2 Members of the Shanghai Mint and the Bowker Family

Pic.3 (From L) Michael Chou, Yuan Shuiqing, Zhou Xiang, Shen Mingdi

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Departments 部門 of China), Shen Mingdi (Deputy Secretary-General of the Shanghai Numismatic Society), Wang Chunli (deputy director of the numismatic collection committee of the China Association of Collectors), King Chan (Senior numismatic scholar of China modern commemorative coins), Yuan Shuiqing (deputy director of the Xi’an Collection Association), Zhang Ronghua (president of Shanghai Yintai), senior collectors including David Chau, Yang Ruicheng and Gao Huaibin. After the ceremony, they visited the Howard Franklin Bowker Donation Hall which includes the 37 coins of this donation and 139 coins of last donation and the Shanghai Mint Museum. The Shanghai Mint was also chosen as the right place for the next stage of donation.

Rarities from the donated 37 coins include the following: 1. CHINA-KIANGNAN ND (1897) One Dollar Silver, old Kiangnan, ornamental edge, NGC MS63; 2. CHINA-KIANGNAN 1898 One Dollar Silver, NGC MS63; 3. CHINA-KIANGNAN 1898 One Dollar Silver, circlet-like scales, NGC MS65 ; 4. CHINA-KIANGNAN 1900 One Dollar Silver, NGC MS64; 5. CHINA-KIANGNAN 1901 One Dollar Silver, thick dragon with dots as eyes, NGC MS63; 6. CHINA-KIANGNAN 1902 One Dollar Silver, NGC MS62; 7. CHINA-KIANGNAN 1904 One Dollar Silver, CH and dot, NGC MS65; 8. CHINA-KIANGNAN 1904 20 Cash Copper, CCC213, extremely rare, NGC MS63BN. Only 2-3 examples known to exist ; 9. CHINA-CHEKIANG ND (1899) 50 Cents Silver, Chinese legend in "Wei Stele" Style, NGC MS61; 10. CHINA-SHANGHAI 1856 One Tael Silver, issued by Wang Yung Sheng, NGC MS62 ; 11. CHINA-SHANGHAI 1856 5 Mace Silver, issued by Ching Cheng Chee, made by Wan Chuan, NGC AU53; 12. CHINA-SHANGHAI 1856 5 Mace Silver, issued by Yu Shen Sheng, made by Wang Shou, NGC AU53; 13. CHINA-SHANGHAI ND (1868) Martime Customs One Tael Silver Pattern, NGC AU50. Extremely rare, only 5-7 examples known to exist ; 14. CHINA-EMPIRE Taiping Rebel Tian Guo Sheng Bao Silver Coin, carved by hand, NGC AU Details; 15. CHINA-REPUBLIC 1929 Sun Yat Sen One Dollar Silver Pattern, made in Italy, NGC MS63.

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Pic.4 Shanghai Mint Party Secretary Gu Jun delivers the opening speech

Pic.5 Gu Jun issues a Certificate of Donation to Ms. Marilyn Dorman

Pic.6 Unveiling Ceremony by Gu Jun and representatives of the Bowker Family

Departments 部門

Highlights of the Bowker Collection donated to the Shanghai Mint Museum

1.

CHINA-KIANGNAN ND(1897) One Dollar Silver, old Kiangnan, ornamental edge, NGC MS63

3.

CHINA-KIANGNAN 1898 One Dollar Silver, circlet-like scales, NGC MS65

4.

CHINA-KIANGNAN 1900 One Dollar Silver, NGC MS64

5.

CHINA-KIANGNAN 1901 One Dollar Silver, thick dragon with dots as eyes, NGC MS63

8.

CHINA-KIANGNAN 1904 20 Cash Copper, CCC213, 2-3 examples known to exist, NGC MS63BN

9.

CHINA-CHEKIANG ND (1899) 50 Cents Silver, Chinese legend in "Wei Stele" Style, NGC MS61

13.

CHINA-SHANGHAI ND (1868) Martime Customs One Tael Silver Pattern, NGC AU50

14.

CHINA-EMPIRE Taiping Rebel Tian Guo Sheng Bao Silver Coin, carved by hand, NGC AU Details

10.

CHINA-SHANGHAI 1856 One Tael Silver, issued by Wang Yung Sheng, NGC MS62

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Departments 部門

包克收藏 37 枚珍稀錢幣捐給上海造幣博物館 冠軍研究室 2015 年 3 月 23 日上午 10 點，已故美國著名錢幣收 藏家霍華德 • 佛蘭克林 • 包克先生收藏的 37 枚珍稀中國 錢幣捐給上海造幣有限公司下屬單位上海造幣博物館， 上海造幣有限公司為此舉行了隆重的捐贈儀式。霍華 德 • 佛蘭克林 • 包克先生的孫女 Marilyn Dorman、孫子 Robert Bowker、 曾 孫 女 Catherine Govindankutty 代 表 包 克家族前來參加捐贈儀式（圖 1、2），愛秀集團總裁周 邁可先生、NCS 總裁 David Camire 先生，上海造幣有限 公司黨委書記顧軍、副書記田俊、工會主席陳立耘，原 上海造幣有限公司黨委書記張健健，中國國家文物鑒定 委員會委員、上海博物館研究館員周祥出席了儀式（圖 3）。 首先，上海造幣有限公司書記顧軍先生致辭（圖 4）， 感謝包克家族慷慨捐贈的 37 枚中國珍稀錢幣，這也是

圖 1 左起：Marilyn Dorman、Robert Bowker、 Catherine Govindankutty、周邁可、David Camire

包克家族繼 2010 年將 139 枚珍稀錢幣及錢範捐給上海 造幣有限公司後的第二次捐贈。包克先生孫女 Marilyn Dorman 發言感謝上海造幣有限公司及上海造幣博物館員 工的辛勤工作，將這些藏品展示得非常美觀得體，他們 非常滿意。同時她也代表包克家族感謝愛秀集團總裁周 邁可先生與中國幾家博物館的協商溝通，最終幫助實現 了她祖父的遺願。愛秀集團總裁周邁可則表示感謝包克 家族的信任，感謝上海造幣有限公司的精心布展。NCS 總裁 David Camire 則表示很榮幸為這些錢幣提供保養、 評分、封裝工作，這些事情很有意義。上海博物館研究 館員周祥先生介紹了這些錢幣的重要歷史意義和價值。 此次捐贈的 37 枚錢幣，除清光緒年江西萬載縣伍拾兩方 錠和光緒二十四年四月河北開州五十兩銀錠外，其他 35

圖 2 上海造幣有限公司領導與包克家族合影

枚均在捐贈儀式後送至 NGC 上海辦公室進行了評級入 盒，評分工作高效精准，非常感謝 NGC 和 NCS 的支持！ 隨後， 上海造幣有限公司向包克家族頒發捐贈證書 （圖 5），向愛秀集團和 NGC 頒發感謝證書。顧書記和包克 家族成員共同為此次捐贈的錢幣進行了揭幕儀式（圖 6）。 出席捐贈儀式的還有：中國人民銀行上海分行貨幣 發行處領導楊長根、謝文渝；上海市錢幣學會副秘書長 沈鳴鏑先生，中國收藏家協會錢幣收藏委員會副主任王 春利先生，中國現代貴金屬幣資深研究學者陳景林先生 （香港），西安市收藏協會副會長袁水清先生，上海銀 泰公司董事長張榮華先生，資深收藏家周大為、楊瑞城、

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圖 3 周邁可、袁水清、周祥、沈鳴鏑合影

Departments 部門

高懷賓等。儀式結束後，大家又參觀了包克藏品捐贈廳 和上海造幣博物館。這次捐贈的 37 枚錢幣將與之前捐贈 的 139 枚陳列在包克藏品捐贈廳。包克收藏的下一步捐 贈意向單位初步也定為上海造幣有限公司。 此次捐贈的 37 枚錢幣中不乏珍品，其中包括： 1. 1897 年江南省造光緒元寶庫平七錢二分銀幣，老江南， 人字邊，NGC MS63； 2. 1898 年（戊戌）江南省造光緒元寶庫平七錢二分銀幣， NGC MS63； 3. 1898 年（戊戌）江南省造光緒元寶庫平七錢二分銀幣， 珍珠龍，NGC MS65； 4. 1900 年（庚子）江南省造光緒元寶庫平七錢二分銀幣，

圖 4 上海造幣有限公司黨委書記顧軍致辭

NGC MS64； 5. 1901 年（辛丑）江南省造光緒元寶庫平七錢二分，帶 HAH，粗龍，龍眼為圓點，NGC MS63； 6. 1902 年（壬寅）江南省造光緒元寶庫平七錢二分銀幣， NGC MS62； 7. 1904 年（甲辰）江南省造光緒元寶庫平七錢二分銀幣， HAH 和 CH 版，兩邊帶點，NGC MS65； 8. 1904 年（甲辰）江南省造光緒元寶當製錢二十文， CCC213，存世非常稀少，NGC MS63BN，已知 2-3 枚存世； 9. 1899 年浙江省造光緒元寶庫平三錢六分銀幣，魏碑體 爾寶，NGC MS61； 10. 1856 年（咸豐六年）上海縣號商王永盛匠萬全壹兩

圖 5 顧書記為包克家族代表 Marilyn Dorman 女士頒發 捐贈證書

銀餅，NGC MS62； 11. 1856 年（咸豐六年）上海縣號商經正記匠萬全造伍錢 銀餅，NGC AU53； 12. 1856 年（咸豐六年）上海縣號商郁森盛重五錢銀餅， 匠王壽造，NGC AU53； 13. 1868 年中外通寶關平銀壹兩試鑄銀幣，NGC AU50， 已知 5-7 枚存世； 14. 太平天國天國聖寶，半兩，銀質，手工雕刻，NGC AU Details； 15. 1929 年（民國十八年）孫中山帆船壹圓銀質樣幣， 意大利版，NGC MS63。

圖 6 顧書記和包克家族代表為此次捐贈錢幣舉行揭幕儀式

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Departments 部門

包克收藏捐贈上海造幣博物館錢幣亮點

1.

1897 年江南省造光緒元寶庫平 七錢二分銀幣，老江南，人字邊， NGC MS63

3.

1898 年（戊戌）江南省造光緒 元寶庫平七錢二分銀幣，珍珠龍， NGC MS65

5.

1901 年（辛丑）江南省造光緒 元寶庫平七錢二分，帶 HAH， 粗龍，龍眼為圓點，NGC MS63

8.

1904 年（甲辰）江南省造光緒 元寶當製錢二十文，存世非常 稀少，NGC MS63BN

10.

1856 年（咸豐六年）上海縣號 商王永盛匠萬全壹兩銀餅，NGC MS62

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13.

1868 年中外通寶關平銀壹兩試 鑄銀幣，NGC AU50

4.

1900 年（庚子）江南省造光 緒元寶庫平七錢二分銀幣， NGC MS64

9.

1899 年浙江省造光緒元寶庫 平三錢六分銀幣，魏碑體爾寶， NGC MS61

14. 太平天國天國聖寶，半兩，銀質， 手工雕刻，NGC AU Details

Departments 部門

Masamichi Oka Wins 2015 Nicholas P. Brown Lifetime Achievement Award Champion

(from L) King Chan, Michael Chou, David Camire, Robert Mish, Masahiro Oka, Martin Weiss

(1st row 4th-7th, from R) Martin Weiss from Panda America, Deputy Governor of PBC Qiu Qing, Masamichi Oka from Taisei, VP of PBC Dong Wenchao

Award dinner

Chairman of NGC Mark Salzberg

The Nicholas P. Brown Lifetime Achievement Award for the Advancement of Chinese Numismatics ceremony was held at the Hyatt Regency O'Hare Hotel at 18:30 p.m., 12th August 2015. It was organized by the Nicholas P. Brown Award for the Advancement of Chinese Numismatics Committee, with Robert Mish of Mish International serving as the committee chairman, Michael Chou (CEO of iAsure Group), David Camire (President of NCS), Publisher of Pricepedia Peter Anthony and senior researcher of modern Chinese commemorative coins King Chan as the committee members. Mr. Zhang Weiyan, worked in Shanghai Mint and Hong Kong Po Sang Bank, served as senior consultant of the committee. The ceremony was also sponsored by Mish International, iAsure Group and the Spungen Foundation.

The winner of this year's Nicholas P. Brown Lifetime Achievement Award for the Advancement of Chinese Numismatics was Masamichi Oka (1924 – 1997). Mr. Oka graduated in Tokyo University in 1948 and established Taisei Stamps & Coins Co., Ltd. in 1967. He was the Chairman of the JNDA (Japan Numismatic Dealers' Association) and the Vice Chairman of the WWF (World Wildlife Fund), Japan. Taisei is the most important panda coin distributor in Japan. He was author of Silver Crowns of the Far East ; one of the major contributors to the standard reference book, Gold Coins of the World authored by Arthur L. Friedberg, as well as to the new edition of Modern World Coins authored

by Richard S. Yeoman. Mr. Oka’s son Masahiro Oka, the president of Taisei Coins Corporation, was present to accept the award on behalf of his father.

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Departments 部門

Fred Weinberg (L) and partner of M. Louis Teller Numismatic Company, Gus Wing

"Operation Bernhard" presentation

The distinguished guests includes, but were not limited to: the former president of Panda America, Martin Weiss; distributor of China Gold coins / former president of PNG (Professional Numismatists Guild), Fred Weinberg; president of Korea Hwadong, J.C. Lee; Ulrich Kunker, director of the German auction house Künker; the former president of International Bank Note Society (IBNS) /governor of ANA Joseph Boling; Neil Shafer, the former president of International Bank Note Society (IBNS) /chief editor of Standard Catalog of World Paper Money by Albert Pick; chairman of NGC, Mark Salzberg and David Camire, president of NCS; incoming president of ANA Jeff Garrett; and the famous American numismatic researcher Ron Guth and 2015 ANA Numismatist of the Year winner Fred Schwan.

The Nicholas P. Brown Award Medal is sponsored by Mish International and iAsure Group to recognize those people who contribute significantly to the advancement of numismatic research and collecting. The medal, designed by Han Xiaosheng and Jin Yaxuan, was struck in copper, silver and silver with gold gilt by the Shenyang Mint. The silver with gold gilt medal is proof in quality, 80mm in diameter, 99.9% in fineness, 500g. in weight, pure silver. The mintage

東 亞 泉 志

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THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS

Ulrich Kunker and prominent American coin dealer, Joe Lang

Ms. Charlotte Krueger and Danny Spungen made a presentation of Operation Bernhard

is limited to 6 pieces, numbered from 0 to 5. The silver medal is proof in quality, 80mm in diameter, and is pure silver at 99.9% in fineness, 500g. in weight. Its mintage is 14 pieces, numbered from 0 to 13. The copper medal is proof in quality, 80mm in diameter. The mintage is limited to 200 pieces, numbered from 1 to 200. The No. 0 silver with gold gilt medal and silver medal were presented to Nick Brown’s family, while the No.1 silver with gold gilt medal and silver medal was awarded to Marty Weiss (Lifetime Achievement Award) and Danny Spungen (Person of the Year Award) in 2013. No. 2 and 3 silver with gold gilt medals were awarded to Yang Binchao and Zhu Chunde (Lifetime Achievement Award). No. 2 silver medal was awarded to Wang Shihong (Person of the Year Award) in 2014. No. 4 silver with gold gilt medal was awarded to Mr. Oka this time. Person of the Year Award of this year was held in Macau, December.

After the award ceremony, Charlotte Krueger, the granddaughter of Bernhard Krueger, made a presentation on Operation Bernhard. Operation Bernhard, which is named after Major Bernhard Krueger, was a secret German plan to destabilize the British economy by flooding the country with forged Bank of England £5, £10, £20, and £50 notes.

Departments 部門

崗政道榮獲 2015 “ 尼古拉斯 • 布朗錢幣收藏貢獻獎 ” 終身成就獎 冠軍研究室

左起：陳景林、周邁可、David Camire、Robert Mish、 崗政弘、Martin Weiss

晚宴現場

（第一排右起第四至七位）：美國熊貓公司 Martin Weiss 先生、中國人民銀行副行長邱晴女士、日本泰星崗政道先生、 中國人民銀行國庫司副司長董文超先生

NGC 董事長 Mark Salzberg 先生

2015 年度“尼古拉斯 • 布朗中國錢幣收藏貢獻獎”

生 (Masamichi Oka，1924 – 1997)。 崗 政 道 先 生 于 1948

終身成就獎於 2015 年 8 月 12 日（週三）晚 18:30 在美

年畢業于東京大學；1967 年創立日本泰星郵幣有限公司

國伊利諾州羅斯蒙特奧黑爾凱悅酒店舉行。此次頒獎儀

(Taisei Stamps & Coins Co., Ltd.)；曾任日本幣商協會主席，

式由“尼古拉斯 • 布朗中國錢幣收藏貢獻獎”評委委員

世界自然基金會日本分會副主席，立時集團副總裁等職

會主辦，Mish International 公司、愛秀集團、Spungen 家

務。日本泰星公司一直是中國熊貓紀念幣的重要經銷商。

族基金會協辦。其中 Mish International 總裁 Robert Mish

崗政道先生著有《遠東銀圓珍品》( Silver Crowns of the

先生任評委會主席，評委則由愛秀集團總裁周邁可先生、

Far East)，是 《世界金幣標準目錄》和新版《近代世界

NCS 總 裁 David Camire 先 生、Pricepedia 創 辦 人 Peter

硬幣》主要撰稿人，幾十年來不遺餘力地推廣錢幣文化

Anthony 先生和中國現代金銀幣資深研究學者陳景林先

和交流。崗政道的兒子、泰星公司現任總裁崗政弘先生

生擔任。曾在上海造幣廠、香港寶生銀行工作過的張維

代其父受獎。

研先生擔任評委會資深顧問。 頒獎晚宴上，美國熊貓公司前總裁 Martin Weiss 先生、 2015 年度“尼古拉斯 • 布朗中國錢幣收藏貢獻獎”

中 國 金 幣 代 理 商 / 原 PNG（Professional Numismatists

終身成就獎獲得者是創立日本泰星郵幣公司的崗政道先

Guild, 專業錢幣行業協會）總裁 Fred Weinberg 先生、日

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原 PNG 總裁 Fred Weinberg（左）和 M. Louis Teller Numismatic Company 合夥人 Gus Wing

德國昆克拍賣總裁 Ulrich Kunker 和美國知名幣商 Joe Lang

“本哈德假鈔行動”介紹

Charlotte Krueger 和 Danny Spungen 介紹“本哈德假鈔行動”

本泰星總裁 Masahiro Oka 先生、韓國 Hwadong 公司總裁

毫米，成色 99.9%，純銀材質，重 500 克，編號 0-13；

J.C.Lee 先生，德國昆克拍賣公司總裁 Ulrich Kunker 先

大銅章限量發行 200 枚，直徑 80 毫米，編號 1-200。編

生、原 International Bank Note Society (IBNS) 總裁 / 美國

號 0 鍍金銀章和銀章均贈予尼古拉斯 • 布朗家族，編號

錢幣協會董事 Joseph Boling 先生、原 International Bank

1 鍍金銀章和銀章分別頒給美國熊貓公司創辦人 Martin

Note Society (IBNS) 總 裁 /Pick 世 界 紙 鈔 目 錄 總 編 Neil

Weiss（終身成就獎）和 Danny Spungen（2013 年度人物

Shafer 先生、NGC 董事長 Mark Salzberg 先生和 NCS 總

獎）。2 號和 3 號鍍金銀章分別頒給了終身成就獎獲得

裁 David Camire 先 生、 美 國 錢 幣 協 會 新 一 屆 主 席 Jeff

者楊秉超（1980 年任中國人民銀行印製總公司總經理）

Garrett 先生、美國著名錢幣研究學者古富先生、美國錢

和朱純德（中國錢幣學會和中國金幣總公司創始人之一），

幣協會 2015 年度人物 (2015 Numismatist of the Year) Fred

2 號銀章頒給 2014 年度人物獎獲獎者王世宏（組織編寫

Schwan 先生、中國現代貴金屬幣經銷商代表徐建新先生

《中國現代貴金屬幣賞析》叢書）。此次給崗政道先生（終

等國內外錢幣界重量級人物悉數亮相。

身成就獎）頒發的是 4 號鍍金銀章。 2015 年度人物獎已 於 12 月份在澳門頒發。

“ 尼 古 拉 斯 • 布 朗 中 國 錢 幣 收 藏 貢 獻 獎” 獎 章 由 Mish International 和愛秀集團聯合贊助製作，專門用於獎

頒 獎 晚 宴 之 後， 由“ 本 哈 德 假 鈔 行 動”(Operation

勵在錢幣學研究和收藏方面做出重大貢獻的人士。紀念

Bernhard) 策劃人 Bernhard Krueger 將軍的孫女 Charlotte

章採用三種材質：紫銅、純銀和純銀鍍金，由瀋陽造幣

Krueger 女士介紹了“本哈德假鈔行動”。該行動是二戰

廠設計、鑄造，韓曉生和金雅軒任設計師。其中，鍍金

時期德國納粹為了打壓英國經濟，製造英鎊假鈔的行動，

銀章限量發行 6 枚，直徑 80 毫米，成色 99.9%，重 500

以當時主謀軍官名命名。

克，純銀材質，編號 0-5；銀章限量鑄造 14 枚，直徑 80

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Departments 部門

The 12th Annual Chinese Copper Coin Association Seminar Jiang Yongjie (Jinan)

The Chinese Copper Coin Association (CCCA) is an organization that aims to cultivate interest in collecting and learning about Chinese copper coins. The association’s first seminar was held in August 2004 in Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province. Since 2004, many cities in several different provinces have been selected as the location for the annual seminar. Last year’s seminar (2015) was held in Jinan, the capital of Shandong Province. Jinan has hosted the seminar twice, a special honor.

One hundred and thirty-nine Chinese copper coin collectors, members from the China Numismatic Society and the Shandong Numismatic Society in addition to other representatives attended the seminar on Sept. 19-20. The opening ceremony was performed by Jiang Yongjie, a member of the Shandong Numismatic Society. Committee member Liu Chunyang delivered a welcome speech. Gao Congming and He Chuanfen, also delivered speeches on behalf of the China Numismatic Society and the Shandong Numismatic Society. Renowned copper coin collector, David Ho, made a presentation on Chinese copper coin collecting and investing.

First, 14 papers were presented and will be published in the Qi Lu Qian Bi (Shandong Numismatics) journal.

Second, a commemorative medal set struck in silver and brass by the Shanghai Mint was designed for the seminar for the first time. The design was

by Rocky Zhao, the designer of the 2014 and 2015 commemorative panda coins.. The medals’ designs were chosen by vote and feature the landmark of Shandong Province’s Mount Tai and the rare Shandong 1 cash (with center hole) and 20 cash copper patterns.

Third, the editor of the Journal of East Asian Numismatics Mr. Yuan Shuiqing handed out the voting sheets for voting for the top 20 Chinese copper coins, which will be updated in Top Chinese Coins (3 rd edition).

After the seminar, the attendees visited the Shandong Museum. A copper coins auction was held on September 20th. A 12 th Chinese Copper Coins Association gold commemorative medal with serial No. 1 realized ¥30,999, a piedfort silver and brass set sold for ¥5,000. And Beijing was selected as the host of 13th CCCA in 2016.

This Seminar had four highlights.:

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Departments 部門

Liu Chunyang delivers a speech

Gao Congming delivers a speech

David Ho delivers a speech

Coin Appreciation and Exchange

The 12th Chinese Copper Coin Association Seminar silver and brass medal

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第十二屆中國銅元研討會暨中國錢幣收藏與投資高峰論壇 在山東濟南成功舉辦 姜永傑（濟南）

中國銅元研討會是一個由全國各地愛好銅元收藏的 泉友自發組織的，專門針對銅元進行研究討論的民間活 動。自 2004 年 8 月首次在江蘇揚州舉辦之後，已分別在 山東、上海、廣西、湖北、湖南、陝西、吉林、浙江、 江西等省市舉行，每年一屆，至今已連續舉辦了 12 屆。 中國銅元研討會已經成為泉友深入探討銅元發展歷史、 交流銅元收藏研究成果、弘揚銅元收藏文化的一個高端 平台。 第十二屆中國銅元研討會暨中國錢幣收藏與投資高 峰論壇于 2015 年 9 月 19-20 日在山東濟南新聞大廈召開， 這是泉城濟南第二次舉辦中國銅元研討會，也是目前為

劉春陽致詞

止唯一一個舉辦過兩次銅元研討會的城市。來自全國各 地的 139 位銅元收藏家、銅元愛好者及中國錢幣學會、 山東省錢幣學會、冠軍拍賣公司、山東省及濟南市有關 單位的代表出席開幕式，大家齊聚泉城，盛況空前。 研討會開幕式由山東省錢幣學會會員姜永傑主持，首 先介紹與會嘉賓，接著由本屆研討會組委會成員、主策 劃人劉春陽代表會議組委會致歡迎詞；中國錢幣學會副 秘書長兼《中國錢幣》雜誌編輯部主任高聰明代表中國 錢幣學會講話；山東省錢幣學會秘書长兼齐鲁钱币博物 馆馆长贺传芬代表山东钱币学会致辞；著名銅元收藏家 何代水做“中國銅元收藏與投資”發言。 高聰明講話 本屆研討會有四大亮點：

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Departments 部門

該紀念章為趙檣親自操刀設計，構思精巧、設計精美， 由上海造幣有限公司採用鏡面、噴砂、噴珠、高浮雕等 最先進工藝精製而成。 紀念章圖案集中反映了山東的人文特色及地方鑄幣 的歷史，濃濃的山東元素充滿了歷史感，并用隱含在“山 東壹文”的“壹”和“貳拾文”的“貳”的文字組合， 體現了第十二屆銅元研討會的特色。 三、《東亞泉志》主編袁水清代表冠軍拍賣公司，在 何代水發言 一、論文評選分別設壹、貳、叁等獎及優秀獎，共有 14 篇論文獲獎，均為近期最新之研究成果。組委會為獲 獎者特製獲獎證書、頒發獎金，并將論文輯結成冊，隨

本屆研討會上發放了 50 份關於中國銅元 20 珍品的調查 問卷，并就 20 珍品將收錄于《中國近代機制幣精品鑒賞》 （第三版）一書作了說明，得到與會泉友的廣泛響應和 大力支持，這將為重新確定新的中國銅元 20 珍品做出貢 獻。

後山東省錢幣學會主辦的《齊魯錢幣》將予以刊發。 二、舉辦了首次中國銅元研討會紀念章設計方案征集 大賽。大賽壹等獎獎金為人民幣壹萬圓，這是往屆銅元 研討會所沒有的，也是本屆銅元研討會的一個創新。經 過專家評審，本次紀念章設計大賽壹等獎被中國 2014 版、 2015 版熊貓金銀幣設計者、上海造幣廠工藝美術師、新 生代幣章設計師趙檣摘得。由於趙先生因公無法到現場 領獎，特意提前錄製了關於本屆紀念章設計理念的短片 與現場泉友分享。 交流、欣賞 四、中國錢幣博物館宣教處王紀潔處長向廣大泉友介 紹了關於 2016 年中國錢幣博物館開展“中國銅元珍品展” 的有關信息。她希望銅元收藏家、愛好者都能踴躍拿出 優質展品，積極參與展覽。本次展覽的具體要求及詳情， 中國錢幣博物館將會及時對外發佈。 第十二屆中國銅元研討會成功舉辦，得到中國錢幣學 會和山東省錢幣學會的大力支持。本屆研討會是創辦 12 年至今參加人數最多、規模最大的一次，從研討到交流， 從銅元珍品欣賞到收藏投資，都將對提高銅元收藏研究 水平產生重要影響。此外，與會泉友還參觀了山東省博 物館，對該館館藏的青州石刻佛造像贊不絕口。會議的 第二天由周沁園主槌對 100 件幣、章進行了拍賣，其中 1 號研討會金章成交價 30999 元，寓意“山東久久久”， 而另一套加厚銅章以 5000 元成交。最後經過段洪剛先生 第十二屆中國銅元研討會銀、銅紀念章

提議，全體泉友一致同意，決定 2016 年第十三屆中國銅 元研討會在北京舉辦。

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Departments 部門

Champion Attends the 2015 Beijing International Coin Exposition Yuan Fang (Xi'an) The 2015 Beijing International Coin Exposition (BICE), jointly held by China Gold Coin Incorporation, China Banknote Printing and Minting Corporation and China Numismatic Museum, was held in the China National Convention Center November 7 to 9, 2015. About 250 exhibitors from 16 countries attended the exposition. The CEO of Champion Auction Michael Chou along with four of his staff members attended this exposition.

BICE 2015 Commemorative Silver Coin

very popular. The 2016 Chinese Zodiac Commemorative Gold and Silver Coins attached with the label of "display only, not for sale" attracted many visitors who hoped to win the purchase priority of these coins in the lucky draw.

The BICE 2015 Commemorative Silver Coins were also hot sellers. From Nov. 7th to 9th, about 600 of BICE 2015 2015 BICE Opening Ceremony

Highlights of the BICE 1) Opening Ceremony

It was cold in Beijing and the expo location was far from downtown but that didn't stop people visiting. At the ceremony, Zhang Hanqiao, the manager of China Gold Coin Incorporation (CGCI), introduced the distinguished guests. Xu Lianchu, the Chairman of CGCI, introduced the major activities of BICE. Bu Jianchen, the general manger of China Banknote Printing and Minting Corporation

Commemorative Silver Coins were sold each day. Many visitors arrived very early to wait in line to buy one. The reverse depicts the patterns of two representative coins from China’s Ching [Qing] dynasty - a dragon coin (left) and a Britain Queen Victoria portrait coin (right). CBPM, at booth T002, played videos to introduce the company, the printing process, the art of engraving and the anti-counterfeiting technology of the China Aerospace Space Commemorative 100 Yuan banknote which will be issued soon. The Shanghai Mint, Shenyang Mint, and Nanjing Mint also displayed their products. China Numismatic Museum, at booth T003,

(CBPM), presented the history and development of CBPM. Zhou Weirong, the curator of China Numismatic Museum, presented the 30-year history of the development of bank cards and their significance. Fan Yifei, the vice president of the People’s Bank, officiated at the opening ceremony of the BICE. 2) The Organizer CGCI As the organizer of BICE, CGCI had the biggest booth (T001) to display its representative products, among which the 2016 Gold Panda Coins set at the price of ¥132,000 was

China Aerospace Space Commemorative 100 Yuan Banknote

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Departments 部門 displayed many photos with descriptions in 24 panels to

Program's First Successful Moon Landing and the 2 oz.

commemorate the 30th anniversary of China's first bank

Mount Emei of the Chinese Sacred Buddhist Mountain

card issuance. In able for more visitors to gain a better

Series.

understanding about China bank cards three hundred cards of different varieties from the Zhao Aiguo collection were on display.

China 2016 Gold Panda Coins 5) Great changes in the 2016 Panda Gold and Silver Coins.

On 7th November, the 2016 Panda Gold and Silver Coins Appreciation Meeting was held in Hall A, 2F Beichen Intercontinental Beijing. The guests listened to stories of the design concepts and the minting procedures behind the panda coins to better understand and appreciate the coins. An important change of 2016 Panda coins is the unit of weight The editor of JEAN Yuan Shuiqing (L) and Li Ming (the Party Secretary of the China Numismatic Museum)

3) Foreign exhibitors with their representative products.

Seventeen foreign exhibitors including mints, coin dealers

and grading services came from many countries including Germany, Liechtenstein, the US, Canada, Singapore, France, Australia, North Korea, Britain and Austria. Coins displayed included the 2016 Year of the Monkey Gold and Silver Proof Coins, the Kookaburra Silver Coin, Kangaroo Coins and Koala Coins from Australia's Perth Mint. The Shakyamuni Buddha Commemorative Silver Coin, struck in ultra-high relief by the Singapore Mint, also made its debut. The New Zealand Mint displayed its latest Disney series of "Star Wars" coins. North Korea's Pugang Coin Corp., the Royal Canadian Mint and Panda America also displayed their representative coins.

and 100g Gold Panda Coins were issued for the first time at a fairly small mintage. Some foreign researchers who have a great passion in collecting Panda coins think that this alteration does not comply with international practices and will would greatly influence international sales.

6) The Auction The 2015 BICE auction was held by E & W International Auction on 9th November in the China National Convention Center. Michael Chou, Andy Shao and Yuan Shuiqing attended the auction. There were 521 items for sale. Lot 1 - China 2015 Beijing International Coin Exposition Silver Coin with serial No.1 realized ¥3200, and lot 88 - China 2014 Year of the Horse 10kg. Gold Commemorative Coin started at ¥460,000 and finally sold to floor buyer 106 at the price of ¥528,000 (all prices include buyer's commission). A China 2016 Year of the Monkey Gold Commemorative Coin,

4) The outcome of the voting for the "Most Popular 2014 China Precious Metal Commemorative Coins" was revealed on 8th November. The People's Bank of China issued 56 precious metal coins varieties in 10 projects in 2014. Five gold coins and five silver coins entered into the final round of the competition after two months of voting on CGCI's official website www.chngc.net and its WeChat platform. The winners of the "Most Popular 2014 China Precious Metal Commemorative Coins" were the 1/4 oz. gold commemorative coins for the China Lunar Exploration

東 亞 泉 志

has been altered from ounces to grams. Besides this, 50g

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THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS

serial No.1, started at ¥258,000 and realized ¥715,000. Lot 398 - China 2015 Year of the Sheep Plum-blossom shaped Gold Commemorative Coin sold for ¥495,000. Lot 188 China 2000 the Millennium Year Gold and Silver Coins set (7 pieces in total) started at ¥6,000,000, and realized ¥8,800,000, the highest price realized in this auction. Generally speaking, foreign coins and copper medals didn’t sell well. Lot 270 - Mongolia 2013 Wolf Howling at the Moon Gold Plated Silver Coin and lot 80 - Austria Wild Animal Series "Red Deer" Gold Coin won the "Most Innovative Coin" and "Most Artistic Coin" respectively, but only lot 270 sold at the price

Departments 部門 of ¥1430, lot 80 started at ¥5000 but didn't sell.

On 8 th November, Michael Chou, Yuan Shuiqing, Zhang Yuequn (the retired director of the Shanghai Mint

Champion Auction was well-prepared for this exhibition

Museum) and some American friends met the GM of CGCI

and its booth A045, near to China Banknote Printing and

Zhang Hanqiao in the Benchen Intercontinental Hotel. They

Minting Incorporation, attracted many visitors. Eight rare

discussed several issues including the difficulty of selling

silver and copper coins including China-Chihli 1896 50

gold and silver coins as coin distributors set sale prices too

Cents Silver, China-Chihli 1897 50 Cents Silver, slanted eye

high and the sale of panda coins would be greatly affected

dragon, China-Kwangtung 1889 50 Cents Silver Pattern,

by the new alternation of the unit of weight. However, Mr.

China-Kwangtung 1889 10 Cents Silver Pattern, China 1912

Zhang said since the target market was mainly domestic,

Yuan Shih Kai Large Beard One Dollar Silver Pattern, an

the unit alternation might bring Chinese collectors a good

extremely rare portrait coin in Republic of China from the

opportunity for investment. In the evening, Michael Chou,

H. Chang-Dennis W. Sibert Collections, were displayed.

Zhao Yansheng (the former GM of China Great Wall Coins

Fifty catalogs, 200 auction brochures and JEAN (the Journal

Investments Ltd.) and Yuan Shuiqing discussed the market

of East Asian Numismatics) flyers were all delivered to our

situation of Chinese gold and silver coins over a dinner held

customers on the first day.

by Champion.

Additional Achievements On 7th November, Michael Chou, Yuan Shuiqing and three Champion staff were invited to attend the Third National Association of Numismatics dinner held by YJ Online. About 200 guests including numismatic collectors, experts and researchers attended this dinner, and many of them picked the Champion Macau auction catalog and brochures. After the presentation of the coins exchange procedure on YJ Online, King L. Chan, a senior scholar of modern China gold and silver coins shared his experiences on visiting the Chicago International Coin Fair; Peter Anthony delivered a speech about research on gold and silver panda coins; Max Spiegel, the vice President of NGC made a presentation on coin grading of NGC; Ding Feng, the GM of YJ Online, delivered a welcome speech.

Michael Chou, Yuan Shuiqing and David Chio with MNS members visit the Beijing Banknote Printing Corporation

On 9 th November, Michael Chou, David Chio (the

director of Macau Numismatic Society (MNS) and other MNS members visited the Beijing Banknote Printing Corporation (BBP). They learned a lot about the banknote printing process, the anti-counterfeiting technology of the 2015 100 Yuan banknotes and the history of the BBP.

The GM of YJ Online Ding Feng delivers a welcome speech

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THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS

Departments 部門

冠軍拍賣參展 2015 北京國際錢幣博覽會紀實 圓方（西安） 集文化、收藏、投資於一體的 2015 北京國際錢幣博

幣光彩奪目，特別是售價 1.32 萬元的 2016 年金質熊貓

覽會，於 11 月 7 日至 9 日在雄偉的北京國家會議中心舉

套幣受到熱捧。貼有“只展不售”標籤的 2016 年生肖金

行。此次博覽會由中國金幣總公司、中國印鈔造幣總公司、

銀紀念幣吸引了一批批參觀者，期待在 2016 年生肖幣購

中國錢幣博物館三家聯合主辦。展廳面積 1.25 萬平方米； 來自全球 16 個國家及地區的展商共計 250 餘家。冠軍拍 賣提前預訂了靠前的 A045 展位。總裁周邁可帶領 4 名員 工參加了此次盛會，其中 2 人留守展位接待參觀者 , 另 3 人分頭參加大會安排的重要活動 , 參觀重點展位的展品 , 訪問與本公司業務相關的單位和人士。 一、會場內見聞 1. 開幕式隆重。儘管北京天氣寒冷，會址距市中心 較遠，博覽会第一天還是十分熱鬧，展廳內人流穿梭。 開幕式上，中國金幣總公司總經理張漢橋介紹了與會領 導和嘉賓，董事長徐聯初致辭，他說，中國金幣總公司 是直屬於中國人民銀行履行貴金屬紀念幣發售職能的重

2015 北京國際錢幣博覽會紀念銀幣

要單位，是中央銀行貨幣發售職能的重要組成和業務延

買權抽獎活動中幸運中獎。連續三天每天售 600 枚左右

伸。北京國際錢幣博覽會作為國際大型專業盛會，越來

的 2015 北京國際錢幣博覽會紀念銀幣，使眾多參觀者及

越成為中西方錢幣設計理念與新品發佈交流的國際重要

早排隊搶購 , 冠軍拍賣兩位女士為公司有幸購得 2 枚。

交流平臺。同時介紹了本次博覽會的重要活動，堅信這

這枚紀念銀幣背面延續 2007 年以來東西方代表性錢幣圖

個平臺會越辦越好。中國印鈔造幣總公司總經理布建臣

案巧妙組合的設計風格，是中國清代團龍錢幣與英國維

代表董事長敖惠誠致辭介紹了中國印鈔造幣的悠久歷史

多利亞女王錢幣圖案對應設計，讓我們又一次領略了中

以及發展現狀。中國錢幣博物館館長周衛榮代表黨委書

外錢幣的歷史與藝術魅力。中國印鈔造幣總公司是中國

記李明致辭，重點介紹了銀行卡在中國 30 年的發展歷程

人民銀行直屬的唯一從事人民幣印製業務的大型國有企

及其重要意義。中國人民銀行副行長范一飛宣佈本屆博

業，下轄 22 個大中型企業和 1 個技術中心。其展位為

覽會開幕。

中國航天紀念鈔簡介 2015 北京國際錢幣博覽會開幕式

T002，展位正面為全天滾動播放的公司發展歷程、印刷 雕刻工藝，以及 2015 年版壹佰圓紙幣防偽特徵和即將發

2. 主 辦 方 展 位 極 具 引 力。 中 國 金 幣 總 公 司 展 位

行的中國航天紀念鈔簡介。另幾面櫃檯為上海造幣有限

T001，面積最大，位置十分醒目，展出的各類金銀紀念

公司、瀋陽造幣有限公司、南京造幣有限公司等展出的

東 亞 泉 志

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THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS

Departments 部門 本廠生產的部分產品。位於 T003 的中國錢幣博物館展廳，

金銀幣實物，傾聽設計師講述一枚枚熊貓金銀幣背後的

推出“紀念中國銀行卡發行三十周年展”，用 24 個展板，

故事，從而直觀體會中國熊貓金銀幣設計理念和生產工

以豐富的圖像和文字資料，以及金融票證收藏家趙愛國

藝上的構想及創意。引人注目的是 2016 版熊貓金銀幣重

提供的 300 多張不同品種的銀行卡實物，使參觀者對銀

量單位由盎司變更為克，體現了國家屬性的回歸，意義

行卡發展歷程、種類、功能等有了深入的了解。《東亞

重大。加之發行規格增發 50 克、100 克精製金幣，以及

泉志》主編袁水清仔細參觀後還與李明、趙愛國先生分

發行量的減少，吊足了幣商的胃口。但也有外國“貓謎”

別合影留念。

研究者認為，計重單位的改變與國際慣例不吻合，故其 在國際市場上的銷售量會由此受到影響。

2016 年版熊貓金幣 6. 精品拍賣會喜憂參半。由東西方國際拍賣有限公司 承辦的 2015 北京國際博覽會精品拍賣會 11 月 9 日在國 《東亞泉志》主編袁水清（左）與中國錢幣博物館黨委 書記李明合影

家會議中心 4A 廳活動區開槌，周邁可、蕭業勇、袁水 清蒞臨拍賣現場。此次共推出 525 件拍品，按歷年慣例， 首先開拍的第 1 件拍品仍然是證書“1”號的 2015 國際

3. 外國展品各俱特色。此次外國展商 17 家，分別來

錢幣博覽會紀念銀幣，經過十多次舉牌競價，最終以

自德國、列支敦士登、美國、加拿大、新加坡、法國、

3200 元收槌，之後 88 號拍品為證書“1”號的 2014 中

澳大利亞、朝鮮、英國、奧地利等國家的造幣廠、錢幣

國甲午（馬）年 10 公斤紀念金幣，起拍價 46 萬元，經

經銷公司和評級公司，其展品各有千秋。澳大利亞珀斯

過數輪競爭，最終以 528 萬元（含傭金，下同）被 106

鑄幣局展出的錢幣令人歎為觀止，包括 2016（猴）年生

號買家收入囊中；加拍 1 號為 1 枚 2016 中國丙申（猴）

肖金銀幣，經典的澳大利亞笑翠鳥、袋鼠、考拉投資幣。

年紀念金幣，起拍價 25.8 萬元，成交價 71.5 萬元，為

新加坡造幣廠展出的“釋迦牟尼佛”紀念幣，以 3 倍于

估價的 2.8 倍；398 號拍品為 1 枚 2015 中國乙未（羊）

普通紀念幣高度的超高浮雕，同時結合鍍金技術首次在

年梅花形紀念金幣，成交價 49.5 萬元。可見生肖題材金

中國亮相。新西蘭造幣有限公司展出的迪士尼和星球大

銀紀念幣為藏家所喜愛。奪得本場拍賣成交價第一名者

戰最新產品，朝鮮富強錢幣會社、加拿大皇家造幣廠、

為 188 號 7 枚一套的 2000 千年金銀紀念幣，以 600 萬

美國熊貓錢幣公司等展出的多種錢幣，吸引了眾多中國

元起拍，以 880 萬元收槌。從整體看，拍賣競價不夠激

外幣收藏家的目光。

烈，特別是古幣、外國錢幣、銅章板塊成交率較低。原 來看好的“2015 世界硬幣大獎”2 件獲獎拍品，僅 270

4. 兩款金銀紀念幣喜摘桂冠。“最受群眾喜愛的

號 2013 年蒙古月下狼嚎鏤空鍍金紀念銀幣以 1430 元成

2014 年中國貴金屬紀念幣”評選於 11 月 8 日下午揭曉。

交；而 80 號奧地利野生動物系列“馬鹿”金幣以 5000

中國人民銀行于 2014 年共發行了 10 個貴金屬紀念幣項

元起拍，沒有成交。相信隨著此次中國錢幣學會幣章藝

目計 56 個品種，通過中國金幣網與中國金幣微信平台兩

術專業委員會成立揭牌、網站開通儀式舉行，銅章收藏

個端口兩個月的投票，最終分別有 5 枚金幣和 5 枚銀幣

及拍賣會有所改觀。據統計，此次拍賣會成交數量 298

進入到最後的角逐，其中中國探月首次落月成功 1/4 盎

件，成交率 56.76%，起拍總價值 17855400 元，成交總

司圓形金質紀念幣，中國佛教聖地（峨眉山）2 盎司圓

價值 19523680 元，平均溢價幅度 9.34%，其中，現代金

形銀質紀念幣脫穎而出，喜摘桂冠。

銀幣拍品 201 件成交 142 件，成交率 70.65%；成交金額 19218100 元，占總成交額的 98.43%。

5.2016 版熊貓金銀幣蛻變意義重大。11 月 7 日下午， 2016 版熊貓金銀幣品鑒會在北辰洲際酒店 2 層多功能 A

二、冠軍拍賣展位概況

廳舉行。到會嘉賓通過現場品鑒歷年包括 2016 年版熊貓

21

東 亞 泉 志

THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS

Departments 部門 冠軍拍賣以自己在業界的影響力，赴京前的充分準 備，以及靠前並與中國印鈔造幣總公司相近的展位，贏 得眾多觀眾光顧。公司借此良機，首先做好展品宣傳。 展櫃內精心擺放了參展的 2 版 8 枚珍稀銀幣、銅幣，其 中擬於 12 月 6 日在澳門上拍的有光緒二十二年北洋機器 局造五角銀幣，光緒二十三年北洋機器局造五角斜眼龍 銀幣，罕見品；1889 年廣東省造光緒元寶七三反版庫平 三錢六分五釐、庫平七分三釐銀質樣幣；1912 年袁世凱 像大鬍子開國紀念壹圓銀質樣幣等，數量不多均十分珍 貴。該拍品由於是民國人像幣中最珍稀者，且已知為最 佳品相，1947 年張璜—鄧尼斯·希伯特遞藏，估價 18 萬元— 36 萬美元，成為幾位大藏家鑒賞的重點。展櫃上擺放和 展室內存放的 200 份冠軍拍賣澳門活動宣傳冊、50 份拍

易金在線總經理丁峰致辭

賣目錄，以及《東亞泉志》電子雜誌簡介，第一天就被

11 月 8 日晚，冠軍拍賣周邁可、袁水清，上海造幣

參觀者領完。數百人參觀了我們的展櫃。一位張姓老客

博物館原館長張躍群及幾位美國朋友，在北辰洲際酒店

戶曾買過冠軍拍賣幾件拍品，11 月 7 日第一次要了 2 套

幸遇中國金幣總公司總經理張漢橋，大家就金銀幣變現

拍賣資料，第二次又專程來看展品，並購買了一套《中

難，各地特約銷售點銷價過高，以及 2016 版熊貓金銀幣

國近代機制幣精品鑒賞》圖書。二是洽談合作事宜。11

計量單位改變可能影響銷售作了反映。張總耐心聽取了

月 7 日，捷克造幣廠領導來到冠軍拍賣展位，與周邁可

意見，並說熊貓金銀幣銷售市場主要在國內，計量單位

總裁、《熊貓金銀幣收藏指南》作者皮特·安東尼洽談冠

的改變對收藏家來說是一次極好的投資機遇。之後，冠

軍拍賣在歐洲合作事宜。三是結交新朋友。周邁可總裁

軍拍賣招待晚宴期間，中國長城硬幣投資有限公司原總

經趙檣介紹與著名設計師董琪認識；袁水清主編結識了

經理趙燕生，還與袁水清和美國朋友就中國金銀幣市場

上海恩頡藏麥克斯副總裁、林振宇經理，瞭解了錢幣評

研究、2016 版熊貓金銀幣計量單位變更利弊作了探討。

級業務；與臺灣《探極》雜誌副編輯黃明月、業務助理 王豫築互訪展位，並就辦好錢幣雜誌作了交流；還向北 京錢幣網郭嘉華等先生現場約稿。 三、会外收获 11 月 6 日，北京降雪。周邁可、袁水清到京報到後， 旋赴中國錢幣博物館，分頭拜訪了北京方泉齋集幣服務 部法人經理王雪陽、中國錢幣學會秘書處王永生處長、 《中 國錢幣》雜誌編輯部主任高聰明，向他們介紹了 12 月初 冠軍拍賣在澳門的活動事項，並就進一步在內地開展業 務，辦好《東亞泉志》電子雜誌，進行了廣泛深入的交流。 11 月 7 日晚，冠軍拍賣 5 人應邀出席易金在線舉辦 的第三屆全國幣友聯誼會，出席會議的著名錢幣收藏家、

周邁可、袁水清與趙康池等澳門錢幣協會一行參觀北京 印鈔有限公司合影

專家學者及當代金銀幣收藏愛好者 200 余人，冠軍拍賣

11 月 9 日上午，周邁可總裁隨同澳門錢幣學會理事

向與會者分發了澳門活動宣傳冊。與會者聽取了網上錢

長趙康池率領的參觀團一起參觀了北京印鈔有限公司生

幣交流的操作流程介紹；中國現代金銀幣資深學者陳景

產車間和博物館，聽取了專業人員關於鈔票印製流程、

林、皮特·安東尼、NGC 副總裁麥克斯先生，分別就參觀

2015 年版壹佰圓鈔防偽特徵及北京印鈔廠廠史介紹，增

美國芝加哥錢幣展觀感、熊貓金銀幣研究、錢幣評級作

長了人民幣印製方面的知識。

了精彩講演；易金在線總經理丁峰熱情致辭。大家在歡 樂的氣氛中共進晚宴。

東 亞 泉 志

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THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS

Departments 部門

Macau Exhibit of 1897-1898 Otto Beh Coin Dies —Unveiling a Centennial Mystery of Chinese Pattern Coins Champion manufacturing the coining dies. Otto Beh supplied Schuler with over 200 dies for Chinese coins in 1897 and 1898. At the time this was by far the largest order for Otto Beh. The company celebrated its 125 year anniversary in 2009. To mark this occasion, numismatist Gerhard E. Kümmel from Esslingen drafted a history of the company with a catalogue of the medals, badges and pins brought out by Beh (Gerhard

E. Kümmel; 125 Jahre Gravier-und Prägeanstalt Otto Beh, Esslingen, Medaillen-Plaketten-Anstecknadeln, Esslingen 2011 ), with Heilungkiang, Chekiang, Anhwei, Feng-Tien David Chio, director of the MNS, introduces the Otto Beh Dies to the VIP guests

and Sinkiang coin dies included . Unfortunately, the catalog

This portfolio of 42 dies and 36 letter punches used by

the Otto Beh Company of Esslingen, Germany to produce coins for China in 1897-1898 is an important document of Chinese numismatic history and of the close economic ties between Germany and China at the end of the 19th century.

Before 2012, where the five provinces (Heilungkiang, Chekiang, Anhwei, Feng-Tien and Sinkiang) extremely rare pattern coins were struck was a numismatic mystery. This portfolio of 42 dies and 36 letter punches were auctioned in June 2012 unveils this centennial mystery of Chinese pattern coins, which became an important discovery in Chinese numismatic history.

Closely linked with the Otto Beh Company (established in 1884) was the firm of Louis Schuler (established in 1839) from neighbouring Göppingen. Today the world’s leading producer of coining machines, Schuler specialized in the 19th century in manufacturing sheet metal working machines and presses in particular. Schuler obtained the order to supply Fair. This order was probably an achievement of mutual

Otto Beh Coin Dies

agreement by the Qing imperial court envoy Li Hung-chang

gained little attention from Chinese numismatists due to its

and Otto Bismarck, the former chancellor of Germany. The

limited print size.

coin presses in 1895 - in all probability at the Leipzig Trade

Otto Beh company archive retains the original order.

The 42 coin dies and 36 letter punches were offered Schuler, in turn, commissioned Otto Beh, who

for sale at Künker Auction No. 211, June 18-19, 2012 as

specialized in the production of seals and dies, with

lot 2528, but they were withdrawn from sale because of its

23

東 亞 泉 志

THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS

Departments 部門 particular historical importance and so it could be donated

displayed at the Berlin World Money Fair on February 5-6

to a museum to be studied by numismatic specialists. The

2016, and transferred from Michael Chou to the Museum

dies were purchased by Michael Chou of Champion Auction.

on February 6, after which they will enter the museum for

According to the terms of the purchase agreement, the dies

permanent display.

will be donated to a museum without compensation and Michael Chou has the final decision on which museum shall

Five rare Chinese prototype coins displayed are listed as

be the recipient of the dies. In June 2014, Michael Chou and

follows:

independent observer, J.C. Lee, travelled to Germany and

1897 Sinkiang (Sungarai) 1 Mace Brass Pattern, NGC SP-63,

evaluated possible candidates for a permanent home for the

only 2-3 examples known to exist;

dies. In March 2015, Moritzburg Halle (Saale) - Museum of

1897 Feng-Tien Province One Dollar Brass Pattern, NGC

Art of the State of Saxony-Anhalt was selected as the final

MS-62, unique;

home for the Otto Beh dies. After the Macau special exhibit

1897 Heilungkiang Province 20 Cents Brass Pattern, NGC

on December 3-6 2015, the dies and letter punches will be

PF-61, only 2 examples known to exist;

1897 Sinkiang (Sungarai) 1 Mace Brass Pattern, NGC SP63, only 2-3 examples known to exist

1897 Feng-Tien Province One Dollar Brass Pattern, NGC MS62, unique

1897 Heilungkiang Province 10 Cents Brass Pattern, NGC PF64, unique

東 亞 泉 志

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THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS

1897 Heilungkiang Province 20 Cents Brass Pattern, NGC PF61, only 2 examples known to exist

1897 Hunan Province 10 Cash Copper Pattern, NGC PF63 RB, unique

Departments 部門

1897 Heilungkiang Province 10 Cents Brass Pattern, NGC

9. 3 Mace and 6 Candareens (50 Cents) Year 23 (1897):

PF-64, unique;

Matrix of reverse die with name of province in Latin-alphabet

1897 Hunan Province 10 Cash Copper Pattern, NGC PF-63

letters. L./M. die of 272.

RB, unique.

10. 7.2 Candareens (10 Cents) Year 23 (1897): Matrix of obverse die with name of province in Chinese characters. L./

The Otto Beh Company sold its 9 trial specimens

M. die of 273 A.

through Künker Auctions during 2012-2015. Besides the

11. 7.2 Candareens (10 Cents) Year 23 (1897): Patrix of

above-mentioned five rare Chinese patterns, the other four

reverse die with name of province in Latin-alphabet letters. L./

rare patterns are 1897 Anhwei One Dollar Silver-plated Brass

M. die of 273 A.

Pattern, only 2-3 examples known to exist; 2 1897 Feng-Tien

12. 7.2 Candareens (10 Cents) Year 23 (1897): Matrix of

Province 20 Cents Brass Pattern, only 3-4 examples known

reverse die with name of province in Latin-alphabet letters. L./

to exist; 1897 Heilungkiang Province 20 Cents Brass Pattern,

M. die of 273 A.

only 2 examples known to exist.

13. 3.6 Candareens (5 Cents) Year 23 (1897): Matrix of obverse die with name of province in Chinese characters. L./

Lot 2528 Chinese coining hubs, dies, and letter punches

M. die of 274.

(L&M numbers refer to the Illustrated Catalog of Chinese

14. 3.2 Candareens (5 Cents) Year 23 (1897): Patrix of

Gold & Silver by Lin Gwo Ming & Ma Tak Wo)

reverse die with name of province in Latin-alphabet letters. L./ M. die of 274.

Anhwei Province

15. 3.2 Candareens (5 Cents) Year 23 (1897): Matrix of

1. 7 Mace and 2 Candareens (Dollar) Year 23 (1897): Patrix

reverse die with name of province in Latin-alphabet letters. L./

of reverse die with name of province in Latin-alphabet letters.

M. die of 274.

L./M. die of 192.

16. 3.2 Candareens (5 Cents) Year 23 (1897): Matrix of

2. 1 Mace and 4.4 Candareens (20 Cents) Year 23 (1897):

reverse die with name of province in Latin-alphabet letters. L./

Matrix of obverse die with name of province in Chinese

M. die of 274.

characters. L./M. die of 194.

3. 1 Mace and 4.4 Candareens (20 Cents) Year 24 (1898):

Fengtien Province (Fungtien)

Matrix of reverse die with name of province in Latin-alphabet

17. 7 Mace and 2 Candareens (Dollar) n.d. (1897): Matrix of

letters. L./M. die of 201.

obverse die with name of province in Chinese characters. L./

4. 1 Mace and 4.4 Candareens (20 Cents) Year 23 (1897):

M. die of 467.

Matrix of obverse die with name of province in Chinese

18. 7 Mace and 2 Candareens (Dollar) n.d. (1897): Matrix of

characters. Large characters. L./M. die of 194.

reverse die with name of province in Latin-alphabet letters: FENG-TIEN. L./M. die of 467 (as TENG-TIEN there).

Chekiang Province

19. 3 Mace and 6 Candareens (50 Cents) n.d. (1897): Matrix

5. 7 Mace and 2 Candareens (Dollar) Year 23 (1897): Matrix

of obverse die with name of province in Chinese characters.

of obverse die with name of province in Chinese characters.

L./M. die of 468.

L./M. die of 271.

20. 3 Mace and 6 Candareens (50 Cents) n.d. (1897): Matrix

6. 7 Mace and 2 Candareens (Dollar) Year 23 (1897): Matrix

of reverse die with name of province in Latin-alphabet letters:

of reverse die with name of province in Latin-alphabet letters.

L./M. die of 468.

L./M. die of 271.

21. 1 Mace and 4.4 Candareens (20 Cents) n.d. (1897):

7. 3 Mace and 6 Candareens (50 Cents) Year 23 (1897):

Matrix of obverse die with name of province in Chinese

Matrix of obverse die with name of province in Chinese

characters. L./M. die of 469.

characters. L./M. die of 272.

22. 1 Mace and 4.4 Candareens (20 Cents) n.d. (1897):

8. 3 Mace and 6 Candareens (50 Cents) Year 23 (1897):

Matrix of reverse die with name of province in Latin-

Patrix of reverse die with name of province in Latin-alphabet

alphabet letters: TENG-TIEN. L./M. die of 469 (as FENG-

letters. L./M. die of 272.

TIEN there).

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THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS

Departments 部門 23. 7.2 Candareens (10 Cents) n.d. (1897): Matrix of obverse

33. 1 Mace and 4.4 Candareens (20 Cents): Patrix of obverse

die with name of province in Chinese characters. L./M. die of

die with dragon.

470.

34. 1 Mace and 4.4 Candareens (20 Cents): Patrix of reverse

24. 7.2 Candareens (10 Cents) n.d. (1897): Matrix of reverse

die with Chinese value.

die with name of province in Latin-alphabet letters: TENG-

35. 7.2 Candareens (10 Cents): Patrix of obverse die with

TIEN. L./M. die of 470 (as FENG-TIEN there).

dragon.

25. 7.2 Candareens (10 Cents) n.d. (1897): Matrix of reverse

36. 7.2 Candareens (10 Cents): Patrix of reverse die with

die with name of province in Latin-alphabet letters: TENG-

Chinese value.

TIEN. L./M. die of 470 (as FENG-TIEN there).

37. 3.6 Candareens (5 Cents): Patrix of obverse die with dragon.

Heilungkiang Province

38. 3.6 Candareens (5 Cents): Patrix of reverse die with

26. 7 Mace and 2 Candareens (Dollar) n. d.: Patrix of obverse

Chinese value.

die with name of province in Chinese characters. L./M. die of Plain matrices, no province

585.

39. 3.6 Candareens (5 Cents): Matrix of obverse die with Sin Kiang Province (Sungarai).

dragon.

27. 4 Mace n. d. (1897): Patrix of reverse die with name of

40. 3.6 Candareens (5 Cents): Matrix of reverse die with

province in Latin-alphabet letters. L./M. die of 830.

Chinese value.

28. 2 Mace n. d. (1897): Matrix of reverse die with name of province in Latin-alphabet letters. L./M. die of 831.

Sin Kiang Province Kwang Hsu, 1875-1889-1908.

41. 10 Cash: Matrix of obverse die.

Plain patrices, no province.

42. 10 Cash: Matrix of reverse die.

29. 7 Mace and 2 Candareens (Dollar): Patrix of obverse die with dragon.

Letter punches.

30. 7 Mace and 2 Candareens (Dollar): Patrix of reverse die

36 punches for Chinese characters.

with Chinese value.

31. 3 Mace and 6 Candareens (50 Cents): Patrix of obverse

42 stamps and 36 letter punches.

die with dragon.

Outstanding object of extraordinary significance for Chinese

32. 3 Mace and 6 Candareens (50 Cents): Patrix of reverse

monetary history.

die with Chinese value.

Macau Exhibit of 1897-98 Otto Beth Coin Dies

東 亞 泉 志

26

THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS

Macau Numismatic Society Annual Expo Ribbon-Cutting Ceremony Special Guests and Macau Numismatic Society officers.

Departments 部門

1897-1898 年德製幣模澳門特別展 — 揭開中國珍稀錢幣百年之謎 冠軍研究室 安徽及浙江樣幣之幣模。可惜目錄冊為限量發行，未引 起中國廣大藏家的注意。

澳門錢幣學會理事長趙康池先生在向來賓介紹幣模 德國埃斯林根市奧托拜赫公司的這 42 個中國珍稀錢 幣幣模和 36 個漢字沖頭記錄了中國錢幣史發展歷程的重 要階段，是中德兩國在 19 世紀末經濟往來密切的歷史見 證。2012 年之前，二十三年（1897 年）浙江光緒元寶、 二十三年安徽光緒元寶、無紀年奉天造 TENG-TIEN 版 及 FENG-TIEN 版光緒元寶，無紀年黑龍江、新疆等五 省錢幣在哪裡鑄造，一直是中國泉界的未解之謎。這五 省樣幣是中國最稀少的錢幣品種。2012 年 6 月，這些幣 模和漢字沖頭出現在德國昆克拍賣會，一舉揭開謎底， 成為中國錢幣史上的重大發現。

這套幣模和漢字沖頭曾在德國昆克拍賣 2012 年 6 月 18-19 日 211 屆拍賣會上進行拍賣，拍品號 2528，因其 具有重要的錢幣歷史價值，應存放在博物館進行錢幣學 研究，因而最終撤拍。經過奧托拜赫公司和昆克拍賣協商， 這套幣模賣給了冠軍拍賣總裁周邁可先生。周邁可先生 與昆克拍賣、奧托拜赫公司達成協議，將幣模無償捐獻 給博物館，周先生保留捐贈博物館的最終決定權。周邁 可先生和獨立觀察員李正民先生對德國幾家候選博物館 進行了參觀考察，最後確定德國萨克森 - 安哈尔特州哈 雷莫里茨堡藝術博物館為最終捐贈單位。2016 年 2 月 5-6 日，世界最大的錢幣展 —— 柏林世界錢幣展覽會上也將 展出這些幣模，6 日周邁可先生会將幣模移交給哈雷莫 里茨堡藝術博物館；該館設專櫃暫時展示，之後將永久 展示。

德國奧托拜赫公司成立于 1884 年，與鄰近的格平根 市的舒勒公司業務往來密切。舒勒公司成立於 1839 年， 從事金屬片加工成形尤其是壓印機的生產，目前是世界 上最主要的造幣機供應商。1895 年，舒勒公司可能是在 萊比錫貿易展銷會上接到了一份製作硬幣壓印機的訂貨 單，這可能是中國特使李鴻章和德意志“鐵血宰相”俾 斯麥協商的一項重要成果，至今仍保留在奧托拜赫公司 檔案室。 舒勒公司接到訂單后，轉而委託專門生產印章和模 具的奧托拜赫公司生產模具。1897-1898 年，奧托拜赫公 司共交付舒勒公司 200 多個中國錢幣的幣模。這是當時 奧托拜赫公司接到的最大訂單。2009 年，奧托拜赫公司 成立 125 週年之際，埃斯林根市錢幣學家柯米爾為此撰 寫了一部公司歷史和公司產品（紀念章、獎章和胸針） 目錄冊，目錄冊名為《柯米爾：125 年雕刻及鑄幣工廠 奧托拜赫，埃斯林根》，其中包括奉天、黑龍江、新疆、

Otto Beh 德製幣模

27

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THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS

Departments 部門 同時展出的 5 枚珍稀中國樣幣也是出自奧托拜赫公 司，分別是 1897 年新疆省造光緒銀元庫平重一錢銀幣銅 樣，NGC SP-63，估計存世 2-3 枚；1897 年奉天省造光 緒元寶七錢二分銀幣銅樣，NGC MS-62, 可能是僅見品； 1897 年黑龍江省造光緒元寶一錢四分四釐（NGC PF-61, 估計存世 2 枚）與七分二釐銀幣銅樣（NGC PF-64, 可能 是僅見品）； 1897 年湖南省造光緒元寶當十鏡面紅銅樣

1897 年新疆省造光緒銀元庫平重 一錢銀幣銅樣，NGC SP63，估計 存世 2-3 枚

1897 年奉天省造光緒元寶七錢二 分銀幣銅樣，NGC MS62，可能是 僅見品

1897 年黑龍江省造光緒元寶七分 二釐銀幣銅樣，NGC PF64，可能 是僅見品 Lot 2528 中國錢幣模具（陽模和陰模）和漢字沖頭 【備註： LM192 是指林國明與馬德和編著的《中國金銀 幣目錄》中編號為 192 的錢幣，以此類推。】 安徽省 1. 1897 年（光緒二十三年）安徽省造光緒元寶庫平七錢 二分背面陽模，書英文紀地文字，LM192 幣模。 2. 1897 年（光緒二十三年）安徽省造光緒元寶庫平一錢 四分四釐正面陰模，書中文紀地文字，LM194 幣模。 3. 1898 年（光緒二十四年）安徽省造光緒元寶庫平一錢

東 亞 泉 志

28

THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS

幣，NGC PF-63 RB，可能是僅見品。奧托拜赫公司曾于 2012-2015 年將試鑄樣幣檔案庫存委託給昆克拍賣，先後 拍出了 9 枚樣幣。除上述 5 枚外，還有另外 4 枚：1897 年安徽省造光緒元寶七錢二分銅鍍銀樣幣，估計存世 2-3 枚；2 枚 1897 年奉天省 (FENG TIEN) 造光緒元寶一錢四 分四釐銀幣銅樣，估計存世 3-4 枚；1897 年黑龍江省造 光緒元寶一錢四分四釐銀幣銅樣，估計存世 2 枚。

1897 年黑龍江省造光緒元寶一錢 四分四釐，NGC PF61, 估計存世 2 枚

1897 年湖南省造光緒元寶當十黃 銅鏡面樣幣，孤品，NGC PF63 RB 四分四釐背面陰模，書英文紀地文字，LM201 幣模。 4. 1897 年（光緒二十三年）安徽省造光緒元寶庫平一錢 四分四釐正面陰模，書中文紀地文字，大字版，LM194 幣模。 浙江省 5. 1897 年（光緒二十三年）浙江省造光緒元寶庫平七錢 二分正面陰模，書中文紀地文字，LM271 幣模。 6. 1897 年（光緒二十三年）浙江省造光緒元寶庫平七錢 二分背面陰模，書英文紀地文字，LM271 幣模。

Departments 部門 7. 1897 年（光緒二十三年）浙江省造光緒元寶庫平三錢 六分正面陰模，書中文紀地文字，LM272 幣模。 8. 1897 年（光緒二十三年）浙江省造光緒元寶庫平三錢 六分背面陽模，書英文紀地文字，LM272 幣模。 9. 1897 年（光緒二十三年）浙江省造光緒元寶庫平三錢 六分背面陰模，書英文紀地文字，LM272 幣模。 10. 1897 年（光緒二十三年）浙江省造光緒元寶庫平七 分二釐正面陰模，書中文紀地文字，LM273A 幣模。 11. 1897 年（光緒二十三年）浙江省造光緒元寶庫平七 分二釐背面陽模，書英文紀地文字，LM273A 幣模。 12. 1897 年（光緒二十三年）浙江省造光緒元寶庫平七 分二釐背面陰模，書英文紀地文字，LM273A 幣模。 13. 1897 年（光緒二十三年）浙江省造光緒元寶庫平三 分六釐正面陰模，書中文紀地文字，LM274 幣模。 14. 1897 年（光緒二十三年）浙江省造光緒元寶庫平三 分二釐背面陽模，書英文紀地文字，LM274 幣模。 15. 1897 年（光緒二十三年）浙江省造光緒元寶庫平三 分二釐背面陰模，書英文紀地文字，LM274 幣模。 16. 1897 年（光緒二十三年）浙江省造光緒元寶庫平三 分二釐背面陰模，書英文紀地文字，LM274 幣模。 奉天省 17. 1897 年（光緒二十三年）奉天省造光緒元寶庫平七 錢二分正面陰模，書中文紀地文字，LM467 幣模。 18. 1897 年（光緒二十三年）奉天省造光緒元寶庫平七 錢二分背面陰模，書英文紀地文字 FENG-TIEN， LM467 （TENG-TIEN 版）幣模。 19. 1897 年（光緒二十三年）奉天省造光緒元寶庫平三 錢六分正面陰模，書中文紀地文字，LM468 幣模。 20. 1897 年（光緒二十三年）奉天省造光緒元寶庫平三 錢六分背面陰模，書英文紀地文字，LM468 幣模。 21. 1897 年（光緒二十三年）奉天省造光緒元寶庫平一 錢四分四釐正面陰模，書中文紀地文字，LM469 幣模。 22. 1897 年（光緒二十三年）奉天省造光緒元寶庫平一 錢四分四釐背面陰模，書英文紀地文字 TENG-TIEN， LM469（FENG-TIEN 版）幣模。 23. 1897 年（光緒二十三年）奉天省造光緒元寶庫平七 分二釐正面陰模，書中文紀地文字，LM470 幣模。 24. 1897 年（光緒二十三年）奉天省造光緒元寶庫平七 分二釐背面陰模，書英文紀地文字 TENG-TIEN，LM470 （FENG-TIEN 版）幣模。

25. 1897 年（光緒二十三年）奉天省造光緒元寶庫平七 分二釐背面陰模，書英文紀地文字 TENG-TIEN，LM470 （FENG-TIEN 版）幣模。 黑龍江省 26.（無紀年）黑龍江省造光緒元寶庫平七錢二分正面陽 模，書中文紀地文字，LM585 幣模。 新疆省 27.（無紀年）1897 年光緒銀元庫平重四錢背面陽模，書 英文紀地文字，LM830 幣模。 28.（無紀年）1897 年光緒銀元庫平重二錢背面陰模，書 英文紀地文字，LM831 幣模。 陽模，無紀地信息 29. 庫平七錢二分正面龍圖陽模 30. 庫平七錢二分背面中文面值陽模 31. 庫平三錢六分正面龍圖陽模 32. 庫平三錢六分背面中文面值陽模 33. 庫平一錢四分四釐正面龍圖陽模 34. 庫平一錢四分四釐背面中文面值陽模 35. 庫平七分二釐正面龍圖陽模 36. 庫平七分二釐背面中文面值陽模 37. 庫平三分六釐正面龍圖陽模 38. 庫平三分六釐背面中文面值陽模 陰模，無紀地信息 39. 庫平三分六釐正面龍圖陰模 40. 庫平三分六釐背面中文面值陰模 新疆省造光緒通寶銅元，1875-1889-1908 41. 十文正面陰模 42. 十文背面陰模 字母沖頭 36 個漢字沖頭 共計 42 個幣模和 36 個漢字沖頭，對研究中國錢幣歷史 具有重要意義。

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Departments 部門

Chinese Vintage Coin Highlights from the Macau Champion Auction Champion This auction was pleased to offer Part IX of the Chinese Family Collection, which featured Chinese 50 cents coinage, including almost the complete set of all 50-cent Chinese struck coins ever issued. The sale of this highly anticipated Collection resulted in high prices.

For example, Lot 077, a China-Chihli 1896 50-Cent coin sold for US$55,200 (Buyer’s Commission inclusive, hereinafter) to a Chinese floor buyer; Lot 078, a ChinaChihli 1897 50-Cent slanted eye dragon type realized US$10,925 also to a Chinese floor buyer. Lot 087, ChinaChampion’s Winter Auction started on December 6, 2015. Eager buyers entered their bids from the floor, by mail, phone and online. Many famous collectors and collectors’ representatives were present including C.S. Wong, David Chau, C.M. Chang, Allan Chan, Wang Yang, Richard Guo, Charlie Chang, Newton Ng and Allen Chen as well as overseas bidders bidding via Liveauctioneers.

The auction resulted in many strong prices.

Fengtien 1899 50 Cents with the date year 25th in Manchu mistakenly written as the 24th year, sold for US$8,260 to an American online buyer. Lot 098, a Hong Kong 1866 One Dollar sold for a very strong US$11,500 to an American floor buyer; and lot 119, a China-Kiangnan 1900 50 Cents graded VF-35 by NGC was won by a Chinese floor buyer at the final price of US$69,000. Lot 128, a China-Kwangtung ND (1889) 50 Cents Silver Pattern, 7.3 Candareens Reversed Pattern, sold for a hammer price of US$166,750; Lot 129, a China-Kwangtung ND (1889) 20 Cents Silver Pattern, 7.3 Candareens Reversed Pattern, sold for US$34,500. Lot 130, a China-Kwangtung ND (1889) 10 Cents Silver Pattern, 7.3 Candareens Reversed Pattern, sold for US$50,600, to the same American floor buyer of Lot 128 and Lot 129. Lot 131, a China-Kwangtung ND (1889) 5 Cents Silver Pattern, 7.2

Lot 128 Realized US$166,750

Candareens Reversed Pattern, sold for US$25,300 to a Chinese floor buyer; Lot 140, a China-Manchurian 1907 50 Cents Silver, was won by a Chinese phone buyer at the price of US$6,900. Lot 151, a China-Shensi ND (1898) 50 Cents Silver Pattern realized US$138,000 was won by an American mail buyer. Lot 152, a China-Shensi ND (1898) 20 Cents Silver Pattern was sold to a floor buyer from Taipei for the price of US$120,750. Lot 198, a ChinaRepublic 1935 Sun Yat-Sen 50 Cents Copper Pattern

Lot 151 Realized US$138,000

realized US$50,600 by an American floor buyer.

Apart from the Chinese Family Collection, another highlight of Chinese vintage coins was Lot 185, the finest

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Departments 部門

Lot 422 Realized US$644,000

Lot 185 Realized US$345,000

known China-Republic 1912 Yuan ShiKai Large Beard

In World Coins, lot 315, a North Korea 2011 Celadon,

One Dollar Silver Pattern. This coin attracted a lot of

sold for US$2,530 to a floor buyer; lot 316, a North Korea

attention before the auction. After competitive bidding,

2014 Celadon, was won by a floor buyer at the price of

it finally realized an astonishing US$345,000 by an

US$13,800, which set the highest price in the World Coin

American floor buyer and was the highest price for any

section.

Chinese vintage coin in this year at auction. Two major buyers, one from Taiwan and another from Hong Kong, arrived at the sale too late to bid on this lot.

With regard to Chinese Modern Coins, lot 382, a China-Macau 2015 Macau Numismatic Society Platinum Commemorative Show Panda, started at a

In addition, lot 186, a China-Republic 1912 Li Yuan

price of US$3,000. When the bidding was finally over it

Hung One Dollar (without hat), the scarcer error variety

realized US$27,600 by a floor buyer. Lot 383, a China-

with “T I I E” instead of “T H E”, sold for US$8,625 to

Macau 2015 Macau Numismatic Society Silver Sample

a Chinese phone buyer. Lot 187, a China-Republic 1914

Commemorative Show Panda was won by a Chinese

Yuan Shi-Kai 50 Cents, was won by an American online

phone buyer at the price of US$5,750. Lot 422, a China

buyer at the price of US$5,664, and lot 208, a China-

1992 2000 Yuan 1Kg Gold Proof Completion of Lunar

Szechuan ND Empress Tzu Hsi 50 Cents Silver Fantasy

Cycle, sold for an astonishing price of US$644,000 to a

was sold to a Chinese floor buyer at the price of US$5,060.

mail order. Finally, lot 505, a China 2012 Commemorative Panda issued for the Singapore International Coin

Ancient Chinese coins also drew interested bidders.

Fair, sold for US$16,675; and lot 506, a China 2012

The first two lots, which were both China-Qing Dynasty

Commemorative Panda minted for the Philadelphia ANA

1851-1861 Xian Feng Yuan Bao 1000 Cash coins were

Coin Convention sold for US$16,675; and lot 509, a China

sold for US$1,840 and US$1,955 respectively to two

2013 Commemorative Panda for minted for the Berlin

Chinese floor buyers. From the J. C. Lee Collection, lot

World Money Fair sold for US$14,950. The above three

029, a China-Kiangnan ND (1897) One Dollar with reeded

commemorative panda coins were won by the same floor

edge, was won by a Chinese phone buyer at the price of

buyer.

US$5,750. Lot 030, a China-Kiangnan ND (1897) One Dollar with an ornamental edge, sold for US$4,140 to a Chinese floor buyer.

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Departments 部門

2015 年冠軍澳門拍賣會誕生年度機製幣標王 冠軍研究室

2015 年 12 月 6 日 12 時，冠軍冬季拍賣會正式舉槌 開拍。現場、電話和網絡買家紛紛競價，此起彼伏，競 爭激烈。現場買家中雲集了多位國內外著名收藏家或收 藏家代表，黃志成、周大為、張明泉、陳業麟、王陽、 郭嘉華、Charlie Chang、Newton Ng、Allen Chen 等到場 競拍。

lot 078，1897 年北洋機器局造五角銀幣，斜眼龍，成交 價 10925 美元，由現場中國買家買下；lot 087，1899 年 奉天機器局造五角銀幣，滿文日期錯寫為 24 年，成交 價 8260 美元，由美國網絡買家競得；lot 098，1866 年 香港壹圓銀幣，成交價 11500 美元，由現場美國買家買 下；lot 119, 1900 年庚子江南省造光緒元寶庫平三錢六分 銀幣，NGC VF35，成交價 69000 美元，由現場中國買 家競得；lot 128, 1889 年廣東省造光緒元寶庫平三錢六分 五釐銀質樣幣，七三反版，成交價 166750 美元；lot 129, 1889 年廣東省造光緒元寶庫平一錢四分六釐銀質樣幣， 七三反版，成交價 34500 美元；lot 130, 1889 年廣東省 造光緒元寶庫平七分三釐銀質樣幣，七三反版，成交價 50600 美元，與 lot 128、129 均由現場同一美國買家買 下；lot 131，1889 年廣東省造光緒元寶庫平三分六釐銀 質樣幣，七二反版，成交價 25300 美元，由現場中國買 家競得；lot 140，1907 年東三省造光緒元寶庫平三錢六 分銀幣，成交價 6900 美元，由中國買家電話委託買下； lot 151，1898 年陝西省造光緒元寶庫平三錢六分銀質樣 幣，成交價 138000 美元，由美國買家書面委託競得； lot 152，1898 年陝西省造光緒元寶庫平一錢四分四釐銀 質樣幣，成交價 120750 美元，由現場台灣買家買下；lot 198, 1935 年（民國二十四年）孫中山帆船中圓銅質樣幣， 以 50600 美元的價格由現場美國買家買下。

Lot 128 成交價 166750 美元

Lot 151 成交價 138000 美元 本次拍賣會的華人家族中國錢幣五角幣專場幾乎囊 括了中國機制錢幣中已發行的全部五角錢幣。拍賣會之 前已備受關注，拍賣結果果然不負所望，表現不俗。其 中，lot 77, 1896 年北洋機器局造五角銀幣，以 55200 美 元（含買家佣金，下同）的價格由現場中國買家買下；

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Lot 185 成交價 345000 美元 除華人家族藏品外，機制幣部分的另一亮點是 1912 年袁世凱像大鬍子開國紀念壹圓銀質樣幣，lot 185，目 前已知最佳品相。拍前已備受關注，開拍后來自美國、 中國、台灣的多位買家多番出價，最終以 345000 美元由 現場美國買家買下，一舉成為本場機制幣標王，也是本 年度拍賣會成交價最高的機制幣。緊隨得標者的是來自 台灣、中國、美國的三位買家。來自台灣和香港的兩位

Features 專題 買家因時間控制不當，錯失出價良機。 此外，lot 186，1912 年黎元洪像（無帽）開國紀念 幣壹圓銀幣，“THE”錯拼為“TIIE”，成交價為 8625 美元，由中國買家電話委託競得；lot 187, 1914 年袁世凱 中圓銀幣以 5664 美元的價格由美國買家網絡競得； lot 208，四川省造慈禧像臆造幣以 5060 美元的價格由現場 中國買家競得，均創下不俗成績。 本場古錢方面，前兩枚拍品清咸豐元寶當千，分別以 1840 美元、1955 美元的價格由現場兩位中國買家競得。 J.C.Lee 藏品部分，lot 029, 1897 年江南省造光緒元寶庫 平七錢二分銀幣，齒邊，以 5750 美元的價格由中國買家 電話委託競得；lot 30, 1897 年江南省造光緒元寶庫平七 錢二分銀幣，人字邊，以 4140 美元的價格由現場中國買 家競得。 世界錢幣部分，lot 315, 2011 年朝鮮青瓷紀念銀幣， 以 2530 美元的價格由現場買家買下；lot 316, 2014 年朝 鮮青瓷紀念金幣，以 13800 美元的價格由現場買家競得， 創下本場世界錢幣部分的最高價紀錄。

Lot 422 成交價 644000 美元

中國現代幣部分由 lot 382 2015 年澳門錢幣學會鉑金 紀念熊貓開始。該拍品從 3000 美元起拍，經多輪加價競 拍，最終以 27600 美元由現場買家競得，開端良好。Lot 383, 2015 年澳門錢幣學會銀質紀念熊貓樣品，以 5750 美 元的價格由中國買家電話委託競得；lot 422, 1992 年生肖 幣發行十二週年精製金幣，以 644000 美元的高價成交給 委託買家；lot 505, 2012 年新加坡國際錢幣展銷會金質紀 念熊貓成交價 16675 美元，lot 506, 2012 年美國錢幣協會 第 121 屆年會金質紀念熊貓成交價 16675 美元，lot 509, 2013 年柏林世界錢幣展覽會金質紀念熊貓成交價 14950 美元，均是現場同一買家競得。

2015 年 12 月 6 日冠軍澳門拍賣會目錄封面、封底

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THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS

Departments 部門

The Appreciation of China Modern Precious Metal Commemorative Coins King L. Chan (HK)

The second volume of The Appreciation of China Modern Precious Metal Commemorative Coins (“The Appreciation”) book series was released at the Beijing International Coin Exposition (BICE) 2015. This followed the launch of the first volume in the series (5 volumes in total) 2014.

The Appreciation boasts not only numismatic knowledge on coin motifs, but it also reveals many little-known stories.

These include the recollections of the designers/engravers and anecdotes about the coin issuance in each year. Its extensive coverage makes The Appreciation function as an encyclopedia of China modern precious metal coins. It is the kind of treasure house of knowledge long wished for by China modern precious metal coins collectors. The book will increase the readers’ collecting pleasure and understanding of coins.

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The Appreciation is the first detailed reference book series on China’s modern precious metal coins. The series would have never become a reality without the persistent efforts over the past decade of its chief editor Mr. Wang Shihong. The distinguished numismatic contributors of the editing committee present the material in a lucid and straightforward manner based on close studies, materials collection and numerous interviews with the designing and minting personnel. After several rounds of proofreading and review by experts, it has now been published. This is a collective masterpiece of wisdom on China modern coins and is a worthy representative of Chinese numismatic work.

Another enticing feature of this book series is its relatively low price and exquisite bindings that are offered as a public service to promote China modern coins knowledge.

Departments 部門

《中國現代貴金屬紀念幣賞析》 陳景林（香港）

《中國現代貴金屬紀念幣賞析》（以下簡稱《賞

他們通過仔細的研究和資料搜集，再加上無數次的訪

析》）叢書全套共五冊，2014 年剛出版了第 1 冊，而

問設計造幣相關人士而以深入淺出的文字編寫出此

2015 年北京國際錢幣博覽會期間第 2 冊也已面世。

書。其後又通過眾多專家的審閱才最終定稿。可以說 此書是集合了現代錢幣界精英力量的傑作而且裝禎精

《賞析》一書可說是一本百科全書，是貴金屬幣 愛好者多年夢想得到的知識寶庫，在把玩錢幣同時細

美厚重，是一部能拿到國際錢幣展當中展示的中國作 品。

閱此書既能增長知識，還能增加集藏的趣味。在文章 中除了能瞭解到錢幣題材相關的知識外還能閱到很多

這樣一套經典圖書的問世當然要提到總編輯王世

鮮為人知的故事，包括設計師的創作回憶和當年發行

宏老先生，如果沒有他堅持了十多年的理念和組織領

背後的軼事。

導，是不可能成功的。從圖書的定價也感悟到出書人 的一片苦心：此書的岀版是一項公益事業；目的是普

這套書的意義在於它是首套極其詳細的貴金屬幣

及和宣揚現代貴金屬幣知識。

參考書，編輯委員會成員都是圈內知名的錢幣撰稿人，

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Features 專題

The Yuan Shih-kai Big Beard Dollar Bruce W. Smith (USA) Among the many kinds of Chinese dollars, one of the

questioned. First there are no silver coins known from the

most mysterious is known to Chinese collectors as the "Big

Soochow Mint. Two mints were established at Soochow

Beard Dollar." What is mysterious about it is that we don't

in 1904 and 1905 to produce copper coins, one inside the

know for certain where or when it was made, who ordered it,

city and the other outside the city, but both closed in 1906.

or even who it depicts. The coin, which is recorded by Kann

Second, no provincial governor had issued a coin with his

as K672 (Lin & Ma 47; Chang CH237), is very similar to and

own portrait until after Yuan Shih-kai died in 1916. The

clearly copied from the Sun Yat-sen and Li Yuan-hung dollars

first to do so was T'ang Ch'i-yao in Yunnan Province in

made in 1912 commemorating the establishment of the

1916. Later issues were planned by Chao Heng-ti in 1922

Republic. In the center is a facing portrait of a bearded man,

(Kann763i), Ch'u Yu-p'u in 1927 (K690); and Liu Wen-hui

within a double circle. A branch with leaves and one flower

in 1932 (K795), but these were never issued for circulation.

(certainly copied from the 1911 dragon dollar, Y31; K227,

All the other Chinese portrait coins depict presidents, vice-

which was struck at Tientsin, Wuchang and Nanking) appears

presidents or generalissimos who controlled more than one

to the left and right. There are four Chinese characters

province or claimed national power. Most of these are only

at the top (Chung Hua Min Kuo) meaning "Republic of

patterns and some are actually medals.

China" and five characters (K'ai Kuo Chi Nien Pi) at the bottom meaning "Coin Commemorating the Founding of

That the Soochow Mint was capable of making silver

the Country." The reverse has a wreath surrounding two

dollars is shown by a long article in the North China Herald

Chinese characters (Yi Yuan) meaning "One Dollar", all

20 June 1915 issue under the title: "New Kuang Hsu

within a double circle. The English inscription above reads:

Dollars." According to this article the Soochow Mint was

THE REPUBLIC OF CHINA, and below: ONE DOLLAR.

preparing to produce silver dollars bearing the name of the

Both sides have the same layout and wording as the Li Yuan-

Manchu emperor Kuang Hsu (ruled 1875-1908), under a

hung dollars (Y320 & 321; K638 & 639) with and without

contract with a group of merchants. No description of the

the cap (which were struck at the Wuchang Mint), and the

coin is given, but it would probably have been a restrike of

Sun Yat-sen dollar (Y319; K603; which was struck at the

a Kiangnan dragon dollar or perhaps a restrike of the 1908

Nanking Mint), but the portrait is different and there are no

general issue dollar (Y14; K216). The Shanghai Chamber

stars dividing the English legend. It should be noted that

of Commerce, the Shanghai Bankers Guild and the Bank

the Li dollars made at Wuchang have the third character at

of Kiangsu all claimed in the article to have no knowledge

the bottom of the obverse written in ordinary script, while

of the plan. Public opinion against the issue of an imperial

the Sun dollars from Nanking have that character in seal

coin in Republican times was so great that the 4 July 1914

script (the left part written with two triangles). The character

issue notes that Governor Feng Kuo-chang cancelled the

"yuan" on the reverse is also written in different styles by the

contract to produce the coin. After this no more is heard of

two mints. The Wuchang dollars have the top of the inside

the Soochow Mint, which was apparently closed for good. Its

part of the character written as a box, while the Nanking

equipment, dies and sample coins were probably sent to the

dollars (including Y318; K600) have the top part written as a

Nanking Mint.

triangle.

The earliest reference to the "Big Beard" Soochow Since the 1950's the "Big Beard" portrait has been

coins appears in the second edition (1927) of Eduard Kann's

identified as Ch'eng Te-ch'uan (usually but incorrectly written

"The Currencies of China" page 175, where he describes

as Chin Teh-chuen), who was governor of Kiangsu Province

a dollar with facing portrait of Yuan Shih-kai obverse and

during 1910-1911 under the Ch'ing dynasty government,

crossed flags on the reverse. The Chinese inscription on the

and military governor of Kiangsu during 1911-1913 under

obverse reads: "Portrait of the President" and on the reverse:

the Republic, and the coin is said to have been struck at the

"Commemorative of the Founding [of the Republic]." He

Soochow (Suchou) Mint. This information has long been

concludes by saying "this coin is reputed to have been

東 亞 泉 志

36

THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS

Features 專題 produced by the Soochow Mint and is rarely met with." The

It was not until 1993 that an article by Ma Chuande,

coin described by Kann belonged to noted collector A. M.

based on research by his father, Ma Dingxiang, showed that

Tracey Woodward, who refers to it in his work on Chinese

the portrait is actually Yuan Shih-kai. Ma's article appeared

ten cash coins. In the article covering Kiangsu Province

in English in World Coin News 21 June 1993 and in Chinese

(originally published in the China Journal for February

in Zhongguo Qianbi (China Numismatics) 1993 #3 and

1931), Woodward presents a history of the two modern mints

in Qianbi Bolan 1995 #3. Ma found two photographs of

in Soochow, based in part on information from Dr. John

Governor Ch'eng taken around 1912 and the photos do not

A. Snell, a long time resident of Soochow and collector of

look like the man on the coin. Ma also found a photograph

modern Chinese coins. The Silver Dollar Mint, located inside

of Yuan Shih-kai taken in early 1912 or probably slightly

the city, was supplied with some new equipment in 1911 but

earlier. This photo shows an unshaven Yuan, as does the

closed the following year. This is confirmed by information

portrait on the coin. Prior to 1912, Yuan was in retirement in

published in the North China Herald . Woodward says: "…..

his native Honan Province. Since he was not in active service

from personal knowledge, I may mention that two types of

he did not need to be clean shaven. The portrait, however,

Yuan Shih-kai trial dollars were made at the mint which was

is poorly done, suggesting it was made at a minor mint, like

located within the city walls ….. A description of a unique

Soochow, rather than a first rate mint like Nanking. No doubt

specimen of these pieces from my collection is given by E.

this is why the coin was not produced in quantity.

Kann in The Currencies of China Second Edition." Kann also mentioned the Soochow Yuan Shih-kai dollar in "History of Minting in China" (1938) but without description.

Why was the coin produced in Soochow instead of the Tientsin Mint? Prior to February 1912 there were governments in Wuchang (headed by Li Yuan-hung) and

In an article on early Republican silver dollars, the

Nanking (headed by Sun Yat-sen), both claiming to be the

Chinese Economic Bulletin Volume 10 #331 (25 June 1927) states: "The Soochow Mint also issued a kind of commemorative coin, bearing the effigy of President Yuan on one side and two flags of the Republic on the other. Only 40 coins were issued." The piece described by Kann and the Chinese Economic Bulletin is a medal rather than a coin.

It is listed in Kann's "Illustrated Catalog of Chinese Coins" (1954) as B54 (under Fantasy Coins) and in the Lin & Ma catalog as #937. This piece is important because it has the same portrait as the "Big Beard" dollar.

government of the Republic of China. Yuan was in Peking and Tientsin and did not have access to the Wuchang or Nanking mints. Coins with his portrait would have been made at the Tientsin Mint, but unfortunately the mint was destroyed and looted by soldiers in March 1912, and was not reopened until 1914. Governor Ch’eng at Soochow was a supporter of Yuan and this is probably why the coin was made there.

Kann lists four varieties of the Yuan Shih-kai Soochow Dollar, all of which were in his collection:

The first reference to the "Big Beard" dollar is a bit

K672

silver with reeded edge, showing veins in the leaves

obscure. Woodward stated in February 1931 that two trial

of the plant.

dollars were made at Soochow, both of which were in his

K672a silver with plain edge, without veins in the leaves.

collection. We first see the coin in "Illustrations of Chinese

K672b silver (plain edge) with no reverse.

Gold, Silver and Nickel Coins" by C. C. Tsiang (published in

K672x brass (plain edge) reverse type unclear.

June 1939) as #395, where he says it was issued by Governor Ch'eng, possibly by the Soochow Mint, but doesn't say

The Kann examples of this coin (K. 672a, 672b and

specifically whose portrait it has. The coin was illustrated

672x) have strange stretched out denticles at the edge

again in Ch'uan Pi magazine #28 (January 1945) where

(border) of the coin. Most of the coins which have turned

the portrait is identified as Governor Ch'eng. Afterwards

up have normal denticles or else they have dots at the edge.

catalogs by Kalgan Shih (1949 and 1951), E. Kann (1954)

My theory is that Kann's coins were made at the Soochow

and H. Chang (1991) all identify the portrait as Ch'eng. An

Mint on new machinery which had been purchased to make

unpublished 1947 catalog of Chinese dollars prepared by

dollars. I think Soochow did not have the proper collars or

H. Chang and Dennis W. Sibert (manuscript in the author's

used no collar when they struck a few trial pieces, which

library) identified the portrait as Ch'eng but noted that the

resulted in the stretched denticles. In the end, the mint did not

portrait was sometimes said to be Yuan Shih-kai.

produce dollars and the dies were sent to the Nanking Mint.

37

東 亞 泉 志

THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS

Features 專題 I think a few pieces were struck there with the original dies,

are easy to recognize and it seems strange that Kann did not

but with a proper collar and by experienced workers.

list one in his section on fakes. The most obvious difference is where the wreath is tied at the bottom of the reverse. The

A preliminary comparison of photos in major auctions

genuine coins have two oblong rings where the wreath is tied.

and coin catalogs shows five to ten different examples of

These are supposed to be loops of the ribbon but look more

K672; only one example of K672a; five or six examples of

like metal clips. The fakes lack these rings. There are several

K672b; two examples of K672x; and a single example of a

other differences, especially in the Chinese characters on the

previously unknown variety in gilt copper. In addition there

reverse.

have been several fakes in auctions over the years. The fakes

*2015 Top Auction Price for Chinese Vintage Coins Dec. 6, 2015 Champion Auction, lot 185, realized US $345,000, won by an American floor buyer.

This example for Champion Macau auction on Dec. 6 2015 is from H.Chang - Dennis W. Sibert (Metone, Alabama) specimen from 1947. NGC AU58, the only one certified by NGC or PCGS. The finest known of known examples.

Sibert and H. Chang were working on a catalog of Chinese dollars which was to be published in 1947, but Sibert was injured in a plane crash and had to sell his collection. The book was never published, but I have the manuscript and photos for the book.

CHINA-REPUBLIC ND(1912) Yuan Shih-kai One Dollar Brass Trial, NC Collection, K672x, NGC UNC Details.

東 亞 泉 志

38

THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS

Features 專題

袁世凱像大鬍子開國紀念幣 史博祿（美國） 對於中國錢幣收藏家來說，眾多中國銀幣之中，大

廠已與一眾商人簽約，正準備生產帶有“光緒”（1875-

鬍子開國紀念幣也屬神秘之幣。其神秘之處在於鑄造地

1908 在位）年號的銀幣。可惜沒有該幣的相關描述，但

點、時間不詳，誰下令鑄造、幣面肖像原型是誰也不得

可能是江南省造七錢二分龍銀或 1908 年造幣總廠光緒元

而知。耿愛德對此幣的編號是 K672（林國明 / 馬德和《中

寶七錢二分銀幣 (Y14; K216) 的再版。而上海商會、上海

國金銀幣目錄》書中編號 LM47，張璜《中國銀元及銀

銀行公會和江蘇銀行均稱不知曉此計劃。民國時期仍要

兩幣目錄》書中編號 CH237），幣面圖案設計顯然是沿

發行大清銀幣遭到民眾強烈反對，因而 1914 年 7 月 4 日

襲了 1912 年孫中山像和黎元洪像開國紀念幣的風格，正

《北華捷報》稱江蘇都督馮國璋取消了生產該幣的合約。

面居中是大鬍子男人七分像，外圍雙圈，左右飾花葉（沿

此後再無蘇州造幣廠的消息，很顯然已經關門大吉。蘇

襲 1911 年 大 清 銀 幣 風 格，Y31，K227， 天 津 造 幣 廠、

州造幣廠的設備、幣模和樣幣可能運至了南京造幣廠。

武昌造幣廠和南京造幣廠鑄造）。上書“中華民國”四 個漢字，下刻“開國紀念幣”五個漢字。背面居中豎鐫

最早提及蘇州造幣廠造“大鬍子”銀幣的是在耿愛

“壹圓”，兩側飾嘉禾，外圍雙圈，邊緣上鐫英文“THE

德《中國貨幣論》(The Currencies of China) 第二版（1927

REPUBLIC OF CHINA”( 中華民國 )，下鐫英文“ONE

年）175 頁。耿愛德對此幣的描述是：正面袁世凱正面像，

DOLLAR”( 壹圓 )。該幣正背面佈局和銘文仿 1912 年

背面雙旗交叉。正面文字“大總統肖像”，背面文字“開

黎元洪像開國紀念幣 (Y320 & 321; K638 & 639，戴帽和

國紀念”。他的結論是：“據說此幣為蘇州造幣廠所鑄，

無帽，武昌造幣廠鑄造 ) 和 1912 年孫中山像開國紀念幣

極罕見。”耿愛德所說的這枚幣乃著名收藏家伍德華所藏，

（Y319; K603，南京造幣廠鑄造），只是肖像不同，背

伍德華曾在其《中國機制十文銅元》一書中提及。在介

面英文也沒有花星分隔。值得注意的是，武昌造幣廠鑄

紹江蘇省造銅元的篇章（最初發表于 1931 年 2 月的《中

造的黎元洪像開國紀念幣正面下方“紀”字是楷書，而

國 雜 誌》） 中， 伍 德 華 在 蘇 醫 生（ 英 文 名 John Abner

南京造幣廠鑄造的孫中山像開國紀念幣正面下方“紀”

Snell，1880-1936 年，曾長期在蘇州居住，主要收藏中國

字是篆書（偏旁上部是兩個三角形）；黎元洪像紀念幣

20 世紀的錢幣）的信息基礎上，更全面介紹了蘇州的兩

背面“圓”字內部為方形口，而孫中山像紀念幣（包括

家現代化的造幣廠。位於蘇州城內的銀元局在 1911 年補

Y318，K600）“圓”字內部則是三角口。

給了一些新設備，但在 1912 年就關閉了。這一信息在《北 華捷報》中得到證實。伍德華稱：“依個人淺見，銀元

20 世紀 50 年代“大鬍子”肖像原型被認定是程德全（常

局試鑄了兩類袁世凱像開國紀念幣。我收藏的孤品樣幣

錯寫為“Chin Teh-chuen”，程德全曾於清朝 1910-1911

的描述來自耿愛德《中國貨幣論》第二版。”耿愛德在

年間任職江蘇巡撫，民國 1911-1913 年間任職江蘇都督），

其 1938 年的《中國造幣史》(History of Minting in China)

該幣據稱是在蘇州造幣廠鑄造。這一信息長期備受質疑。

書中也曾提及蘇州造幣廠鑄造的袁世凱像開國紀念幣，

首先，目前所知，沒有銀幣來自蘇州造幣廠。1904 年和

但沒有詳細描述。

1905 年，蘇州城內外建造了兩家造幣廠鑄造銅元，并都 在 1906 年關閉。其次，1916 年袁世凱去世前，沒有巡

《 中 國 經 濟 公 報》(Chinese Economic Bulletin)10 卷

撫發行過使用自己肖像的銀幣。開創此先例者是雲南的

331 期（1927 年 6 月 25 日）中有關早期民國銀幣的文章

唐繼堯（1916 年），之後有湖南督軍趙恆錫（1922 年，

中指出，“蘇州造幣廠也發行了一種紀念幣，一面是袁

K763i）、直隸督軍褚玉璞（1927 年，K690）和川康軍

世凱肖像，另一面是民國雙旗。只發行了 40 枚。”耿愛

劉文輝（1932 年，K795）發行過使用自己肖像的銀幣，

德和《中國經濟公報》文章中所說的均是紀念章而非硬

但均不用於流通。其他的肖像幣原型均是總統、副總統

幣。耿愛德 1954 年版《中國幣圖說彙考》中編號 B54（屬

或掌權多省或全國的大元帥，大多是樣幣，其中一些實

臆造幣），林國明 / 馬德和《中國金銀幣目錄》中編號

屬紀念章。

LM937。這枚硬幣之所以重要，是因為與“大鬍子”開 國紀念幣是同一肖像。

蘇州造幣廠可以鑄造銀幣一事是在 1915 年 6 月 20 日 的英文報紙《北華捷報》上披露的，文章標題是“新鑄

因此，首次提及“大鬍子”開國紀念幣的資料出處就

光緒元寶七錢二分銀幣”。文章指出，當時的蘇州造幣

有點含糊不清了。伍德華在 1931 年 2 月稱蘇州造幣廠試

39

東 亞 泉 志

THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS

Features 專題 鑄了兩枚樣幣，并都在他的收藏中。我們首次看到該幣

1912 年 2 月之前，武昌成立了湖北軍政府，黎元洪任大

是在蔣仲川 1939 年 6 月出版的《中國金銀鎳幣圖說》一

都督；同時期南京成立了以孫中山為首的臨時政府，兩

書中，編號 395，蔣仲川稱此幣由巡撫程德全下令發行，

個政府都宣稱是中華民國政府。袁世凱的勢力在京津一

或許是蘇州造幣廠所鑄，但沒有特地說明肖像原型是誰。

帶，與武昌和南京相距甚遠。因而袁世凱像開國紀念幣

1945 年 1 月 28 期的《泉幣》雜誌再次有該幣的配圖，

本應在天津造幣廠鑄造才是，可惜天津造幣廠在 1912 年

肖像原型是程德全。之後，施嘉幹《中國近代鑄幣彙考》

3 月被毀，並被士兵搶劫一空，直到 1914 年才重新開張。

（1949 年和 1951 年中英文版）、耿愛德《中國幣圖說彙考》

而在蘇州的程德全是袁世凱的擁護分子，因而鑄造袁世

（1954 年）、張璜《中國銀元及銀兩幣目錄》（1981 年） 均認為肖像原型是程德全。1947 年，張璜和丹尼斯 • 希

凱像開國紀念幣也是有可能的。 耿愛德列出了蘇州造幣廠所鑄袁世凱像開國紀念幣

伯特 (Dennis W. Sibert) 合著一本有關中國銀幣的圖錄（手

的四個版別，且全部在他的收藏中：

稿在作者的館藏中），可惜最終未出版，他們也認為肖

K672，銀質，齒邊，可以看到葉紋。

像原型是程德全，但又指出有人說是袁世凱。

K672a，銀質，光邊，無葉紋。 K672b，銀質，（光邊），僅正面。

直到 1993 年，馬傳德在其父馬定祥的研究基礎上，

K672x，黃銅質，（光邊），背面類型不清楚。

發表文章稱肖像原型實則是袁世凱。馬傳德的文章英文 版發表在 1993 年 6 月 21 日的《世界錢幣新聞》(World

筆者注：耿愛德收藏的 K672a、672b 和 672x 樣幣邊

Coin News) 上，中文版發表在 1993 年第 3 期《中國錢幣》

緣均有連續的齒狀邊飾，非常奇特。市面上出現的該幣

和 1995 年第 3 期《錢幣博覽》上。馬傳德找到了程德全

邊緣均是正常的齒邊或邊緣有點。筆者推測耿愛德的藏

在 1912 年前後拍攝的兩張照片，與幣面肖像有別。馬傳

品是在蘇州造幣廠使用新機器（為鑄造銀幣而購買）鑄造。

德還找到了一張袁世凱在 1912 年初或更早些時候拍攝的

當時的蘇州造幣廠或許沒有軸環或鑄造樣幣時沒有使用

照片，照片中袁世凱留著鬍子，與幣面肖像相似。1912

軸環，於是就造成了幣緣連續的齒邊。而蘇州造幣廠最

年前，袁世凱退居在老家河南，由於沒有主理政務，因

終也沒有生產該銀幣，幣模運到了南京造幣廠。筆者認為，

而無需剃鬚示人。只是，肖像雕刻不佳，可能是小造幣

南京造幣廠鑄造了使用原模的少量樣幣，當然還使用了

廠所為，如蘇州造幣廠，不像南京等一流造幣廠所鑄。

軸環，由有經驗的工人完成鑄造。

毫無疑問，這也是該幣沒有批量生產的原因。 初步對比大型拍賣會和拍賣目錄的錢幣圖片可以看 那麼，該幣為何在蘇州而不是天津造幣廠鑄造呢？

出，K672 已知有 5-10 枚，K672a 僅知 1 枚，K672b 已知

“祝大中華民國成立”袁世凱像明信片

東 亞 泉 志

Celebrating the Establishment of the Republic of China Yuan Shih-kai Postcard

40

THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS

Features 專題 有 5 或 6 枚，K672x 已知有兩枚，還有一個新版別紅銅

背面嘉禾底部的打結。真品是兩個橢圓形打結，應是絲

鎏金，僅知 1 枚。此外，過去在拍賣會上還出現了幾枚

帶環，可是看起來更像是金屬夾，而贗品沒有這種環。

贗品。贗品很容易識別，可是耿愛德在其書中贗品部分

此外還有其他的鑒別真偽之處，特別是背面的中文。

沒有列出贗品，這一點有點奇怪。真偽最大的區別在於

*2015 年冠軍拍賣機制幣標王

此枚錢幣在冠軍 2015 年 12 月 6 日的拍賣會上（拍品號 lot 185），以 345000 美元由現場美國藏家買下。 冠軍 2015 年 12 月 6 日澳門拍賣會上拍賣的這枚為張璜——丹尼斯 • 希伯特 (H.Chang - Dennis W. Sibert) 遞藏樣幣， NGC AU58，目前已知大鬍子銀幣的品相最佳者。NGC 或 PCGS 目前鑒定的唯一一枚。 當時，張璜（創辦了《金融日報》的《泉幣研究》專欄）和丹尼斯合作編著一本關於中國銀幣的目錄，打算在 1947 年出版。遺憾的是，希伯特在一次飛機墜毀事故中受傷，不得已賣掉了自己的錢幣珍藏。而合著的目錄也從未出版， 筆者藏有該目錄的手稿和書中圖片。

1912 年袁世凱像開國紀念幣壹圓黃銅試打幣，NC 收藏，K672x，NGC UNC Details。

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Features 專題

Centennial of a Shanghai Coin Howard F. Bowker (USA) T he

present year [1956] marks the centenary of the issue of one of the most interesting and perhaps the least understood of the several series of coins issued in China in the endeavor to align its coinage with occidental monetary practices. It seems therefore appropriate to commemorate that event by the publication of some newly discovered literary evidence, which although originally published some 95 years ago, appears never before to have come to the attention of any of the several numismatists who have interested themselves in the tael and half-tael silver coins struck in Shanghai in 1856. The author has supplemented this by notes on the same subject which have been collected over the past decade.

The Shanghai coins of the 1856 issue appear to have been published first by Alexander Wylie in a paper laid before the Shanghai Literary and Scientific Society, the predecessor of the North China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, on November 17, 1857, which was subsequently printed in the first volume of the journal of the Society in June 1858. Only one denomination, the one-tael, and only one variety of that was known to Wylie, although he was then an active coin collector and was living in Shanghai. The information given by Wylie with respect to this coin was copied by J.H.S.Lockhart in his catalog and description of the Glover Collection (1895), where a specimen numbered 1237 is illustrated. This specimen is not now in this collection, the major portion of which was deposited in the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C. In an article entitled "The Coins of Shanghai, an Unwritten Chapter in the History of the 'Capital of the Far East'", by A.M.Tracey Woodward, originally published in the August 1937 issue of The China Journal and subsequently reprinted as Bulletin Number 3 of the Numismatic Society of China, he decried the meagerness of contemporary published notices of the earlier issues. It would appear that he had overlooked the writings of a keen observer of the passing scene in Shanghai in the late 1850's, Dr. William Lockhart, of the London Missionary Society. Published in his book, The Medical Missionary of China; A Narrative of Twenty Year's Experience (London 1861), is truly an eyewitness description of the actual minting of these particular coins. As this does not seem to have been taken into account by anyone previously when writing on the subject of these coins, it is quoted in full:

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Dollars are made occasionally for particular purposes, as lately in Shanghai, when the old Carolus dollars became so scarce that silver coin was wanted for the carrying on of trade. The local government resolved to coin money, of the weight of a tael, an ounce and a third of silver. This was pure sycee, or unalloyed silver, and proved to be too soft for continued use. This coin was first taken by the people, who, however, after all the trouble and expense of coining, when they received it in any large quantity, returned it to the crucible, and melted into the usual shoe-shaped ingots; in consequence of which the coining ceased.

Discs of silver for the production of this coin were first made by running the metal into flat moulds on iron plates, which closed like common bullet-moulds, each set of plates having three moulds. These discs, after the weight was proved – if over or under weight they were at once returned to the melting pot – were hammered flat, and made as true as possible by the use of the file, so that when finished they were perfectly smooth, and of one size. The pieces of silver were now taken to the stamping press, where they were impressed with rows of Chinese characters, stating the weight, place of coinage, the maker, and the name of his bank or assay office, the local officer, the date, and the name of the emperor.

The die for these impressions consisted of two parts, the obverse and reverse, which are cut on the faces of two pieces of steel, square, and a little larger than the silver discs. The reverse has steel sides made to it, in the form of a square box, with the corners open, into which box the obverse die exactly fits, being kept in its place by the sides. The press had a large block of granite for a stamping stool, and affixed to it a perpendicular slide about ten feet high, across the top of which is a piece of wood, well oiled, and, some little distance off, a powerful winch. The stamping weight consists of a block of granite about 200 pounds in weight, and beveled off at the top so that a hole may be bored through. A strong rope attached to the winch and passing over the slide is fastened to the top of the stone, which, when hoisted to its place, is held there until it is required by a peg in the slide.

A thick piece of folded paper is laid over the lower stone, upon which is placed the box-like die, with a silver disk inside. The obverse (die) is then fixed, covered on the top or outside with another thick piece of folded paper. When all is ready, the peg is drawn out from the slide, and the stone mass

Features 專題 falls on the die, impressing the coin very efficiently. The stone is then hoisted for another disk to be placed, and so the work of stamping the coins proceeds.

The coins were milled (reeded) at the edge with a cross pattern, in a very simple manner. The pattern, cut on a narrow slip of steel eight inches long, is fixed at the bottom of an angular iron groove of the same length, to enable the coin to run readily along the groove on the slip of steel. A man, with one of the finished coins between his thumb and finger, as it rolls along the groove, strikes its upper edge with a light wooden hammer. In this way the pattern on the steel is impressed on the edge, and the coin, now complete, is taken to the office for examination and distribution.

There can be no doubt but that Lockhart was actually present to witness the processes of their manufacture in the 6th year of Hsien Feng (Feb.6, 1856-Jan. 25, 1857), as it is related in Memorials of Protestant Missionaries to the Chinese, a publication of the American Presbyterian Mission Press of Shanghai, 1867, that "In the beginning of December 1857, Mr. Lockhart left Shanghai for his native land, and… reached England on the 29th of January 1858." It is regretted that even so meticulous an observer as Lockhart failed to record exactly where in Shanghai the coining was done, as the location of the hong which made the coins and whether or not it was located within the confines of the walled native city of Shanghai or inside the foreign Settlement, would be of great interest. Woodward believed that it was located inside the walled city. This is open to question as the walled city had been captured by the Triad rebels on September 4, 1853, and remained in their possession until February 17, 1855. The Chinese custom house, located inside the Settlement, was looted and burned by the Triads in a sortie on September 7, 1853. The custom house was thereafter temporarily located on board a junk moored opposite the Settlement until February 9, 1854, when it relocated ashore inside the International Settlement near Soochow Creek. It seems highly improbable that the Lu Fang delegated by the Chinese authorities to make these coins would have removed to the native city so soon after it was reoccupied by the imperial forces, and particularly so as at the time the T'ai-p'ing rebel forces were still operating in the environs of Shanghai.

Having already lost a half million taels of silver to the Triads when the native city was first captured, it seems improbable that the treasury would have been returned to the city, where they would no longer enjoy the safety provided by the warships and armed forces of the European powers.

As the original article by Woodward, mentioned above,

may not be available to all interested readers, the pertinent portions are quoted herewith, with minor changes in his orthography. For those who refer to the original article it will be noted that the romanization of the Chinese characters in some instances differs from that given by him. Woodward's romanization of the Chinese characters which are principally those found on the coins, appears to be in the Shanghai dialect rather than Mandarin, and this is probably due to his having employed a Chinese scribe who was not proficient in Mandarin. All Chinese characters in this article, however, are transliterated according to Giles in the Wade system.

The 'native issues' came into existence toward the close of 1856, and it is regretted that Wylie, writing at so close a date as the middle of 1857, gave but little attention to them.

I may be pardoned for quoting him in full 80 years later, considering that he is apparently the only foreign authority who can be reliably consulted. However, he refers only to the coin here designated as Type A, as, indeed does Lockhart in describing the Glover collection, and Ros in his lecture read in Hankow on December 3, 1921, whilst every writer who took part in the controversy published in the "NorthChina Daily News" of October 1919, refers to the same coin only. All that Wylie says in describing the coin is that it is of a tael weight, produced in Shanghai under the direction of the Intendant of Circuit, about the end of the year 1856. It is struck from a steel die, and tolerably well executed; but it had scarcely made its appearance, when spurious imitations of baser metal were put in joint circulation with it, so that confidence in the new coin was speedily at an end, and it is now only to be found as a numismatic specimen.

Woodward's text, quoted above, is misleading in that it is not "all that Wylie says in describing the coin. "Wylie went on to quote completely the Chinese inscriptions on both faces of the coin and to give a quite adequate translation, as follows:

The inscription on the obverse is Hsien feng liu nien / Shang hai hsien hao / shang Wong Yung-sheng / tsu wen yin ping (Hsien-feng 6th year; a cake of pure sycee silver, from the firm of Wong Yung Sheng, in the district of Shanghai).

The reverse has Chu yuan-yu chien / ch'ing ts'ao ping shih / chung yi liang yin / chiang Wan Ch'uan tsao (one ounce of silver, true weight by the ordinary balance, cast under the inspection of Chu Yuan-yu, and executed by Wan Ch'uan, silversmith).

I have taken the liberty of modifying Wylie's romanization of the Chinese characters to conform to the

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Features 專題 Wade system, which had not been invented at the time he wrote, 98 years ago. I have my own personal regrets to record now that I am interested in Chinese coins, as I note that Woodward mentions a lecture given before the Union Church Literary Guild in Hankow on the subject of "Modern Chinese Coinage "by Giuseppe Ros on December 3, 1921.

A diligent search for the text of this lecture, which may have been published in either the local press or in one of the omnibus publications which were so popular at that time among literary clubs in China, has failed to produce any results. I was a resident of Hankow during the years 192324, and could without doubt have obtained this item (if it was printed) so soon after its delivery.

Continuing to quote Woodward's article: The coin alluded to by earlier authorities was not the only one that was made in the sixth year of Hsien Feng (1856), and although all the varieties were produced under the auspices and inspection of one Chu Yuan-yu, who was sometimes given the rank or title of Intendant of Circuit, Intendant of Mint, and even Intendant of Finance, the coins were, nevertheless, not all issued by one hong, nor made by the same engraver. I have searched in vain among native annals for details and records bearing on these coins. No trace appears to have been preserved of the number issued, nor the reason for their appearance (we only know the fact that they were mostly employed for payment of the military), nor is it even known in what precise localities in Shanghai the authorized issuing hongs were located, although it is generally admitted that they were situated within the now destroyed city walls of Shanghai City. Indeed, time seems to have erased all traces that today would be considered so precious. We have only the coins, of which, even so, very few are in existence, owing to the constant activities in the last thirty years of the sycee casting houses known as the Yin Lu.

The coins were issued by three hongs, and the preparation of the dies was also done by three engravers, although no proof exists that each hong had its exclusive engraver. (I say three hongs, basing my statement on the names so far revealed from the coins, but in China where surprises in numismatics are constant, it lies within the bounds of possibility that more hongs may have also caused an issue. The same remarks may be applied to the engravers but with greater probability.). Quite the contrary, for it will be observed that two hongs, Ching Cheng Chi and Yu Sen Sheng, employed the same engravers, Feng Nien and Wang Shou. As to the number of dies employed, it may be said with some degree of assurance, that not more than one was made

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for each of the one tael varieties, the differences in engraving marking the forgeries mentioned by Wylie.

The native script on the good coins is on a plain field without milling. The rims are grained (reeded) with a mosaic pattern, the whole giving the coins a true touch of dignity in its serene simplicity. It is certainly typically oriental. Type A denotes the coin which has heretofore always been referred to by writers, and the piece here illustrated [in the Woodward article] is the actual one which adorned the collection of the late S. W. Bushell for many years ….. Its weight is 563.3 grains, but I have scaled some pieces as high as 566.24 grains ….. There is a good illustration of this piece in cast formation by means of the galvanic battery and impressed on silver paper in "The Current Gold and Silver Coins of All Countries", wherein the weight of the piece is given as 565 grains troy with the remarkable fineness of 990 milliemes, thus making it a 15-5/8 “betterness” than the British standard purity of silver coins [which is 11 ounces 2 pennyweight or 37/40 fine, the equivalent of 925 milliemes.]

Past publications of the half-tael varieties seemingly have been inadequate. There is a marked distinction between two varieties of these coins, aside from the differing texts of inscriptions, which does not seem to have been given cognizance by previous commentators. These are characterized by the lack of the thick broad rims which are found on all of the one tael pieces and on most of the half tael denominations. The inscriptions on these two varieties are bounded by an area with overall dimensions of 25x25 mm, as in the one tael pieces, while the comparable dimensions of the texts of the rimmed half-tael varieties is only 21x21 mm. These were struck by using the identical obverse dies, la and b, which were used for the one-tael pieces, together with new reverse dies, one of which has the engraver's name, Wan Chuan, and the character of denomination in the hsiao k’ai form, while the second has the engraver's name, Wang Shou, and the character of value in the ta k'ai form. Both of these varieties were struck on flans somewhat thinner and slightly greater in diameter than those used for the rimmed varieties having similar inscriptions. It seems probable that these were the earliest half-tael pieces coined, and being found unsatisfactory due to the difference in appearance as compared with the concurrently circulated one tael pieces, and because the lack of the outer rims, which inhibited undue wearing of the Chinese characters composing the inscriptions. Other obverse and reverse dies were made by the same engravers with similar inscriptions measuring 21x21 mm.

Features 專題 The Yu Sen Sheng variety of the half-tael was figured by Woodward as "Type G" (column 3, figure 2). The identical Woodward specimen is now in my collection. Woodward published a picture of what he termed another variety of this type, as "Type F," but failed to establish definitely the type of its reeding, his text stating it to be his ZA style reeding while his tabulation indicates by means of a dash that he did not know what style of reeding was on the coin. He further stated that his illustration for this "Type F" specimen was "from a good rubbing." A careful examination fails to confirm this statement, as there is every indication that the illustration was not from a rubbing but from a handmade copy made with a Chinese brush. It is just possible that it was made from an indistinct rubbing which had the Chinese characters touched up with a brush, but even this seems doubtful. It is accordingly concluded that he never even saw this particular specimen, but relied upon the statement of some collector, probably a Chinese, that he had such a coin, which in the nature of things is perhaps the world's worst evidence and worthy of no consideration.

With respect to the Wang Yung Sheng variety of the rimless half-tael denomination (column l, figure 2), when Kalgan Shih visited the United States in 1947 he had in his possession and gave me a photograph of the specimen he had in his collection. It is noted that he has not included it in either edition of his Modern Coins of China [1949; 2nd ed.

1951], although he has included the Yu Sen Sheng specimen, described above, as his number C10-4.

Theories have been advanced to the effect that these coins were made by separate hongs because of the three different names, Wang Yung Sheng (column l, figure 2), Yu Sen Sheng (column 3, figure 2), and Ching Chung Chi (column 5, figure 2), which appear on the obverses. After considering the somewhat elaborate and expensive, though crude, machine and accessories which Lockhart so fully described, and the well-known facts which characterized the operations of trade guilds in China, it is believed that such a project would most probably have been carried out on a cooperative basis. It is therefore concluded that all of these coins were made in one plant or mint, and that the different names appearing on them are indicative of the responsibilities of the respective hongs with respect to the touch of the silver entering into the manufacture of the coins. This is borne out by the fact that the three hongs appear to have used several of the reverse dies indiscriminately. Such a use of the dies could only have taken place if the coins all were minted in one place.

figure 1 d c b a 足商上鹹 紋王海豐 銀永縣六 餅盛號年 I obverse I 正面 h g f e 匠重傾朱 萬壹曹源 全兩平裕 造銀寶監 II reverse II 反面

figure 2 2 4 6 8 匠匠匠匠 萬豐平王 全年正壽 造造造造 ENGRAVER 銀 匠

figure 1 1 3 5 g1 g2 商商商 重重 王郁經 伍五 永森正 錢錢 盛盛記 銀銀 HONG VALUE 商 號 面值

The description given by Lockhart of the method employed in the applying of the reeding on these coins, was done in a simple fashion, which is typically Chinese in its employment of handwork assisted by the simplest tools.

In this case the tools consisted of a wooden mallet and a grooved steel channel, with the simple zigzag pattern of the reeding desired, in relief at its bottom. The blows of the mallet driving the edge of the coin into the interstices of the reeding die caused a series of short flat surfaces to be impressed on the edge of the coin, rather than the smooth even circle resulting from the conventional collars employed by mechanical minting machinery.

These surfaces have the impressions of the reeding die impressed upon them, and taken together give the impression of continuous triple zigzag lines. However, if the coin is revolved between the thumb and fingers, the intermittent character of the finished edge is readily apparent. Usually there is a slight overlapping of the pattern at the place where the contact with the die started and finished, which causes a doubling of the pattern over the length of the overlap.

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Features 專題 The tactile test, described above, of rotating the coin between the thumb and fingers, is believed to be one of the simplest and surest ways of detecting forgeries which are other than of the crudest sort. If the coin's edge does not have the flat facets but is smoothly circular, the chances are that it is not a genuine specimen.

Reeding dies of different gauges were employed in finishing the tael and half-tael coins, which vary in the length of each component part of the meandering pattern, as well as in the width. These have an average width of 3 mm for the tael and 2 mm for the half tael, while the average length of each segment of the pattern is respectively 5.8 mm and 4.0 mm.

It will be perceived that the flat raised marginal rims of the coins served a practical purpose in the reeding process, acting as guides while the reeding was applied. The grooves were not tight enough to hold the coins in a precisely vertical position while the hammering was being done, as is evidenced by the fact that the finished edges are sometimes not exactly at right angles to the face of the coin throughout its circumference, due to their having been held at a slight angle while the blows of the mallet were being struck. It will also be noted that the impressions of the grooved reeding die does not always obliterate the marks of the files which were used on the edges in truing up the cast silver planchets and bringing the slightly overweight pieces within the wanted tolerance with respect to their passing weight.

Figure 1 (obverse and reverse), represents the dies from which the first published specimen was reported by Wylie, and also Woodward's Type A, the one tael denomination.

The characters are read from top to bottom commencing with the right hand columns a and e.

The obverse is considered to be the side with four Chinese characters Hsien Feng Liu Nien, indicating the date of issue, 1856, in column a. The names of the hongs under whose cognizance the coins were made appear in the second, third and fourth characters of column c. These consist of the combinations Wang Yung Sheng, column 1; Yu Sen Sheng, column 3; or Ching Cheng Chi, column 5, as shown in figure 2.

The reverse inscriptions vary as to the characters of denomination which appear in the second and third characters of column g, which reproduces that of the one tael; and in the same column of the half-tael in which the inscriptions of columns g1 and g2 appear. Variations also are to be found in column h, where the names of the engravers appear in the

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second and third characters as Wan Ch'uan, column 2; Feng Nien, column 4; P'ing Cheng, column 6; or Wang Shou, column 8 of figure 2. These numbers and letters are arbitrarily assigned in this study to indicate the several variations found in the inscriptions, the odd numbers being assigned to the obverses and the even numbers to the reverses. In no case are they indicative of any sequence of issue.

Nothing is known as to what has become of Wylie's specimen, although it is conceivable that it might have passed into Bushell's collection and thus be the identical coin pictured by Woodward as Type A in his "The Coins of Shanghai", wherein he stated it "is the actual one which adorned the collection of the late S. W. Bushell for many years." While Wylie's specimen does not appear to be definitely identifiable, Bushell's specimen may be easily identified by a comparison with Woodward's plate. Due to the manner in which the planchets for these coins were prepared, they frequently have small air bubbles on their surfaces which were not removed by the impact of the dies in the striking of the inscriptions. Woodward's illustration shows a group of pits below the lower right hand Chinese character of its reverse. Further, no two specimens have the outlines of the raised rims in the same relative position. By noting these features, together with the characteristic file marks near the margins, nicks and other abrasions which were present on the planchets before they were minted, one can usually determine if any particular specimen is one which has been published previously. The one tael specimen in my own collection has thus been identified definitely by such markings as the identical specimen which was sold in J. Schulman's Amsterdam auction in January 1931 (lot 1418), although I purchased it some years later from a London dealer.

One constant characteristic of the reverse die of the Type A one tael coins, present in all genuine specimens, but which does not seem to have been noted in print previously, is to be found in the lower left hand Chinese character tsao of column h. This character is customarily written with the upper right hand element composed of three strokes. However, in this instance, due to a slip of the engraver's tool, an additional stroke appears directly to the left of the center vertical stroke, just above the upper hooked stroke. From an examination of several specimens it has been noted that as the die became worn in use, this extra stroke almost fills the entire space between the two regular strokes, becoming wider and wider until in the latest strikings it almost fills the entire space between the two conventional strokes. The marginal rim of this die has an inside diameter of 37 mm.

Features 專題 Woodward concluded with what he termed "some degree of assurance, that not more than one die was made for each of the tael varieties, the differences in engraving marking the forgeries mentioned by Wylie." This conclusion is open to grave doubt. The examination of quite a number of specimens has caused the writer to wonder upon what basis he reached this conclusion, which does not seem to be substantiated by the evidence now available. In the collections of the late Eldon C. Keefer of Chicago and Edward Kann of Los Angeles, are two similar specimens of the Type A taels, which, although differing in many minor particulars from the norm for these coins, are most probably genuine. I do not have all of the particulars relative to Kann's specimen, which he numbers 900a in his collection and in his volume Illustrated Catalog of Chinese Coins, other than a good photograph and the plate in the book. I have examined Keefer's specimen, numbered 2 by him, and can state with assurance the following: (a) The inside diameter of the outer rim is 38 mm and not 37 mm. (b) The extra stroke, described above, is lacking in the last character of the reverse. (c) It is heavier than it should be, weighing 37 grams, or 570.9 grains, instead of approximately the 565 grains average. (d) The center dot of the obverse is not located in the same relative position to the four immediately adjacent characters, being equidistant from the ends of the nearest strokes instead of nearer the upper character to the right. (e) None of the defects present in the Type A are present, such as the dot in the field at the left and 2 mm below and to the left of the lowest point of the 13th character of the obverse.

Summing up, although the reading of the inscriptions is the same in both coins, they were struck from different dies.

The specimens appear to be made from silver of equal purity, being soft as they should be to comply with the contemporary statements that they were made from "pure unalloyed silver."

If they were counterfeits they would most probably have been made from metal of inferior quality, or they would weigh more than the average. It is my considered opinion that both sets of dies from which these coins were struck were engraved by the same artisan. There are many minor points wherein the strokes making up the 32 Chinese characters differ slightly in the two sets of dies but these are only the small variations which are characteristic of two examples of the same text engraved by the same man. If the inscriptions had been copied by another individual the differences would have been greatly exaggerated.

ADDENDUM At the foot of page 81 of Lockhart's The Medical Missionary in China , second edition, 1861, the following cryptic footnote appears: "The steel die from which these coins were made is now in the Museum at Jermyn Street."

This intriguing footnote called for further investigation, for it seemed that Lockhart must have acquired the set of dies and had taken them to London when he returned to England in 1857 and had deposited them in an unnamed museum.

After the dispatch of many letters addressed to numismatic and museum periodicals and fellow collectors, both in this country and abroad, it was learned that Lockhart's note referred to the Museum of Practical Geology of the Geological Survey which was located in Jermyn Street in London since 1851, but was removed to a new building in South Kensington in 1935. However, the dies were no longer in that institution, having been transferred in 1901 to the Victoria and Albert Museum, where they are now deposited.

At last the problem of their possible survival and present location is solved and we are enabled to reproduce herewith, after a full century, photographs of both original dies from which these coins were struck, through the courtesy of B. W. Robinson, Deputy Keeper of the Department of Metalwork of the Victoria and Albert Museum.

It is regretted that the grooved device for applying the reeding is not present, and no information was obtainable that would establish whether or not it ever reached England. It is believed it might have, but has since become separated from the dies during the several changes in the depositories.

Although the steel dies show some rust on their surfaces, they are otherwise in an excellent state of preservation. The photographs confirm many of the conjectures which had been made based on Lockhart's narrative and the examination of a number of specimens struck from this set of dies, especially with regard to the die defect which appears as an extra stroke in the 16th character of the reverse, as indicated by the arrow in the accompanying illustration.

The steel collar of the reverse die appears to be simply shrunk onto the square die. There is no sign of welding or riveting to secure it to the die and one can actually see daylight between the die and the collar at one or two places.

The collar is in one piece, the attached ends being welded together with a diagonal joint half way along the upper side.

The weld is clearly discernible from the underside.

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Features 專題 At the center of the back of the obverse die is a large Chinese character Cheng, in an inverted position, and at the four corners are the characters Chin Sheng Li Shui (figure 3). These when read in a somewhat unconventional Chinese manner of 1: upper left, 2: lower right, 3: upper right, 4: lower left, are the 41st, 42d, 43d, and 44th characters of "The Thousand Character Classic," and are apparently here used as a serial number to identify the die. This usage of a series of characters from this, to the Chinese, universally known work, is a quite common practice, but there may be some more obscure significance in them which is not at once apparent.

The above-mentioned character Cheng is repeated on the side of the collar, probably to facilitate the proper pairing of the dies when they were placed in use for striking the coins. A single character, Chin, is faintly scratched on the back of the reverse die, seemingly for the purpose of pairing it with the first character of the four-character inscription which appears on the back of the obverse die.

of the actual coins were illustrated. This is arguably the most important single article written by Howard F. Bowker.

It should be noted that Chu Yuan-yu (incorrectly given by Kann as Chow Yuen-yu) named on the coins was not the taotai of Shanghai, but simply the supervisor for the minting project. The acting taotai during 1855-1857 was Lan Weiwen, on behalf of the real taotai, Chao Te-ch'e, who refused to take up office out of fear of rebels. An article about these coins, with an illustration (Kann 900), appeared in the North

China Herald for 29 November 1856. The article confirms that the Shanghai taotai authorized the coins, and notes that the crude mint was only able to produce 3,000 coins a month.

This no doubt is the source of the mintage given by Lin Guoming of 3,000 pieces for all the one tael types. However we do not know how many months the mint was in operation, so the 3,000 mintage is a minimum. Some collectors in China consider all the half tael pieces to be fantasies because there is no record of them before Woodward's 1937 article. [BWS]

The utility of the vertical markings in the middle of the top and bottom recessed areas of the collar is not apparent, unless they were intended to facilitate the placing of the silver planchets in a proper position on the lower die during the process of striking the coins.

The most complete publication of the 1856 series of Shanghai coins is to be found in Edward Kann's Illustrated Catalog of Chinese Coins , published in 1954. However, several typographical errors appear to have crept into this otherwise excellent presentation, as follows: In the table at the head of page 316 are two errors in the Chinese characters.

Under type D the third character should be the same as the third character in Type H; and in Type E the second character of the engraver's name should be as in Types A and H. Also on page 317 under 907 it is described in the text as being Type G, whereas the illustration under this number in Plate 131 actually depicts a Type H specimen. No Type G coin is illustrated and the specimens numbered 907 and 909 in this plate are both Type H.

figure 3 Chin Sheng Li Shui at the four corners

The writer would be pleased to hear from any collector who possesses any of the several varieties of the taels and half taels discussed here.

Editor's Note: Originally published in The Numismatist for September 1956 and October 1956. Photographs of the obverse and the reverse dies, supplied by the Victoria and Albert Museum, appear in the second installment, but none

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19th century drawing of a primitive coining machine

Features 專題

上海銀餅百年記 霍華德 • 佛蘭克林 • 包克（美國） 為與西方國家貨幣制度接軌，中國于 1856 年發行了 上海銀餅，至今（1956 年）已是百年歲月。上海銀餅是 一個非常有趣的錢幣系列，而且可能是為人所知最少的 系列。因而，值上海銀餅誕辰百年之際，特將新近發現 的文獻資料整合發表，以此志之。其實早在約 95 年前就 有人發表過相關文獻資料，只是從未引起對 1856 年上海 壹兩和五錢頗感興趣的幾位錢幣學家的注意。筆者經過 過去十年的收集，在文末以備註的形式對上海銀餅做了 補充。

的命運，后被鑄造成銀錠，隨後上海銀餅就停鑄了。

1856 年上海銀餅系列首次公佈于世，源於偉烈亞力 (Alexander Wylie) 於 1857 年 11 月 17 日 發 表 在 上 海 文 理 學 會 (Shanghai Literary and Scientific Society， 后 改 為 皇家亞洲文會北華分會 (North China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society)) 上 的 一 篇 文 章， 并 載 於 1858 年 6 月 分 會會刊第一卷中出版。偉烈亞力當時住在上海，積極收 藏錢幣，不過據他所知上海銀餅僅壹兩面值，且只有一 個版式。偉烈亞力關於上海壹兩的資訊後又被駱哈特 (J.H.S.Lockhart) 在其 1895 年為吉羅福（G.B.Glover，曾 任職上海海關稅務司）收藏編纂的目錄和描述中引用， 樣幣編號為 1237，并配圖。不過，目前這枚樣幣已不在 吉羅福收藏中。吉羅福收藏的大部分藏品現存放在華盛 頓特區的史密森尼學會 (Smithsonian Institution)。

壓印模具分為正面模及背面模兩部分，比銀坯片略 大，在兩塊方形鋼上剪切而成。背面鋼模呈方形，四角 有豁口，這樣可將正面模塞入並固定之。壓印機有一塊 大花崗石作為壓印工具，其上是約十英呎（約三米）長 的垂直滑道，滑道頂端有一塊已上好油的木塊，距其不 遠處有個強大絞盤。花崗石約重 200 磅，其頂部成斜角 並有個鑽孔。一條系在絞盤上、穿過滑道的繩索牢牢地 綁在花崗石頂部的鑽孔處，當花崗石被吊起到相應位置 時，滑道中的釘栓將花崗石固定住。

伍德華 (A.M.Tracey Woodward) 曾撰文《上海銀幣： 遠 東 之 都 不 為 人 知 的 歷 史》(The Coins of Shanghai, an Unwritten Chapter in the History of the 'Capital of the Far East')， 最 初 載 於 1937 年 8 月 刊 的《 中 國 雜 誌》(The China Journal)，隨後重印為“西人泉幣會”(Numismatic Society of China) 的集刊第 3 輯，文中伍德華譴責當代出 版刊物對早期發行的錢幣關注不多。不過伍德華好像忽 略了有位敏銳觀察家一直密切注視著 19 世紀 50 年代晚 期上海的情景，那就是倫敦傳道會 (London Missionary Society) 的雒魏林博士 (William Lockhart)。雒魏林博士的 著作《在華行醫傳教二十年》（The Medical Missionary of China: A Narrative of Twenty Years’Experience，倫敦， 1861 年）真實描述了上海銀餅的鑄造過程。只不過之前 好像無人注意，故在此整段引用： 上海鑄造銀圓是有特殊目的的。當時，西班牙鷹洋 銀圓漸少，為保證貿易如常進行，當地政府（上海道） 決定鑄造銀圓，重一兩，約 1 又 1/3 盎司白銀，為純銀， 或稱高純度銀，因硬度過軟而不宜長久使用。上海銀餅 發行初期，人們還能接受，不過由於鑄造麻煩和成本過高， 一旦大量鑄造就難以承受，因此上海銀餅也難逃被融化

為鑄造上海壹兩，首先要將銀在鐵板上碾壓成平模即 銀坯片。鐵板開合與普通的子彈模類似，每套鐵板有三 個模具製做這些銀坯片。銀坯片稱重（過重或過輕都會 立即回爐）後，再經捶打平整、銼平等工序拋光，最終 表面光滑，大小統一。然後用壓印機在銀片上壓印漢字， 紀重量、商號、銀匠、錢號或化驗所、當地長官姓名、 鑄造年份、帝王年號。

石下面的石頭上放著厚厚一疊折紙，上面放著方形幣 模（背面模），幣模內放入一塊銀坯片。之後固定正面 模，再在其頂部或週邊覆蓋另一疊厚紙。一切準備妥當 後，拔出釘栓讓花崗石滑落，巨大的沖擊力壓在模具上 從而很有效地壓印出銀幣圖案來。之後，花崗石被吊起， 等待另一銀坯片放入，壓印銀幣之工作就如此繼續進行。 這些銀幣的邊齒是用一種非常簡單方式作成的交叉 型花紋。這種圖案先雕刻在一個長八英寸（約 20 釐米） 的窄鋼條上，底部固定在同是八英寸長的角鐵槽上，以 便銀幣能順著溝槽滾動。銀匠用拇指和手指捏住壓印完 成的銀幣，在其沿著溝槽滾動時，使用一個很輕的木槌 敲打銀幣邊緣。通過這種方式，就將鋼條上的花紋印到 銀幣的邊齒上，鑄造銀幣就完成了，再被送去化驗所檢 驗和分批。 毫無疑問，雒魏林其實親眼目睹了咸豐（1856 年 2 月 6 日 至 1857 年 1 月 25 日） 六 年 上 海 銀 餅 的 鑄 造 過 程。在 1867 年上海美國長老教會 (American Presbyterian Mission Press of Shanghai) 出版的《在華傳教士回憶錄》 (Memorials of Protestant Missionaries to the Chinese) 中 記 述：“1857 年 12 月初，雒魏林離開上海返回故鄉，於 1858 年 1 月 29 日抵達英格蘭。”不過遺憾的是，即使 細心如雒魏林也沒有精確記錄鑄造上海壹兩的確切位址。 鑄造銀餅的商號是在上海租界內還是上海老城廂內，這

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Features 專題 一點非常重要。伍德華認為，商號位於老城廂內。這個 觀點值得商榷，因 1853 年 9 月 4 日，太平天國起義軍佔 領了老城廂，直到 1855 年 2 月 17 日統治才結束。中國 海關位於租界內，於 1853 年 9 月 7 日被洗劫一空，最後 在大火中化為灰燼。隨後海關暫移至一艘停泊在租界對 面的帆船上辦公，直到 1854 年 2 月 9 日移至蘇州河附近 的公共租界內。因而，當時奉中國當局之命鑄造銀餅的 爐房不太可能在清軍收復老城廂後不久就搬到了老城廂 內，而且當時太平天國起義軍仍佔據著老城廂以外的區 域。太平天國起義軍佔領老城廂時，繳獲了約 50 萬銀兩， 清廷國庫不太可能再返回老城廂，此時的老城廂也不再 太平，歐洲列強駐紮的軍艦和部隊已無法保證安全。 感興趣的讀者可能不是都讀過上文提到的伍德華原 文，因而在此引用主旨部分，只在拼寫上略作修改。參 考他原文的讀者會發現：此處漢字的羅馬拼法與他原文 中不盡相同。伍德華的漢字（主要來自銀幣雙面）羅馬 拼法似乎是上海方言而不是普通話，這可能與他當時雇 傭的抄寫員不精通普通話有關。本文中的所有漢字已根 據韋式拼音 (Wade system) 中翟理斯拼法做了修改。 發行當地銀幣是接近在 1856 年底。然而可惜的是， 偉烈亞力在 1857 年年中發表相關文章，卻對上海銀餅的 關注不多。請恕我在 80 年後引用他的文章，因他是唯一 可靠提供鑄幣資訊的外國權威人士。不過，他只是將幣 稱為“類型 A”，雒魏林在描述吉羅福收藏時也是如此， 意大利外交官羅斯 (Giuseppe Ros)1921 年 12 月 3 日在漢 口演講時也使用了同一說法。參與發行 1919 年 10 月刊 《字林西報》(North-China Daily News) 的每位作者雖有爭 議，但卻都是參考了同一枚銀幣。偉烈亞力對上海銀餅 的描述僅有如下內容：幣重一兩，上海鑄造，道台督辦， 時間約是 1856 年底。採用不銹鋼鋼模，鑄造精良，但卻 鮮見於市，當時還有大量賤金屬模仿鑄造的偽造品流通 於市，壹兩銀餅信用全失，因而上海壹兩很快消失蹤跡， 現僅有幾枚樣品存世。

曾提及過 1921 年 12 月 3 日羅斯在漢口協和公共禮拜堂 (Union Church Literary Guild) 發表演講，主題是《中國近 代錢幣》(Modern Chinese Coinage)。這篇文章可能在當 地出版社或當時文學界炙手可熱的綜合性刊物上發表過， 不過筆者多次努力搜尋這篇文章最後卻無果，不得不說 是個遺憾。筆者曾在 1923-1924 年間在漢口住过，如果 這篇文章印刷出版了的話我絕對能很快拿到一份。 下面繼續引用伍德華的文章： 早期的幾位錢幣權威人士提及的這枚幣僅是咸豐六 年所鑄錢幣中的一枚。儘管所有版式均是在朱源裕（位 至道台、造幣廠長或甚至財務長）監管督導下鑄造，但 由於不是出自一家商號，亦不是出自同一雕刻銀匠之手， 因而還是有版式之分。我查閱了當地地方年志沒有任何 收穫，也沒有找到這些銀幣的相關記錄。鑄造的銀幣數 量更是無跡可尋，為何鑄造這些錢幣（我們只知道它們 大多用於軍用）、商號位於上海的精確位址也不得而知（普 遍認為是位於上海老城廂內，現城牆已廢棄）。好像時 間擦除了所有的線索，而這些線索是如此珍貴。我們手 頭僅有區區幾枚幣。過去三十年來銀爐不斷地改鑄銀錠， 因而上海銀餅存世極少。 銀餅由三家商號發行，鋼模的準備工作也是由三位 銀匠完成的，不過沒有證據證明每家商號都有自己的專 用銀匠。（作者注：作者指出有三家商號，是根據銀餅 上所披露的資訊所得。不過中國錢幣界向來不乏驚奇。 商號太多可能也有問題，很有可能是同一標記用於不同 的銀匠）。事實是，兩家商號經正記和郁森盛雇用了相 同的銀匠豐年和王壽。至於使用的鋼模，據說（有一定 可信度）各种不同版式的壹兩銀餅都只有一种鋼模而已。 如有不同之雕刻錢文筆画就表示為偽品，這一點正如偉 烈亞力所述。

正面文字是“咸豐六年 上海縣號 商王永盛 足纹銀鉼” （意為：咸豐六年銀餅，商號王永盛，上海鑄造）；背 面則是“朱源裕監 傾曹平實 重壹兩銀 匠萬全造”（意為： 實重一兩銀，漕平計重，朱源裕監造，銀匠萬全）。

品相精美的銀餅上的漢字區域光滑平整，無壓印花 邊。幣的邊緣是鑲嵌圖案，簡單素樸中透著一絲高貴氣 質。這是典型的東方錢幣風格。類型 A 是目前為止寫文 章時作者提及之幣，【伍德華文章】此處插圖實為已故 的布歇爾 (S. W. Bushell) 藏品的亮點，多年來一直為人所 津津樂道。幣重 563.3 格令，我曾稱過一些重達 566.24 格 令的幣。《近代世界金銀幣》(The Current Gold and Silver Coins of All Countries) 書中有一枚此幣的插圖，該幣為機 製幣，蓄電池提供能源動力鑄造，並在銀片上壓印，重 量是 565 格令，成色 990 毫克銀，超过英國標準銀幣（重 528 格令，成色 925 毫克銀）成色標準的纯度 15-5/8。

筆者擅自更改了偉烈亞力對漢字的羅馬拼法，根據韋 氏拼法重新拼寫。98 年前偉烈亞力寫這篇文章時，韋氏 拼法還未創立。我對中國錢幣很感興趣，注意到伍德華

之前的出版刊物中對上海五錢的版式論述似乎不充 分。除了幣文不同之外（之前的評論者中鮮有提及）， 上海壹兩與五錢有著顯著的不同。壹兩銀幣均有外廓，

上文引用的伍德華文章對“偉烈亞力對上海銀餅的描 述”理解有誤。偉烈亞力對上海銀餅的描述不僅限上述 內容，而是全部引用了幣正背兩面的文字，并給出了恰 當的翻譯，如下：

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Features 專題

而大部分五錢銀幣則是缺乏外廓而呈現錢文之凸顯。壹 兩銀幣幣文尺寸面積是 25x25 mm 大小，而五錢銀幣幣 文周圍只有 21x21 mm 大小。可見上海壹兩是用了同一 個正面幣模，而背面幣模則有兩個版式：一個是銀匠萬全， 幣值字體為小楷；另一個是銀匠王壽，幣值字體為大楷。 上海壹兩和五錢所用的坯餅比有類似幣文的銀幣略薄、 直徑稍大。很有可能這是最早的上海五錢，只是與同時 流通的壹兩銀幣相比，五錢銀幣圖案設計不得人心，再 加上沒有外廓，使得漢字銘文易被过度磨損。其他正面 和背面幣模都是出於同一銀匠之手，幣文類似，大小為 21x21 mm。 上海五錢中寫有“商郁森盛”的幣被伍德華稱為“類 型 G”（圖 2 第 3 列）。伍德華當年手中的樣幣現在已 是筆者的藏品。伍德華還刊出過一幅照片，照片中的幣 稱之為“類型 F”，但他未明確該幣的齒邊類型，只是 在其文章中稱“ZA 類型”齒邊，不過從他表格中使用短 劃線解釋來看，伍德華也不確定該幣為哪種齒邊類型。 後來他又稱“類型 F”樣幣插圖來自“一張清晰的拓印”。 然而，仔細核對後卻發現非然。種種跡象表明，該插 圖不是拓印而是用毛刷手工複製的圖片。或者是拓印模 糊、漢字用毛刷潤色，這種情況也有可能，但仍有疑點。 因而，可以推斷伍德華從未親眼見過這枚樣幣，而是依 靠一些收藏家（可能是中國人）的聲明，而稱他有枚這 樣的幣，这在事物的本質上來講，或許是世上最糟糕的 證據，不值得考慮。 至於“商王永盛”的無齒邊半兩銀幣（圖 2 第 1 列）， 施嘉幹 (Kalgan Shih) 在 1947 年訪問美國時曾給我看過此 枚樣幣的圖片（他藏有一枚樣幣）。值得注意的是，施 嘉幹雖然將“商郁森盛”的樣幣編號為 C10-4，但卻未 將此枚樣幣收錄在他的《中國近代鑄幣匯考》（Modern Coins of China ，1949 年第一版；1951 年第二版）書中。 不過，理論上的研究有了進展，這些銀幣由三家商 號鑄造：王永盛（圖 2 第 1 列）、郁森盛（圖 2 第 3 列） 和經正記（圖 2 第 5 列），均是在幣的背面。綜合考慮 以下因素：雒魏林詳細描述的工序精細、價格昂貴的造 幣機器（儘管有些簡陋）和配件以及中國當時各個貿易 行會的各自為政，然而上海銀幣應是合作項目。因此可 以斷定，所有銀幣是在一家銀鋪店或造幣廠鑄造的，幣 上的不同商號則是明確鑄造銀幣的商號應負起應有的責 任。這也證明了三家商號在鑄造時隨意使用了不同的背 面幣模，這僅有在同一個地方鑄造所有銀幣時才會出現 這種情況。

圖1 d c b a 足商上咸 紋王海豐 銀永縣六 餅盛號年 I 正面 h g f e 匠重傾朱 萬壹曹源 全兩平裕 造銀寶監 II 反面

圖2 2 4 6 8 匠匠匠匠 萬豐平王 全年正壽 造造造造 銀 匠

圖1

1 3 5 商商商 王郁經 永森正

g1 g2 重重 伍五 錢錢

盛盛記 商 號

銀銀 面值

雒魏林提到的壓印銀幣邊緣的方法非常簡單，這是中 國人在簡易工具輔助下進行手工工作的典型做法。壓印 銀幣邊緣時，需要的工具有一個木槌和不銹鋼凹槽，事 先雕刻好簡單的鋸齒線圖案，底部浮雕設計。用木槌輕 輕捶打，將銀幣邊緣滑過鋼板範本平面，在木槌的捶打 作用下，壓印出銀幣的邊緣圖案，這與常規式機械造幣 機器一氣呵成的平滑均勻壓印有所不同。 這些平面經過鋼模壓印後出現了圖案，整體來看像三 重鋸歯線條。然而，如果硬幣在拇指和食指中間滾動旋 轉時，就會出現明顯的間隙特性。通常在鋼模開始和結 束的地方有略微的重疊，因而圖案也就會出現疊影。 上文所說的在拇指和食指之間轉動銀幣的觸感檢測 是最簡單、最可靠的檢驗偽造品方法，因这是最原始的 排序方法之一。如果銀幣邊緣沒有平坦面而是順暢的圓 弧，就可能不是真品。 上海壹兩和五錢銀幣用了不同大小的邊緣鋼模，蜿蜒 的圖案各部分長度不同，寬度也不同。其中壹兩銀幣的 平均寬度是 3 mm，五錢銀幣的平均寬度是 2 mm；圖案 的每個節段分別是 5.8 mm 和 4.0 mm。

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Features 專題 由此可以想見，銀幣邊緣凸起的外緣在齒邊處理過程 中有其實際作用，壓印齒邊時起著導向作用。由於凹槽 空間略大，不能使銀幣精確垂直，致使木槌敲打時，邊 緣有時角度傾斜。值得注意的是，凹槽齒邊鋼模壓印時 不能全部擦去銼刀的印記。銼刀用在銀幣邊緣糾正銀幣 範本位置，並將略微超重的銀幣重量調整到誤差允許範 圍內（相比承受的超載量而言）。 圖 1（正面和背面）偉烈亞力公佈的第一枚樣幣鋼模， 也就是伍德華所指的“類型 A”，壹兩銀幣面值。漢字 排列自上而下，從右側 a 列和 e 列開始。 有“咸豐六年”四個漢字的面為正面。咸豐六年即 1856 年，是銀幣發行的年份，a 列。負責鑄造銀幣的商 號名字即 c 列第二、三、四三個漢字。商號名字有王永盛、 郁森盛和經正記，分別見圖 2 第 1 列、第 3 列和第 5 列。 背面幣文面值不同，漢字也不同，壹兩銀幣背面 g 列 第二、三個字表面值“壹兩”，而伍（五）錢銀幣則有 g1 和 g2 列之分。h 列銀匠的名字（第二、三個漢字）也 不同，分別是萬全、豐年、平正和王壽，見圖 2 第 2 列、 第 4 列、第 6 列和第 8 列。本文中的編號和字母只用于 標示幣文內容的不同，奇數用於正面，偶數用於背面， 不是前後相繼發行的意思。 偉 烈 亞 力 的 樣 幣 從 何 而 來 不 得 而 知， 儘 管 如 此， 可以想像的是這枚樣幣可能流入了布歇爾 (Bushell) 的 手中，因而應與伍德華在其《上海銀幣》(The Coins of Shanghai) 文中所指的“類型 A”為同一枚幣，伍德華稱 這枚幣為“已故的布歇爾藏品的亮點”，只不過偉烈亞 力的樣幣不能確定，而布歇爾的樣幣通過與伍德華的鋼 模對比很容易就可鑒別。由於這些銀幣的預製金屬板製 作方式不當，導致其表面不斷有小氣泡出現，鑄造幣文 時鋼模的衝壓也無法將其移除。伍德華的插圖顯示背面 右下角的漢字下面有些凹坑。此外，在同一相對位置， 兩枚樣幣沒有凸起的外緣。結合上述特徵，再加上邊緣 附近的銼刀印記、刻痕和鑄造前就已出現在金屬板上的 磨損，通常可以斷定之前公佈的樣幣是哪一枚。因而， 根據幣上的標記，可以確定我手中的壹兩樣幣就是 J. Schulman 阿姆斯特丹拍賣會（1931 年 1 月）上拍出的 lot 1418 拍品，只不過我是後來從倫敦一位幣商手中購得。 上海壹兩“類型 A”真品樣幣的背面鋼模中有個顯著 特徵，在之前發表的文章中卻無人提及。h 列左下角最 後一個字“造”的右上角通常應是三個筆劃，但在幣上 卻是中間的一豎左邊、撇折上面多了一撇，這可能是銀 匠使用工具刻印時滑移所致。檢查幾枚樣幣後發現，鋼 模在使用中逐漸磨損，這多出來的一撇漸漸佔據了豎和 撇折之間的部分，變得越來越寬，直到最後一批時已完

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全填滿了這部分空間。此种有邊缘環的模具其內径是 37 mm。 伍德華得出的結論是“某種程度上可以確定只有一個 鋼模用於鑄造不同版式，區別在於，正如偉烈亞力所說， 根據雕刻可鑒別偽造品。” 這個結論值得懷疑。仔細對 比多枚樣幣後，作者很好奇伍德華得出上述結論的依據 在哪，目前尚無證據可以證明。在已故的芝加哥藏家基 佛 (Eldon C. Keefer) 和洛杉磯收藏家耿愛德的藏品中有兩 枚相似的“類型 A”樣幣，雖然在諸多細節上與標準版 式有所不同，但很可能皆是真品。耿愛德在他的《中國 幣圖說匯考》一書中將這枚樣幣編號為 900a，除了一張 清晰的圖片和書中所刊的金屬板外，我對此枚樣幣的信 息所知不多。我也核實過基佛的樣幣（基佛將其編號為 2）， 可以肯定的是以下內容： (a) 外緣的內徑為 38mm，而非 37mm。 (b) 上文所述多出來一撇，在背面最後一個字中卻沒有。 (c) 平均重量不是 565 格令，而是 37 克，即 570.9 格令。 (d) 正面中心的點不是位於四個漢字周圍的同一相對位 置，而是最後一筆的等距位置，也不是靠近右上方的漢字。 (e) 類型 A 上未發現任何缺陷，如正面第 13 個漢字最低 點左側、左側下方 2mm 處的點。 綜上所述，儘管銀幣上的漢字讀起來都一樣，但卻是 用的不同鋼模鑄造。樣幣貌似是同等純度的銀鑄造而成， 比較軟，按照現代的說法應是“純銀”製造。若是贗品， 可能是用低劣的金屬鑄造，否則會比平均重量重。我的 觀點是這些銀幣鑄造所用的鋼模是同一銀匠雕刻的。這 兩套鋼模上的 32 個漢字筆劃多少有些不同，但這也只是 同一銀匠雕刻的兩個版式而已。若是有他人複刻了這些 漢字，相信差別就会更為誇大了。 補遺 雒魏林在其《在華行醫傳教二十年》 （1861 年，第二版） 一書中第 81 頁出現了一條語意不詳的註解：“鑄造這些 銀幣的鋼模現在在英國傑明街 (Jermyn Street) 上的一家博 物館內。”這條註腳令人費解，需要更多查證。字裡行 間好像表明雒魏林 1857 年返回英格蘭時已獲得了這些鋼 模，並帶到了英格蘭，將其存放在一個不願透露姓名的 某家博物館內。 通過與國內外的錢幣學會和博物館刊物和諸多收藏 家通信，我瞭解到雒魏林註腳中所指的博物館應是英 聯 邦 地 質 調 查 和 實 踐 地 質 博 物 館 (Museum of Practical Geology of the Geological Survey)，自 1851 年起就坐落於 倫敦傑明街上，1935 年該博物館移至倫敦南肯辛頓 (South Kensington) 一幢新大樓。不過這些鋼模早已不在這家博 物館，而是於 1901 年存放至倫敦的另一家博物館維多利

Features 專題

亞阿爾伯特博物館 (Victoria and Albert Museum)。最後這 些鋼模是否保存完好以及保存地點都已找到答案，我們 因此也可以在跨越一個世紀之後翻拍這些原版鋼模的照 片，在此十分感謝維多利亞阿爾伯特博物館金屬製造部 代理保管員 B. W. Robinson 先生的友情幫助。 遺憾的是，壓印齒邊的凹槽設備未見其蹤影，也無資 訊表明它是否被帶至英格蘭。或許也被一併帶至英格蘭， 後在幾次遷址過程中與鋼模分開了。 儘管鋼模上已現鏽跡，但不可否認它們仍保存良好。 而照片的出現則可以印證根據雒魏林所說、檢查使用這 些鋼模鑄造的樣幣而做出的諸多猜測，特別是關於幣背 面第 16 個漢字上多出的一撇，根據隨附的插圖立見分曉。 背面鋼模的模圈墊套好像只是擠進了方形的鋼模內， 沒有跡象表明墊套經過了焊接或鉚釘固定，在墊套和鋼 模之間一兩處甚至可以看到光線。套環墊圈是在一塊的， 附加式末端與對角線上方中間處的交叉節點焊接到一起。 焊接處從下方清晰可辨。 正面鋼模的背面中間是一個大大的、反寫的“正”字， 四周是“金生麗水”四個字 ( 图 3)。讀這四個字的順序 與傳統順序不同，順序是左上、右下、右上、左下，正 好是《千字文》(The Thousand Character Classic) 裡面的 第 41 至 44 個字，不過此處明顯是用於區分鋼模的編號。 對於中國人來說，引用古典名著中的字是很常見的做法， 但如果不是一目了然，恐怕也會令人覺得晦澀難懂。前 面提到的“正”字也出現在墊圈側，或許是為了鑄造銀 幣時方便鋼模配對。背面鋼模的背面上的單字“金”筆 劃有些模糊，似乎是為了與正面鋼模背面的四個漢字中 的第一個字“金”呼應。

編者注：本文最初發表於 1956 年 9 月刊和 10 月刊 的《錢幣學家》雜誌。正面和背面鋼模照片由維多利亞 阿爾伯特博物館提供，發表在 10 月刊，但沒有上海銀餅 的真實照片。可以說，這是包克先生最重要的一篇著作。 值得注意的是，銀餅上的“朱源裕”（耿愛德錯寫為周 源裕）不是當時的上海道台，只是監督鑄造銀幣之人。 1855-1857 年間代理道台藍蔚雯（暫時代理趙德轍的職 務，趙德轍當時害怕小刀會起義而不願履職）。1856 年 11 月 29 日的《北華捷報》(North China Herald) 刊發了一 篇關於上海銀餅的文章，並配有插圖（即耿愛德書中的 編號 900）。 這篇文章確認了上海道台授權鑄造銀餅， 並指出由於設備粗糙，一個月僅能鑄造 3000 枚銀幣。毫 無疑問，林國明稱所有類型的壹兩銀幣鑄造量都是 3000 枚，可能也是來源於此。然而，我們不知道上海銀餅流 通了多久，但至少有 3000 枚。中國的一些藏家認為所有 的五（伍）錢銀幣都是臆造幣，因為 1937 年伍德華發表 相關文章之前對此無任何記錄。【史博祿】

圖 3 四周有《千字文》中的“金生麗水”四字

墊圈正中間的頂端和底部的垂直標記不明顯，除非是 鑄造銀幣過程中，為了便於銀金屬板的位置固定得當。 對 1856 年上海銀餅最完整的記錄應是 1954 年耿愛 德的《中國幣圖說彙考》。這本書整體不錯，只是有幾 個排版錯誤：316 頁上面的表格中有兩個漢字拼寫錯誤： 類型 D 中第三個漢字應與類型 H 的第三個漢字相同；類 型 E 銀匠名字的第二個漢字應與類型 A 和 H 中第二個漢 字相同。317 頁 907 下面的描述是類型 G，但 Plate 131 頁上的 907 插圖卻是類型 H 樣幣。類型 G 實際上無插圖， 在 Plate 131 頁編號 907 和 909 的插圖都是類型 H 樣幣。 哪位藏家手中如有本文中所討論的上海壹兩和五錢 銀幣，歡迎與泉友分享。

附圖 19 世紀造幣機器圖

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Features 專題

Research on Ancient Chinese Coins by Chen Danong Yuan Shuiqing (Xi'an) Huzhou in Zhejiang Province is well-known among numismatists because it is the home of senior numismatic collector and researcher Chen Danong. As a famous Chinese saying goes, "no matter how high the mountain is, its name will spread far if there is a sage." On June 6th 2015, hundreds of coin collectors came to Huzhou to celebrate his 100th birthday. The attendees recalled the more than 70 years of Mr. Chen's collecting and research (Pic.1).

Chen Danong, styled himself as Jing Ji ( 敬吉 ) [and was also known as Si Xian Zhai Zhu ( 四 顯 齋 主 ) and Xi Sai Quan Sou ( 西塞泉叟 ) ] was born in Lianghu town, Shangyu city in 1916, and grew up in Huzhou City. His ancestors were farmers, and his father ran a silverware shop. He converted to Christianity at the age of 19 and later received his bachelor’s degree from North China Theological Seminary. At 40 years old he became a teacher and pastor of the Baptist Church on East Street in Huzhou, he later concurrently served as the principal of Min De Primary School. In 1977, he started working in an antique store, a subsidiary of the Huzhou Museum, after he was rehabilitated from "anti-rightist" wrongs. As an amateur archaeologist for about 40 years, he was particularly fond of ancient coins. He was a member of the Chinese Numismatic Society and director of the Zhejiang Province Numismatic Society. In 2011, he was honorably awarded as one of top ten collectors of Zhejiang Province.

In August 2015, he was offered to serve as the honorary president of the Huzhou Numismatic Society after he ended his three successive terms as the vice president since the Society was founded in 1991 (Pic.2). Needless to say, he has contributed a lot to numismatic collecting and research in Huzhou.

From the age of 20, when he became attached to ancient coins, Chen Danong has been enriching his collection and has regularly conducted numismatic research. He has set a good model for younger numismatists with his rich collecting experience, deep appreciation of numismatics and rigorous research. In addition to his collecting and research he has educated and instructed younger collectors which has won him accolades from other numismatists.

Collection When Chen Danong was a teenager he found a large

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Pic.1 (From L) Chen's student Zhao Jinxing, Chen Danong, his grandson Chen Qi at his 100th birthday party

Pic.2 The 2014 Huzhou Numismatic Society Seminar hosted by Chen Danong (M)

charm on which was inscribed "live as long as the turtle and the crane" (meaning "longevity") in a family cabinet. It was his first experience with ancient Chinese coins. At the age of 25, he obtained 200 ancient Chinese coins from his mother; that was 75 years ago. At its peak his collection consisted of around 4,000 coins, some of which were auctioned and given away as donations, some were lost and some were stolen. Now only 2,000 pieces are left. However, included in the remaining pieces are such rarities as a "Hsian Feng Pao Su" 500 cash and a large "Yung An" 1000 copper cash coin. Unlike today, when people can easily buy coins online or in auctions, at that time Chen Danong began collecting he had to go everywhere to find rare coins; from remote mountainous areas to downtown flea markets and coin shops. He constantly enhanced his collection by trading with collectors, purchasing from coin dealers and being presented coins as gifts by friends.

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I) From the collectors: Chen Danong’s made good friends with Pan Lanjiang, who was a much older collector and famous doctor in Huzhou. Pan presented him a numismatic book and later gave him 100 ancient coins plus a "Jing Kang Yuan Pao" seal and clerical script 2 cash coins as the guarantee for three years of rent for Pan’s daughter.

At the age of 31, Chen obtained five spade coins inscribed with the Chinese characters "Yang" (sun), "Yang" (sheep), "Wu" and "An Zang". He also obtained several other spade coins and "Chuan Hsing" coins from local epigrapher Wang Zousheng. Later he purchased 20-30 coins from Yao Muqing's father-in-law, including a "Ssu Chu", a "Ta I Tung Bao", and a "Kai Yuan Tung Pao" [with the Chinese character "Dan" on the reverse]. Subsequently he obtained a rare "Chih Pai Wu Chu"with an incused " " on te bottom of the reverse, a "Shun Chih Tung Bao" with the Chinese character "Er" (two) on the reverse and a "Shao Da Pan Fen" [silver 1/2 Fen] with round hole. At the age of 40, he bought a "Ting Chien" iron coin with seal script, a "Bao Chu Zhu Ren" and a "Han Yun" from Yuan Ke-wen's [Yuan Shih- kai's son] collection (Pic.3). This transaction was recorded in Ku I Pi Chih ("Ancient Leisure Coin Record", 古幣逸志 ) written

by Yuan Ke-wen. It was said that this coin entered the market from Yuan's mistress. Chen felt extremely excited after he got the coin. In the same year, with the help of a priest, Gu Baozhang, he purchased an earthen jar of copper coins from the Bai Collection from Jiangdu (Yangzhou city) at the price of ¥34,000. These 100+ coins included rarities such as the silver "Hsi Wang Shang Kung" coin, a "Tien Tse Fu Pao", several "Yung An" 1000 cash copper coins (large size and small sizes), a "Tuan Ping Tung Pao" mother coin with the characters of "Hui Wu" and "Xi Shang" on the reverse, a "Lung Hsing Yuan Pao" one cash, a small "Ta You Yuan Pao" lead coin, a large "Tien Sheng Tung Pao" coin, an extremely large "Chia Ching Tung Pao" coin (Pic.4), a "Chien Yen Chung Pao" in which the inscription appeared on both sides, a large-sized "Ban-Liang" [ 半兩 ], a "Xin Mang Shi Bu" [ 十 布 ] and several Szechuan iron coins. He obtained a large number of other ancient coins from then on (Pic.5).

II From coin dealers: In his forties, Chen bought hundreds of coins from a Fuzhen Collection from Mr. Zhang, a coin dealer, at the price of 2 tael 2 mace gold, which was equal to the value of 22 'dan' of rice (1 dan=60kg). Most of them were Qing dynasty coins including a rare "Cheng Te Tung Pao" with the characters "Xi Li" on the reverse. Other scarce coins included a "Tien Ming Tung Pao" with a Chinese character variety (copied from "Tien Chi Tung Pao"), a "Shun Chih Tung Pao" with the characters "Yuan Qing" on

Pic.3 A "Ting Chien" iron spade coin (ex-Yuan Ke-wen collection)

Pic.4 A large "Chia Ching Tung Pao" coin

Pic.5 A "Tien Chi Tung Pao" 10 cash with 8 moons and 4 stars on the reverse

Pic.6 A fan rubbing with a "Hsian Feng Pao Su" 500 cash rubbing

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Features 專題 the reverse, a "Kang Hsi Tung Pao" 3 cash with the character "Xuan" on the reverse, a "Hsien Feng Chung Pao" Kiangsu Mint 50 cash (wide rim), a "Gun Zi Tung Qian" charm, a "Kuang Hsu Ban Zi" charm, and a "Chien Lung Tung Pao" (Yarkand Mint) double obverse coin. Moreover, there were 30+ coins struck by the Taiping Rebellion, Small Swords Society and the secret Golden Coin Society. He bought the first known "Hsien Feng Chung Pao" Kiangsu Mint 500 cash at the cost of one silver dollar, which was later stolen. It was said that it was flowed into Japan from Ding Zongqi (an ancient Chinese coin dealer in Suzhou) (Pic.6).

III) By exchange and donation. Pan Lanjiang was particularly fond of amulets. Chen once exchanged 150 amulets for dozens of rare Ming knife coins with Pan. At the age of 77, he got a "Han Hsing" coin (with vertical writing) in a trade with Yuan Zhaoxiong in Deqing. Meanwhile, he received many coins from his friends and relatives. For example, Ni Juntou presented him with a fake "Ssu Chu".

In 1993, his student Gao Yongyong presented him an "Ta Chuan" 500 cash money tree unearthed in Tongxiang to thank Chen for his kind help (Pic.7).

Pic.7 A "Ta Chuan" 500 cash money tree

It is worth mentioning that in the 1960s, Chen Danong discovered a large Taiping Rebellion "Zhen Ku" coin in Huzhou. He later donated it to the state and now it is kept in the Zhejiang Museum. At the age of 90, he sold a part of his collection through China Guardian Auctions and donated ¥500,000 from the ¥900,000 auction proceeds to charity.

Appreciation Chen Danong said: "For coin collecting, it's not

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quantity that matters, but authenticity. Also the quality of coin rubbings should take priority to the size." He believed that, as a novice begins to collect coins, enthusiasm is most important. The collection's quantity relies on financial strength; authenticity will be determined by the collector's appreciation; gains or losses by decisiveness; achievement by perseverance. The most important thing is to verify authenticity of the coins. As for rare coins, he sticks to the following rules: the coins with fine characters are better than the fat ones, white copper is better than brass, thicker (piedfort) coins are better than regular coins, Ssu Jue [4 strokes] is better than Ssu Chu [4 rays from the corner of central hole], Shuei guo [the color of ancient mercury] is better than the old patina, a set is better than a single item. He accumulated a rich numismatic experience by reading many numismatic books and researching thousands of ancient coins every year.

I) Conclusion and Chen's ''10 key points'': It's really hard to identify the authenticity of ancient coins because of the large quantities, varieties, reverse inscriptions, patterns and the large number of counterfeits. However, Chen came up with 10 points to identify coins by using such components as the inscription, metal texture, size, weight, shape, and luster.

Firstly, identify the quality of copper; second, identify the plain reverse; third, check if it has a rim; fourth, measure the width of the rim; fifth, measure size of the hole; sixth, understand hole patterns; seventh, check gradual changes of the outline of the inner hole of the coin; eighth, keep an eye on marks; ninth, check the star or moon pattern; finally, master the style. If one keeps these 10 points in mind and spends a long time examining many coins, one will easily figure out the inscription on the obverse when you observe the reverse of a coin.

II) Chen Danong particularly devoted himself to the identification of the Northern and Southern Song dynasty iron coins, Japan and Annam coins [modelled on Song dynasty coins] and Taiping Rebellion coins. Among his 200 Northern and Southern Song dynasty iron coin collection, half of them are rarities. In his opinion, the inscriptions can be imitated on fake coins, but the strokes lack power. A complete coin can be easily imitated, but it's hard to imitate a coin which is naturally worn. Iron counterfeits lack the patina of the genuine iron coins. The sound of the fake coins is 'harsh', while the genuine is 'mild'. The genuine old coins are easier broken than the newly struck counterfeits. Most coins from Japan and Annam modelled their inscriptions on Northern Song dynasty coins, and a few from the Southern

Features 專題 Song dynasty coins. Most coins have a plain reverse, and those with "Zheng" or "Yuan" on the reverse are extremely rare. The "Kai Hsi Tung Pao" is the only one known with "Yuan" on the reverse. Japanese imitation cast coins can be divided into three categories, and four categories for imitation cast coins from Annam. The Japanese preferred coins with inscriptions read anti-clockwise while Annam never struck such coins. Most of the large Taiping Rebellion coins stuck in gold, silver, copper, iron, and even pewter are counterfeits. Those silver coins, regarded as the small commemorative medals and made by the Nanking Lao Feng Xiang silver jewelry store in the early Taiping Rebellion, were not circulating coins.

III) Chen was sharp-eyed regarding the counterfeits illustrated in well-known numismatic works and those in other collectors' collections. He pointed out that the large "Ta Chuan" 20 cash coin was a counterfeit in volume 7 of Chin Ting Chien Lu (A Coin Catalog - By Imperial Order , issued by Song Emperor Gaozong). There is a 2000 cash denomination but no 20 cash for this coin. The "Ying Tien Chung Pao" is not genuine while the "Ying Tien Tung Pao" is. An Encyclopedia of Ancient Coins ( 古錢大辭典 ) and its supplement by Ting Fu-pao are great numismatic masterpieces; however, about 20 of the coin photos illustrated in the books were not genuine coins, such as the knife coin with "qi" on the reverse, the "Tien Hsien Tung Pao" of the Liao dynasty, the "Tien Ying Yuan Pao", the "Tien Ying Tung Pao", the "Yuan Chih Tung Pao", the "Yung Ning Tung Pao", the "Liang Chin I Chu", large round "Tung Chou" coins with a center hole, and the large and small "Hsi Wang Shang Kung" gold coins. All of these are counterfeit. He also corrected errors about more than 30 ancient Chinese coins illustrated in the Japanese Catalog of Ancient Coins ( 古錢大 鑒 ). In Ku I Pi Chih (Ancient Leisure Coin Record , 古幣逸 志 ) and Chuan Chien (A Coin Digest , 泉簡 ) both by Yuan Ke-wen, Chen found 30 counterfeits or questionable coins.

What is more, he could identify the authenticity of famous collectors' collections such as Pan Lanjiang's. Pan devoted his life to his numismatic collection which he amassed with great financial support. He enjoyed great fame in numismatic circles by owning a Tang dynasty "Ta Zu Tung Pao" as well as numerous other rare coins. Chen Danong was in the right spot when Pan's son Pan Binzhang arranged the sale of his father's ex-collection after Pan passed away. He found about 1/3 of the collection to be counterfeits out of a total of 2,140 ancient coins. But Pan probably collected so many counterfeits for a reason. Chen illustrated the forgeries one by one in his book Illustrated Catalog of Ancient Coin

Counterfeits ( 偽鑄古錢過目錄 ) which can still be used as a reference for young collectors.

IV) Instruct and educate young collectors and hold regular appreciation symposiums. Chen Danong enjoyed popularity in his local region for his kind and moral personality, his lavish collection and deep appreciation of Chinese coins. These attributes helped him attract many young numismatic learners. Since 1983, his four most outstanding students, Gao Yongyong, Cui Deming, Gao Daming and Zhao Jinxing, have regularly held meetings to identify the authenticity of coins and appreciate numismatics.

Chen even once wrote a poem about it. Although there are differences between the five regarding their ages, occupations, education, and income, they are closely tied together by their common numismatic hobby, and enjoy sharing their experiences. They have made friends with other collectors through coins, discussing with each other which enriches their collecting experience and improves their insight into ancient Chinese numismatics (Pic.8).

Pic.8 Chen Danong with his students at home.

(From L) Gao Yongyong, Cui Deming, Chen Danong, Gao Daming, Zhao Jinxing Research

Chen Danong devoted his life to numismatic research, and has authored five numismatic books since 2001: A Guide to Chinese Ancient Coins ( 古 泉 學 入 門 ), Appreciation on Ancient Chinese Coins ( 淙 淙 泉 聲 ), The Numismatic Collection of Chen Danong ( 達農泉集 ), The Coins of the Taiping Rebellion ( 太 平 天 國 錢 幣 考 略 ) and Comments on Numismatic Collecting ( 西 塞 泉 叟 集 錢 芻 言 ) (Pic.9).

His methodical writing helps cultivate numismatic culture, just as comments written by Tang Shifu in the preface for A Guide to Ancient Chinese Coins state, "This book tells us

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Pic.9 The five numismatic works authored by Chen Danong his precious experience and the essence of his numismatic collection. He provides his valuable advice and experience for learners in numismatic research." In 1995, the famous collector Dai Zhiqiang remarked: "It is easy to understand how he obtained his profound numismatic knowledge; his collecting experience is unique."

I) From collection to appreciation and research. In his opinion, collectors not only collect coins and enjoy the beauty of calligraphy and the patterns, but should also understand the specific history of each coin. Each ancient Chinese coin reflects the historical culture of China. Chen purchased a great number of numismatic reference books for research. Once he got a rarity, he would check the date that the coin was struck, the mint, mintage, the inscription, the meaning of the patterns, the denomination, the metal and its relationship with the commodity prices at that time. He records every detail and makes comments. Then he would refer to numismatic resources to verify the authenticity of coins and write down his viewpoints. Finally he would arrange his findings by systematically writing them into a book. He comments that each coin has its own specific

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characteristics depending on the dynasty in which it is struck.

II) From local region. He knows well that collectors need to understand local numismatic history so he wrote the book Huzhou Numismatic History ( 吳興泉幣史沿革 ) which narrates Huzhou's history from the late Shang dynasty to the Qing dynasty, the mints, coins, coins that have been unearthed and the known population. All numismatic articles he wrote stick to the facts. For example, there are no official records and few private notes about Taiping Rebellion coins. When he wrote the book The Coins of the Taiping Rebellion ( 太平天國錢幣考略 ), he tried to avoid subjective assumptions by referring to the literature and real coins.

There have been ups and downs in his life, but Chen gets pleasure from his collection. Even now, at 100, he is in good health and has a quick mind. He often authenticates coins for collectors, and promotes the Huzhou Numismatic Society. He is one of the most famous Chinese collectors, a scholar and a teacher.

(Images courtesy of Gao Yongyong, vice president of the Huzhou Numismatic Society).

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陳達農與古錢幣 袁水清（西安） “山不在高，有仙則名”。浙江湖州雖小，因為是 著名泉學家陳達農的家鄉而為錢幣界眾多友人所光顧。 天賜遐齡，仁者自壽。2015 年 6 月 6 日，陳達農十秩榮 慶，數百名泉友雲集湖州，一起領略了這位泉界泰斗“漢 柏秦松骨氣，商彝夏鼎精神”的百歲風采，回味熱議了 先生 70 餘年的錢幣收藏研究之路（圖 1）。 陳達農，1916 年生，字敬吉，號四顯齋主。西塞泉叟， 浙江上虞梁湖人，長於湖州。大學學歷。祖上世代務農， 父輩經營銀樓。陳達農 19 歲皈依基督，年輕時在華北神 學院求學，獲道學士學位，以仁慈為懷，經年傳揚主福音。 40 歲起任湖州市東街浸會堂教師暨基督教堂牧師，後兼 任民德小學校長。1977 年糾正“反右”錯誤平反後進入 湖州市博物館下屬的文物商店，1980 年退休。其心地正直， 性格倔強，生性恬淡，謙和節儉。一生好古，不輟辛勞， 從事業餘考古近 40 年，尤嗜古泉。曾任政協湖州市一、 二屆常委，三、四、五屆委員，為中國錢幣學會會員， 浙江省錢幣學會理事。2011 年獲“浙江省十大收藏家” 殊榮。陳達農從 1991 年湖州市錢幣學會成立，連任三屆 副會長，2015 年 8 月換屆被聘為名譽會長，為推進湖州 地區錢幣收藏研究事業付出了大量心血，功不可沒（圖 2）。先生如今雖退出學會的日常事務，但仍表示每會必 到，全力支持學會的工作。 陳達農二十出頭與古泉結緣後，數十年如一日，藏、 研並重，持之以恆。他以廣獵珍奇古錢、刻苦鑽研泉學、 注重泉德修養、熱情提攜後學在泉界獲得良好口碑，其 豐富的收藏經驗，深刻的鑒賞能力，嚴謹的治學精神， 令人敬服的人品、才學，為後學樹立了楷模。

圖 1 陳達農在弟子趙金星（左）、孫子陳棋（右）攙扶 下步入百歲慶典宴會廳

圖 2 陳達農主持湖州市錢幣學會 2014 年學術研討會

收藏 陳達農少年時在櫃櫥覓得一枚大型“龜鶴齊壽”花錢， 愛不釋手，是為與古錢幣最早的接觸。25 歲時一次從母 親私蓄製錢中揀選 200 餘種，從此開始正式搜集古錢幣， 與之結成情同配偶的金石良緣，迄今已 75 載。因機緣、 眼力、財力俱佳，收藏頗豐。累計集藏過古錢幣 4000 餘 品，除為捐款而拍賣、散失、被盜外，現存 2000 餘品。 藏品中，既有咸豐寶蘇五百、銅質永安一千大型等珍稀品， 又有不少殊異品，是謂“人以名存，泉則匯流”。陳達 農集藏時，沒有現在可從網路和拍賣會購得心儀之品， 而是慕泉而趨，徒步跋涉，四處搜尋，長年奔波於偏遠 山區、鬧市地攤、市場店鋪，通過“藏家歸我，泉賈售我， 親友贈我”之途徑，不斷豐富自己的藏品。

圖 3 定千鐵鏟布（袁寒雲舊藏）

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（一）從藏家處幸得。據陳達農記述，早年曾與泉家、 湖城名醫潘瀾江結為忘年之交，潘初贈先生泉譜，繼而 慨贈古錢 100 品，且外附生坑“靖康元寶”折二篆隸對 錢，代女抵付三年房租。31 歲時從本邑金石家王陬生妹 處購得王氏遺藏空首布“陽”“羊”“武”“安臧”等 5 枚及檀匣儲藏之“王氏”布暨傳形者數枚。之後，又 從古錢藏家宿儒姚牧青丈手購得四銖、大義、開元背丹 等數十品，後續得直百背穿下陰文 、小打半分圓穿、 順治背二罕見品各一。40 歲時從秀州基礎民處購得泉家 袁克文舊藏“定千”鐵鏟布一枚，有“寶楚主人”及“寒 雲”篆額，是泉載于袁氏《古逸幣志》，據謂由袁氏愛 姬處流出（圖 3）。先生“得之喜不寐，相對樂無休”。 同年經樂於助人的顧保璋牧師作緣，以 3.4 萬元購得江 都江夷白氏舊藏一甏銅錢，因其中有名品銀質西王賞功， 天策府寶，銅質永安一千大、小二式，端平通寶背惠五 西上鐵母，隆興元寶小平，大有元寶左旋讀小鉛錢，天 盛通寶大錢，嘉靖極大錢（圖 4），建炎重寶合背，大半兩， 新莽“十布”，以及四川鐵錢百餘種，“竟至伴枕三日， 興猶不衰”，成為湖州泉史上的逸聞。隨後泉運接踵而至， 續有所獲（圖 5）。 （二）從幣商處易購。陳達農 40 多歲時，以黃金貳 兩貳錢折合當時 22 石米價，從幣商章某購得福楨珍藏數 百品，以清錢居多，無一複者，其中“正德背西厘”推 為奇品，他如天命漢字異文（天啟版）、順治背原清、 康熙折三背宣、咸豐寶蘇當五十闊厚大、滾子銅錢、光 緒板子、葉爾羌銅色金黃、合面等皆可珍。此外還有太 平天國錢幣及小刀會、金錢會錢幣 30 餘種精品。可謂求 之甘苦，得之偶然。曾以白銀壹圓購得名揚泉界之“咸 豐寶蘇當五百”創見品（圖 6），後被劣徒竊取出售， 據悉經丁宗琪之手流入東瀛。 （三）交換、贈送。潘瀾江雅愛壓勝錢，陳達農早年 曾以雜式花錢 150 種易其明刀數十品；77 歲時與德清袁 兆熊交換得豎書“漢興”一枚。親友相贈亦不少，如初 集古錢時，倪君投贈長腳四銖一枚（偽品）；弟子高勇 勇為答謝先生在最困難時對他的幫助，1993 年將桐鄉出 土的大泉五百泉樹贈予先生，泉家鄒志諒認為該錢樹是 現存最早最完整體現鑄造工藝的錢樹（圖 7）。

圖 4 嘉靖通寶大錢（正、背）

圖 5 天啟通寶折十背八月四星（正、背）

圖 6 含有寶蘇五百的扇拓

值的一提的是，陳達農於 20 世紀 60 年代，在湖州市 區發現一枚大型太平天國鎮庫錢，收藏後捐獻國家，現 存浙江省博物館。90 歲時把自己的一部分錢幣通過中國 嘉德拍賣，將拍賣所得 90 萬元中的 50 萬元捐獻慈善事業。 鑒賞 陳達農說“泉不在多，宜取其真；拓不在大，貴乎其 精”。他認為“集錢，初學憑興趣，多寡憑資力，真假

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圖 7 大泉五百錢樹

Features 專題 憑眼力，得失憑魄力，成就憑毅力”，其中辨別真偽最 為重要。陳達農對古錢幣有獨到的鑒別能力，而且在區 分珍貴程度上，認為細字勝於肥字，白銅勝於黃銅，餅 錢勝於平錢，四決勝於四出，水銀勝於古漆，成套勝於 單獨。這些經驗是他累月積年，摩挲了萬千古錢，閱讀 了百十譜錄，遂循級而上的結果。 （一）總結出“測錢十要”。古錢幣因名目多、數量 多、版別多、背文多、花式多、偽制多，故收集難度大。 特別是鑒別真偽至關重要，怎樣識別偽錢？陳達農屢索 蹊徑，從字文、質地、大小、輕重、形制、色澤等方面 總結出“測錢十要”：第一要辨銅質，第二要區分夷漫， 第三要觀邊有無，第四要度邊闊狹，第五要識穿大小， 第六要看孔式樣，第七要視廓變幻，第八要留意碼記， 第九要查點星月，第十要掌握風格。他認為“泉貴心悟”。 對這十條若能熟練掌握，運用日久，自會神化，乃至達 到翁宜泉氏“拈一錢入手，視幕背之形制而能推測面文， 十得八九”之特技。 （二）對兩宋鐵錢，日本、安南仿宋錢、天國錢鑒別 尤為深透。陳達農集藏兩宋鐵錢 200 品，其中半數為稀品， 他認為偽品者“字可臨摹，遒勁不足；精整可擬，潦夷難仿； 鐵質近似，鏽色失符；重量相等，聲分響瘖；況新舊鐵貨， 前者拋擲不裂，後者砸碰即碎，日本、安南二國以仿北 宋錢文佔多，仿南宋年號佔少；仿鑄光幕者多，有字者少， 如背“正”“元”等紀年者更少，所知唯開禧背上“元”。 日本仿鑄品可分三類，安南仿鑄品約分四類。左旋讀者， 日本人獨好為之，並非出自安南鑄。太平天國大錢世多 贗品，贗品有金質、銀質的，銅的更多，鐵的也有，甚 至有鉛錫混成者。並認為銀錢是太平天國前期南京老鳳 祥銀樓為太平天國當局所鑄的小型紀念章，不屬於流通 幣。 （三）指出知名泉著和藏家藏品中的贗品。陳達農 憑藉敏銳的鑒別眼力，對知名泉著在吸取其精華的同時， 指出贗品或不足。認為《欽定錢錄》為高宗朝欽定，敞 府庫收儲，但卷七大泉二十為偽品，因為大泉有二千而 無二十，卷九應天重寶系慶曆改刻，通寶則真。丁福保 《古錢大辭典》及《古錢大辭典補遺》系泉學集大成之作， 但採引錢圖約 20 種失實，如刀布七、天顯通寶、天應通寶、 天感元寶、元治通寶、永寧通寶、良金一朱、宜泉、東 周大圜錢、金質西王賞功大、小兩種等。對日本《古錢大鑒》 二卷 30 餘枚中國錢不真或誤斷予以指正。認為袁寒雲《古 逸幣志》《泉簡》兩書精美稀罕品眾多，但其中有 30 枚 為贗品及存疑者。不僅如此，對大藏家所藏亦能辨真偽。 湖州潘瀾江一生集幣，費資頗巨，以獲一唐武后“大足 通寶”譽滿泉林，珍稀品亦數不勝數。但在潘氏辭世後， 其哲嗣斌璋整理舊藏，陳達農幸得同觀，揣摩真贗，逐 一挑選精美，發現在 2140 品古幣中，有 1/3 為贗品。潘

氏生前所藏偽品如此之多，可能別有用意。為使後學借鑒， 遂撰《偽鑄古錢過目錄》，逐一追記。 （四）提攜後學，定期賞泉。柳靠風擺才瀟灑。陳 達農的泉德、泉藏、鑒賞能力在當地廣受推崇，自然吸 引了一批後學者，其中最為突出的是與高勇勇、崔德明、 高大銘、趙金星幾位弟子從 1983 年起定期聚會，品茗賞 泉，對比真偽，探討疑難（圖 8）。陳達農對此曾作一 首打油詩：“一泉到手心歡顏，二人對敘說不完，三番 四次查文獻，五神六脈費心弦，七嘴八舌抒己見，多種 新鮮俱不全，久久終究難立論，十十足足系好錢。”儘 管他們之間在工作地點、年齡、職業、文化、收入等方 面有種種差異，但是共同的集幣志趣使之身心相連。通 過以幣會友、互通有無、共同切磋，使各自的藏品日趨 完臻，學識眼力不斷提高。如今這幾位弟子各有所長， 在泉界嶄露頭角。

圖 8 陳達農在家中與弟子們一起研討（ 2011 年 5 月 14 日攝） 左起：高勇勇、崔德明、陳達農、高大銘、趙金星 研 究 陳達農以收藏起步，終生致力於泉學研究，其成果散 見於考究泉學之點滴積累，評述諸家之譜拓泉著，所寫 之跋、序、後記及人物軼聞，特別是 2001 年以來陸續出 版的 5 部錢幣專著——《古泉學入門》《淙淙泉聲》《達 農泉集》《太平天國錢幣考略》《西塞泉叟集錢芻言》（圖 9）。他為弘揚泉學文化而筆耕不輟，誠如唐石父為先生《古 錢學入門》作序所說：“且所述皆出經驗之談，所論盡 屬根柢之語，學者可階梯以求，謂之暗室明燈，不是過也。” 筆者認真拜讀了先生的 5 部大作，特別是從兩冊宣紙影 印本一睹先生數十年收藏精品和研究心得，獲益良多。 先生的論著詳於考據，絕無浮華之屬。既有經驗積累、 人生感悟，又有學術研究。正如泉學大家戴志強 1995 年 所評：“泉學之道深入淺出，實踐之路別有洞天。” （一）由玩賞上升為探索與研究。陳達農認為，收 藏古幣，不能僅僅滿足于對藏品的簡單佔有，也不能僅

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Features 專題

圖 9 陳達農著作 5 部 僅停留在藏品書法藝術和形制之美的享受上。因為古幣 是中國古近代歷史的縮影，每枚錢幣都深深鐫刻著歷史 的痕跡。要全面認識一枚古幣，必須通過實物去研究它 背後的歷史，探尋所折射的時代資訊。這才是收藏的更 高境界。為此，他購買了大量工具書和泉譜，潛心鑽研。 每偶遇一、二佳品，務必搞清其時代，鑄造機構，發行 數量，名稱、圖案的意義，面值，材質，以及和當時物 價的關係，詳細登記，並將所查所思信手寫下，隨後引 經據典，加以考證，深思慎取，形成觀點，系統整理， 著書立說。他深有體會地說，每錢必具每朝風尚，檢點 藏泉一遍，勝似重溫二十四史。 （二）從本域入手，從實際出發。陳達農深知研究 錢幣首先要弄清本地貨幣史，於是他搜集資料，反復考證， 撰就《吳興泉幣史沿革》，將湖州自商未至清代歸屬及

歷代鑄錢機構、錢名、出土及存世概況交待得一清二楚。 先生之錢幣研究文章，無論長短，皆實事求是，如在撰 著《太平天國錢幣考略》時，因天朝鑄錢缺乏獨立的制 度及官方的記載，私人筆記也涉及不多，加之該系列錢 幣在太平天國起義失敗遭清方銷毀殆盡，給研究太平天 國錢幣留下諸多困難。先生依據實物，參考文獻，儘量 地克服主觀臆斷，部分見解和史學前輩有所出入，但卻 是實事求是的產物。 陳達農一生坎坷，也從集幣中贏得歡樂。如今儘管百 歲，依然步健腰直，思維敏捷，還常常研習書法，為泉 友鑒賞古錢，為湖州市錢幣學會的發展出謀劃策，關心 泉界動態。稱其為中國泉界有影響的一位“藏者、學者、 壽者、仁者”，當之無愧。 （本文圖片為湖州市錢幣學會副會長高勇勇提供）

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The Discovery of the First Money Tree Found in Xinjiang Province Cui Zhirui and Zhou Hui (Sinkiang)

Chinese money trees were first discovered and

Chengdu Plain. Later in the middle and late period

unearthed in the Central Plain of China. A total of 189

of the Eastern Han dynasty the money trees became

money trees have been found in China so far, mainly in

very popular in the area covering modern Sichuan,

Sichuan, Chongqing, Yunnan, Guizhou, Shenxi, Gansu,

Chongqing and their surroundings. From the end of the

Qinghai, Ningxia, and Hubei. In 2015, a money tree

Eastern Han dynasty to the Three Kingdoms period,

was discovered and unearthed in Xinjiang Province for

the quantity of money trees rapidly dwindled and they

the first time. Cultural relic experts and numismatists

eventually vanished during the Western Jin. Money

divide the money tree history into three periods: early,

trees, which are usually unearthed in large and middle-

late Eastern Han dynasty and the Shu-Han period. The

sized graves, belonged to wealthy families.

money trees symbolized people’s pursuit of wealth and longevity. However, money trees had not been found

II Function and Background of the Origin

in Xinjiang Province before, so the research on this

There are three viewpoints about the function of

subject in this region is still inadequate. To understand

money trees. First, they were used for sacrifices to

the importance of the discovery of the first money tree

ancestors; second, they were regarded as early Taoist

in Xinjiang Province we should examine the origin,

trappings; or third, they were special burial wares.

function, and cultural symbolizations of money trees by referring to the research by Ji Xianlin, Xiao Qing, He

The third is regarded as the most likely theory

Zhiguo, Zhong Zhi, Xiu Shuzhong, Tang Guangxiao

based on the evidence in academic circles and, in fact,

as well as the documentary film titled “Research on

money trees likely have various uses: a guide for the

Chinese Money Trees” produced by CCTV Discovery

deceased to Heaven, or to pursue wealth or shelter for

Channel.

the descendants of the dead.

I The Origin of Money Trees and their Regional Distributions

After many years of research, scholars and experts have concluded that the money trees originated from the

There are two legends about the origin of the

ancient people’s worship of trees. The worship of trees

money tree: one is that the money tree originated

was a common cultural phenomenon in ancient China,

from the bronze trees of the Shang dynasty that were

especially in the Ba-Shu Region. People worshiped two

unearthed in Sanxingdui, Sichuan Province; the other

holy trees “Jianmu” and “Ruomu” which were regarded

hypothesizes that the prototype is the ‘tree lamp’s with

as the ladder for Gods to go to Heaven and to the home

multiple branches which was popular in the Warring

of the Sun God. So the patterns of leaves in many early

States period or the various models of ‘holy trees’.

money trees were combined with legends of different

Most scholars support the latter viewpoint at present.

regions which later evolved into the carved patterns of

Some scholars even conjecture that the animal and coin

pillars and Tree God. ”

patterns on the branches of the money trees may be closely related to bronze branches that were unearthed in Yanyuan county, Sichuan Province.

“The main tree structure with regional patterns is like a God with a tree on his head. The worship of “Jianmu” and “Ruomu” persisted through the Xia,

As early as in the Eastern Han dynasty, money trees

Shang, Zhou, Qin and Han dynasties and changed as

began to appear in very small quantities, mostly in the

time passed.” In the Han dynasty, people gained a more

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Column 專欄 humanistic perception and some religious concepts

a part of Aksu]. Rust was attached to the surface of

slowly faded. The various mythic patterns on the tree

the coins on the tree and the color of the rust near the

leaves were replaced by carved coin patterns. This

inscriptions looked natural. The inscriptions on the

change implied that people’s worship of gods altered

coins “Ting Ping Yi Pai” of the money tree looked very

to worship money and wealth. In the Qin and Han

beautiful and were clearly written in firm strokes. The

dynasties, the money trees were used as the lamps

inner line of the hole of the coin was smooth. It is a rare

which reminded people of the tree of the Sun God who

item which has been authenticated by many numismatic

brought light for people on earth, or became the symbol

experts and scholars.

of land and money.

III Cultural Symbolizations

As to the cultural property, most people consider money trees a cultural relic of southwestern China, because they were only found in this region. But others proposed in the 1990s that the money trees were a cultural achievement of the Han dynasty and the users were the Hans migrating to the Chengdu Plain. The evidence for this is found in graves from the period from which money trees have been unearthed.

The layout, scope and burial items of these graves were similar with those in the Central Plain, but very different from those in the southwest region.

IV Structure and Layout of the Money Tree Money trees contain two parts: the base, which was made of pottery or stone, and the bronze tree, which was inserted into the base. The tree has a trunk and leaves. In the earliest money tree period, the trunk was solid, but most of the unearthed trees are hollow.

The trunk generally was 1.5-2.0 meters in length and in 4-6 segments. There are 4 slots in each segment for inserting the branches. The decorations on the tree include various patterns such as phoenixes, the Queen Mother of the West, dragons, feathered fairies, monkeys, and coins.

money tree with 10 “Ding Ping Yi Bai” coins was unearthed with other coins from the ancient Qiuzi Kingdom. According to the Illustrated Catalog of Ancient Chinese Coins written by Ting Fu-pao: “There’s no doubt that the ‘Ding Ping Yi Bai’ was made in the period of Shu Jin ( 蜀 晋 ) because they were also made as the small ‘Chih Pai’ and ‘Han Hsing’ coins. In addition, all of them were unearthed in Sichuan. Only who struck these coins is still unknown.”

The editor of China’s Cultural Relics noted that “Ding Ping Yi Bai” was one type of Chinese ancient coins, mostly unearthed in Sichuan, but was also unearthed together with a “Tai Ping Yi Pai” in Dantu,

V The First Discovered Money Tree in Xinjiang Province On 1st January 2015, Chu Huaizhen, a member of the Chinese Cultural Relics Society and the China Numismatic Society bought some coins of the ancient Qiuci Kingdom and a money tree from a man who came from Qiuzi [the old Chinese transcription for the Tokharian name of the old kingdom of Kucha, now

東 亞 泉 志

The seller told us that this freshly unearthed bronze

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Jiangsu Province. A History of China’s Coinage written

by Peng Hsin-wei commented that “Ding Ping Yi Bai” was minted in the late Shu Kingdom period. The coin is thin, and there are large and small varieties of these coins. The large variety is 16mm in diameter and weighs 1g, while the small variety is 12mm in diameter and weighs 0.6g. The seal inscriptions cannot be recognized clearly and read vertically. All of coins have

Column 專欄 a plain reverse. The accurate attribution of these coins

portraits with handlebar mustaches and that of the

remains to be further researched.

northern barbarian tribes in ancient China who usually had peaked caps .

VI Research on the Money Tree unearthed in Xinjiang

What is more, the Buddhist portraits on the money trees which were unearthed in southwest China were one of the earliest portraits of China, related to the time and the route of the early portrait transfer from India to China. So the timing of these coins is particularly interesting to the academic world. One question remains: was the portrait on the money tree which was unearthed in Xinjiang related to Silk Road culture and religion? Was the figure a Buddhist portrait or was it one of the Han or northern barbarian tribes?

More research is needed before we can answer these questions.

Conclusion The money tree was also called a sacred tree. It became popular in southwest and southeast of China in

This money tree has 10 coins and weighs 180g. It

the period of the Eastern Han dynasty. The coins had

is 180mm in height. Besides these 10 coins (the Qiuzi

the scripts “Ting Ping Yi Pai” on the obverse, and Qiuci

characters

scripts

at the top and bottom of the

at the top and bottom on reverse,

coins respectively, and the Chinese characters “Wu” and

with Chinese characters “Wu” on the left, and “Chu”

“Chu” on the left and right respectively on the reverse),

on the right on the reverse. These newly found Qiuci

there is also a small bronze figure to the right of the

coins and money tree entered into the ancient western

tree. The figure looks towards the right, with his hair in

regions after the “Ting Ping Yi Pai” (306AD to 310AD)

a bun, the hair line on the forehead and the two sides

was minted. The later minted money tree and the “Ting

can be clearly seen. His face is smooth, and he wears a

Ping Yi Pai” with script “Han Qiu Wu Zhu Qian Bi” are

coat with a round collar and tight sleeves. His left hand

evidence of the folklore faith of the people in the Bashu

is clenched in a fist grasping his clothing while his right

region and of Qiuci culture. Even more, they were the

hand shakes the tree. It seems very delicate.

creation and typical representative of the culture of ancient Xinjiang [and Chinese] numismatics. From

It has been verified by experts who state that

another aspect, Chinese numismatic culture and the art

the figures in southwestern money trees, except for

of casting are fully reflected in this money tree. That

particular Buddhist trees, always had a handlebar

the money tree appeared in Xinjiang fills a blank in the

mustache characteristic of the nomadic people of

field of Xinjiang numismatics. It would worthwhile to

that time. So that among the celadon figurines with

research how the money tree entered into the ancient

handlebar mustaches of the Kingdom of Wu, unearthed

western region and by whose hand? Were the money

at the E-Gang beverage factory (in Ezhou, Hubei

trees from the ancient western region or from China’s

province), the figurines with a peaked cap were related

Central Plain? Further research is needed before we can

to Buddhism because they combined the Buddhist

answer these questions.

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搖錢樹及新疆首次發現的“搖錢樹”研究 崔志瑞 周輝（新疆）

搖錢樹最早出土和發現於中國中原地區 , 近年在中國

化現象，而巴蜀文化區的這種現象更加獨樹一幟。”研

西南地區又多次出土並有新發現。文物專家、錢幣學者

究認為，“他們尊崇西蜀‘天下之中’的‘建木’與‘建

對搖錢樹進行了年代考證、劃分類型，分為東漢早期、

木之西’的‘若木’，認為它們是眾神通天地的天梯與

中晚期和蜀漢時期。搖錢樹具有升仙和求富的雙重含義。

日神的棲息之所。因此，很多出土稍早年代的搖錢樹葉

然而在新疆一直未見有發現和出土搖錢樹的報導，由於

片上都有與各民族神話傳說相結合，並演化為社柱、樹

沒有實物，有關搖錢樹的研究也是空白。筆者針對新疆

神的透雕圖案”。

2015 年首次發現的搖錢樹，參考季羨林、蕭清、何志國、 鐘治、休樹中、唐光孝等專家、學者的研究成果，以及

“這些圖案都是以樹木為中心，適當加上一些地域

央視“探索”欄目紀錄片《千年搖錢樹》內容，對搖錢

特徵性：就像頭上長樹的神人”，這種“建木若木崇拜”

樹的起源、功能、文化屬性略表己見，與同好共賞。不

歷經夏、商、周、秦、漢以來長久不衰，只是隨時代的

妥之處，望各位專家、學者、同仁斧正。

變遷而逐漸演化。“到了漢代以後，隨著人們人文觀念 的提高，宗教觀念的漸漸衰退，葉片上透雕的大大小小

一、搖錢樹的歷史淵源及地域分佈

的錢幣造型取代了之前的各種神話圖案”。可以說，搖 錢樹反映了樹崇拜的一個階段，對神的信仰開始變成對

搖錢樹的起源，一說源自四川三星堆出土的商代青銅

金錢的崇拜，那個時候，人們開始認為財富、金錢高於

樹；二說源自戰國時期的流行器物多枝燈，或漢代各種

一切。發展到秦漢時期，搖錢樹已經成為人們日常使用

神樹模型。目前持後者意見的學者為多數。還有不少學

的燈具，引人追思那些給人間帶來光明的日神之樹，或

者指出搖錢樹枝片上的動物和錢幣圖案與四川鹽源出土

注入金權主義的觀念，成為了象徵土地和金錢財富的明

的青銅枝片可能有淵源關係。

器。”

最早的搖錢樹年代是東漢早期，數量稀少，集中在成

三、搖錢樹的文化屬性

都平原地區；東漢中期和晚期該器物迅速流行 , 覆蓋今 天的四川、重慶以及周邊地區 ; 東漢末到三國時期 , 搖錢

關於搖錢樹的屬性，主要有兩種觀點：一種說法是

樹數量銳減；西晉時徹底消失。有搖錢樹出土的墓葬大

搖錢樹是西南地區文化的產物，持此種意見者佔大多數，

多為大中型墓葬，表示該器物在當時的使用者屬於富有

理由是搖錢樹這種器物只在西南地區發現，絕無僅有。

家族。

另一種說法是搖錢樹為漢文化產物，使用者為移民到成 都平原的漢人。該觀點於 20 世紀 90 年代後提出，依據

搖錢樹的地域分佈：迄今為止，全中國共發現搖錢樹

是出土有搖錢樹的墓葬，與中原地區墓葬在格局、規模、

189 例，主要分佈在四 川、重慶、雲南、貴州、陝西、甘肅、

其他隨葬品方面都一致；並和同時期西南地區出土的隨

青海、寧夏、湖北等地，2015 年在新疆首次出土發現。

葬品和規模有很大的差別。

二、搖錢樹的實用功能及起源背景

四、摇钱树的结构布局

搖錢樹的用途，一說用於死者生前家庭範圍內的祭

搖錢樹在結構上分兩部分：陶制或者石雕的基座（搖

祀；二說是早期道教法器；三說是專門的陪葬用器皿。

錢樹座）和插於樹座的青銅樹。樹的部分又可分兩部分： 樹幹和枝葉。早期樹幹多為實心，但大多數發現的搖錢

現在學術界認為第三種說法最有依據，並承認搖錢

樹樹幹為空心，橫截面為橢圓形，布波浪紋。一般樹幹

樹可能賦有多種意義。最主要是引導死者靈魂進入死後

長 1.5-2.0 米，分 4-6 節。每節都有 4 個插槽，供插嵌枝

仙界（“引魂升天”），其次也是民間祈求財富的表現，

片之用。枝片裝飾圖案多種，主要有鳳、西王母、龍、羽人、

同時搖錢樹還可能有庇護死者家庭子孫的作用。

猴、錢幣等。

經過專家、學者多年來對搖錢樹的研究，認為其起 源緣於古人對樹的崇拜。“樹崇拜是一種舉世習見的文

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五、在新疆地區首次發現的搖錢樹和同出的銅錢

Column 專欄 中 國 文 物 學 會、 中 國 錢 幣 學 會 會 員 儲 懷 貞 先 生 於

有大小二種。大者徑 16 毫米，重 1 克左右；小者徑僅

2015 年元旦，在吐魯番從一位來自古龜（qiu）茲國（今

12 毫米，重約 0.6 克。錢文篆書而漫漶不清，直讀，光背。

阿克蘇地區）的客人手中，徵集到一些古龜茲錢幣及搖

其確鑿歸屬尚待進一步考證。

錢樹一件。該搖錢樹老鏽牢貼錢表，鏽物堅硬，擦拭不去， 包漿深厚，夾有雜色鏽斑，字邊肉間鏽色協調且自然。

六、對新疆出土搖錢樹的考證

搖錢樹上錢幣的錢文為“定平一百”，字跡清晰 , 用筆 遒勁有力 , 灑脫秀麗 , 佈局勻稱；錢幣內廓平整，錢眼廣 穿，美不勝收 ; 通體紅鏽自然 , 鑄造精緻。經多位錢幣專

新疆出土的這件帶 10 枚“定平一百”錢幣的搖錢樹，經測量， 重 180 克，通高 18 釐米，除上掛 10 枚“定平一百”錢幣——其

家、學者鑒定，珍品無異。

錢背皆為穿上下鑄龜茲文

，穿左右鑄漢文

“五銖”；還有一個較小的青銅人物鑄在搖錢樹的右側。 這個小型人物向右觀望，頭頂有高肉髻，額及兩側有發 際，面部圓潤，穿圓領衣，衣袖頗窄，左手拳握衣角下垂， 呈“U 形，再延經右手腕下垂，作左手插腰、右手搖樹狀， 憨態可掬，十分精美。 據專家針對搖錢樹前期考證，中國西南搖錢樹人物除 特殊的佛像外，其餘均有口髭，即八字胡，這是吸收了 遊牧民族的特點。因此，在鄂鋼飲料廠出土東吳有口髭 的青瓷俑中，至少戴尖頂帽俑與佛教有關，它們集搖錢 樹佛像口髭和尖頂帽胡人的特點於一身。 另外，中國西南出土和挖掘面世的搖錢樹佛像是我國 關於該搖錢樹錢幣方面數據：儲懷貞先生徵集到的這 件帶 10 枚“定平一百”錢的生坑青銅搖錢樹，據轉讓者 介紹，是在阿克蘇地區和上述古龜茲國銅錢 —— 漢龜二 體剪輪與無紋錢等物同坑出土的。據丁福保著《歷代古

最早的佛像之一，由於涉及印度早期佛像傳入中國的時 間和路線問題，它的年代尤為學術界關注。對於在新疆 首次發現該搖錢樹人物是佛像中人、還是中原人或胡人， 是否和絲綢之路文化、宗教有歷史淵源，尚待進一步研究。

錢圖說》記述：“定平一百”製作與小直百、漢興相類， 又皆在四川出土自蜀晉無疑。唯不能確定何人所鑄。

結語

另據《文物介紹》編輯記述：“定平一百”錢是中

搖錢樹又稱錢樹、神樹，東漢時期開始在西南和華東

國古代錢幣的一種，定平一百出土多在四川，亦曾與“太

南地區廣為流傳。是中國神話傳說中神樹造型藝術最精

平一百”錢同在江蘇丹徒出土。按彭信威《中國貨幣史》

彩、最傑出的表現形式。加上述面文“定平一百”背文

列蜀漢錢稍宜，是為晚期所鑄。“定平一百”錢體薄小，

穿 上、 下 鑄 龜 茲 文

，穿左右鑄漢文“五

銖”，可見新發現的龜茲銅錢和搖錢樹是“定平一百” 錢最晚在西晉十六國之成太宗李雄晏平年間 ( 公元 306310 年 ) 鑄造後傳入西域古國，再鑄造了“搖錢樹”及“定 平一百”背“漢龜五銖錢幣”。亦是巴蜀地區巴楚、江 南民俗信仰之物證與西域龜茲文化結合的實證，更是古 代新疆、中國貨幣文化的產物和典型的代表，從一個側 面充分反映了中國古代博大精深的貨幣文化思想理念和 鑄造工藝，進一步證明了古代西域自古以來就是偉大祖 國不可分割的重要組成部分。今日，該搖錢樹意外驚現 於新疆，填補了新疆無搖錢樹的空白，學術理論研究價 值更加凸顯，搖錢樹如何流傳到西域？何人作何使用？ 是西域自鑄還是中原鑄造？這一切撲朔迷離的謎題的確 留下了許多難解之謎，許多方面還待各位專家學者進一 步的研究和考證。

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Chopmarked Coins – China’s Most Underappreciated Numismatic Field Colin Gullberg (Taipei) China has probably the longest uninterrupted numismatic history. Its coinage can be traced back over 3,000 years ago to the first use of cowrie shells and spade monies in the Shang and Zhou dynasties. Ant nose money and knife monies followed and the first round coins appeared around 350 BC, at the tail-end of the Zhou.

From the increasing acceptance of the round ‘ban liang' and 'Wang Mang' cash coins 2,000 years ago China entered a period unique in numismatics; an almost 2,000year uninterrupted period in which round cast coins, and not hammered ones like in the West, reigned supreme. Not until the final dynasty was overthrown in 1911 was the final cash coin cast.

However, in addition to the cast cash coins in use for daily transactions in China outsiders like the Japanese and Europeans slowly introduced silver into China in their business dealings. The first-known Western coins used in China were Spanish cobs minted in Mexico which have been uncovered in numerous hoards in the Fujian coastal areas of China. The coins bear dates of the mid to late 1600s. Several of these hoards include coins bearing chopmarks, an early security device to verify the silver quality of the coins.

Marking or stamping coins to attest as to their quality and thus acceptance had been going on since Roman times in the West. The Chinese were no different. Trust was difficult to maintain between business people who, due to the great distances, may have experienced years of wait before meeting their Chinese counterparty for a second time (if ever). The large amounts of silver used in this trade required the need for to verify the quality of the silver and job of shroff was born. A shroff 's job was to weigh the silver coins, which were treated like bullion, and assess the fineness. On each coin he applied his personal mark or ‘chop’ which acted like a signature enabling the coins to be accepted and used in trade.

The cob period ended in the 1720s and was followed by the machine-made milled coins which were being minted in increasingly large numbers for use in trade in the Orient.

These coins were unlike any the Chinese had seen before; perfectly round, of standard weight and fineness bearing the

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portrait of the king. The gradually increasing importance of the 'China trade' meant that increasing numbers of these coins made their way into Canton [Kuang Chou] and are easily found with chopmarks attesting to their widespread use and acceptance. These coins had a significant influence on Chinese coins as China's first silver coin – the Taiwan Old Man dollar – was modelled on the Spanish Carolus dollar which was the dominant trade coin at the time.

What is truly significant is the huge numbers of these coins in use in China at the time, almost all bearing chopmarks, making these foreign coins de facto Chinese ones and an important part of the history of money in China.

Regardless of where these coins were minted the fact that they made it to China, were chopped, and entered into the channels of commerce in China makes them Chinese coins.

The number of coins that bear chopmarks is truly staggering. The vast majority were, of course, from the main trading nations of Europe (Spain, England, the Netherlands, etc.) but odd-ball coins from as diverse places as Hawaii, Brazil, Scotland and even the Papal States. Somehow these found their way in the pockets of sailors or in chests of silver to China where they were chopped.

It's a fascinating story and one that lasted for 300 years but, somewhat surprising, it's a story that few Chinese collectors seen to get excited about. In fact, the vast majority of chopmark collectors are Westerners, particularly Americans. I'm not entirely sure why this is. America minted a trade dollar for use in China for a brief six years (18731878) but the story is really one of China and is central to China's economic and numismatic development so why aren't more Chinese interested in this very important part of their numismatic heritage? I think it's mainly because chopmarks are seen as 'damage' to the coin and not enhancing the historical 'story' of the coin. Little is known about the chops - who, when and where they were made – so the lack of information makes systematic collecting of chops almost impossible. The widespread introduction of thirdparty grading services, also known as 'slabs', is also a reason collectors shun these coins. Chopmarks lower the net grade of a coin and the chops must be included in the 'details' area of the slab – the area reserved for bad news. Nevertheless,

Column 專欄 chopmarks are a captivating area of Chinese numismatics.

They involve trade, opium, war, the sea and all the romance that holding an artifact of history in your hand encompasses.

For me, chopmarked coins are the most interesting field of Chinese numismatics. I edit a newsletter – the only one exclusively devoted to the subject – called Chopmark News .

This newsletter is the quarterly publication of the Chopmark Collectors Club (CCC), a group of collectors, dealers and researchers who love these coins and are eager to learn more about them. If you are interested in learning more please contact me and I’ll email you a sample copy of Chopmark News . Currently we publish in English-only but a future goal is to introduce a bilingual English-Chinese edition.

I hope to be hearing from you.

Colin Gullberg chopmarknews@gmail.com

A Spanish ‘Carolus’ 8 reales minted in 1807 in Mexico City. The ‘portrait’ or ‘bust’ dollar was the principal trade coin for much of the world for many decades and a complete date set is possible for the patient collector. Colin Gullberg collection.

A unique Hawaiian 1883 dollar with a single " 同 " [tung] chop on the reverse. Rich Licato collection.

An 1887-S USA trade dollar. Given the large number of collectors in the USA this coin is undoubtedly the most seriously collected of all chopmarked coins. Colin Gullberg collection.

An exceptionally rare Papal States 1684 Rome Piaster with a swastika chopmark. Rich Licato collection.

An ink chop on a Mexican 1879 AS 8 reales. Ink chops originated in Shanghai in the late 19th century and had the advantage of not damaging the coin. Colin Gullberg collection.

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戳記幣—中國最受“冷落”的錢幣領域 高林 ( 台北 ) 中國使用貨幣的歷史可謂源遠流長，從未中斷。這要

戳記，這些外國幣實際上成了中國錢幣，成為中國貨幣

追溯至 3000 多年的商周時期，當時最早使用的貨幣是貝

史的重要部分，這一點意義重大。且不論這些錢幣在哪

殼和空首布。之後出現了蟻鼻錢和刀幣，公元前約 350

里鑄造，事實是他們都流入了中國，并被打上戳記，進

年周朝末期出現了最早的圜錢。

入中國商貿交易活動，成為了中國錢幣。

2000 多年前，隨著秦“半兩”圓形方孔錢和“王莽”

戳記幣的數量實在多得驚人。大多數錢幣當然是來自

錢幣的使用日益廣泛，中國進入了錢幣史上一段獨特的

歐洲主要的貿易國（西班牙、英國、荷蘭等），不過也

歷史時期：近 2000 年來，圓形鑄幣（與西方使用打製幣

有來自夏威夷、巴西、英格蘭甚至教皇國的稀奇古怪的

不同）一統天下，且沒有中斷，直到 1911 年清朝被推翻，

銀幣。這些銀幣跟隨著水手或裝在銀箱柜裡而來到了中

才退出中國錢幣歷史的舞台。

國，並在中國被打上了戳記。

除了中國日常交易使用的翻鑄錢幣外，日本和歐洲國

戳記幣的歷史非常有趣，至今已有 300 年歷史。然而，

家也在貿易往來中向中國逐漸輸入銀元。中國使用的第

中國收藏家卻鮮有對戳記幣感興趣，這有點奇怪。收藏

一枚西方錢幣是墨西哥製作的西班牙切割銀，中國福建

戳記幣者多是西方人，特別是美國人。筆者對此有點困惑。

沿海一帶發現了很多窖藏的西班牙切割銀。銀幣上的紀

美國的確曾鑄造過貿易銀元，但在中國僅使用了短短六

年是從 17 世紀中期持續到 17 世紀晚期。其中有幾個窖

年時間 (1873-1878)。不過，戳記幣關乎於中國歷史，對

藏的切割銀錢上有戳記，這些戳記是早期證實銀幣之成

中國經濟和錢幣學發展起過關鍵作用，為何中國人對這

分品質的保証措施。

項重要的錢幣遺產不感興趣？依筆者之見，主要原因或 許是戳記被視作對錢幣的一種“損壞”，也不會引起追

早在西方的羅馬時代，就有了採用標記或蓋戳證實錢

蹤錢幣背後歷史的興趣。其次，誰何時何地做了這些戳記，

幣質量才能被市場接受的傳統。中國亦然。當時交通不便，

更是無從可尋。信息缺乏更難以系統收藏。最後，第三

外國商人可能要等好久才能再次見到中國的合作夥伴（如

方錢幣評級機構的“入盒”也是藏家避開戳記幣的一個

果還能見到的話），主要是商人之間的信任基礎不牢固。

原因。戳記降低了錢幣評級分數，如要入盒，評級盒上

為此，貿易中使用的大量銀元需要證實其質量，驗銀師

將會標註“細節描述”，這可不是利多之好信息。雖說

應運而生。驗銀師的工作就是銀圓（和銀塊一樣）稱重

如此，戳記幣見證了當時中國的貿易發展，經歷了鴉片

和成色評估。每枚銀元上都有驗銀師獨特的標記或戳記，

戰爭，漂洋過海來到中國，頗具歷史傳奇色彩，是中國

這就像是簽名，保證銀元可以在貿易中被接受使用。

錢幣學最“誘人”的領域。

西班牙切割銀錢在 18 世紀 20 年代停止使用，之後開

對筆者而言，戳記幣是中國錢幣最有趣的領域，為此

始使用機制幣 , 並不斷增加鑄造量，為的是用於貿易于

還獨家創辦了戳記幣新聞通訊《戳記幣新聞》(Chopmark

東方國家。與中國以往使用的錢幣不同，這些機制幣呈

News ), 這也是戳記幣藏家俱樂部季刊。戳記幣藏家俱樂

全圓形，重量和成色標準一致，幣面有國王肖像。隨著

部 (Chopmark Collectors Club (CCC)) 會員有藏家、幣商

中國貿易地位日益重要，這些機制幣也開始源源不斷地

和研究學者，共同的愛好是戳記幣并迫切希望了解戳記

流入廣州，常見有被戳記驗證之銀幣，目的是便於市場

幣更多知識。若您感興趣，歡迎與筆者聯繫，屆時將會

接受和廣泛使用。這些機制幣對中國錢幣產生了重大影

郵件發送您一份《戳記幣新聞》。目前只有英文版，希

響，中國第一枚機制銀幣台灣老公銀就是仿西班牙銀元

望不久可以有中英雙語 版。

（俗稱“本洋”）而製，西班牙銀元是當時貿易往來使 期待您的來信！

用的主要錢幣。

高林 當時中國使用的西班牙銀元數量巨大，而且幾乎都有

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chopmarknews@gmail.com

Column 專欄

西班牙 8 里亞爾銀元，1807 年墨西哥市鑄造。 “人像幣”曾是幾十年來世界貿易使用的主要 貿易銀元。藏家若有耐心，可能集齊完整一套。 高林收藏。

1883 年夏威夷壹圓銀幣，可能是孤品。背面 有單字“同”字戳記。Rich Licato 收藏。

1684 年教皇國羅馬皮阿斯特銀元，帶納粹戳記， 極罕見。Rich Licato 收藏。

1887 年舊金山造美國貿易銀元。該品種在美 國擁有龐大的收藏群體。高林收藏。

1879 年墨西哥 8 里亞爾銀元，上有墨印。錢 幣上的墨印源自 19 世紀晚期的上海，優點 是不會損壞錢幣。高林收藏。

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The Sino-Foreign Friendship Commemorative Pandas King L. Chan (HK) Since 1984, China's official Mints have struck many commemorative Pandas with classic designs.

The mintage of these impressive commemorative Pandas is very limited, from 99 to several thousand.

Their designs and craftsmanship are also superior to the B.U. Panda coins. This is probably because the artists of the commemorative Pandas have fewer restrictions on their work. Moreover, the relatively small mintages of the commemoratives permit a better focus on quality.

In addition to the commonly used gold, silver, brass, copper and nickel-plated copper the Sinoforeign friendship commemorative Pandas are even struck in platinum and palladium. The weights range from 1/10 oz. of gold to 1 kilo of silver. Recently, plate-shaped intaglio advanced technology has been used for striking the Macau Numismatic Society Annual Expo commemorative

2014 Macau Numismatic Society Annual Expo gold and silver commemorative Pandas

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2015 Moon Festival 1 kilo silver commemorative Panda (100mm)

Pandas at the Shanghai Mint. More interestingly, the Moon Festival 1 kilo silver commemorative Pandas struck by the Shengyang Mint are inlaid with gold that was carried by a spaceship.

The great artistic creativity of the senior designers is displayed in the animated Chinese Panda designs and the exotic historical architectures represented on the commemoratives.

They also attest to the history of Sino-foreign friendship. The commemorative Pandas mintages are only a tiny fraction of the number of Panda coins minted. So the sense of accomplishment in collecting a master set of all the commemorative Pandas can rival that of having a 1 kilo. gold coin with a limited mintage of 10 pieces. It is not very hard to collect a master set that includes every B.U. gold Panda coin struck since 1982 if you are adequately financed. It is much harder to collect a master set of the commemorative Pandas.

Compared to the commemorative Pandas issued in recent years, the mintage of the early commemorative Pandas is a little more. However, it is hard to find these older commemorative

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Pandas. That is because they were mostly customized for foreign coin expositions (especially in Europe) and were initially struck in small mintages for sale at the shows (and the COAs were often written manually by the staff). Most of the buyers were collectors. To make it worse, many commemorative Pandas were later melted down.

So the number of surviving early commemorative Pandas is very small today. It is a challenging and interesting project to collect a master set that

1994 Munich International Coin Show 1 kilo. silver commemorative Panda (100mm)

Michael Chou (middle) and David Chio (right)

present 2014 Macau Numismatic Society Annual

Expo copper and brass commemorative Pandas to the Shanghai Mint senior designer Yu Min (left).

include all the commemorative Pandas.

The commemorative Pandas have long been ignored by collectors. They sold at the price of their metal content until 2000, but few collectors were interested in them. Some rarities such as the 1994 Munich International Coin Show 1 kilo. silver commemorative Panda with limited mintage to 99 are harder to find, but such a rare one was only sold for 50,000 to 60,000 RMB at that time.

The commemorative Pandas, like Panda coins, are all struck by the Chinese official mints and are designed by the mints' senior designers. They are more and more appreciated by collectors now.

The above-mentioned 1994 Munich 1 kilo. silver commemorative Panda has risen as high as 700,000 RMB, but it is still hard to find one. A No. 1 gold and silver set of 2014 Macau Numismatic Society Annual Expo commemorative Pandas realized 500,000 HKD.

Mr. Yu sighs the certificate for David Chio, the director of the Macau Numismatic Society.

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淺談中外友好熊貓紀念章 陳景林（香港） 自 1984 年起，中國官方造幣機構鑄造了非常多的熊

個人感覺這些章的熊貓圖案都較為活潑生動、富有

貓紀念章，設計經典，給收藏家留下深刻的印象：很多

創意，而且都有濃郁異國風情的事物或歷史建築物，體

藏家都認為熊貓紀念章不僅發行量極其有限（從 99 枚至

現了當代中國錢幣在國際間的一段友誼歷史，見證了著

幾千枚），而且設計與工藝都比幣更為出色；這大概是

名設計者自由發揮的高度水平。它們的流通量遠遠不及

因為設計師在構思章的圖案設計時所受到的制約較少，

貓幣的一個零頭，擁有熊貓中外友好章大全套的滿足感

而且章的鑄造量又較少所以品質控制得更好。

實在不亞於擁有一枚發行量只有 10 枚的公斤金幣呢 ! 現 在只要有資金，要找一整套 1982 年至今的五枚套熊貓金

中外友好熊貓紀念章家族包含的材質和規格均很豐 富，除金銀銅（黃銅、白銅和紫銅）外又有鉑金、鈀金。

幣大全并不難，但要找到貓章大全套的話恐怕幾年都難 有眉目。

規格從 1/10 盎司金到 1 公斤銀均有；收齊貓章大全套是 一項富有挑戰性和趣味性的工程。近年來貓章的工藝還

早期的熊貓章的計畫鑄造量雖然比起近年來的較多，

發展到採用盤形工藝、宛如碟狀（上海造幣廠的澳門錢

但時至今日已很難見到，相信是因為當時都是為外國錢

幣學會年會紀念章 ); 還有鑲有曾在太空船運載過的黃金

幣展量身定做的，最初只造很少量先帶到幣展攤位銷售

的公斤銀章（瀋陽造幣廠的美國中秋佳節貓章）。

（現在發現有不少證書還是由工作人員手寫的），而且 購買者多是真正的收藏家，故很少再有流出，這種情況 以歐洲章較為明顯。另一方面，貓章的行情也曾經歷過 寒期：有些曾被暴炒過後的貓章都通通被熔化掉了，所 以早期章的存世其實並不多。

1994 年德國慕尼黑幣展公斤銀章 (100mm)

2014 年澳門錢幣學會金銀熊貓紀念章

記得以前很長一段時間貓章都被忽略了，直至 2000 年左右，它們的價格大都介乎於材質價，而且較少有人 問津。當然，一些珍罕品如 1994 年德國慕尼黑幣展只發 行 99 枚的公斤銀章就一直鮮有見到，但像這樣貓家族的 大珍品在當時也只賣五到六萬元人民幣而已。 所謂“幣章同源”，由官方造幣廠生產的紀念章正 逐漸受到藏家的重視和喜愛。時至今日，前述的公斤貓 章市值 70 萬而且一章難求！ 2014 年發行的澳門錢幣學 會年會的一對“1”號金銀貓章竟然被追捧至 50 萬港元。

2015 年中秋佳節 1 公斤熊貓紀念銀章 (100mm)

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The Mysterious Copper Coin Notes Issued by the Bank of Local Currency Kiangsi Aguang Chan (MAC) In all of the published literatures about the finances

In 2007, a whole set of copper notes issued by the

of Kiangsi province, one official financial institution,

Bank was auctioned by John Bull Auctions in Hong

The Bank of Local Currency Kiangsi ("the Bank"), is

Kong [unfortunately, the catalog didn't have illustrations

always mentioned. It was recorded that the Bank once

of them]. These notes were from the Russian collection

issued copper notes with denominations in "Shih Mei"

of Mr. and Ms. Shmirnov. The copper note with

( 拾 枚 , "10 Yuan"), "Nien Mei" ( 念 枚 , "20 Yuan")

denominations of Shih Mei ( 拾 枚 ), Nien Mei ( 念

and "Yi Bai Mei" ( 壹佰枚 , "100 Yuan"). But prior to

枚 ) and Yi Bai Mei ( 壹 佰 枚 ) depict a very popular

2009, the records of these notes could not be found in

pattern of Yangtze River scenery on the observe. On

any related literatures or banknote catalogs including

the reverse, the "Shih Mei" features the Zhenliu Bridge

even the Standard Catalog of World Paper Money , and

near to the White Deer Grotto Academy in Lushan;

it seemed that the story of the Bank issuing the copper

the "Nien Mei" features Xiaogushan (a butte) in the

notes was only a legend.

middle of river; and the "Yi Bai Mei" features Jinshan Temple in Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province. The serial

For those collectors who do not know, the Bank was

numbers of these notes were prefixed with the Chinese

the first local financial institution in Kiangsi when the

characters "Rong" ( 融 ),"Wei" ( 维 ), and "Ping" ( 平 )

Kuomintang [KMT] settled there during the Northern

respectively, followed by a 6-digit number. Notes with

Expedition period. The Bank only lasted a very short

different denominations were overprinted with a 6-digit

time, but it was said to have issued the banknotes,

number in different colors: "Shih Mei" in purple, "Nien

which have attracted the interest of many collectors

Mei" in black and "Yi Bai Mei" in blue. The paging

and scholars since. In the modern financial history of

seal on the banknotes was rectangular. The copper notes

Kiangsi Province, the Bank was set up at the time when

were illustrated with descriptions from the books Local

the Kuomintang Government took over the Peiyang

Banknotes of Kiangsi Province by Xu Anmin (published

Government; so the Bank witnessed the regime shift

in August 2009 by the Kiangsi People’s Publishing

and the change in the financial order.

House), and The Catalog of Banknotes in the Republic

The Bank of Local Currency Kiangsi 1927 “Shih Mei” with the place name Guling. Aguang Chan collection

The Zhenliu Bridge, near the White Deer Grotto Academy, Lushan

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of China by Xie Zhiwei (published in April 2014 by the Nanjing University Publishing House).

In November 1926, when the Army of the Northern Expedition attacked Nanchang, the capital city of Kiangsi Province, people there were suffering from the "Kiangsi Banknote Issue" ( 江 鈔 風 潮 ). In the late Peiyang Government period in Kiangsi, the banks issued the banknotes so excessively that the government was forced to merge several banks into the Local Bank of Kiangsi ( 江西地方銀行 ) in an attempt to stop the devaluation caused by the excessive printing. But at

The Bank of Local Currency Kiangsi 1927 "Nien Mei", only 2 examples are known to exist. Aguang Chan collection

that time, the government had to continue to issue the banknotes in the name of the Bank of Kiangsi Province in order to disburse the huge military spending and administration charges. This caused the banknotes to depreciate, so the banknotes were not accepted and used in commerce. Thus people used copper coins instead of banknotes. After the Army of the Northern Expedition took over Kiangsi, Banknotes with "Fu", "Xing", and "Long" ( 復 興 隆 ) in circulation were canceled and

Xiaogushan

other former banknotes were circulated but at a 80% discount to their face values. This caused silver coins to disappear from the market, and commerce and people’s living standards were badly affected.

In early 1927, the Financial Committee of Kiangsi Province decided to set up a local financial institution named The Bank of Local Currency Kiangsi in order to rescue the financial market, and to resolve the shortage of copper coins. The total capital was 500,000 silver dollars divided into 5,000 shares. The Bank opened up

The Bank of Local Currency Kiangsi 1927 "Yi Bai Mei", unique. Aguang Chan collection

in the old site of the Bank of Kiangsi Province on 9th May 1927, and started to issue the copper notes. The total number of copper notes printed equaled 1,300,000 strings (the value of a string of copper notes equaled 100 copper coins), of which the first issue overprinted 500,000 strings and the second issued 129,000 strings.

But these copper notes were not popularly accepted by the public because people still were scared by their experiences of the "Kiangsi Banknote Issue", and the

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The Jinshan Temple of Zhenjiang, Jiangsu province

Column 專欄 reserves of the Bank were not sufficient which caused several bank runs. The issues ceased in November, and the aftermath was dealt with by the newly founded Yumin Bank of Kiangsi. At the beginning, the Yumin Bank of Kiangsi overprinted the copper notes issued

by The Bank of Local Currency Kiangsi, and the paging seal was also changed into the round stamp of the Yumin Bank of Kiangsi, which became the revised copper notes. The Bank of Local Currency Kiangsi had three branches: the East Branch in Fuzhou ( 撫州 ), the South Branch in Ji'an ( 吉安 ) and the North Branch in Jiujiang ( 九江 ). All the notes issued by these branches used their own place names. So there were two kinds of copper notes: one without the place names and the other with place names such as Jiujiang, Guling ( 牯嶺 , a town in Jiujiang), Ji’an and so on.

In order to retrieve the copper notes issued by the Bank of Local Currency Kiangsi, the Finance

The Bank of Local Currency Kiangsi 1927 “Shih Mei”, rescripted by Yumin Bank of Kiangsi. Aguang Chan collection

Department purchased a great amount of copper coins

the revised issue by the Yumin Bank of Kiangsi and

from other provinces as the reserve. Among the totally

the fact that some of the notes were overprinted with

issued 649,000 strings of copper notes, 557,500+

different place names means there are many varieties.

strings were bought back on the open market, so 91,500

The Bank started business and in only half a year later

strings were not retrieved. The unissued 651,000 strings

it was closed. Even though it was a very small issue in

were still in the bank. On 19th June 1928, all of these

Chinese banknote history it is worth learning about .

copper notes were destroyed, and the copper notes were no longer used in circulation.

The copper note is very rare now due to its short circulation period, comprehensive retrieval

The legend of the Bank of Local Currency Kiangsi and its issued copper notes were born in the period of

from circulation and the fact that most of them were destroyed.

the first acts of the Chinese Civil War. Even though the notes were issued only in three denominations,

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神秘的江西平市錢局銅元券 陳耀光（澳門） 在以往出版的江西省金融志类书当中，都会提到這一 家官辦的金融機構 —— 江西平市錢局；並且，記載了该 錢局曾經發行過拾枚、念（贰拾）枚、壹佰枚三種銅元券。 但是，在 2009 年之前，我們卻無法在相關的文獻資料、 紙幣圖錄、包括國際紙幣圖錄如 Pick 目錄上一睹芳容， 好像江西平市錢局發鈔的往事只是一個傳說…… 不過，由於江西平市錢局是北伐時期南方國民黨政權 （最早設立的廣州國民政府、北伐時期北遷成立的武漢 國民政府、後來蔣介石成立的南京國民政府）勘定江西 之後，在贛省首度設立的地方金融機構，加上開設時間

江西平市錢局民國十六年（1927 年）拾枚，牯嶺 陳耀光藏

短暫，且有發行紙幣之舉，更引起錢幣藏者和學者的濃 厚興趣。在江西的近代金融史當中，江西平市錢局是南 方國民政府取代北洋政府之際在江西誕生的一家金融機 構，它是南北政權更迭，金融秩序重置的見證者；江西 平市錢局紙幣實物的缺失無疑會成為江西金融史這個轉 折銜接點上的一個小斷層，而帶來絲絲的遺憾。 直至 2007 年，在香港布約翰郵票拍賣公司舉辦的一 次紙鈔拍賣會，我們終於有幸得以見到整套的江西平市 錢局銅元票了。那是兩位當年在江西經商的俄裔紙幣收 藏家史密洛夫夫婦（Mr. & Ms. Shmirnov），跨越時空地

廬山白鹿洞書院枕流橋

留給中國鈔界的禮物。江西平市錢局銅元票發行有拾枚、 念枚、壹佰枚三種，票面設計正面主景採用當時流行的 長江流域景觀，拾枚是江西廬山的白鹿洞書院附近的枕 流橋，念枚是皖贛交界長江中心的小孤山；壹佰枚是江 蘇鎮江金山寺。銅元券編號以“融”“維”“平”等漢 字（其義待考）為冠字，再加上六位阿拉伯數字，不同 的券別加蓋不同顏色的號碼，拾枚券是紫色號碼，念枚 券是黑色號碼，壹佰枚券是藍色號碼，頗有粵鈔編碼的 特色；騎縫章則為長條形狀。2009 年 8 月江西人民出版 社出版的徐安民《江西地方銀行紙幣》、2014 年 4 月南 京大學出版社出版的謝志偉《中國各省紙幣圖錄（民國 時期）》收錄有江西平市錢局銅元券，均系我提供，并 有簡要介紹。

江西平市錢局民國十六年念枚，僅见 2 張

1926 年 11 月，北伐的國民革命軍攻佔江西省會南昌， 當時江西正經歷著“江鈔風潮”之痛。史稱的“江鈔風 潮”，是指在北洋政府管治江西的後期，銀行濫發紙幣， 歷經整理無效，遂把江西銀行、贛省銀行、全贛公共銀行、 江西官銀號合併改組為江西地方銀行。但面對龐大的軍 費開銷和行政費用，不得不以江西銀行名義繼續濫發紙

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小孤山

陳耀光藏

Column 專欄 幣來維持，導致紙幣的價值一落千丈，造成市面金融恐慌， 商民皆拒收紙幣，改用銅元，紙幣信譽盡喪。北伐軍平 定江西后，宣佈江西銀行“復興隆”版紙幣作廢，舊鈔 二折行使，更導致市場銀錢枯竭，商業活動和民生大受 影響。 1927 年初，江西省財政委員會為“救濟市面金融起 見”，解決銅元缺乏的困境，決定成立地方金融機構江 西平市錢局。定股本 50 萬銀元，分為 5000 股，於 1927 年 5 月 9 日開辦，局設江西銀行舊址，開始發行本文所 述的銅元券。銅元券先後印製了 130 萬串（一串兌換

江西平市錢局民國十六年壹佰枚，孤品

陳耀光藏

100 枚銅元），第一次加蓋發行了 52 萬串，第二批發行 12.9 萬串。但該銅元券發行后並不被民眾普遍接受，人 們對“江鈔風潮”之痛仍心有餘悸，加上平局的發行準 備金不足，發生了多起擠兌事件，因此紙幣發行并不順暢， 不得已於同年 11 月收歇，由新成立的江西裕民銀行善後。 在江西裕民銀行成立之初，曾經借用江西平市錢局庫存 新券加蓋江西裕民銀行行名發行使用，騎縫章使用裕民 銀行的圓形章，派生出了平局改券；又因江西平市錢局 設立了贛東、贛南、贛北三分局，分別駐撫州、吉安、 九江，故銅元券除了無地名券外，還有不同之地名加蓋， 分別見有九江、牯嶺、吉安地名。

鎮江金山寺

關於江西平市錢局的銅元券收兌情況：財政廳為回 收平局銅元券，撥款在省外大宗購買銅元到贛，作為回 收準備金。在發行的 64.9 萬串當中，收回的銅元券有 55.75 萬多串，計得在外未回收之銅元券僅 9.15 萬串； 庫存未發行票有 65.1 萬串。1928 年 6 月 19 日，財政廳 將回收之銅元票、廢票、未發行票全部焚毀，公告作廢， 至此，銅元票被完全廢止。 江西平市錢局從開業到收歇，只有短短的半年時間， 是江西金融史上一個短暫的過客。江西平市錢局和它的 銅元券誕生於第一次國內革命戰爭時期，獨特的歷史時 期造就了它的傳奇故事。雖然所發行的銅元券只有三種 面額，但由於江西裕民銀行的借用改券，以及加蓋的地 名券，使得平局銅元券品種顯得豐富多彩；雖然平局的 存在時間很短，但卻起到了承上啟下的作用，史料記載“然 在江西金融過去史中，頗著相當成績。稽諸卷帙，蒐繁 攬要。亦有足紀者焉”。 江西平市錢局銅元券流通時間短暫，收兌較全面，銷

江西平市錢局改江西裕民銀行民國十六年拾枚， 九江，孤 品 陳耀光藏

毀徹底，得以存留至今的紙幣實物稀少，值得我們倍加 珍視。

79

東 亞 泉 志

THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS

Column 專欄

Taiwan Coin Dealer J.S.Lee Biography Chien Fu Chou (Taipei) Mr. J.S. Lee was born and raised in Lun Bei, Yun Lin County, Taiwan where he was a typical countryside teenager.

He moved to Taipei at 14 and began to carve a niche for himself. He worked his way through school by working in the Wen Yuan House antique store. It was at that time he began to learn about antiques, calligraphy and paintings. His diligence gained his boss's friend, Mr. Tang's fondness. Mr. Tang invited him to work in his coin store in his Zhonghua Mall shop. Mr. Tang not only taught him the history of Chinese numismatics, but also sponsored him to improve his English in the famous Milton Institute, which laid a foundation for the international outlook for Mr. Lee's coin business. Mr. Tang had such deep affection for Mr. Lee that he couldn't bear the sorrow of Mr. Lee enlisting in the military in 1969 so Mr. Tang became a monk with the monastic title "Ming Fu Master".

boomed and as Taiwan's first international coin dealer he frequently travelled to America. As business expanded his store was relocated to Heng Yang Road in 1979 and became a must-visit address for numismatic experts when visiting Taiwan.

Lee began publishing the bimonthly Numismatic World magazine in 1977. Inscribed by the famous painter, Master Chang Dai-Chien, the magazine cultivated interest in numismatics for the national numismatic community in many ways. There were always many calls from numismatists before every new issue. Throughout this period Mr. Lee was the central figure of Taiwan's numismatic community. He also founded the Taipei Numismatic Association in 1979 and was regarded as " its most devoted person".

He was diagnosed with a tumor on his pancreas during a routine medical examination at Christmas, 2013 in Singapore.

He was born in 1949 and passed away on March 12, 2014 at the age of 65, ending his legendary life. Mr. Lee is and will always be sorely missed.

J.S. Lee's signature and seal

After finishing his military service, Mr. Lee fell in love and married Miss Liu Shuzhen, the granddaughter of the boss of Wen Yuan House. He then started his coin business. He bought a motorcycle for transportation and, in 1975; he finally could afford to open a coin store in an attic on Chongqing South Road in Taipei. His business

東 亞 泉 志

80

J.S Lee (R) with friends

J.S. Lee’s coin store ad.

THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS

Bimonthly Numismatic World magazine

Column 專欄

1st Issue, Jan. 15, 1977, Bimonthly Numismatic World magazine

Newest Catalog of Chinese Struck Coins authored by J.S. Lee

81

東 亞 泉 志

THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS

Column 專欄

台灣幣商李振興生平 周建福（台北）

李振興生長於台灣雲林縣侖背鄉，是個典型的台灣鄉

也應該是台灣錢幣商國際化的第一人，並於 1979 年擴大

下小孩。14 歲拎著包袱單身台北闖天下。工作於台北市

營業。搬到衡陽路一樓旺鋪，世界各國錢幣專家來訪必

中山北路“文淵閣”古董店，學習古董、字畫，並半工半讀。

到之處，也是國內錢幣精英聚集之處。

由於李振興工作認真，很受老板的朋友唐鬍子的喜愛， 挖角去他那兒工作（唐鬍子從事於錢幣的買賣工作）。

1977 年，李振興發行了《錢幣天地》雙月刊雜誌，

店鋪開在著名的中華商場忠棟一樓，開始了他錢幣的啟

並由知名畫家張大千大師題寫刊名，也成為國內錢幣同

蒙。唐鬍子嚴格教導中國貨幣史，並讓他去知名的美爾

好的精神食糧。每快到出刊時間總會接到很多期盼泉友

頓補習英文，奠定了他未來錢幣生意國際化的基礎，故

的催促聲。對於台灣錢幣界的推廣是公認的靈魂人物。

與唐鬍子情同父子。1969 年，接獲兵單入伍服兵役。唐

後來 1979 年創立“台北市集幣協會”，李振興先生也是

鬍子生活失去了重心，毅然落髮當和尚，法號“明復法師”。

大家公認出錢出力最有貢獻之功臣。 不幸將屆退休之年於 2013 年聖誕節在新加坡健檢意 外，發現胰臟腫瘤，並於 2014 年 3 月 12 日與世長辭。 李振興先生生於 1949 年，過世於 2014 年，享年 65 歲， 結束了他精彩的一生。

李振興簽字和私印

李振興（右）與友人

李振興光榮退伍 后與文淵閣老板的外 孫女劉淑貞小姐相戀 而婚，正式展開錢幣 生意。當時很不容易 買了一部機車代步。 那部機車也是他生意 上很好的週轉金，進 出“當鋪”無數次。 終 於 1975 年， 有 了 資金開店於重慶南路

張大千題寫《錢幣天地》刊名

的閣樓上。事業蓬勃 發展，經常往返美國，

東 亞 泉 志

82

李振興錢幣商鋪廣告

THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS

Column 專欄

1977 年 1 月 15 日《錢幣天地》創刊號

李振興編著的《最新中國機鑄金銀幣目錄》

83

東 亞 泉 志

THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS

Kunker Special Charity Auction to Benefit Saxony-Anhalt Museum 2016 World Money Fair Berlin Commemorative Panda No. 1 Gold and Sliver Commemorative Panda

昆克慈善拍賣會將拍賣柏林世界錢幣展覽會紀念熊貓金、銀 1 號 拍賣所得將捐給德國薩克森 - 安哈爾特州哈雷莫里茨堡藝術博物館 February, 4th 12:00-13:00 pm 2016 年 2 月 4 日 12:00-13:00

For More Information, please contact Michael Chou and Inja.MacClure 欲瞭解更多資訊，請聯繫周邁可、Inja.MacClure Email: mhlchou@yahoo.com; Inja.MacClure@kuenker.de Tel.: +852-6877-0059; +49 541 96202 801 Address: Nobbenburger Straße 4a D-49076 Osnabrück

February, 5, 2016 World Money Fair Berlin Commemorative Panda Release 2016 年 2 月 5 日柏林世界錢幣展覽會紀念熊貓首發

Kunker Auction Booth D6, Euro 69 each 昆克拍賣展位 D6，單個售價 69 歐元

The obverse features Berlin landmark Berliner Dom and the logo of World Money Fair. The background is the silhouette of Berliner Dom. The reverse depicts panda and Bear, the respective emblems of China and Germany. The background is two Otto Beh Dies, one Anhalt Coin and the abstract pattern. Germany is far away from China, but there were close economic ties between Germany and China in 19th century.

Designed by the senior desinger Yu Min, minted by the shanghai Mint Co., Ltd 正面為代表柏林特色的著名景點大教堂。背景為大教堂剪影效果并刊有展覽會標誌。 背面為中國和德國的象征熊貓和柏林熊，背景為德製幣模和抽象圖案，象征中德兩國雖然相隔萬里，但歷史上 有著淵源的聯繫。 高級工藝美術師余敏設計，上海造幣有限公司製。 Metal 材質

Diameter 直径

Fineness 成色

Mintage 发行量

Weight 重量

Palladium 鈀金

40mm

.999

10

31.104g

Gold 金質

40mm

.999

20

62.208g

Sliver 銀質

40mm

.999

2,000

31.104g

Copper 紫銅

40mm

200

Brass 黃銅

40mm

45

TOP CHINESE COINS 2nd Edition 《中國近代機制幣精品鑒賞》第二版 Price( 售價 )：US $100 Plus Postage( 不含郵費 )

In June 2010, Top Chinese Coins Vol. 1 was published by iAsure Group and the The Journal of East Asian Numismatics (JEAN). Top Chinese Coins Vol. 1 offers an in-depth summary of the final results from the Top Chinese Coins Survey, a landmark event held in winter 2009 to search for the 10 most valuable Chinese struck coins. Coins submitted for review were judged by their rarity, historical importance, artistic appeal, condition, market value and group identity.

The deluxe bound book offered details on the Top Chinese Coins Survey as well as high-quality pictures, price trends, degrees of rarity and historical context of the 60 top Modern Chinese Coins.

Top Chinese Coins , Vol. 1 had a limited print run of 1000, leaving many numismatists and enthusiasts unable to purchase a copy of their own. In response to high demand, iAsure has made certain that the second volume will be available to a much wider audience. While Top Chinese Coins Vol. 1 included gold, silver and copper coins, the second volume highlights the great range of silver coins. It will also add summaries from auction sales that list pricing, degree of rarity, pedigree and grades.

2010年6月，愛秀集團和《東亞泉志》出版了《中

一版的基礎上出版第二版。相比第一版六十名錢幣囊括

國近代機製幣精品鑒賞》第一版。該書對六十名中國最

金幣、銀幣和銅元，第二版專注於六十枚中國近代機制

頂級的近代機製幣進行了全面、深入、系統的研究與展

銀幣，定名為《中國近代機制銀幣精品鑒賞》 (簡稱《銀

現。其內容涵蓋高清錢幣圖像、流傳脈絡、拍賣紀錄、

幣鑒賞》)。

市場趨勢、珍稀度解析和背景故事等，在錢幣業界引起 巨大的轟動和反響，備受讚譽，被譽為“全景式展現中 國珍稀錢幣的重要鑒賞書籍”。

由於頁面所限，第二版刊載六十種中國銀幣精品的重 要資訊，在第一版的基礎上有多方面改進和加強。《銀 幣鑒賞》在最受歡迎和好評的照片拍攝和排版下更多功

儘管因時間蒼促、經驗不足，書中存在一些缺陷和

夫，並提供更多詳細、準確和豐富的近期拍賣成交價格

錯誤，但仍得到讀者的肯定和欣賞。由於該書僅限量印

記錄、歷史評估、珍稀度和譜系說明。所有內容均為中

刷一千本，無法滿足廣大錢幣愛好者的需求。經多位資

英雙語，彩色精裝印刷。第一版中有關錢幣背景的“故

深錢幣專家、學者、收藏家的建議，愛秀集團決定在第

事閱讀”部分將以附件方式另行印刷成冊。

If required, please contact Liu Jinling 如果需要請聯繫劉金玲小姐 Tel:021-6299 3235 Email: dyqz2015@163.com

Chopmarked Coins - A History 《戳記幣簡史》 Colin Gullberg 高林

Price ( 售價 )：US $50 Plus Postage ( 不含郵費 ) The book Chopmarked Coins- A History by Colin Gullberg is funded by iAsure Group. The softcover book is 187 pages in length, 210mm×285mm, fourcolor printing. It covers the history of foreign silver coins that circulated in China from 1600 to 1935 and contains images of some 150 coins. Gullberg includes firstperson accounts, summaries of all modern sources of knowledge on the subject and scans from a shroff’s handbook (circa 1890).

It is the first English- language book on the subject since 1990 and only the second English language book on the subject.

愛秀集團贊助出版發行的 戳記幣英文專著《戳記幣簡 史》為軟裝本，正文內容187 頁，210mm×285mm，四色 印刷，闡述了1600年至1935年 間中國流通的外國戳記銀幣概 況，作者高林先生採用第一人 稱敘述，總結了現代有關戳記 幣的詳盡知識，並配有某錢莊 的手冊（約1890年）掃描插圖 和150多張戳記幣高清圖片。 本書是1990年之後的第一本戳 記幣英文專著，也是有史以來 的第二本戳記幣英文專著。

Chinese And Foreign Papermoney Errors 《華洋怪鈔 -- 中外錯體紙幣賞析圖鉴》 David Chio 趙康池 Aguang Chan 陳耀光

Price ( 售價 )：MOP $300; RMB 240; US $30 Plus Postage ( 不含郵費 ) In December 2015, this book was released by Macau Numismatic Society and edited by David Chio and Aguang Chan. A total of 1,000 copies was printed, 200 in hard cover and 800 soft cover. The book is 323 pages of full color A4 size 210×285 mm and features over 300 error notes and 800 photos. Notes from Chin dynasty to modern times and more than 10 countries and region is covered. The books also cover causes of errors, background information on the printing process and authenticity of errors. This is the first book in Chinese to feature this type of information on error notes and its collection.

该书由澳門錢幣學會於2015年 12月出版，趙康池、陳耀光編著。 印行1000冊，其中精裝本200冊， 平裝本800冊。是書全彩精印，小 A4开本，210mm×285mm，323 頁，選錄了中外錯體紙幣300多 種，圖片800多張，涵蓋中國自清 末到現今使用的紙幣，涉及中外十 多個國家和地區。本書對中外錯 體、錯版、變體等紙幣的成因、歷 史背景和辨偽，實事求是地作了系 統的、科學的分析與歸納，並介紹 了印鈔基本步驟和印鈔過程中所產 生的“另類”紙幣，補充了不少紙 幣收藏的基礎知識。可以說，本書 是首本對錯體紙幣進行全方位論述 的著作。

If required, please contact Champion Auction Liu Jinling 如果需要請聯繫冠軍拍賣公司，劉金玲小姐 Tel: 021-6299 3235 Email: dyqz2015@163.com

Research into the Varieties of the Yuan Shih Kai Portrait Silver Dollar released 《袁像銀元版別考略》正在熱銷 編著：王鋼 Edited by：Wang Gang 出版：西安交通大學出版社 2015 年 3 月出版 Published by Xi'an Jiao Tong University Press in March 2015 The Yuan Shih Kai dollar is one of the early Chinese Republic’s most well-known coins. Even the most casual collector knows that this iconic coin was minted in only a handful of years in several mints across China. However, only the specialists know of the huge variety of Yuan Shih Kai dollars. This book is the first of its kind to illustrate the rich range of coins that were minted in the first decade of Republican China.

The book consists of three parts: a brief introduction, identification of the different varieties and appreciation of the coins themselves. There are an amazing 829 varieties: 429 officially-minted coins and 400 private warlord–minted varieties. This volume has the largest number of illustrations of Yuan Shih Kai silver dollars of any other volume. It also includes varieties of the gold pattern dollar, silver dollar pattern, commemorative silver dollar, standard silver dollar and minor coins. The coins’ features, rarity, grading, and market price of each variety is introduced in detail.

The publication is rich in content and beautifully illustrated. It is well organized, practical and easy to understand, not only for experts but also for collectors new to the series. It is truly a must-have guide for anyone interested in the varieties of the Yuan Shih Kai portrait silver dollar and is sure to become the authoritative word on the series for years to come. The book is A4 sized, 392 pages, and printed in full color copperplate paper. The retail price is ¥368. The printing for this edition is limited so do not delay in ordering your copy. Discounts are available for bulk orders.

Please contact: Bank Name: South Er Huan, Xi’an Branch of Agriculture Bank of China ( 農行西安南二環支行 ) Bank Account: 6228480210756208919 Account beneficiary: Wang Gang ( 王鋼 ) Phone: 15309219926 Email: qianlongyucang@163.com

該書由戴志強、周祥分別題詞；孫仲匯題寫書名；沈鳴鏑作《序》， 戎畋松作《並序》。 該書主要內容包括“袁像銀元概述”“袁像銀元認讀”“袁像 銀元版別鑒賞”三大部分，共列入袁像銀元官版版別 429 種，軍閥 版私鑄版 400 種，是目前國內已知收錄袁像銀元版別最多的著作； 涉及袁像銀元金樣、銀元樣幣、銀元紀念幣、銀元主幣和輔幣等幣 種的各種版別（圖文並茂），并對版別名稱、版別特征、版別珍稀度、 銀元等級以及市場價格等都做了詳細介紹。內容豐富，信息量大， 文字簡潔，圖片精美，識別方便，可讀性和可操作性強；不僅業內 人士看了一目了然，而且業外人士一看就懂；可作為袁像銀元版別 初學者的嚮導、收藏者的工具、金融財經院校學者研究的參考資料， 是大眾收藏、鑒賞、投資的通俗讀物。該書填補了袁像銀元版別系 統分類缺失的空白。 精裝大 16 開，392 頁，銅板紙全彩印刷。每本定價：人民幣 368 元， 美金 80 美元。印數有限，慾購從速。開戶行：農行西安南二環支行。 卡號：6228480210756208919 戶名：王鋼 聯繫電話：15309219926 電子郵箱：qianlongyucang@163.com 書商代理可優惠，折扣商議。

Mish International Monetary Inc. Mish國際錢幣公司 Specialists in 專營 Pandas since 1982 1982年起發行的熊貓幣 China Modern since 1979 1979年起發行的中國現代金銀幣 World Coins since 1964 1964年起專營世界錢幣

Looking To Buy?想買？ Our inventory and knowledge has been available to both our colleagues and collector clients since coins of the People’s Republic of China first reached the world market in 1979. 自1979年中國現代金銀幣首次進入國際市場后，Mish 國際的員工及其藏家客戶積累了豐富的庫存和專 業的錢幣知識。

If you are looking for a particular China coin, chances are we have it, or may be able to recover it from an original buyer we sold it to years ago at first distribution. 想買中國幣？我們或許恰好有；也許多年前我們賣過，現在或許還能從原始買家手中買回來。

Looking To Sell?想賣？ In this world of instant experts and brokers, Mish International is still your best choice to handle the purchase of your prized coins in this fast-changing market. Well-capitalized, truly knowledgeable and accommodating, we buy both single pieces and major collections at fair value with no delay, no limits and no excuses. 瞬息萬變的市場環境，Mish 國際仍是助您銷售錢幣的最佳選擇。雄厚的資金實力，專業的錢幣知識， 出色的協調能力，我們同時收購單枚幣和大型收藏，價格合理，快速付款。

Since 1964 始於1964

Here today. Here tomorrow 攜手今日 共贏明天 Mish International Monetary Inc Mish國際錢幣公司 1154 University Drive Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA 美國加州門羅帕克大學路1154號，郵編94025 Phone(電話):(650) 324-9110 Email(電郵):robert@mishinternational.com

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入會申請表 Application Form 申請日期 Application date： 申請會員類別：

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住址 Add.：

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錢幣收集範圍 Interst：

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繳納會費：

會費 新會員需交付：入會費 MOP500.00 New membership fee: MOP 500.00

本會宗旨：< 團結錢幣愛好者，推動錢幣之收藏及研究 > 介紹人 Referee：（需我會兩位成員推薦 two members of the Society） 會員姓名編號 Member No： 會員姓名編號 Member No： 此欄由澳門錢幣學會填寫 (Filled by the Society only)： 新會員入會日期： 新會員編號： 1）新會員需認同本會宗旨。 New members should comply with the Society regulations.

2）入會申請人需填妥本申請表，1 張相片及繳納相關入會費用。 Please attach one photo and pay the membership fee.

Add: AV. DR. RODRIGO RODRIGUES. 600E-P105 FIRST INTERNATIONAL COM. CENTER, MACAU Tel: (853)2833 4556 Fax: (853)2830 4772 Email: dcdesign@macau.ctm.net

地址：澳門羅理基博士大馬路 600E-1 樓 P105 室 電話：(853)2833 4556 傳真：(853)2830 4772 Email：dcdesign@macau.ctm.net

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Features 專題

東 亞 泉 志

106

THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS

THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS In 1994, The Journal of East Asian Numismatics (JEAN) was founded by Michael Chou, the CEO of Champion Auction and Bruce Smith, a noted numismatist. It is a professional numismatic academic journal whose mission is to educate collectors and researchers on the subjects of Chinese numismatics, culture and history.

Bruce Smith, the chief editor of JEAN , was born in 1951 in St. Louis, MO. He received his BA in history from the University of Missouri St. Louis; and his MA in China studies from Harvard University. In 1974-1977, he worked for Krause Publications as Editorial Assistant on World Coin News and as cataloger for Standard Catalog of World Coins and Standard Catalog of World Paper Money . He was a full time coin dealer 1977-1987. In 1988-1989, he studied in China as a student of China Studies in Chengchow (Zhengzhou) University, Henan province. In 1991-1993, Mr. Smith was a graduate student at Harvard University. In 1994-1998, he was the editor of The Journal of East Asian Numismatics (JEAN). Bruce Smith has been a collector and researcher of Chinese coins for over 30 years. His published research in JEAN has added immensely to the body of knowledge for Chinese coins.

The first issue of JEAN was released in July 1994, and the last issue (18th issue) in 1998. Most articles were written in English, the remainder in Chinese. The journal was distributed in over 20 countries, and remained a mainstay on many important library shelves, including the Smithsonian Institution, the British Museum, the Harvard -Yenching Library, Harvard University, Yale University, Columbia University, Stanford University, Cornell University, the ANS (American Numismatic Society), and the ANA (American Numismatic Association). The journal enjoyed great popularity and many important articles were published in JEAN , including “Peking Coins of 1900” by James Sweeny, “More on the Hsu Shih-chang Medals with engraved names” and “The true story of China’s 1936 and 1937 Silver Dollars”

by Bruce Smith, “The Apparent Relationship between 1897 Chekiang 5-Cents Pattern and 1899 Anhwei 5-Cents Circulation Strike” by Tom Keener, and “A Forgery of Taiwan’s Old Man Dollar” by Dr. Che-lu Tseng.

In May 2015, Michael Chou decided to start issuing the journal again starting in January 2016. The famous numismatic researcher Mr. Yuan Shuiqing will be chief editor. He is a member of China Numismatic Society, serving as executive director of the Shenxi Numismatic Society and executive vice president of the Xi’an Collectors Association. As a numismatic researcher, he was chief editor of Collections and China Numismatics. He has published over 100 numismatic research articles and the masterpiece The Elite of Monetary History of China . Other distinguished contributors from home and abroad are numismatists, collectors and coin dealers, including Bruce Smith (author of Howard Franklin Bowker – Numismatic Pioneer ), Colin Gullberg (Canada, author of Chopmarked Coins – A History ), Peter Anthony (USA, author of Gold and Silver Panda Coin Buyer’s Guide ), Wang Chunli (China, author of Illustrated Catalog of China’s Jilin Province Silver Coins and Illustrated Catalog of Chinese Gold & Silver Coins ), Chinese American senior numismatist Dr. Che-lu Tseng, senior numismatic scholar of China modern gold and silver commemorative coins King L. Chan (Hong Kong), senior numismatist Chien Fu Chou (Taiwan), prominent American modern coin dealer Robert Mish, Southeast Asia numismatic expert Adam Biagi and CEO of Beijing Coins website Richard Guo. It will be a quarterly, bilingual e-journal, covering the latest numismatic research, interviews with famous collectors, auction reviews, and general news. A bound volume will be printed at the end of each year.

You are welcome to subscribe, submit articles for publication, and advertise in the upcoming JEAN .

The 2016 subscription is free of charge. Please send us your email.

2016 Issue

Issue Date

Ad Required Full Page/Issue Full Page/Year 1/2 Page/Issue 1/2 Page/Year

Issue 1

1/31

1/15

$300

$1,000

$200

$640

Issue 2

4/30

4/1

$300

$1,000

$200

$640

Issue 3

7/31

7/1

$300

$1,000

$200

$640

Issue 4

10/31

10/1

$300

$1,000

$200

$640

* PX: 300 * full page (A4): 210×297mm *1/2 page: 210×148mm

Contact JEAN Shanghai Office Liu Jinling (Advertising & Circulation Manager) Tel:021-6299 3235 Email: dyqz2015@163.com

東 亞 泉 志 《東亞泉志》電子雜誌簡介 《東亞泉志》為冠軍拍賣公司總裁周邁可先生和著名 錢幣學專家史博祿先生于 1994 年創辦，是一本學術性錢 幣研究專業雜誌。旨在讓廣大錢幣收藏家、研究學者更 深入地了解錢幣知識，讓世界各地的讀者更好地了解中 國深厚的錢幣文化。 雜誌高級編輯史博祿先生 1951 年生於美國密蘇里州 聖路易斯市，為密蘇里大學歷史系學士，哈佛大學中國 研究專業碩士。1974-1977 年在克勞斯出版社任《世界 錢幣新聞》助理編輯，參與《世界硬幣標準目錄》與《世 界紙鈔標準目錄》編輯工作。1977-1987 年全職進行錢 幣交易。1988-1989 年在中國鄭州大學留學，主修中國 研究課程。1991-1993 年在哈佛大學攻讀碩士。19941998 年任《東亞泉志》總編。史博祿先生擁有 30 多年 的收藏和研究中國錢幣的豐富經驗。他在《東亞泉志》 上發表的研究文獻極大地豐富了中國錢幣的知識內涵。 《東亞泉志》于 1994 年 7 月份問世，1999 年停刊， 發行了 18 期。雜誌中大部分文章是英文，只有少部分是 中文，在 20 多個國家發行，廣受歡迎，長期佔據許多 重要圖書館書架的顯著位置，包括美國國家博物館史密 森尼學會、大英博物館、哈佛燕京圖書館、哈佛大學、 耶魯大學、哥倫比亞大學、斯坦福大學、康奈爾大學和 美國錢幣學會、美國錢幣協會。雜誌刊發過不少有重要 學術價值的文章，如詹姆斯 • 史威尼寫的《1900 年京 局銀元》、史博祿寫的《徐世昌刻字紀念章》和《民國 二十五年和民國二十六年之中國銀元故事》、湯姆 • 基 納寫的《1897 年浙江三分六釐樣幣和 1899 年安徽三分 六釐流通幣的關係》以及曾澤祿寫的《台灣老公銀偽品》等。

2015 年 5 月，周邁可先生決定于 2016 年 1 月復刊《東 亞泉誌》，聘請著名錢幣研究學者袁水清先生擔任主編。 袁水清，1948 年生，大學金融專科畢業，從事銀行工作 30 多年。中國錢幣學會會員，陝西省錢幣學會常務理事， 西安收藏協會常務副會長。退休后，歷任《收藏》《古 泉園地》《西部金融 • 錢幣研究》雜誌的責任編輯，《中 國錢幣界》雜誌主編。多年來他傾力于中國貨幣史和錢 幣學的研究，發表過近百篇錢幣研究文章；2012 年，出 版了匯集中國古今錢幣的鴻篇巨製《中國貨幣史之最》。 同時聘請國內外知名的錢幣學者、收藏家及專業人士加 入，如《霍华德 • 富兰克林 • 包克——錢幣學研究先驅者》 作者史博祿先生、《戳記幣简史》作者高林先生、《熊 貓金銀幣收藏指南》作者皮特 • 安東尼先生、《中國吉 林銀圓圖譜》和《中國金銀幣目錄》作者王春利先生、 美國華人資深錢幣學者曾澤祿先生、香港中国现代金银 币资深研究学者陳景林先生、台灣資深錢幣學者周建福 先生、美國現代金銀幣資深經销商羅伯特 • 米什先生、 美國東南亞錢幣專家亞當 • 比亞吉先生以及北京錢幣網 总裁郭嘉華先生等。 復刊后的《東亞泉誌》為電子季刊，中英双语，每 年年底出版合订本。內容以披露最新錢幣收藏研究成果、 推介泉界成功人士的事跡為主。主要欄目有學術研究、 人物專訪、鑒賞爭鳴、拍賣回顧、重要資訊等。 《東亞泉志》2016 年免費訂閱，如果需要，請把郵 箱發給我們！

2016 年

發行時間

廣告截止時間

1頁/期

1頁/年

1/2 頁 / 期

1/2 頁 / 年

第1期

1 月 31 日

1 月 15 日

300 美元

1000 美元

200 美元

640 美元

第2期

4 月 30 日

4月1日

300 美元

1000 美元

200 美元

640 美元

第3期

7 月 31 日

7月1日

300 美元

1000 美元

200 美元

640 美元

第4期

10 月 31 日

10 月 1 日

300 美元

1000 美元

200 美元

640 美元

*分辨率：300

《東亞泉志》上海辦公室 廣告與發行經理劉金玲 電話：021-6299 3235 郵箱：dyqz2015@163.com

* 1 頁 (A4)：210×297mm

* 1/2 頁：210×148mm